681:
performed 16-bit math as a series of four 4-bit operations. 4-bits was the word size of a widely available single-chip ALU and thus allowed for inexpensive implementation. Using the definition being applied to the 68000, the Nova would be a 4-bit computer, or 4/16. Not long after the introduction of the Nova, a second version was introduced, the SuperNova, which included four of the 4-bit ALUs running in parallel to perform math 16 bits at a time and therefore offer higher performance. This was invisible to the user and the programs, which always used 16-bit instructions and data. In a similar fashion, later 68000-family members, starting with the
40:
801:
680:
Such solutions have a long history in the computer field, with various designs performing math even one bit at a time, known as "serial arithmetic", while most designs by the 1970s processed at least a few bits at a time. A common example is the Data
General Nova, which was a 16-bit design that
706:, improving speed. This sort of difference between internal register size and external address size remained in the 1980s, although often reversed, as memory costs of the era made a machine with 32-bit addressing, 2 or 4 GB, a practical impossibility. For example, the 68000 exposed only
676:
numbers and the internal registers were 32 bits wide, so by common definitions, the 68000 is a 32-bit design. Internally, 32-bit arithmetic is performed using two 16-bit operations, and this leads to some descriptions of the system as 16-bit, or "16/32".
688:
One may also see references to systems being, or not being, 16-bit based on some other measure. One common one is when the address space is not the same size of bits as the internal registers. Most 8-bit CPUs of the 1970s fall into this category; the
701:
and most others had 16-bit address space which provided 64 KB of address space. This also meant address manipulation required two instruction cycles. For this reason, most processors had special 8-bit addressing modes, the
1284:
653:
with the Intel 8086, and was 16-bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide, and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16-bit quantities, even though its external bus was 8 bits wide.
412:
776:
address representation to extend the range of addressable memory locations beyond what was possible using only 16-bit addresses. Programs containing more than 2
2657:
1629:
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1951:
405:
2470:
1373:
1413:
1348:
1748:
2627:
2193:
2010:
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1973:
398:
345:
2622:
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1507:
351:
492:
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2447:
334:
323:
104:
547:, which used a 7-bit code and naturally led to the use of an 8-bit multiple which could store a single ASCII character or two
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76:
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1622:
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808:
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The 16-bit word length thus became more common in the 1960s, especially on minicomputer systems. Early 16-bit computers (
83:
1669:
2709:
2537:
2510:
1889:
1491:
1360:
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1951) was quite possibly the first-ever 16-bit computer. It was an unusual word size for the era; most systems used
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3087:
1980:
1946:
1941:
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1825:
385:
90:
3499:
3396:
2797:
2704:
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1726:
1615:
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used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 65,535 (2 − 1) for representation as an (
2525:
2244:
1679:
61:
729:
and internal 32-bit data paths with a 16-bit external bus and 24-bit addressing of the processor it replaced.
2699:
2547:
2520:
2381:
1995:
1956:
1813:
862:
72:
672:
is sometimes called 16-bit because of the way it handles basic arithmetic. The instruction set was based on
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2898:
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1990:
1985:
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1731:
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365:
302:
144:
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2460:
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1968:
1936:
1706:
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784:) of instructions and data therefore required special instructions to switch between their 64-kilobyte
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2369:
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1716:
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1421:
1345:
897:
773:
453:
50:
28:
1482:. Vol. 10 – Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification.
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3250:
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2578:
2482:
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2277:
2216:
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1721:
1285:
Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market § Before the IBM PC's introduction
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and used a word length of some multiple of 6-bits. This changed with the effort to introduce
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1808:
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8:
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2150:
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1904:
785:
690:
520:
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3009:
2884:
2408:
2349:
2229:
1961:
1689:
1227:
924:
833:
578:, often modeled on one of the mini platforms, began to appear in the 1970s. Examples (
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2005:
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234:
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industry, and are used less than 32-bit (or 8-bit) CPUs in embedded applications.
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2015:
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2224:
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2168:
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1701:
902:
765:
682:
669:
508:
477:
437:
3554:
3329:
3245:
2285:
2267:
2060:
1753:
1066:
990:
500:
473:
2188:
3539:
3477:
3293:
3270:
3082:
2803:
1741:
1047:
1002:
985:
980:
845:
20:
3324:
3288:
2999:
2971:
2829:
2684:
1607:
1259:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1007:
762:
718:
642:
634:
532:
465:
254:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3177:
3077:
3050:
2312:
2145:
2115:
1835:
1542:
1289:
1264:
1247:
1159:
1028:
1024:
758:
694:
646:
630:
496:
199:
24:
1221:
3301:
3298:
3040:
2110:
2088:
1483:
1181:
1123:
953:
703:
698:
606:
318:
503:, and −32,768 (−1 × 2) through 32,767 (2 − 1) for representation as
39:
3316:
2135:
1299:
1215:
1071:
997:
975:
971:
909:
890:
878:
873:
591:
559:
512:
2125:
2083:
1188:
1144:
1133:
1115:
946:
941:
595:
563:
488:
788:, increasing the complexity of programming 16-bit applications.
2140:
2105:
2070:
1093:
1012:
867:
746:
742:
583:
571:
656:
16-bit processors have been almost entirely supplanted in the
2598:
2130:
2100:
1254:
1242:
1154:
1019:
544:
745:
platforms, a 16-bit application is any software written for
3462:
2610:
2530:
2120:
1444:
Digital at work: snapshots from the first thirty-five years
1233:
1139:
781:
777:
750:
722:
663:
2050:
2040:
1105:
966:
769:
587:
445:
714:, limiting it to a still huge (for the era) 16 MB.
1298:– as 16-bit is the most common bit depth used, e.g. on
1476:
Belzer, Jack; Holzman, Albert G.; Kent, Allen (1978).
1588:
Motorola M68000 Family, Programmer's
Reference Manual
1508:"1970s: Development and evolution of microprocessors"
19:"16-bit" redirects here. For the color encoding, see
491:
values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the
483:
A 16-bit register can store 2 different values. The
1292:(key component of some early 16-bit and other CPUs)
523:with 16-bit segment offsets, more can be accessed.
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1475:
3552:
460:(ALU) architectures are those that are based on
1479:Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
629:. Other notable 16-bit processors include the
1623:
507:. Since 2 is 65,536, a processor with 16-bit
406:
2628:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
1637:
1630:
1616:
725:, which is a 32-bit processor with 32-bit
601:Early single-chip 16-bit microprocessors (
413:
399:
1594:. Motorola, Inc. 1992. sec. 2.4, pp. 2–21
870:(for LSI-11, see Western Digital, below)
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1442:Pearson, Jamie Parker (September 1992).
1149:(16-bit registers, 24-bit address space)
664:16/32-bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX
1557:
1441:
279:
3553:
791:
717:A similar analysis applies to Intel's
526:
1611:
1515:Semiconductor History Museum of Japan
1460:
732:
2599:Floating-point operations per second
1280:Microprocessor § 16-bit designs
795:
62:adding citations to reliable sources
33:
757:which originally ran on the 16-bit
476:are microcomputers that use 16-bit
13:
14:
3577:
1446:. Digital Press. pp. 58–61.
3525:Semiconductor device fabrication
1414:"Data General Nova minicomputer"
799:
139:Computer architecture bit widths
38:
23:. For the video gaming era, see
3500:History of general-purpose CPUs
1727:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1579:
1374:"The IBM 1130 computing system"
590:μCOM-16 (1974), the three-chip
582:1973–76) include the five-chip
49:needs additional citations for
16:Computer architecture bit width
1680:Deterministic finite automaton
1535:
1500:
1435:
1406:
1388:
1366:
1338:
1312:
768:. Such applications used a 20-
1:
2471:Simultaneous and heterogenous
1306:
863:Digital Equipment Corporation
602:
584:National Semiconductor IMP-16
579:
555:
536:
444:units are those that are 16
3155:Integrated memory controller
3137:Translation lookaside buffer
2336:Memory dependence prediction
1779:Random-access stored program
1732:Probabilistic Turing machine
721:CPU replacement, called the
7:
2611:Synaptic updates per second
1273:
611:National Semiconductor PACE
10:
3582:
3015:Heterogeneous architecture
1937:Orthogonal instruction set
1707:Alternating Turing machine
1695:Quantum cellular automaton
942:HP 21xx/2000/1000/98xx/BPC
774:segment or selector-offset
594:(1975), and the five-chip
18:
3505:Microprocessor chronology
3492:
3468:Dynamic frequency scaling
3441:
3377:
3315:
3269:
3221:
3176:
3096:
3023:
2992:
2897:
2818:
2782:
2736:
2636:
2623:Cache performance metrics
2562:
2496:
2446:
2357:
2348:
2321:
2276:
2243:
2215:
2206:
2026:
1929:
1918:
1789:
1645:
1177:Texas Instruments TMS9900
1162:(WDC 65816 clone used in
753:1.x or early versions of
619:Texas Instruments TMS9900
615:General Instrument CP1600
519:memory. If a system uses
3520:Hardware security module
2863:Digital signal processor
2840:Graphics processing unit
2652:Graphics processing unit
1543:"16-bit Microprocessors"
592:Western Digital MCP-1600
3473:Dynamic voltage scaling
3256:Memory address register
3150:Branch target predictor
3114:Address generation unit
2857:Physics processing unit
2646:Central processing unit
2605:Transactions per second
2593:Instructions per second
2516:Array processing (SIMT)
1660:Stored-program computer
1418:Computer History Museum
1400:Computer History Museum
1324:Computer History Museum
898:Fairchild Semiconductor
511:can directly access 64
454:central processing unit
29:16-bit (disambiguation)
3279:Hardwired control unit
3161:Memory management unit
3126:Memory management unit
2875:Secure cryptoprocessor
2869:Tensor Processing Unit
2851:Vision processing unit
2585:Cycles per instruction
2579:Instructions per cycle
2526:Associative processing
2217:Instruction pipelining
1639:Processor technologies
1089:National Semiconductor
576:16-bit microprocessors
541:six-bit character code
493:integer representation
452:) wide. Also, 16-bit
363:Decimal floating-point
27:. For other uses, see
3362:Sum-addressed decoder
3108:Arithmetic logic unit
2235:Classic RISC pipeline
2189:Epiphany architecture
2036:Motorola 68000 series
1199:Western Design Center
710:of addressing on the
605:1975–76) include the
586:(1973), the two-chip
558:1965–70) include the
472:of that size. 16-bit
458:arithmetic logic unit
427:computer architecture
300:Binary floating-point
3483:Performance per watt
3061:replacement policies
2727:Package on a package
2617:Performance per watt
2521:Pipelined processing
2291:Tomasulo's algorithm
2096:Clipper architecture
1952:Application-specific
1665:Finite-state machine
813:adding missing items
549:binary coded decimal
58:improve this article
3515:Digital electronics
3168:Instruction decoder
3120:Floating-point unit
2774:Soft microprocessor
2721:System in a package
2296:Reservation station
1826:Transport-triggered
792:List of 16-bit CPUs
685:, had 32-bit ALUs.
527:16-bit architecture
3387:Integrated circuit
3231:Processor register
2885:Baseband processor
2230:Operand forwarding
1690:Cellular automaton
1384:on March 18, 2005.
1351:2013-07-02 at the
1228:Pascal MicroEngine
925:General Instrument
811:; you can help by
737:In the context of
733:16-bit application
515:(65,536 bytes) of
73:"16-bit computing"
3548:
3547:
3437:
3436:
3056:Instruction cache
3046:Scratchpad memory
2893:
2892:
2880:Network processor
2809:Network on a chip
2764:Ultra-low-voltage
2715:Multi-chip module
2558:
2557:
2344:
2343:
2331:Branch prediction
2308:Register renaming
2202:
2201:
2184:VISC architecture
2006:Quantum computing
2001:VISC architecture
1883:Secondary storage
1799:Microarchitecture
1759:Register machines
1453:978-1-55558-092-6
1355:, Pearson, 1992,
1172:Texas Instruments
959:Honeywell Level 6
829:
828:
755:Microsoft Windows
739:IBM PC compatible
658:personal computer
651:binary compatible
568:Data General Nova
423:
422:
134:
133:
126:
108:
3573:
3566:16-bit computers
3510:Processor design
3402:Power management
3284:Instruction unit
3145:Branch predictor
3094:
3093:
2792:System on a chip
2734:
2733:
2574:Transistor count
2498:Flynn's taxonomy
2355:
2354:
2213:
2212:
2016:Addressing modes
1927:
1926:
1873:Memory hierarchy
1737:Hypercomputation
1655:Abstract machine
1632:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1517:. Archived from
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1473:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1420:. Archived from
1410:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1380:. Archived from
1370:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1316:
1148:
1008:C166/C167 family
824:
821:
803:
802:
796:
604:
581:
557:
538:
517:byte-addressable
509:memory addresses
505:two's complement
438:memory addresses
415:
408:
401:
136:
135:
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
42:
34:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3530:Tick–tock model
3488:
3444:
3433:
3373:
3357:Address decoder
3311:
3265:
3261:Program counter
3236:Status register
3217:
3172:
3132:Load–store unit
3099:
3092:
3019:
2988:
2889:
2846:Image processor
2821:
2814:
2784:
2778:
2754:Microcontroller
2744:Embedded system
2732:
2632:
2565:
2554:
2492:
2442:
2340:
2317:
2301:Re-order buffer
2272:
2253:Data dependency
2239:
2198:
2028:
2022:
1921:
1920:Instruction set
1914:
1900:Multiprocessing
1868:Cache hierarchy
1861:Register/memory
1785:
1685:Queue automaton
1641:
1636:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1486:. p. 402.
1474:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1353:Wayback Machine
1346:Digital at Work
1344:Digital Press,
1343:
1339:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1296:Audio bit depth
1276:
1271:
1211:Western Digital
1204:WDC 65816/65802
1142:
1082:Motorola 68HC16
1077:Motorola 68HC12
937:Hewlett-Packard
919:Ferranti F200-L
915:Ferranti F100-L
903:9440 MICROFLAME
839:1801 series CPU
825:
819:
816:
800:
794:
766:microprocessors
735:
666:
623:Ferranti F100-L
609:MN1610 (1975),
598:T-3412 (1976).
529:
478:microprocessors
419:
390:
357:
294:
259:
130:
119:
113:
110:
67:
65:
55:
43:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3535:Pin grid array
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
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3455:
3449:
3447:
3439:
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3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3369:Barrel shifter
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3352:Binary decoder
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Stack register
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
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2835:AI accelerator
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2798:Multiprocessor
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2749:Microprocessor
2746:
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2737:By application
2731:
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2724:
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2707:
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2697:
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2680:Tile processor
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2466:Hyperthreading
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683:Motorola 68020
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3330:Demultiplexer
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3251:Memory buffer
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3246:Register file
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3186:Combinational
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2286:Scoreboarding
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2268:False sharing
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2061:Stanford MIPS
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2017:
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2013:
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1922:architectures
1917:
1911:
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1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
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1890:Heterogeneous
1888:
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1841:Memory access
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1774:Random-access
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1754:Stack machine
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1673:
1671:
1670:with datapath
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1590:
1589:
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1566:
1560:
1544:
1538:
1524:on 2019-06-27
1520:
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1495:
1493:9780824722609
1489:
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1472:
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1468:
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1455:
1449:
1445:
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1424:on 2013-05-17
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1067:MIL-STD-1750A
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820:November 2021
814:
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807:This list is
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533:MIT Whirlwind
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501:binary number
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75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
53:
52:
47:This article
45:
41:
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3540:Chip carrier
3478:Clock gating
3397:Mixed-signal
3294:Write buffer
3271:Control unit
3083:Clock signal
2931:
2822:accelerators
2804:Cypress PSoC
2461:Simultaneous
2278:Out-of-order
1910:Neuromorphic
1791:Architecture
1749:Belt machine
1742:Zeno machine
1675:Hierarchical
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1545:. CPU Museum
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1514:
1502:
1478:
1443:
1437:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1382:the original
1378:IBM Archives
1377:
1368:
1363:, pp. 4, 23.
1340:
1323:
1314:
1232:used in the
1226:used in the
1220:used in the
1099:PACE/INS8900
1048:Intel MCS-96
1003:XE166 family
846:Data General
817:
736:
716:
687:
679:
667:
655:
600:
553:
530:
521:segmentation
482:
430:
424:
174:
120:
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
56:Please help
51:verification
48:
21:16-bit color
3325:Multiplexer
3289:Data buffer
3000:Single-core
2972:bit slicing
2830:Coprocessor
2685:Coprocessor
2566:performance
2488:Cooperative
2478:Speculative
2438:Distributed
2397:Superscalar
2382:Instruction
2350:Parallelism
2323:Speculative
2155:System/3x0
2027:Instruction
1804:Von Neumann
1717:Post–Turing
1331:"Year 1943"
1320:"Year 1951"
1260:Zilog Z8000
1143: [
1043:Intel 80286
1038:Intel 80188
1034:Intel 80186
763:Intel 80286
643:Zilog Z8000
635:Intel 80286
440:, or other
265:Application
255:bit slicing
3555:Categories
3445:management
3340:Multiplier
3201:Logic gate
3191:Sequential
3098:Functional
3078:Clock rate
3051:Data cache
3024:Components
3005:Multi-core
2993:Core count
2483:Preemptive
2387:Pipelining
2370:Bit-serial
2313:Wide-issue
2258:Structural
2180:Tilera ISA
2146:MicroBlaze
2116:ETRAX CRIS
2011:Comparison
1856:Load–store
1836:Endianness
1598:2023-06-05
1528:2019-06-27
1428:2012-06-11
1328:(see also
1307:References
1265:Zilog Z280
1222:DEC LSI-11
1160:Ricoh 5A22
1029:Intel 8088
1025:Intel 8086
809:incomplete
772:or 24-bit
759:Intel 8088
695:Intel 8080
647:Intel 8088
641:, and the
639:WDC 65C816
631:Intel 8086
625:, and the
572:DEC PDP-11
570:, and the
470:data buses
456:(CPU) and
114:March 2023
84:newspapers
25:16-bit era
3561:Data unit
3379:Circuitry
3299:Microcode
3223:Registers
3066:coherence
3041:CPU cache
2899:Word size
2564:Processor
2208:Execution
2111:DEC Alpha
2089:Power ISA
1905:Cognitive
1712:Universal
1571:5 October
1565:"History"
1549:5 October
1484:CRC Press
1396:"HP 2116"
1182:TI MSP430
1124:Panafacom
991:System/36
954:Honeywell
887:EnSilica
704:zero page
699:Zilog Z80
607:Panafacom
462:registers
366:precision
303:precision
3317:Datapath
3010:Manycore
2982:variable
2820:Hardware
2456:Temporal
2136:OpenRISC
1831:Cellular
1821:Dataflow
1814:modified
1349:Archived
1300:CD audio
1274:See also
1216:MCP-1600
1138:Renesas
1072:Motorola
1055:Lockheed
998:Infineon
986:Series/1
981:System/7
910:Ferranti
891:eSi-1600
879:DEC T-11
874:DEC J-11
834:Angstrem
786:segments
780:(65,536
691:MOS 6502
621:(1976),
617:(1975),
613:(1975),
574:. Early
560:IBM 1130
551:digits.
497:unsigned
434:integers
3493:Related
3424:Quantum
3414:Digital
3409:Boolean
3307:Counter
3206:Quantum
2967:512-bit
2962:256-bit
2957:128-bit
2800:(MPSoC)
2785:on chip
2783:Systems
2601:(FLOPS)
2414:Process
2263:Control
2245:Hazards
2131:Itanium
2126:Unicore
2084:PowerPC
1809:Harvard
1769:Pointer
1764:Counter
1722:Quantum
1189:Toshiba
1134:Renesas
1118:and V30
1116:NEC V20
1111:μCOM-16
947:HP 3000
856:Eclipse
708:24 bits
596:Toshiba
564:HP 2100
489:integer
98:scholar
3429:Switch
3419:Analog
3157:(IMC)
3128:(MMU)
2977:others
2952:64-bit
2947:48-bit
2942:32-bit
2937:24-bit
2932:16-bit
2927:15-bit
2922:12-bit
2759:Mobile
2675:Stream
2670:Barrel
2665:Vector
2654:(GPU)
2613:(SUPS)
2581:(IPC)
2433:Memory
2426:Vector
2409:Thread
2392:Scalar
2194:Others
2141:RISC-V
2106:SuperH
2075:Power
2071:MIPS-X
2046:PDP-11
1895:Fabric
1647:Models
1490:
1450:
1359:
1193:T-3412
1128:MN1610
1094:IMP-16
1060:MAC-16
1013:XC2000
961:/DPS 6
930:CP1600
868:PDP-11
747:MS-DOS
743:Wintel
674:32-bit
645:. The
637:, the
633:, the
627:HP BPC
566:, the
562:, the
450:octets
431:16-bit
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
3485:(PPW)
3443:Power
3335:Adder
3211:Array
3178:Logic
3139:(TLB)
3122:(FPU)
3116:(AGU)
3110:(ALU)
3100:units
3036:Cache
2917:8-bit
2912:4-bit
2907:1-bit
2871:(TPU)
2865:(DSP)
2859:(PPU)
2853:(VPU)
2842:(GPU)
2811:(NoC)
2794:(SoC)
2729:(PoP)
2723:(SiP)
2717:(MCM)
2658:GPGPU
2648:(CPU)
2638:Types
2619:(PPW)
2607:(TPS)
2595:(IPS)
2587:(CPI)
2358:Level
2169:S/390
2164:S/370
2159:S/360
2101:SPARC
2079:POWER
1962:TRIPS
1930:Types
1592:(PDF)
1567:. PFU
1522:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1290:74181
1255:Zilog
1243:Xerox
1155:Ricoh
1147:]
1020:Intel
782:bytes
778:bytes
723:386SX
719:80286
545:ASCII
485:range
468:, or
105:JSTOR
91:books
3463:ACPI
3196:Glue
3088:FIFO
3031:Core
2769:ASIP
2710:CPLD
2705:FPOA
2700:FPGA
2695:ASIC
2548:SPMD
2543:MIMD
2538:MISD
2531:SWAR
2511:SIMD
2506:SISD
2421:Data
2404:Task
2375:Word
2121:M32R
2066:MIPS
2029:sets
1996:ZISC
1991:NISC
1986:OISC
1981:MISC
1974:EPIC
1969:VLIW
1957:EDGE
1947:RISC
1942:CISC
1851:HUMA
1846:NUMA
1573:2010
1551:2010
1488:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1248:Alto
1234:WD16
1164:SNES
1140:M16C
976:1800
972:1130
851:Nova
761:and
751:OS/2
741:and
668:The
649:was
531:The
446:bits
442:data
354:(×8)
348:(×4)
337:(×2)
326:(×1)
315:(×½)
77:news
3458:APM
3453:PMU
3345:CPU
3302:ROM
3073:Bus
2690:PAL
2365:Bit
2151:LMC
2056:ARM
2051:x86
2041:VAX
1106:NEC
967:IBM
815:.
770:bit
727:ALU
712:DIP
588:NEC
487:of
448:(2
425:In
386:128
352:256
346:128
250:512
245:256
240:128
145:Bit
60:by
3557::
3392:3D
1513:.
1462:^
1416:.
1398:.
1376:.
1335:).
1322:.
1145:jp
749:,
697:,
693:,
603:c.
580:c.
556:c.
537:c.
513:KB
499:)
480:.
464:,
436:,
429:,
381:64
376:32
341:80
335:64
330:40
324:32
319:24
313:16
290:64
285:32
280:16
235:64
230:60
225:48
220:45
215:36
210:32
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180:18
175:16
170:12
1631:e
1624:t
1617:v
1601:.
1575:.
1553:.
1531:.
1496:.
1456:.
1431:.
1402:.
1333:.
1326:.
1302:.
1166:)
1036:/
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974:/
822:)
818:(
535:(
414:e
407:t
400:v
275:8
165:8
160:4
155:1
127:)
121:(
116:)
112:(
102:·
95:·
88:·
81:·
54:.
31:.
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