160:
1429:, historically a Congress(R) stronghold, turned against Gandhi. Dhanagare says the structural reasons included the emergence of a strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness within the Congress(R), an effective opposition and the failure of Gandhi in controlling the mass media, which was under censorship during the Emergency. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned was the 'Nasbandi' (vasectomy) campaign in rural areas. The middle class also emphasised on the curbing of freedom of speech throughout the country.
1436:, according to the Gangulys, because of poor discipline and factionalism among Congress(R) activists as well as numerous defections that weakened the party. Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption within the Congress(R) and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership. The Congress(R), however, did well in southern states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. The results were mixed in the western states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, although the Janata alliance won all the seats in Mumbai.
573:
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The
Emergency declared by the Indira Gandhi led Congress(R) government was the core issue in the 1977 elections. Civil liberties were suspended during the national emergency from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi assumed vast powers.
1634:
545:
and imprisonment of political leaders. The Janata campaign said the elections would decide whether India would have "democracy or dictatorship." The
Congress(R) looked jittery. Agriculture and Irrigation Minister Babu
1613:
503:
The sixth general elections, which were conducted for 542 seats in single-member constituencies, represented 27 Indian states and union territories. These 542 constituencies remained same until
1412:
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538:, decided to fight the elections under a single banner called the Janata alliance. The alliance used the symbol allocated to Bhartiya Lok Dal as their symbol on the ballot papers.
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Gandhi had become unpopular for her decision and paid for it during the elections. On 18 January, Gandhi called for fresh elections and released some
1579:
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quit the party in the first week of
February; other notable Congress(R) stalwarts who crossed the floor with Jagjivan Ram before the election were
2495:
487:. The call for restoration of democracy by revoking the Emergency is considered to be a major reason for the sweeping victory for the opposition
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1943:
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522:. Many remained in prison until she was ousted from office and a new prime minister took over. On 20 January, four opposition parties, the
495:
was sworn in as the fourth Prime
Minister of India on 24 March. At 81, Desai became the oldest man to be elected Prime Minister of India.
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Roy, Ramashray; Sheth, D. L. "The 1977 Lok Sabha
Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969,"
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The Janata
Alliance reminded voters of the excesses and human rights violations during the Emergency, like compulsory
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D.N. Dhanagare, "Sixth Lok Sabha
Election in Uttar Pradesh – 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony,"
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From FPJ Archives: Emergency impact - Indira Gandhi loses elections, India gets first non-Gandhi PM
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Mira
Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly, "Lok Sabha Election, 1977: The West Bengal Scene,"
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1631:"INKredible India: The story of 1977 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know"
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Klieman, Aaron S. "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis
Government,"
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India After Gandhi: The
History of the World's Largest Democracy
484:
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446:
1585:. Election Commission of India. p. 6. Archived from
449:
between 16 and 20 March 1977 to elect the members of the
463:The elections resulted in a heavy defeat for the
2852:
1286:All India Shiromani Baba Jivan Singh Mazabhi Dal
401:
1580:"General Election of India 1977, 6th Lok Sabha"
1432:Meanwhile, Congress(R) hit an all-time low in
2489:
1725:
2496:
2482:
1732:
1718:
1565:M.R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution,"
663:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2727:Indian National Congress (Organisation)
1425:The elections in India's largest state
913:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
726:Indian National Congress (Organisation)
524:Indian National Congress (Organisation)
2853:
1142:Revolutionary Communist Party of India
789:Republican Party of India (Khobragade)
2477:
1713:
1637:from the original on 27 February 2021
1499:
1497:
1495:
1478:and filled by presidential nomination
1397:
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1371:
1358:
579:
2830:Maintenance of Internal Security Act
2794:State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain
1620:The Free Press Journal, 25 June 2019
1534:"How Amethi became a Gandhi bastion"
1468:
1446:List of members of the 6th Lok Sabha
1122:Shoshit Samaj Dal (Akhil Baharatiya)
2815:Turkman gate demolition and rioting
1706:(1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp 51–63
768:Peasants and Workers Party of India
13:
2752:People's Union for Civil Liberties
2712:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
1679:
1492:
1420:
1226:Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
642:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
456:. The elections took place during
14:
2887:
1456:1974 Indian presidential election
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388:
371:
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304:
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296:
295:
288:
287:
173:
158:
143:
105:
104:
25:
1662:
955:Socialist Unity Centre of India
445:General elections were held in
87:272 seats needed for a majority
1649:
1623:
1604:
1572:
1559:
1526:
1509:
1060:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
872:Kerala Congress (Pillai Group)
1:
2840:Indian general election, 1977
1696:(1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259
1485:
1266:Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League
810:Revolutionary Socialist Party
505:2004 Indian general elections
498:
424:Prime Minister after election
2861:1977 Indian general election
2732:Indian National Congress (R)
1474:Two seats were reserved for
1451:Election Commission of India
621:Indian National Congress (R)
465:Indian National Congress (R)
82:542 of the 544 seats in the
19:1977 Indian general election
7:
2788:State of Emergency in India
2757:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
2289:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2287:See also: Elections in the
1694:Political Science Quarterly
1439:
1163:Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti
10:
2892:
2876:General elections in India
2512:The Emergency of 1975–1977
934:Muslim League (Opposition)
852:Indian Union Muslim League
561:
2866:March 1977 events in Asia
2780:
2717:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2694:
2518:
2283:
1894:
1754:
1506:Inter-Parliamentary Union
1410:
1406:
1398:Registered voters/turnout
1393:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1205:Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand
1018:All India Jharkhand Party
997:Republican Party of India
705:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
591:
588:
585:
582:
570:
399:
386:
117:
99:
91:
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62:
35:
23:
2767:Socialist Party of India
2737:Indian National Congress
1704:Political Science Review
1670:Political Science Review
1657:Political Science Review
1616:3 September 2019 at the
1461:
684:Communist Party of India
471:and INC(R) party leader
2576:Harchand Singh Longowal
1039:United Democratic Front
552:Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna
394:Results by constituency
200:Puchalapalli Sundarayya
2871:1977 elections in Asia
2676:Siddhartha Shankar Ray
2453:Presidential elections
1246:All India Labour Party
831:All India Forward Bloc
2531:Basawon Singh (Sinha)
2458:Rajya Sabha elections
1102:Manipur Peoples Party
536:Praja Socialist Party
467:, with the incumbent
2820:Baroda dynamite case
2702:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
2651:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
2561:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
2526:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
1672:(1979) 18#3 pp 28–53
1659:(1979) 18#1 pp 28–51
1569:(1977) 5#1 pp 19–38.
976:Vishal Haryana Party
528:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
458:the Emergency period
2762:Shiromani Akali Dal
2606:Jayaprakash Narayan
2463:Election Commission
1685:Guha, Ramachandra.
1372:Invalid/blank votes
747:Shiromani Akali Dal
567:
520:political prisoners
475:losing her seat in
254:Last election
20:
2631:M. G. Ramachandran
2611:Jivatram Kripalani
1748:Elections in India
1689:(2008) pp 491–518
1538:The Times of India
566:
313:Popular vote
260:43.68%, 352 seats
18:
2848:
2847:
2722:Dravidar Kazhagam
2707:Bharatiya Lok Dal
2681:Subramanian Swamy
2601:Jagmohanlal Sinha
2471:
2470:
2349:Jammu and Kashmir
2299:Arunachal Pradesh
1756:General elections
1540:. 28 March 2004.
1418:
1417:
532:Bharatiya Lok Dal
483:lost his seat in
443:
442:
439:
438:
382:
381:
284:Seat change
257:20.33%, 51 seats
58:
57:
2883:
2661:Pranab Mukherjee
2566:George Fernandes
2541:C. Achutha Menon
2510:
2509:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2344:Himachal Pradesh
1746:
1745:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1647:
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1523:
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1507:
1501:
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1472:
575:
568:
565:
556:Nandini Satpathy
479:, while her son
402:
392:
374:
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352:
351:
307:
306:
299:
298:
291:
290:
263:5.12%, 25 seats
177:
162:
147:
119:
118:
108:
107:
67:outgoing members
47:16–20 March 1977
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
21:
17:
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2890:
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2884:
2882:
2881:
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2849:
2844:
2825:Shah Commission
2776:
2772:Swatantra Party
2690:
2571:Hans Raj Khanna
2556:Devakanta Barua
2551:Chandra Shekhar
2514:
2504:
2502:
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1896:State elections
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1680:Further reading
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1081:Jharkhand Party
892:Kerala Congress
564:
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491:, whose leader
489:Janata Alliance
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409:before election
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509:14th Lok Sabha
500:
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469:Prime Minister
441:
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407:Prime Minister
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2742:Janata Morcha
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2695:Organisations
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2671:Sanjay Gandhi
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Narendra Modi
2644:
2642:
2641:Morarji Desai
2639:
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2624:
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2586:Indira Gandhi
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2519:Personalities
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2439:Uttar Pradesh
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
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1972:
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1962:
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1567:Asian Affairs
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1476:Anglo-Indians
1471:
1467:
1457:
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1430:
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1427:Uttar Pradesh
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619:
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559:
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549:
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543:sterilisation
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
512:
510:
506:
496:
494:
493:Morarji Desai
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Indira Gandhi
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
452:
448:
435:
434:
430:
429:Morarji Desai
425:
422:
420:
419:
415:
414:Indira Gandhi
410:
408:
404:
403:
398:
391:
385:
378:
369:
367:
358:
356:
347:
344:
343:
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245:
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228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
196:
195:Indira Gandhi
193:
191:
190:Morarji Desai
188:
185:
184:
176:
168:
161:
153:
146:
138:
135:
134:
130:
128:Second party
127:
124:
121:
120:
116:
112:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
79:
74: →
73:
68:
65:←
61:
54: →
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:←
39:
38:
34:
22:
16:
2792:
2747:Janata Party
2626:L. K. Advani
2591:Jagjivan Ram
2546:Charan Singh
2314:Chhattisgarh
2273:
2266:
2259:
1884:
1818:
1703:
1693:
1686:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1625:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1574:
1566:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1511:
1470:
1431:
1424:
1305:Independents
600:Janata Party
548:Jagjivan Ram
540:
517:
513:
502:
462:
444:
427:
423:
412:
405:
332:
316:
271:
131:Third party
125:First party
46:
15:
2449:West Bengal
2444:Uttarakhand
2374:Maharashtra
1434:West Bengal
1401:321,174,327
1388:194,263,915
1385:Total votes
1362:188,917,504
1359:Valid votes
1341:188,917,504
329:Percentage
321:65,211,589
95:321,174,327
2855:Categories
2835:Rajan case
2686:Zail Singh
2666:Raj Narain
2616:K. Kamaraj
2424:Tamil Nadu
2404:Puducherry
2319:Chandigarh
1641:6 December
1596:13 January
1486:References
1322:Appointed
1308:10,393,617
625:65,211,589
604:78,062,828
499:Background
477:Rae Bareli
324:8,113,659
317:78,062,828
92:Registered
2536:Bansi Lal
2429:Telangana
2414:Rajasthan
2384:Meghalaya
2359:Karnataka
2354:Jharkhand
1546:0971-8257
1375:5,346,411
772:1,030,232
751:2,373,331
730:3,252,217
709:3,323,320
688:5,322,088
667:5,480,378
646:8,113,659
454:Lok Sabha
226:Alliance
84:Lok Sabha
2656:Niren De
2596:Jagmohan
2394:Nagaland
1698:in JSTOR
1635:Archived
1614:Archived
1440:See also
1411:Source:
534:and the
507:for the
239:INC (R)+
103:60.49% (
2434:Tripura
2389:Mizoram
2379:Manipur
2339:Haryana
2334:Gujarat
1794:1951–52
1551:23 July
1517:"INDIA"
1106:109,130
1085:116,961
1064:118,748
1043:124,627
1022:126,288
1001:155,972
980:192,867
959:280,995
938:318,979
917:483,192
896:491,674
875:526,937
856:565,007
835:633,644
814:851,164
793:956,072
562:Results
337:34.52%
186:Leader
136:
122:
100:Turnout
2781:Events
2419:Sikkim
2409:Punjab
2399:Odisha
2364:Kerala
1544:
1391:100.00
1344:100.00
1270:12,509
1249:17,191
1230:26,169
1209:27,116
1188:35,419
1167:35,916
1146:45,047
1125:96,753
530:, the
526:, the
485:Amethi
481:Sanjay
418:INC(R)
345:Swing
340:4.29%
333:41.32%
220:CPI(M)
215:INC(R)
206:Party
2324:Delhi
2309:Bihar
2304:Assam
1590:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
1504:India
1462:Notes
1404:60.49
1365:97.25
1338:Total
1289:5,868
628:34.52
607:41.32
589:Seats
583:Votes
580:Party
451:sixth
447:India
353:20.99
2274:2027
2267:2026
2260:2025
2254:2024
2249:2023
2244:2022
2239:2021
2234:2020
2229:2019
2224:2018
2219:2017
2214:2016
2209:2015
2204:2014
2199:2013
2194:2012
2189:2011
2184:2010
2179:2009
2174:2008
2169:2007
2164:2006
2159:2005
2154:2004
2149:2003
2144:2002
2139:2001
2134:2000
2129:1999
2124:1998
2119:1997
2114:1996
2109:1995
2104:1994
2099:1993
2094:1992
2089:1991
2084:1990
2079:1989
2074:1988
2069:1987
2064:1985
2059:1984
2054:1983
2049:1982
2044:1980
2039:1979
2034:1978
2029:1977
2024:1975
2019:1974
2014:1972
2009:1971
2004:1970
1999:1969
1994:1968
1989:1967
1984:1965
1979:1964
1974:1962
1969:1961
1964:1960
1959:1957
1954:1955
1949:1954
1944:1952
1939:1946
1934:1945
1929:1937
1924:1934
1919:1930
1914:1926
1909:1923
1904:1920
1885:Next
1879:2024
1874:2019
1869:2014
1864:2009
1859:2004
1854:1999
1849:1998
1844:1996
1839:1991
1834:1989
1829:1984
1824:1980
1819:1977
1814:1971
1809:1967
1804:1962
1799:1957
1789:1945
1784:1934
1779:1930
1774:1926
1769:1923
1764:1920
1643:2020
1598:2010
1553:2023
1542:ISSN
1378:2.75
1311:5.50
1292:0.00
1273:0.01
1252:0.01
1233:0.01
1212:0.01
1191:0.02
1170:0.02
1149:0.02
1128:0.05
1109:0.06
1088:0.06
1067:0.06
1046:0.07
1025:0.07
1004:0.08
983:0.10
962:0.15
941:0.17
920:0.26
899:0.26
878:0.28
859:0.30
838:0.34
817:0.45
796:0.51
775:0.55
754:1.26
733:1.72
712:1.76
691:2.82
670:2.90
649:4.29
634:–198
613:+209
554:and
375:0.83
364:9.16
300:198
292:209
276:154
109:5.22
52:1980
42:1971
2329:Goa
1413:ECI
1350:+23
1347:544
1298:New
1258:New
1176:New
1134:New
1094:New
1052:New
947:New
926:New
884:New
739:–13
718:–21
697:–16
676:New
631:154
610:295
592:+/–
279:22
272:295
2857::
1633:.
1536:.
1494:^
1317:–5
1073:+1
1010:–1
989:–1
905:–1
844:+1
823:+1
802:+2
781:+5
760:+8
673:18
655:–3
652:22
558:.
511:.
433:JP
377:pp
366:pp
355:pp
308:3
248:LF
244:JP
234:LF
230:JP
210:JP
111:pp
2497:e
2490:t
2483:v
1733:e
1726:t
1719:v
1645:.
1600:.
1555:.
1522:.
1333:0
1330:2
1314:9
1295:0
1279:0
1276:0
1255:0
1239:0
1236:0
1218:0
1215:0
1197:0
1194:0
1173:0
1155:0
1152:0
1131:0
1115:0
1112:0
1091:0
1070:1
1049:1
1031:0
1028:1
1007:0
986:0
968:0
965:0
944:0
923:2
902:2
881:0
865:0
862:2
841:3
820:4
799:2
778:5
757:9
736:3
715:2
694:7
586:%
246:+
232:+
113:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
