317:
1957:(BSPP) announced they would be organising an election, but the opposition parties called for their immediate resignation from government, allowing an interim government to organise elections. After the BSPP rejected both demands, protesters again took to the streets on 12 September 1988. Nu promised elections within a month, proclaiming a provisional government. Meanwhile, the police and army began fraternising with the protesters. The movement had reached an impasse relying on three hopes: daily demonstrations to force the regime to respond to their demands, encouraging soldiers to defect and appealing to an international audience in the hope that
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765:
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1608:
1800:, a more organised strike committee was headed by lawyers and discussion focused on multi-party democracy and human rights. Many participants in the protests arrived from nearby towns and villages. Farmers who were particularly angry with the government's economic policies joined the protests in Rangoon. In one village, 2,000 of the 5,000 people also went on strike.
2148:), "imposing more Draconian measures than Ne Win had imposed." After Maung had imposed martial law, the protests were violently broken up. The government announced on the state-run radio that the military had assumed power in the people's interest, "in order to bring a timely halt to the deteriorating conditions on all sides all over the country."
2458:
1411:
invalid without warning, and millions of
Burmese citizens had their savings eliminated by this action. On 22 September 1987, the Burmese government introduced new denominations of 45 and 90 kyat notes. The 45 and 90 kyat denominations were chosen because the two numbers are divisible by 9, which was considered lucky by Ne Win.
1808:, swords, knives, rocks, poisoned darts and bicycle spokes. In one incident, protesters burned a police station and tore apart four fleeing officers. On 10 August, soldiers fired into Rangoon General Hospital, killing nurses and doctors tending to the wounded. State-run Radio Rangoon reported that 1,451 "
2310:
The uprising led to the death and imprisonment of thousands of individuals. Many of the deaths occurred inside the prisons, where prisoners of conscience were subjected to inhumane torture and deprived of basic provisions, such as food, water, medicine, and sanitation. From 1988 to 2012, the military
2198:
By the end of
September, there were around 3,000 estimated deaths and unknown number of injured, with 1,000 deaths in Rangoon alone. At this point in time, Aung San Suu Kyi appealed for help. On 21 September, the government had regained control of the country, with the movement effectively collapsing
1792:
them from the crowd and earlier violence Over the next four days these demonstrations continued; the government was surprised by the scale of the protests and stated that it promised to heed the demands of the protesters "insofar as possible". Lwin had brought in more soldiers from insurgent areas to
1886:
joined the protests. It became difficult for committees to control the protests. During this time, demonstrators became increasingly wary of "suspicious looking" people and police and army officers. On one occasion, a local committee mistakenly beheaded a couple thought to have been carrying a bomb.
1632:
insignia of the All-Burma
Students Union. Neighbourhood and strike committees were openly formed on the advice of underground activists, many of which were influenced by similar underground movements by workers and monks in the 1980s. Between 2 and 10 August, co-ordinated protests were occurring in
1541:
Following the latest protests, authorities announced the closure of universities for several months. By June 1988, large demonstrations of students and sympathisers were a daily sight. Many students, sympathisers and riot police died throughout the month as the protests spread throughout Burma from
1410:
On 5 September 1987, Ne Win announced the demonetisation of the 25, 35, and 75 kyat notes, leaving only the 1, 5, and 10 kyat bills valid. This announcement was also with no prior warning, and this time no exchange for valid tender was allowed. Roughly 60–80% of circulated legal tender was declared
1398:
activity. The public was given only a short period of time to exchange their 20, 50, and 100 kyat bills, and only 25% of the value of surrendered bills were reimbursed. On 10 November 1985, a week after the initial announcement of demonetisation, new denominations of 25, 35, and 75 kyat bills were
2175:, and another 500 were killed whilst protesting outside the United States embassy – footage caught by a cameraman nearby who distributed the footage to the world's media. Maung described the dead as "looters". Protestors were also pursued into the jungle and some students took up training on the
1615:
Protests reached their peak in August 1988. Students planned for a nationwide demonstration on 8 August 1988, an auspicious date based on numerological significance. News of the protest reached rural areas and four days prior to the national protest, students across the country were denouncing
1823:
Lwin's sudden and unexplained resignation on 12 August left many protestors confused and jubilant. Security forces exercised greater caution with demonstrators, particularly in neighbourhoods that were entirely controlled by demonstrators and committees. On 19 August, under pressure to form a
1729:
Across Burma, people poured out in thousands to join the protests – not just students but also teachers, monks, children, professionals, and trade unionists of every shade. It was on this day, too, that the junta made its first determined attempt at repression. Soldiers opened fire on the
1475:) in December 1987, government policy requiring farmers to sell produce below market rates to create greater revenue for the government sparked several, violent rural protests. The protests were fanned by public letters to Ne Win by former second in command Brigadier General
1389:
that declared certain circulated denominations of currency invalid. These instances led to instantaneous loss of savings for many
Burmese citizens and economic instability. On 3 November 1985, the Burmese government declared notes of 20, 50, and 100
2207:
Many in Burma believed that the regime would have collapsed if the United
Nations and neighbouring countries had refused to recognise the legitimacy of the coup. Western governments and Japan cut aid to the country. Among Burma's neighbours,
1988:
By mid-September, the protests grew more violent and lawless, with soldiers deliberately leading protesters into skirmishes that the army easily won. Protesters demanded more immediate change, and distrusted steps for incremental reform.
1803:
A short while later, the authorities opened fire on the protesters. Ne Win ordered that "guns were not to shoot upwards," meaning that he was ordering the military to shoot directly at the demonstrators. Protesters responded by throwing
1430:, and universities in Rangoon temporarily closed. The government later allowed for reimbursement of up to 100 kyat so that students could return home instead of rioting in the cities. With the re-opening of schools in late October 1987,
2294:, students also commemorate the uprising every 8 August. On the 20th anniversary of the uprising, 48 activists were arrested for commemorating the event in Burma. The event garnered much support for the Burmese people internationally.
808:) that peaked in August 1988. Key events occurred on 8 August 1988 and therefore it is commonly known as the "8888 Uprising". The protests began as a student movement and were organised largely by university students at the
1510:, was shot and killed. The incident angered pro-democracy groups and the next day more students rallied at the RIT and spread to other campuses. The students, who had never protested before, increasingly saw themselves as
1446:
leaflets which culminated in bombs exploding in
November. Police later received threatening letters from underground groups, who organised small protests around the university campus. Meanwhile, larger protests in
2386:
Many of the student leaders of the uprising became lifelong human rights activists and leaders of the
Burmese pro-democracy movement. Nineteen years later, many of these same activists also played a role in the
2399:. But prior to the outbreak of large-scale demonstrations, its members were arrested and given lengthy prison sentences of up to 65 years. The activists who were arrested included prominent individuals such as
4350:
2243:
press conferences which were aimed at giving foreign diplomats and the media a favourable account of the SLORC's response to the protests. During this period, more restrictions were imposed upon the
1506:(BSPP) official, was arrested and later released for injuring a student. Students protested at a local police department where 500 riot police were mobilised and in the ensuing clash, one student,
1772:, stopping for people to speak. A stage was also erected. Demonstrators from the Rangoon neighbourhoods converged in downtown Rangoon. Only one casualty was reported at this point as a frightened
57:
2255:
was plotting to overthrow the State. Despite the conferences, few believed the government's version of events. While these conferences were going on, the SLORC was secretly negotiating with
3072:
1815:
Estimates of the number of casualties surrounding the 8-8-88 demonstrations range from hundreds to 10,000; military authorities put the figures at about 95 people killed and 240 wounded.
2008:
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democracy, which marked Ne Win's resignation on 23 July 1988. In a valedictory address given that day, Ne Win affirmed that "When the army shoots, it shoots to kill." He also promised a
601:
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3367:
1941:
also re-emerged onto the political scene in what was described as a "democracy summer" when many former democracy leaders returned. Despite the gains made by the democracy movement,
1394:
invalid, without prior warning to the public. Prior to this, circulated denominations were of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 kyats. The stated reason for the demonetisation was to combat
4266:
4386:
2266:
and the size of the military increased from 180,000 to 400,000. The
Burmese government also kept schools and universities closed in order to prevent future uprisings. Initially,
1502:
tea shop about music playing on a sound system. A drunken youth would not return a tape that the RIT students favoured. A brawl followed in which one youth, who was the son of a
3813:
3835:
2247:, denying it the relative freedom to report news which it had been able to exercise at the peak of the protests. In the conferences, he detailed a conspiracy in which
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1648:
to encourage them to take part in the protests. The students were quickly joined by
Burmese citizens from all walks of life, including government workers, Buddhist
2965:
1347:
3292:
Fong (2008). In 1962, Lwin had ordered troops to fire on student protestors, killing dozens, and ordered the Union
Building at Rangoon University to be blown up.
1914:, who led the independence movement, appeared ready to lead the movement for democracy. Suu Kyi urged the crowd not to turn on the army but find peace through
495:
4368:
4408:
4347:
2278:
publicly rejected the SLORC's offer to hold elections the following year, claiming that they could not be freely held while Burma was under military rule.
1730:
demonstrators and hundreds of unarmed marchers were killed. The killings continued for a week, but still the demonstrators continued to flood the streets.
3785:
2995:
2159:
Although an exact body count has not been determined as bodies were often cremated, it is estimated that within the first week of securing power, 1,000
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527:
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Video – 8888s anniversary activity in London Burmese' Embassy and Downing street, and Ms Suu Kyi's Birthday, calling for democratic reform in Burma
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Nationwide demonstrations resumed on 22 August 1988. In Mandalay, 100,000 people protested, including Buddhist monks and 50,000 demonstrated in
5292:
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750:
17:
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became a focal point for other demonstrations, which spread to other states' capitals. Upwards of 10,000 protesters demonstrated outside the
4329:
2235:
After the uprising, the SLORC waged a "clumsy propaganda" campaign against those who had organised the protests. Intelligence Chief General
1340:
577:
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2212:
was most critical; condemning the suppression, closing borders and setting up refugee camps along its border with Burma. By 1989, 6,000
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2672:
2472:
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488:
146:
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Students in particular were angry at the 1987 demonetisation as savings for tuition fees were wiped out instantly. Students from the
1240:
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2835:
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4522:
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2184:"I would like every country in the world to recognize the fact that the people of Burma are being shot down for no reason at all."
1898:, who had watched the demonstrations from her mother's bedside, entered the political arena by addressing half a million people at
1521:
By mid-March, several protests had occurred and there was open dissent in the army. Various demonstrations were broken up by using
1953:
During the September congress of 1988, 90% of party delegates (968 out of 1080) voted for a multi-party system of government. The
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since 1962. The country had a national debt of $ 3.5 billion and currency reserves of between $ 20 million and $ 35 million, with
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and the police illegally detained and imprisoned tens of thousands of leaders of the Burmese pro-democracy movement, as well as
5151:
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announced, with the 75 kyat denomination chosen to commemorate Ne Win's 75th birthday. In November 1985, students gathered and
650:
1514:. There was growing resentment towards military rule and there were no channels to address grievances, further exacerbated by
5272:
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4181:
4156:
4134:
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4018:
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481:
2988:"[Interview] Myanmar democracy leader in S. Korea is "100% certain that this democratization movement will succeed""
991:. The coup has led to numerous protests and demonstrations against the military-led government. Activists have compared the
5287:
4897:
4706:
2395:, which is named after the events of 8 August 1988, organised one of the first protests which eventually culminated in the
2262:
Between 1988 and 2000, the Burmese government established 20 museums which detailed the military's central role throughout
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589:
572:
3025:
2750:
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in October. By the end of 1988, it was estimated that 10,000 people, including protesters and soldiers, had been killed.
1250:
1112:
1073:
952:
921:
704:
640:
327:
2957:
5337:
4919:
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1740:
A general strike, as planned, began on 8 August 1988. Mass demonstrations were held across Burma as ethnic minorities,
755:
1828:, was appointed as head of government. Maung was a legal scholar and the only non-military individual to serve in the
711:
3916:
967:. Suu Kyi's house arrest was lifted in 2010, when worldwide attention for her peaked again during the making of the
5327:
5028:
4365:
2112:
1525:
canisters to disperse crowds. On 16 March, students demanding an end to one party rule marched towards soldiers at
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in 2012. They continue to work as politicians and human rights activists in Myanmar. They also campaigned for the
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1982:
1954:
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95:: Soldiers preparing to open fire on protesters; Saw Lwin and Win Zaw carrying a critically wounded school girl (
3939:"A former political prisoner was arrested for protesting alone in front of the United Nations office in Rangoon"
1716:'s image had changed shape, with an image in the sky standing on its head. On 3 August, the authorities imposed
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was plotting to overthrow the regime with the assistance of "subversive foreigners" and a conspiracy in which
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2224:. It was estimated 10,000 had fled to mountains which were controlled by ethnic insurgents such as the
625:
4348:
A Burmese Power Shift; Though Government Schedules Election, Decision Rests With People in the Streets
2796:
924:. Thousands of deaths have been attributed to the military during this uprising, while authorities in
5332:
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4775:
4760:
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Richburg, Keith. (1988). Youths, Monks Fight Troops in Burma; Post-Coup Deaths Reported in Hundreds.
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in coffins decorated with demonetised bank notes. Further protests took place around the country at
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1847:
to distant ethnic states (particularly where military campaigns had previously taken place), where
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the government's decision to withdraw Burmese local currency notes. Economic problems coupled with
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1965:
troops would arrive. Some Tatmadaw did defect, but only in limited numbers, mostly from the Navy.
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If the military shoots, it has no tradition of shooting into the air. It shoots straight to kill.
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others. Several students recalled the police shouting, "Don't let them escape" and "Kill them!".
1311:
1220:
615:
31:
4089:
Revolution as Development: The Karen Self-determination Struggle Against Ethnocracy (1949–2004).
1832:(BSPP). The appointment of Maung briefly resulted in a subsidence of the shooting and protests.
1611:
A red flag depicting a fighting peacock became a symbol of the protests on the streets of Burma.
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2003:
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and fled. (Such marches would occur daily until 19 September.) Protesters kissed the shoes of
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Boudreau (2004) Two groups considered to have large underground and internal support networks
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992:
892:) on 8 August 1988. Student protests spread throughout the country. Hundreds of thousands of
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is a fictionalized drama which is based on the events that took place during the uprising.
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In the years leading up to the crisis, General Ne Win had imposed two instances of sudden
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involved monks and workers, with some burning government buildings and state businesses.
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Civil-military relations in Burma: Soldiers as state-builders in the postcolonial era.
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Williams Jr., Nick. (10 August 1988). "36 Killed in Burma Protests of Military Rule."
2958:"'A dangerous time' in Myanmar: Burmese in California struggle for answers, attention"
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reported little on the protests, but information quickly spread through the students.
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Abolishment of all organs of state power that were formed under the 1974 constitution
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1784:, in an attempt to persuade them to join the civilian protest, whilst some encircled
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supporters had been detained and those who fled to the ethnic border areas, such as
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3941:. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. 23 September 2004. Archived from
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2331:, one of the leaders of the uprising, spent 20 years of his adult life in prison.
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1891:, where protests were more peaceful as they were organised by monks and lawyers.
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The Idea of Freedom in Burma and the Political Thought of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.
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when riot police stormed from the rear, clubbing several students to death and
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537:
4039:
Suffering in Silence, the Human Rights Nightmare of the Karen People of Burma.
4011:
Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia.
2583:
2439:. Pyone Cho, one of the main leaders of the 88 Generation, was elected to the
1981:
in September encouraging the regime to reform, which echoed the policy of the
1720:
from 8 pm to 4 am and a ban on gatherings of more than five people.
1624:
troops were being mobilised. Pamphlets and posters appeared on the streets of
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Perfect Hostage: a life of Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma's prisoner of conscience.
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protested against the government. The uprising ended on 18 September after
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refused to recognise the results and continued to rule the country as the
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Cultures of Creativity: The Centennial Celebration of the Nobel Prizes.
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On 18 September 1988, the military retook power in the country. General
947:, won 81% of the seats in the government (392 out of 492). However, the
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Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority.
4064:
Why Regimes Create Disorder: Hobbes's Dilemma during a Rangoon Summer.
3806:"Heroes of Democracy: Burma's 88 Generation and the Legacy of Mandela"
2423:. Though not an 88 Generation Students Group member, a solo protester
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3018:"Myanmar coup: What protesters can learn from the '1988 generation'"
2743:"Myanmar coup: What protesters can learn from the '1988 generation'"
1902:. It was at this point that she became a symbol for the struggle in
30:"People Power Uprising" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
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3108:"Commerce Snarled as Burma Rules Much of Its Currency Is Worthless"
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In the first few days of the Rangoon protests, activists contacted
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980:(Myanmar Armed Forces) again seized control of the country in the
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Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia.
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had been ruled by the repressive and isolated regime of General
2478:
Demonstration held on the 19th anniversary of the 8888 Uprising
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were written by students who participated in the protests. The
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also joined the demonstration. All of them were released in a
1594:, known as the "Butcher of Rangoon" to head a new government.
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Preparation for the State and the Soldier in Asia Conference.
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required continuous involvement in the international market.
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who had experienced the recent democracy protests in the
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Burma Imposes Martial Law In the Capital After a Protest
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The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB).
3995:(2). A Survey of Asia in 1988: Part II pp. 174–180.
1498:(RIT) were arguing with out-of-school youths inside the
263:
to draft a new constitution (results were not honoured)
89:
addresses half a million protesters in central Rangoon.
4384:
Many in Burma Say Ne Win Continues to Pull the Strings
2862:'Burmese Way to Socialism' Drives Country into Poverty
2584:"Talk to Doctor from 8888 historical picture - Part 1"
2232:), and many of them later trained to become soldiers.
1380:
858:. Many firms in the formal sector of the economy were
4248:
The Crisis in Burma: Back from the Heart of Darkness?
3065:"A Ne Win Situation: Burma's three demonetizations"
2780:"Hunger for food, leadership sparked Burma riots".
2140:repealed the 1974 constitution and established the
1483:and condemning lack of economic reform, describing
4547:
1922:, the uprising was seen as similar to that of the
4174:Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity.
2355:of the uprising. Because the uprising began as a
5259:
2818:
2816:
2339:of the uprising, spent 18 years of his life in
2286:Today, the uprising is commemorated by Burmese
1768:all demonstrated. The first procession circled
2220:, formed groups with those who sought greater
856:one of the world's most impoverished countries
4516:
3906:
3855:Myanmar arrests "8-8-88" anniversary marchers
3638:
3368:Uprising in Burma: The Old Regime Under Siege
3279:
3277:
2614:
2529:
1341:
917:
884:The 8888 uprising was started by students in
489:
241:
4330:Tension Reported High In Burma After Clashes
4009:ch. 17. cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (2001).
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
2876:
2874:
2813:
1672:staff. The demonstrations in the streets of
1590:, but he had appointed the largely disliked
984:, which began with the imprisonment of then
928:put the figure at around 350 people killed.
113:(6 months, 1 week and 2 days)
3517:
3106:Williams, Nick B. Jr. (12 September 1987).
3062:
2856:
2854:
2727:
2725:
2723:
1992:
1887:Incidents like these were not as common in
1812:and disturbance makers" had been arrested.
1582:. Demonstrators in larger numbers demanded
1458:
1426:, smashing windows and traffic lights down
4523:
4509:
4075:Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule.
3274:
2419:, Pyone Cho, Min Zeyar, Ant Bwe Kyaw, and
1855:was displayed on banners. Two days later,
1824:civilian government, Ne Win's biographer,
1469:United Nations Economic and Social Council
1348:
1334:
1019:
834:. Under the government agenda, called the
496:
482:
4230:Burma: Depoliticization of the Political.
3720:Europa Publications Staff (2002), pp. 872
3492:
3490:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3208:
2871:
2156:, indiscriminately firing on protestors.
1918:means. At this point in time for many in
1377:standing at half of the national budget.
1241:Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
955:. Aung San Suu Kyi was also placed under
242:Military coup d'état on 18 September 1988
4282:Road To Upheaval In Politics For Burmese
4151:Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.
4120:Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy.
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3105:
2851:
2720:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
1933:Around this time, former Prime Minister
1684:, where demonstrators burned and buried
1606:
1546:. Large scale protests were reported in
261:Elections for a constitutional committee
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3422:
3420:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3300:
3298:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3092:
3090:
3063:Karthikeyan, Ananth (28 October 2017).
2831:*Tallentire, Mark (28 September 2007).
2142:State Law and Order Restoration Council
2106:State Law and Order Restoration Council
961:State Law and Order Restoration Council
953:State Law and Order Restoration Council
922:State Law and Order Restoration Council
14:
5260:
4496:Photos of the 8888 Uprising (Blogspot)
4300:Burma's new leader imposes martial law
3989:Burma in 1988: There Came a Whirlwind.
3771:
3769:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3487:
3355:
3028:from the original on 26 September 2021
2998:from the original on 17 September 2021
2968:from the original on 18 September 2021
2152:troops went through cities throughout
4504:
4453:Partial list of 8888 Uprising victims
3803:
3471:
3341:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2686:
2664:
2662:
2660:
1487:as "almost a joke" compared to other
1479:from July 1987, reminding him of the
935:emerged as a national icon. When the
477:
5223:
4530:
4490:Burmese American Democratic Alliance
4232:cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (1995).
4066:The Journal of Conflict Resolution,
3750:
3691:
3582:
3579:United States State Department, 1988
3535:
3417:
3394:
3325:
3295:
3168:
3126:
3087:
2740:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2596:from the original on 8 February 2022
2493:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
2375:by the police and the military were
1494:On 12 March 1988, students from the
1360:
1231:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
963:would be a cosmetic change from the
810:Rangoon Arts and Sciences University
503:
428:Unknown number of others countrywide
244:; demonstrations suppressed by force
4682:State Peace and Development Council
4044:Europa Publications Staff. (2002).
3879:
3784:Mydans, Seth. (23 September 1988).
3766:
3677:
2670:Was Burma's 1988 uprising worth it?
2668:Fogarty, Phillipa (7 August 2008).
2359:, many of the individuals who were
2104:Formation of a military junta, the
1381:1985 and 1987 demonetisation crises
1074:State Peace and Development Council
24:
4409:Burma The Armed Forces Seize Power
4366:Defections Strain Burmese Military
4255:
4091:Boca Raton, FL:BrownWalker Press.
4046:The Far East and Australasia 2003.
4007:Burma: Soldiers as State Builders.
3909:"Harsh sentences for Burma rebels"
3907:Jonathan Head (11 November 2008).
3888:from the original on 7 August 2016
3260:
3224:
3049:
2860:Woodsome, Kate. (7 October 2007).
2704:
2657:
1906:, particularly in the eyes of the
25:
5349:
5293:History of Myanmar (1948–present)
4464:
4202:Burma: The Curse of Independence.
4144:. A Burma-India Situation Report.
3853:*Tun, Aung Hla. (8 August 2008).
3816:from the original on 19 July 2016
2635:
2351:for nine years for his role as a
1839:. Large marches took places from
1536:
5234:
5222:
5211:
5210:
4122:Hong Kong: Review Publishing Co.
3919:from the original on 11 May 2011
3643:. Open Democracy. Archived from
3611:
3366:Mydans, Seth. (12 August 1988).
3114:from the original on 4 June 2021
3075:from the original on 4 June 2021
2753:from the original on 17 May 2021
2741:Head, Jonathan (16 March 2021).
2621:. Mahavir & Sons Publisher.
2618:Buddha, his life & teachings
2471:
2456:
1597:
1491:nations. He was later arrested.
993:current coup resistance movement
763:
528:China–Myanmar border (1960–1961)
315:
302:
196:in Burma and the resignation of
55:
27:1988 protests in Burma (Myanmar)
4419:Protests mark Burma anniversary
4250:University of California Press.
4218:New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
4025:Burma: The Next Killing Fields?
3960:
3931:
3900:
3873:
3847:
3828:
3797:
3786:Burma Crackdown: Army in Charge
3778:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3668:
3659:
3639:Kyi May Kaung (8 August 2008).
3632:
3616:. The Irrawaddy. Archived from
3605:
3596:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3526:
3508:
3499:
3462:
3453:
3441:
3408:
3379:
3316:
3307:
3286:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3199:
3190:
3159:
3150:
3099:
3040:
3010:
2980:
2950:
2941:
2923:
2909:
2883:
2825:
2789:
2774:
2765:
2734:
2551:
2281:
2177:country's borders with Thailand
1955:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1830:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1818:
1504:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1496:Rangoon Institute of Technology
1416:Rangoon Institute of Technology
965:Burma Socialist Programme Party
821:Burma Socialist Programme Party
814:Rangoon Institute of Technology
322:Burma Socialist Programme Party
179:Burma Socialist Programme Party
4103:The Kenyon Review, New Series.
3614:"Twenty Years of Marking Time"
3438:Burma Watcher (1989), pp. 179.
2608:
2576:
2536:
2515:
2226:Karen National Liberation Army
1937:and retired Brigadier General
1910:. Suu Kyi, as the daughter of
1723:
862:, and the government combined
13:
1:
4298:Cumming-Bruce, Nick. (1988).
4190:Georgetown University Press.
3834:The Nation. (9 August 1997).
3641:"Burma: waiting for the dawn"
2920:. 24 September 1988. pg. A.16
2889:Aung-Thwin, Maureen. (1989).
2570:
2433:National League for Democracy
1602:
1201:National League for Democracy
998:
945:National League for Democracy
792:, was a series of nationwide
18:1988 Burmese coup d'état
5273:Internal conflict in Myanmar
4891:State Administration Council
4637:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
4161:Silverstein, Josef. (1996).
4114:Skirting the regime's rules.
3976:Cambridge University Press.
3882:"The last night in the cell"
3880:Moe, K Z (21 January 2012).
3867:International Herald Tribune
2393:88 Generation Students Group
2202:
1948:
1945:remained in the background.
1322:Foreign relations of Myanmar
1206:88 Generation Students Group
1085:State Administrative Council
1052:Internal conflict in Myanmar
111:12 March – 21 September 1988
7:
5288:Burmese democracy movements
4692:2011–2015 political reforms
4236:Stanford University Press.
4149:The 1988 Uprising in Burma.
4062:Ferrara, Federico. (2003).
4013:Stanford University Press.
3972:Boudreau, Vincent. (2004).
3836:Burmese exiles mark protest
3804:Thein, Seinenu (May 2014).
2797:Junta oppression remembered
2771:Ferrara (2003), pp. 302–303
2486:
823:had ruled the country as a
10:
5354:
4407:Stewart, William. (1988).
4316:Faulder, Dominic. (2008).
4186:Steinberg, David. (2002).
4142:Refugee Student Interviews
4112:Hlaing, Kyaw Yin. (1996).
4041:Parkland: Universal Press.
3674:Ferrara (2003), pp. 313–4.
3196:Lintner (1989), pp. 95–97.
3046:Lintner (1989), pp. 94–95.
2446:
1851:, the symbolic colour for
1793:deal with the protesters.
756:ethnic armed organisations
67:: Protesters gathering at
29:
5338:Military coups in Myanmar
5206:
5072:
5004:
4995:
4943:
4934:
4812:
4803:
4726:
4717:
4560:
4548:Myanmar is also known as
4546:
4542:
4318:Memories of 8 August 1988
4125:Lintner, Bertil. (1990).
4118:Lintner, Bertil. (1989).
4073:Fink, Christina. (2001).
4037:Delang, Claudio. (2000).
3711:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 172.
3593:Boudreau (2004), pp. 210.
3561:Boudreau (2004), pp. 212.
2561:
2546:
2530:
2525:
2100:
2090:
2079:
2069:
2061:
2051:
2028:
2020:
1246:National Unity Government
1025:The fighting peacock flag
515:
464:
456:
446:
441:
390:
385:
356:
351:
274:
269:
248:
237:
203:
186:
130:
117:
107:
81:: Protesters rallying in
54:
46:
41:
4817:Administrative divisions
4353:10 November 2012 at the
4214:Wintle, Justin. (2007).
4200:Tucker, Shelby. (2001).
4188:Burma: State of Myanmar.
4005:Callahan, Mary. (2001).
3998:Callahan, Mary. (1999).
3763:Boudreau (2004), pp. 190
3688:Ferrara (2003), pp. 314.
3496:Boudreau (2004), pp. 208
3426:Boudreau (2004), pp. 204
3405:Boudreau (2004), pp. 205
3338:Boudreau (2004), pp. 203
3304:Boudreau (2004), pp. 202
3248:Fong (2008) pp. 147–148.
3221:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 171
3187:Boudreau (2004), pp. 193
3096:Boudreau (2004), pp. 192
2896:23 February 2006 at the
2795:Tweedie, Penny. (2008).
2731:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 170
2508:
2441:House of Representatives
2016:1988 Burmese coup d'état
1993:SLORC coup and crackdown
1983:United States government
1459:Early democracy protests
1063:Burmese Way to Socialism
982:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
836:Burmese Way to Socialism
452:3,000–10,000 (estimates)
398:1 million protesters in
287:Pro-democracy protesters
153:Burmese Way to Socialism
5328:20th-century rebellions
5187:Twelve Auspicious Rites
4968:Myanmar kyat (currency)
4424:16 October 2007 at the
4246:Yitri, Moksha. (1989).
4172:Smith, Martin. (1999).
4140:Lwin, Nyi Nyi. (1992).
4101:Ghosh, Amitav. (2001).
4023:Clements, Ann. (1992).
3987:Burma Watcher. (1989).
3570:Callahan (1999), pp. 1.
3552:Tucker (2001), pp. 229.
3450:17 August 1988. pg. A.5
3313:Lintner (1989), pp. 126
2701:Ferrara (2003), pp. 313
2675:12 January 2009 at the
2466:personnel demonstrating
2389:2007 Saffron Revolution
1996:
1924:People Power Revolution
1465:Least Developed Country
1387:currency demonetisation
1312:Human rights in Myanmar
1221:U.S. Campaign for Burma
1041:Post-independence Burma
1011:Democracy movements in
1006:Part of a series on the
32:People Power Revolution
4382:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4364:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4346:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4228:Yawnghwe, Chao-Tzang.
4169:(2), pp. 211–228.
4147:Maung, Maung. (1999).
4109:(2), pp. 158–165.
4070:(3), pp. 302–325.
3860:8 January 2009 at the
3775:Lintner (1990), pp. 52
3738:Smith (1999), pp. 371.
3239:Smith (1999), pp. 1–14
3147:Tucker (2001), pp. 228
2833:The Burma road to ruin
2615:Neeraj Gautam (2009).
2443:in the 2015 Election.
2186:
2134:
2009:considered for merging
1738:
1612:
1251:People's Defence Force
995:to the 8888 Uprising.
918:a bloody military coup
147:Economic mismanagement
4436:Burma's 1988 Protests
4328:Kamm, Henry. (1988).
4305:14 April 2016 at the
3841:The Nation (Thailand)
3810:Psychocultural Cinema
3747:Smith (1999), pp. 17.
2437:2015 general election
2182:
2124:
1727:
1628:bearing the fighting
1610:
786:People Power Uprising
523:Communist (1948–1988)
5308:Political repression
5298:Massacres in Myanmar
5024:Environmental issues
4983:Units of measurement
4630:First Toungoo Empire
4449:, 25 September 2007.
4415:, 26 September 1988.
4404:, 20 September 1988.
4397:, 13 September 1988.
4389:14 July 2018 at the
4379:, 10 September 1988.
4371:14 July 2018 at the
4361:, 12 September 1988.
4335:14 July 2018 at the
4295:, 11 September 1988.
4287:14 July 2018 at the
4269:14 July 2018 at the
4087:Fong, Jack. (2008).
3729:Fong (2008), pp.152.
3702:Fong (2008), pp. 151
3484:Fong (2008), pp. 150
3271:Fong (2008), pp. 148
3230:Fong (2008), pp. 147
3156:Fong (2008), pp. 146
2938:. 26 September 1988.
2838:4 March 2016 at the
2822:Burma Watcher (1989)
2654:Fong (2008), pp. 149
2547:ပြည်သူ့အာဏာအုံကြွမှု
2531:ရှစ်လေးလုံးအရေးအခင်း
2349:solitary confinement
1633:most Burmese towns.
1422:) rioted throughout
1216:Free Burma Coalition
1131:Roadmap to democracy
830:, headed by General
784:, also known as the
712:Anti-Muslim violence
609:Bombings and attacks
450:350 (official count)
324:(until 18 September)
143:without compensation
5323:Protests in Myanmar
5303:Politics of Myanmar
5268:Revolutions of 1989
4662:Japanese occupation
4615:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
4441:11 May 2011 at the
4129:SEAP Publications.
3532:Fink (2001), pp. 60
3514:Smith (1999), pp. 9
3468:Fink (2001), pp. 58
3257:Fink (2001), pp. 51
2503:Death of Ko Par Gyi
2381:university students
2193:, 22 September 1988
2017:
1735:Amitav Ghosh (2001)
1660:personnel, customs
1453:Burmese state media
1375:debt service ratios
1365:Before the crisis,
1317:Politics of Myanmar
931:During the crisis,
902:university students
875:traditional beliefs
330:(from 18 September)
34:in the Philippines.
5313:Rebellions in Asia
5247:Outline of Myanmar
4963:Telecommunications
4879:commander-in-chief
4672:Socialist Republic
4620:Kingdom of Mrauk U
4395:The New York Times
4377:The New York Times
4359:The New York Times
4341:The New York Times
4293:The New York Times
4275:The New York Times
3967:Books and journals
3791:The New York Times
3647:on 15 January 2012
3620:on 19 January 2012
3523:Silverstein (1996)
3373:The New York Times
2992:english.hani.co.kr
2802:2 May 2011 at the
2397:Saffron Revolution
2222:self-determination
2111:Suspension of the
2015:
1712:reported that the
1613:
1588:multi-party system
1432:underground groups
1405:counter-insurgency
1108:Saffron Revolution
840:economic isolation
770:Myanmar portal
339:Burma Police Force
210:Civil disobedience
5278:Conflicts in 1988
5255:
5254:
5202:
5201:
5039:Human trafficking
4991:
4990:
4930:
4929:
4898:Political parties
4837:Foreign relations
4799:
4798:
4590:Myinsaing Kingdom
4556:
4555:
4459:, 1 January 2003.
4242:978-0-8047-2560-6
4224:978-0-09-179681-5
4210:978-0-7453-1541-6
4196:978-0-87840-893-1
4182:978-1-85649-660-5
4165:Pacific Affairs,
4157:978-0-938692-71-3
4135:978-0-87727-123-9
4097:978-1-59942-994-6
4083:978-1-85649-926-2
4057:978-1-85743-133-9
4033:978-1-878825-21-6
4019:978-0-8047-4227-6
3982:978-0-521-83989-1
3884:. The Irrawaddy.
3448:The Vancouver Sun
3388:Los Angeles Times
3024:. 16 March 2021.
2962:Los Angeles Times
2786:. 11 August 1988.
2783:Houston Chronicle
2628:978-81-8377-247-1
2290:and citizens. In
2123:
2122:
2113:1974 constitution
2024:18 September 1988
1806:Molotov cocktails
1798:Mandalay Division
1786:military officers
1774:traffic policeman
1361:Economic problems
1358:
1357:
1211:Burma Campaign UK
1113:Spring Revolution
969:biographical film
943:, her party, the
838:, which involved
777:
776:
472:
471:
437:
436:
347:
346:
16:(Redirected from
5345:
5333:Aung San Suu Kyi
5238:
5226:
5225:
5214:
5213:
5172:National symbols
5002:
5001:
4958:Opium production
4941:
4940:
4810:
4809:
4724:
4723:
4642:Konbaung dynasty
4544:
4543:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4432:, 8 August 2003.
4313:, 4 August 1988.
4277:, 4 August 1988.
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3877:
3871:
3851:
3845:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3801:
3795:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3764:
3761:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3689:
3686:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3485:
3482:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3427:
3424:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3364:
3353:
3350:
3339:
3336:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3272:
3269:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3060:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2930:Associated Press
2927:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2887:
2881:
2880:Steinberg (2002)
2878:
2869:
2866:Voice of America
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2580:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2498:Depayin massacre
2475:
2460:
2357:student movement
2268:Aung San Suu Kyi
2241:English-language
2194:
2191:Aung San Suu Kyi
2132:
2018:
2014:
2012:
1900:Shwedagon Pagoda
1896:Aung San Suu Kyi
1736:
1516:police brutality
1467:status from the
1463:After receiving
1350:
1343:
1336:
1304:
1284:Aung San Suu Kyi
1261:
1193:
1154:
1143:2021 coup d'état
1135:New constitution
1123:
1095:
1033:
1023:
1003:
1002:
989:Aung San Suu Kyi
986:State Counsellor
941:election in 1990
933:Aung San Suu Kyi
867:central planning
819:Since 1962, the
768:
767:
766:
510:
508:
507:Myanmar conflict
498:
491:
484:
475:
474:
406:Shwedagon Pagoda
392:
391:
361:Aung San Suu Kyi
320:
319:
318:
307:
306:
305:
276:
275:
215:Civil resistance
158:Police brutality
87:Aung San Suu Kyi
59:
49:Myanmar conflict
39:
38:
21:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5198:
5177:Public holidays
5068:
5064:Sex trafficking
4987:
4926:
4864:Law enforcement
4795:
4771:Protected areas
4713:
4625:Toungoo dynasty
4600:Sagaing Kingdom
4575:Pyu city-states
4552:
4538:
4529:
4467:
4462:
4443:Wayback Machine
4426:Wayback Machine
4402:Washington Post
4391:Wayback Machine
4373:Wayback Machine
4355:Wayback Machine
4337:Wayback Machine
4307:Wayback Machine
4289:Wayback Machine
4271:Wayback Machine
4258:
4256:Further reading
4253:
4027:Odonian Press.
3963:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3937:
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3905:
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3862:Wayback Machine
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3513:
3509:
3505:Clements (1992)
3504:
3500:
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3488:
3483:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3414:Callahan (2001)
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3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2964:. 3 June 2021.
2956:
2955:
2951:
2947:Wintle, p. 338.
2946:
2942:
2935:Chicago Tribune
2928:
2924:
2914:
2910:
2903:Foreign Affairs
2898:Wayback Machine
2888:
2884:
2879:
2872:
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2840:Wayback Machine
2830:
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2511:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2449:
2429:general amnesty
2284:
2264:Burma's history
2205:
2196:
2188:
2133:
2130:
2013:
1997:
1995:
1985:towards Burma.
1951:
1821:
1776:fired into the
1737:
1734:
1726:
1605:
1600:
1539:
1489:Southeast Asian
1461:
1383:
1363:
1354:
1302:
1259:
1226:Generation Wave
1191:
1152:
1141:
1139:Reforms of 2011
1137:
1133:
1121:
1093:
1031:
1026:
1001:
828:one-party state
796:, marches, and
778:
773:
764:
762:
760:
602:Northeast India
518:Armed conflicts
511:
506:
504:
502:
451:
431:
412:Downtown Yangon
381:
380:
379:
364:
343:
316:
314:
303:
301:
296:
254:Resignation of
151:Failure of the
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112:
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4978:Transportation
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4955:
4950:
4944:
4938:
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4927:
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4915:Prime Minister
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4895:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
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4861:
4856:
4855:
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4852:Women's rights
4849:
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4694:
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4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4667:Union of Burma
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Karenni States
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4617:
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4607:
4605:Kingdom of Ava
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Thaton Kingdom
4577:
4572:
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4558:
4557:
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4528:
4527:
4520:
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4505:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4466:
4465:External links
4463:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4433:
4416:
4405:
4398:
4380:
4362:
4344:
4343:, 2 July 1988.
4326:
4325:, August 2008.
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4021:
4003:
3996:
3991:Asian Survey,
3985:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3945:on 2 June 2011
3930:
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2917:Ottawa Citizen
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2607:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:၁၉၈၈ အရေးအခင်း
2550:
2535:
2526:၈၈၈၈ အရေးအခင်း
2513:
2512:
2510:
2507:
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2470:
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2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2347:was placed in
2304:Beyond Rangoon
2283:
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2204:
2201:
2181:
2169:schoolchildren
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2121:
2120:
2119:
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2059:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
1994:
1991:
1967:Stephen Solarz
1959:United Nations
1950:
1947:
1894:On 26 August,
1884:office workers
1820:
1817:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1620:'s regime and
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1538:
1537:Ne Win resigns
1535:
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1382:
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949:military junta
937:military junta
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740:Related topics
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590:post-2021 coup
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220:Demonstrations
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171:one-party rule
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141:currency notes
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5318:1988 in Burma
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5309:
5306:
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5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5283:1988 protests
5281:
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5269:
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5029:Ethnic groups
5027:
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5022:
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5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
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5003:
5000:
4998:
4994:
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4874:military rule
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4746:Deforestation
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4708:
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4687:2007 protests
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:8888 Uprising
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4610:Prome Kingdom
4608:
4606:
4603:
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4598:
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4595:Pinya Kingdom
4593:
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4585:Pagan Kingdom
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4471:Voices of '88
4469:
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4458:
4457:The Irrawaddy
4454:
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4322:The Irrawaddy
4319:
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4207:
4204:Pluto Press.
4203:
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3665:Delang (2000)
3662:
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2748:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2717:Wintle (2007)
2714:
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2491:
2490:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2435:(NLD) in the
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
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2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:intellectuals
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:Burmese media
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2185:
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2166:
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2147:
2143:
2139:
2127:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:Regime change
2072:
2068:
2065:8888 Uprising
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:Military coup
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:(present-day
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2004:Infobox event
2001:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:United States
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Western world
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
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1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1799:
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1783:
1779:
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1763:
1759:
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1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1598:Main protests
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
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1239:
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1227:
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1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1192:Organizations
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
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1164:
1161:
1160:
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1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:8888 Uprising
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:Mass protests
1092:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1060:
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1058:
1053:
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1049:
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1038:
1037:
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1030:
1029:
1022:
1018:
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1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
996:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:common people
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:strengthening
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
804:(present-day
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:1988 Uprising
787:
783:
782:8888 Uprising
772:
771:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
741:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
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716:
715:
714:
713:
706:
703:
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682:
681:
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674:
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664:
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632:
629:
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619:
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612:
611:
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592:
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583:
579:
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564:
561:
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541:
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531:
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519:
514:
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499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
479:
476:
467:
463:
459:
455:
449:
445:
440:
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427:
425:
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419:
415:
413:
409:
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401:
397:
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389:
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368:
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363:
362:
355:
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185:
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172:
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159:
156:
154:
150:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
110:
106:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
53:
50:
45:
42:8888 Uprising
40:
37:
33:
19:
5239:
5227:
5215:
5059:Prostitution
5014:Demographics
4953:Central bank
4842:Human rights
4822:Constitution
4676:
4657:British rule
4549:
4489:
4474:
4456:
4446:
4429:
4412:
4401:
4394:
4376:
4358:
4340:
4320:
4311:The Guardian
4310:
4292:
4280:AP. (1988).
4274:
4262:AP. (1988).
4247:
4233:
4229:
4215:
4201:
4187:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4148:
4141:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4106:
4102:
4088:
4074:
4067:
4063:
4045:
4038:
4024:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3973:
3966:
3965:
3961:Bibliography
3947:. Retrieved
3943:the original
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3912:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3875:
3865:
3849:
3839:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3809:
3799:
3789:
3780:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3670:
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3645:the original
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:the original
3607:
3602:Maung (1999)
3598:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3464:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3410:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3352:Ghosh (2001)
3318:
3309:
3288:
3283:Smith (1999)
3253:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3205:Yitri (1989)
3201:
3192:
3161:
3152:
3116:. Retrieved
3101:
3077:. Retrieved
3042:
3032:19 September
3030:. Retrieved
3021:
3012:
3002:19 September
3000:. Retrieved
2991:
2982:
2972:19 September
2970:. Retrieved
2961:
2952:
2943:
2933:
2925:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2891:Burmese Days
2885:
2845:The Guardian
2843:
2827:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2746:
2736:
2617:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2553:
2538:
2517:
2401:Min Ko Naing
2385:
2345:Min Ko Naing
2325:human rights
2309:
2302:
2285:
2282:Significance
2261:
2234:
2206:
2197:
2187:
2183:
2158:
2135:
2125:
2091:Participants
2080:Organised by
2002:
1987:
1952:
1932:
1893:
1834:
1822:
1819:13–31 August
1814:
1802:
1795:
1739:
1728:
1635:
1614:
1540:
1520:
1499:
1493:
1462:
1413:
1409:
1396:black market
1384:
1364:
1289:Min Ko Naing
1102:
971:
957:house arrest
939:arranged an
930:
883:
879:superstition
864:Soviet-style
860:nationalised
825:totalitarian
818:
789:
785:
781:
779:
761:
739:
738:
734:2016–present
710:
709:
705:2021–present
694:
678:
677:
657:Coup d'états
656:
655:
607:
606:
578:2016–present
517:
359:
352:Lead figures
308:
300:
293:Trade unions
281:
280:
168:Totalitarian
125:(nationwide)
92:
78:
64:
47:Part of the
36:
4948:Agriculture
4786:Earthquakes
4647:Shan States
4486:8888 Photos
4176:Zed Books.
4077:Zed Books.
3651:21 November
3624:20 November
3459:Fink (2001)
3165:Lwin (1992)
2421:Nilar Thein
2377:high school
2327:activists.
2288:expatriates
1998:‹ The
1977:arrived in
1975:South Korea
1971:Philippines
1928:Philippines
1916:non-violent
1826:Maung Maung
1724:8–12 August
1718:martial law
1710:Sule Pagoda
1678:Sule Pagoda
1584:multi-party
1428:Insein Road
1236:Third Force
1122:Development
416:100,000 in
410:500,000 at
404:500,000 at
309:Government:
282:Opposition:
249:Concessions
238:Resulted in
191:Multi-party
71:in central
69:Sule Pagoda
5262:Categories
5157:Literature
5112:Censorship
5092:State Seal
4886:Parliament
4827:Corruption
4751:Ecoregions
4570:Prehistory
2600:8 February
2571:References
2464:Burma Navy
2365:imprisoned
2335:, another
2237:Khin Nyunt
2218:Kawthoolei
1881:government
1746:Christians
1603:1–7 August
1481:1967 riots
1294:Thein Sein
1032:Background
999:Background
906:housewives
751:combatants
746:ceasefires
442:Casualties
422:50,000 in
163:Corruption
137:Withdrawal
97:Win Maw Oo
5182:Tattooing
5142:Festivals
5137:Etymology
5044:Languages
5019:Education
4903:President
4832:Elections
4791:Volcanoes
4766:Mountains
4719:Geography
4707:Civil war
4697:2021 coup
4049:Routledge
2417:Ko Ko Gyi
2409:Htay Kywe
2333:Ko Ko Gyi
2329:Pyone Cho
2300:1995 film
2257:mutineers
2249:the right
2203:Aftermath
2138:Saw Maung
2085:Saw Maung
2007:is being
1949:September
1930:in 1986.
1865:musicians
1853:democracy
1742:Buddhists
1702:hospitals
1694:Sein Lwin
1654:air force
1618:Sein Lwin
1592:Sein Lwin
1580:Myitkyina
1527:Inya Lake
1512:activists
1508:Phone Maw
1500:Sanda Win
1444:dissident
1442:produced
1401:boycotted
1153:Elections
700:2007–2008
573:1991–1992
543:Karen–Mon
375:Saw Maung
194:democracy
131:Caused by
5217:Category
5192:Weddings
5152:Folklore
5122:Clothing
5102:Calendar
5097:Capitals
5049:Religion
4869:Military
4859:Conflict
4805:Politics
4781:Wildlife
4702:Protests
4536:articles
4447:BBC News
4439:Archived
4430:BBC News
4422:Archived
4387:Archived
4369:Archived
4351:Archived
4333:Archived
4303:Archived
4285:Archived
4267:Archived
3923:17 April
3917:Archived
3913:BBC News
3886:Archived
3858:Archived
3814:Archived
3112:Archived
3073:Archived
3026:Archived
3022:BBC News
2996:Archived
2966:Archived
2894:Archived
2836:Archived
2800:Archived
2751:Archived
2747:BBC News
2681:BBC News
2673:Archived
2594:Archived
2487:See also
2425:Ohn Than
2369:tortured
2361:arrested
2321:students
2292:Thailand
2276:Aung Gyi
2272:U Tin Oo
2253:the left
2161:students
2150:Tatmadaw
2129:—
2108:(SLORC)
2095:Tatmadaw
2083:General
2029:Location
2011:. ›
2000:template
1939:Aung Gyi
1912:Aung San
1889:Mandalay
1877:veterans
1845:Moulmein
1841:Taunggyi
1782:soldiers
1760:and the
1754:students
1733:—
1698:stadiums
1686:effigies
1670:hospital
1666:teachers
1662:officers
1646:Mandalay
1622:Tatmadaw
1552:Mandalay
1523:tear gas
1477:Aung Gyi
1449:Mandalay
1440:Mandalay
1274:Aung Gyi
978:Tatmadaw
973:The Lady
898:children
871:Buddhist
848:military
842:and the
812:and the
794:protests
788:and the
679:Protests
563:Rohingya
465:Arrested
457:Injuries
447:Death(s)
418:Mandalay
334:Tatmadaw
290:Students
177:and his
118:Location
83:Mandalay
5229:Commons
5127:Cuisine
5074:Culture
4997:Society
4973:Tourism
4936:Economy
4756:Islands
4741:Climate
4731:Borders
4562:History
4532:Myanmar
3820:15 June
2808:Reuters
2589:YouTube
2558:Burmese
2543:Burmese
2522:Burmese
2447:Gallery
2413:Mie Mie
2405:Mya Aye
2317:artists
2239:, held
2101:Outcome
2045:Myanmar
2033:Rangoon
1926:in the
1875:, army
1873:lawyers
1857:doctors
1810:looters
1790:protect
1770:Rangoon
1758:workers
1750:Muslims
1708:at the
1682:Rangoon
1674:Rangoon
1638:lawyers
1630:peacock
1626:Rangoon
1568:Pakokku
1560:Toungoo
1544:Rangoon
1436:Rangoon
1424:Rangoon
1260:Figures
1013:Myanmar
920:by the
910:doctors
890:Rangoon
854:became
846:of the
806:Myanmar
547:Kokang
468:Unknown
460:Unknown
270:Parties
204:Methods
93:3rd row
79:2nd row
73:Rangoon
65:1st row
5241:Portal
5117:Cinema
5107:Zodiac
5087:Anthem
5034:Health
4776:Rivers
4736:Cities
4534:
4240:
4222:
4208:
4194:
4180:
4155:
4133:
4095:
4081:
4055:
4031:
4017:
3980:
3949:15 May
3892:30 May
3612:Yeni.
3118:28 May
3079:28 May
2757:17 May
2625:
2391:. The
2373:killed
2371:, and
2353:leader
2341:prison
2337:leader
2323:, and
2173:killed
2167:, and
2131:Ne Win
2070:Motive
2041:Yangon
1943:Ne Win
1869:actors
1837:Sittwe
1714:Buddha
1690:Ne Win
1572:Mergui
1564:Sittwe
1531:raping
1473:ECOSOC
1371:Ne Win
1279:Tin Oo
976:. The
959:. The
886:Yangon
832:Ne Win
533:Kachin
424:Sittwe
400:Yangon
386:Number
370:Ne Win
256:Ne Win
198:Ne Win
175:Ne Win
5167:Music
5162:Media
5132:Dance
5054:Women
5009:Crime
4761:Lakes
4550:Burma
4475:Soros
2509:Notes
2296:Poems
2210:India
2171:were
2165:monks
2154:Burma
2146:SLORC
2062:Cause
2037:Burma
1979:Burma
1920:Burma
1904:Burma
1861:monks
1778:crowd
1762:young
1706:Monks
1650:monks
1642:monks
1576:Minbu
1556:Tavoy
1485:Burma
1392:kyats
1367:Burma
926:Burma
894:monks
869:with
852:Burma
802:Burma
798:riots
538:Karen
328:SLORC
225:Riots
187:Goals
123:Burma
5147:Flag
4920:list
4908:list
4847:LGBT
4413:TIME
4238:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4206:ISBN
4192:ISBN
4178:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4131:ISBN
4093:ISBN
4079:ISBN
4053:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3978:ISBN
3951:2011
3925:2011
3894:2016
3822:2016
3653:2011
3626:2011
3120:2021
3081:2021
3069:Mint
3034:2021
3004:2021
2974:2021
2759:2021
2623:ISBN
2602:2022
2379:and
2274:and
2230:KNLA
2052:Type
2021:Date
1973:and
1935:U Nu
1879:and
1843:and
1764:and
1700:and
1692:and
1668:and
1658:navy
1656:and
1640:and
1578:and
1548:Pegu
1438:and
1269:U Nu
1183:2020
1178:2015
1173:2012
1168:2010
1163:1990
912:and
877:and
873:and
780:The
729:2015
724:2013
719:2012
695:1988
690:1974
685:1962
673:2021
668:1988
663:1962
651:2018
646:2013
641:2010
636:2005
631:2003
626:1999
621:1983
616:1947
595:2023
585:Shan
568:1978
556:2015
551:2009
108:Date
5082:Art
2528:or
2214:NLD
1961:or
1849:red
1796:In
1788:to
1766:old
1688:of
1680:in
1644:in
1434:in
1420:RIT
800:in
173:of
139:of
5264::
4488:,
4473:,
4455:,
4445:,
4428:,
4411:,
4393:,
4375:,
4357:,
4339:,
4309:,
4291:,
4273:,
4167:69
4107:23
4068:47
4051:.
3993:29
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3864:.
3838:.
3812:.
3808:.
3788:.
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3752:^
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3537:^
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3473:^
3431:^
3419:^
3396:^
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2163:,
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1752:,
1748:,
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1570:,
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