2917:
209:. Five months later, a new constitution was approved by referendum in May 1996, and a presidential election was held on July 7–8, 1996. Maïnassara took about 52% of the vote, but the election was almost universally perceived as fraudulent. The second day of polling, Maïnassara dissolved the electoral commission and replaced it with a new commission. On the same day, he also placed all four of his opposition candidates under house arrest, which lasted for two weeks. Maïnassara was sworn in on August 7.
481:
140:
119:
100:
88:
46:
432:"Niger: Conditions of the amnesty granted to the perpetrators of the coups d'état of 27 January 1996 and of 9 April 1999; possibility that some of the guilty, in particular the former director of national security and the head of the special unit, were imprisoned following the coup d'état of 9 April 1999, then released without conditions after the amnesty"
225:
Local elections were held in
February 1999, and in early April the Supreme Court released results which showed the opposition winning more seats than Maïnassara's supporters; the Court also cancelled the results in many areas and ordered elections there to be held again. The opposition called for
404:
238:
for participants in both the 1996 and 1999 coups. An investigation into Maïnassara's death had started in June 1999, but following the implementation of amnesty the investigation was ended in
September.
415:
211:
1552:
556:
351:
2962:
2869:
2507:
2061:
1668:
258:
following a constitutional crisis in 2009, which was caused by Tandja's efforts to remain in office beyond the originally scheduled end of his term.
2819:
2482:
2462:
2321:
1998:
1633:
1612:
1489:
1303:
1128:
2807:
1991:
1524:
1426:
777:
2802:
2123:
1977:
2442:
2158:
2153:
1598:
1149:
693:
462:
215:
2306:
2201:
1061:
549:
1275:
879:
728:
440:
518:
2422:
2834:
2708:
2251:
2214:
2209:
2012:
581:
2236:
1538:
1496:
1412:
686:
2957:
2787:
1963:
2633:
2477:
1777:
1626:
1100:
2502:
1661:
1861:
1261:
1177:
1163:
893:
707:
542:
193:, potentially while attempting to flee the country, or at a military base, likely by members of the Presidential Guard.
2261:
190:
2562:
2527:
2256:
1710:
1682:
1191:
1107:
1086:
1047:
1040:
405:"RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D'OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 17 OCTOBRE ET 24 NOVEMBRE 1999"
300:
763:
2713:
2407:
1882:
991:
679:
2952:
2626:
2366:
1784:
1033:
2386:
2361:
2341:
1510:
1268:
963:
914:
858:
784:
735:
658:
630:
2921:
2859:
2824:
2814:
2608:
2376:
2148:
2047:
1984:
1763:
1545:
243:
123:
2844:
2839:
2792:
2728:
2658:
2593:
2577:
2522:
2346:
2281:
2241:
2116:
2026:
2019:
1970:
1896:
1812:
1749:
1675:
1517:
1447:
1419:
1331:
1289:
1282:
1226:
1219:
1184:
1135:
1093:
1026:
956:
942:
921:
907:
851:
791:
749:
714:
700:
651:
644:
637:
523:
508:
498:
493:
255:
202:
2854:
2849:
2703:
2693:
2572:
2457:
2040:
2033:
1875:
1868:
1724:
1640:
1310:
1170:
355:
2774:
2759:
2567:
2497:
2391:
2296:
2291:
2196:
2181:
1956:
1703:
1566:
1468:
1461:
1398:
1370:
1247:
1212:
1205:
949:
886:
837:
830:
2613:
2467:
2356:
2311:
1840:
1619:
1198:
1114:
2769:
2749:
2621:
2547:
2417:
2316:
2176:
1942:
1921:
1770:
1391:
1377:
805:
798:
770:
2598:
2447:
2412:
2331:
1742:
1142:
1054:
998:
616:
455:
275:
182:
126:
2517:
1384:
2688:
2432:
2271:
1854:
1591:
1433:
1317:
865:
672:
665:
588:
2673:
2537:
2186:
2942:
2874:
2764:
2733:
2723:
2638:
2603:
2542:
2492:
2301:
2286:
2246:
2229:
1935:
1903:
1889:
1791:
1756:
1696:
1654:
1475:
1454:
1405:
1356:
1349:
1254:
1240:
977:
970:
928:
872:
844:
756:
721:
513:
2109:
218:
was established as the ruling party. Due to the constitution barring presidents from leading parties,
2829:
2698:
2678:
2668:
2653:
2643:
2532:
2487:
2452:
2437:
2427:
2371:
2326:
2005:
1847:
1833:
1805:
1798:
1689:
1647:
1605:
1584:
1531:
1503:
1363:
1324:
1233:
1121:
1012:
214:(UNIRD) was established in 1996 to support Maïnassara in that year's elections, but subsequently the
2101:
2683:
2663:
2351:
2266:
2191:
1819:
1440:
1156:
1019:
935:
812:
470:
2779:
2754:
2648:
2336:
2224:
1949:
1928:
1826:
1296:
984:
448:
189:
as
President on 11 April. Maïnassara was shot under unclear circumstances in an ambush at either
2947:
2864:
2552:
2276:
2054:
1005:
609:
602:
2718:
534:
434:, Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (UNHCR.org), October 29, 1999.
186:
144:
2557:
2512:
1717:
742:
623:
8:
324:
92:
376:
251:
104:
242:
Wanké led a transitional government towards democratic elections, which were held in
2905:
2896:
2132:
565:
471:
390:
1482:
595:
431:
206:
1068:
2472:
900:
247:
2936:
337:
219:
130:
205:
in
January 1996. In doing so, he removed democratically elected President
234:
The new constitution adopted following the July 1999 referendum provided
2909:
2888:
2136:
2131:
2081:
235:
181:
occurred on 9 April 1999 and resulted in the death of
President
16:
Military overthrow and assassination of
Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara
564:
480:
475:
139:
118:
99:
87:
50:
45:
226:
protests against the cancellation of results on April 8.
212:
The
National Union of Independents for Democratic Renewal
391:"NIGERIA: Partial result of local elections announced"
379:. University of Pennsylvania, African Studies Center.
201:
Maïnassara, a career soldier, had seized power in a
2934:
222:became leader of the RDP-Jama'a in August 1997.
254:in December 1999, who was later ousted in the
2117:
550:
456:
301:"1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'"
2124:
2110:
557:
543:
463:
449:
69:Daouda Malam Wanké installed as President
2870:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
2508:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
2062:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
1669:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
673:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
354:. Amnesty International. Archived from
216:Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a
2935:
2105:
538:
444:
2963:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts
66:Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara assassinated
13:
680:Central African Republic (1965–66)
377:"NIGER - New party leader for RDP"
191:Diori Hamani International Airport
14:
2974:
2916:
2915:
2139:, and attempted coups since 1991
479:
138:
117:
98:
86:
44:
2755:Central African Republic (2021)
2649:Central African Republic (2013)
2463:Central African Republic (2003)
2443:Central African Republic (2001)
2149:List of coups and coup attempts
1929:Central African Republic (2021)
1827:Central African Republic (2013)
1613:Central African Republic (2003)
1599:Central African Republic (2001)
1150:Central African Republic (1982)
1129:Central African Republic (1981)
1069:Central African Republic (1979)
352:"Niger: A major step backwards"
425:
397:
383:
369:
344:
330:
325:Niger president killed in coup
318:
293:
268:
1:
1992:Burkina Faso (September 2022)
340:. African Elections Database.
261:
196:
2820:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
2483:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
2322:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
1999:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
1634:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
1553:Republic of the Congo (1998)
1490:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
1427:Sierra Leone (December 1992)
1304:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)
1276:Republic of the Congo (1987)
880:Republic of the Congo (1972)
778:Republic of the Congo (1968)
729:Republic of the Congo (1966)
582:Republic of the Congo (1960)
229:
7:
2958:April 1999 events in Africa
1978:Burkina Faso (January 2022)
1171:Upper Volta (February 1983)
412:democratie.francophonie.org
10:
2979:
1525:Sierra Leone (August 1996)
2883:
2742:
2586:
2400:
2169:
2144:
2071:
1913:
1734:
1576:
1341:
1178:Upper Volta (August 1983)
1078:
822:
573:
489:
276:"Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara"
256:2010 Nigerien coup d'état
244:October and November 1999
179:1999 Nigerien coup d'état
162:
150:
110:
79:
26:
22:1999 Nigerien coup d'état
21:
2503:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
1662:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
1062:Equatorial Guinea (1979)
185:and the installation of
105:Niger Presidential Guard
2953:Military coups in Niger
694:Burundi (November 1966)
327:Dispatch, 10 April 1999
280:Encyclopædia Britannica
183:Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara
127:Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara
2922:Plots and conspiracies
2423:Solomon Islands (2000)
1964:Sudan (September 2021)
799:Libya (September 1969)
715:Nigeria (January 1966)
111:Commanders and leaders
2287:Bophuthatswana (1994)
1455:Bophuthatswana (1994)
813:Libya (December 1969)
603:French Algeria (1961)
163:Casualties and losses
63:Government overthrown
2860:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
2815:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
2799:Burkina Faso (2022)
2634:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
2609:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
2478:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
2453:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
2428:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
2392:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
2377:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
2048:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
1985:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
1971:Sudan (October 2021)
1820:Libya (October 2013)
1778:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
1764:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
1627:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
1606:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
1585:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
1567:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
1546:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
1101:Guinea-Bissau (1980)
568:in Africa since 1960
338:"Elections in Niger"
246:. The elections saw
2855:Sierra Leone (2023)
2850:Burkina Faso (2023)
2704:Burkina Faso (2016)
2694:Burkina Faso (2015)
2458:Burkina Faso (2003)
2237:Sierra Leone (1992)
2202:Georgia (1991–1992)
2192:Soviet Union (1991)
2041:Sierra Leone (2023)
2034:Burkina Faso (2023)
1869:Burkina Faso (2016)
1862:Burkina Faso (2015)
1641:Burkina Faso (2003)
1539:Sierra Leone (1997)
1497:Sierra Leone (1996)
1413:Sierra Leone (1992)
1311:Burkina Faso (1989)
1262:Burkina Faso (1987)
764:Sierra Leone (1968)
722:Nigeria (July 1966)
687:Burundi (July 1966)
93:Government of Niger
2553:Philippines (2007)
2473:Philippines (2003)
1164:Upper Volta (1982)
1108:Upper Volta (1980)
1006:Uganda (June 1977)
894:Upper Volta (1974)
708:Upper Volta (1966)
252:President of Niger
187:Daouda Malam Wanké
145:Daouda Malam Wanké
2943:Conflicts in 1999
2930:
2929:
2614:Bangladesh (2011)
2599:Madagascar (2010)
2573:Madagascar (2009)
2563:Mauritania (2008)
2543:Madagascar (2006)
2528:Mauritania (2005)
2468:Mauritania (2003)
2357:Bangladesh (1996)
2312:Azerbaijan (1995)
2257:Azerbaijan (1993)
2206:Venezuela (1992)
2099:
2098:
2076:: successful coup
1848:The Gambia (2014)
1785:Mali (April 2012)
1771:Mali (March 2012)
1743:Madagascar (2010)
1725:Madagascar (2009)
1711:Mauritania (2008)
1697:Madagascar (2006)
1683:Mauritania (2005)
1620:Mauritania (2003)
1192:Mauritania (1984)
1143:Seychelles (1981)
1115:Mauritania (1981)
1087:Mauritania (1980)
1048:Mauritania (1979)
1041:Mauritania (1978)
992:Seychelles (1977)
532:
531:
175:
174:
75:
74:
2970:
2919:
2918:
2448:Venezuela (2002)
2277:Lithuania (1993)
2252:Guatemala (1993)
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2084:
2077:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
559:
552:
545:
536:
535:
484:
483:
465:
458:
451:
442:
441:
435:
429:
423:
422:
420:
414:. Archived from
409:
401:
395:
394:
387:
381:
380:
373:
367:
366:
364:
363:
348:
342:
341:
334:
328:
322:
316:
315:
313:
311:
297:
291:
290:
288:
286:
272:
207:Mahamane Ousmane
143:
142:
122:
121:
103:
102:
91:
90:
49:
48:
28:
27:
19:
18:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2913:
2879:
2738:
2734:Ethiopia (2019)
2714:Zimbabwe (2017)
2684:Yemen (2014–15)
2674:Thailand (2014)
2582:
2578:Honduras (2009)
2538:Thailand (2006)
2413:Paraguay (2000)
2396:
2387:Pakistan (1999)
2362:Cambodia (1997)
2332:Paraguay (1996)
2307:Cambodia (1994)
2187:Thailand (1991)
2165:
2140:
2130:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1909:
1904:Ethiopia (2019)
1902:
1895:
1888:
1883:Zimbabwe (2017)
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1318:Ethiopia (1989)
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1290:Transkei (1987)
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1199:Cameroon (1984)
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
915:Ethiopia (1974)
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
589:Ethiopia (1960)
587:
580:
569:
563:
533:
528:
485:
478:
469:
439:
438:
430:
426:
418:
407:
403:
402:
398:
389:
388:
384:
375:
374:
370:
361:
359:
350:
349:
345:
336:
335:
331:
323:
319:
309:
307:
299:
298:
294:
284:
282:
274:
273:
269:
264:
232:
210:
199:
137:
116:
97:
85:
53:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2901:
2893:
2891:or its attempt
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2875:Bolivia (2024)
2872:
2867:
2865:Nigeria (2024)
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2780:Tunisia (2021)
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Myanmar (2021)
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Burundi (2015)
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Eritrea (2013)
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Burundi (2001)
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Ecuador (2000)
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Burundi (1996)
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Liberia (1994)
2299:
2297:Lesotho (1994)
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Nigeria (1993)
2279:
2274:
2272:Burundi (1993)
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Algeria (1992)
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Lesotho (1991)
2179:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2090:attempted coup
2085:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2055:Nigeria (2024)
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1950:Tunisia (2021)
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1855:Burundi (2015)
1851:
1844:
1841:Lesotho (2014)
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1799:Eritrea (2013)
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1592:Burundi (2001)
1588:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1511:Burundi (1996)
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1483:Comoros (1995)
1479:
1476:Liberia (1994)
1472:
1469:Lesotho (1994)
1465:
1458:
1451:
1448:Nigeria (1993)
1444:
1437:
1434:Burundi (1993)
1430:
1423:
1420:Algeria (1992)
1416:
1409:
1402:
1399:Lesotho (1991)
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1357:Nigeria (1990)
1353:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1283:Tunisia (1987)
1279:
1272:
1269:Burundi (1987)
1265:
1258:
1251:
1248:Lesotho (1986)
1244:
1241:Liberia (1985)
1237:
1230:
1223:
1220:Nigeria (1985)
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1185:Nigeria (1983)
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1094:Liberia (1980)
1090:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1027:Comoros (1978)
1023:
1020:Somalia (1978)
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
971:Nigeria (1976)
967:
964:Burundi (1976)
960:
957:Comoros (1976)
953:
946:
943:Nigeria (1975)
939:
932:
925:
922:Comoros (1975)
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
873:Morocco (1972)
869:
862:
859:Dahomey (1972)
855:
848:
845:Morocco (1971)
841:
834:
831:Lesotho (1970)
826:
824:
820:
819:
817:
816:
809:
806:Somalia (1969)
802:
795:
788:
785:Dahomey (1969)
781:
774:
767:
760:
757:Algeria (1967)
753:
746:
739:
736:Dahomey (1967)
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
666:Burundi (1965)
662:
659:Dahomey (1965)
655:
652:Algeria (1965)
648:
641:
634:
631:Dahomey (1963)
627:
624:Algeria (1962)
620:
617:Senegal (1962)
613:
610:Somalia (1961)
606:
599:
592:
585:
577:
575:
571:
570:
562:
561:
554:
547:
539:
530:
529:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
487:
486:
468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
437:
436:
424:
421:on 2005-10-18.
396:
382:
368:
343:
329:
317:
292:
266:
265:
263:
260:
248:Mamadou Tandja
231:
228:
198:
195:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
135:
113:
112:
108:
107:
95:
82:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
67:
64:
59:
55:
54:
42:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2975:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:1999 in Niger
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Gambia (2022)
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:Sudan (2021)
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Guinea (2021)
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Turkey (2016)
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Gambia (2014)
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Guinea (2008)
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Zambia (1997)
2370:
2368:
2367:Turkey (1997)
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Guinea (1996)
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Gambia (1994)
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Russia (1993)
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:Gambia (2022)
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:Guinea (2021)
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:Guinea (2008)
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:Zambia (1997)
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:Guinea (1996)
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:Gambia (1994)
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:Ciskei (1990)
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:Zambia (1990)
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:Guinea (1985)
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:Uganda (1985)
1210:
1207:
1206:Guinea (1984)
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:Gambia (1981)
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:Angola (1977)
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
965:
961:
958:
954:
951:
947:
944:
940:
937:
933:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
902:
901:Uganda (1974)
898:
895:
891:
888:
887:Rwanda (1973)
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
853:
849:
846:
842:
839:
838:Uganda (1971)
835:
832:
828:
827:
825:
821:
814:
810:
807:
803:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
737:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
596:Rwanda (1961)
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
578:
576:
572:
567:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
540:
537:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
482:
477:
473:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:
443:
433:
428:
417:
413:
406:
400:
392:
386:
378:
372:
358:on 2018-12-19
357:
353:
347:
339:
333:
326:
321:
306:
302:
296:
281:
277:
271:
267:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:
227:
223:
221:
220:Hamid Algabid
217:
213:
208:
204:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
170:
167:
166:
161:
157:
155:
154:
149:
146:
141:
136:
134:
133:
128:
125:
120:
115:
114:
109:
106:
101:
96:
94:
89:
84:
83:
78:
68:
65:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
47:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
29:
25:
20:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2845:Gabon (2023)
2840:Niger (2023)
2835:Sudan (2023)
2765:Niger (2021)
2729:Sudan (2019)
2724:Gabon (2019)
2719:Yemen (2018)
2709:Libya (2016)
2669:Libya (2014)
2664:Libya (2013)
2659:Egypt (2013)
2639:Sudan (2012)
2618:Mali (2012)
2604:Niger (2011)
2594:Niger (2010)
2558:Sudan (2008)
2518:Nepal (2005)
2498:Haiti (2004)
2493:Sudan (2004)
2438:Haiti (2001)
2382:Niger (1999)
2381:
2352:Qatar (1996)
2347:Niger (1996)
2317:Qatar (1995)
2267:Libya (1993)
2247:Sudan (1992)
2221:Peru (1992)
2197:Haiti (1991)
2089:
2088:no sign for
2027:Gabon (2023)
2020:Niger (2023)
2013:Sudan (2023)
1936:Niger (2021)
1897:Sudan (2019)
1890:Gabon (2019)
1876:Libya (2016)
1834:Libya (2014)
1813:Egypt (2013)
1792:Sudan (2012)
1757:Niger (2011)
1750:Niger (2010)
1718:Sudan (2008)
1655:Sudan (2004)
1560:Niger (1999)
1559:
1518:Niger (1996)
1441:Libya (1993)
1406:Sudan (1992)
1385:Venda (1990)
1350:Sudan (1990)
1332:Sudan (1989)
1297:Benin (1988)
1227:Sudan (1985)
1157:Kenya (1982)
1136:Ghana (1981)
1055:Ghana (1979)
1034:Ghana (1978)
999:Sudan (1977)
985:Benin (1977)
978:Sudan (1976)
936:Libya (1975)
929:Sudan (1975)
908:Niger (1974)
866:Ghana (1972)
852:Sudan (1971)
792:Sudan (1969)
743:Ghana (1967)
701:Ghana (1966)
645:Gabon (1964)
566:Coups d'état
519:2021 attempt
514:2011 attempt
503:
427:
416:the original
411:
399:
385:
371:
360:. Retrieved
356:the original
346:
332:
320:
308:. Retrieved
304:
295:
283:. Retrieved
279:
270:
241:
233:
224:
200:
178:
176:
131:
80:Belligerents
34:9 April 1999
2904:Successful
2825:Peru (2022)
2770:Mali (2021)
2750:Mali (2020)
2654:Chad (2013)
2548:Fiji (2006)
2533:Chad (2006)
2523:Togo (2005)
2513:Peru (2005)
2488:Chad (2004)
2418:Fiji (2000)
2337:Iraq (1996)
2177:Mali (1991)
1943:Mali (2021)
1922:Mali (2020)
1806:Chad (2013)
1690:Chad (2006)
1676:Togo (2005)
1648:Chad (2004)
1392:Mali (1991)
1371:Chad (1990)
1325:Chad (1989)
1255:Togo (1986)
950:Chad (1975)
771:Mali (1968)
750:Togo (1967)
638:Togo (1963)
203:coup d'état
2937:Categories
2914:See also:
2159:since 2010
2154:by country
2137:self-coups
362:2018-12-19
262:References
197:Background
2910:self-coup
2889:Self-coup
2808:September
2788:September
2082:self-coup
230:Aftermath
124:President
2230:November
2215:November
2210:February
151:Strength
39:Location
2899:attempt
2803:January
2793:October
393:. IRIN.
310:9 April
285:9 April
250:become
236:amnesty
158:Unknown
2920:
129:
58:Result
2743:2020s
2627:April
2622:March
2587:2010s
2401:2000s
2225:April
2170:1990s
2133:Coups
1914:2020s
1735:2010s
1577:2000s
1342:1990s
1079:1980s
823:1970s
574:1960s
476:Niger
472:Coups
419:(PDF)
408:(PDF)
51:Niger
2906:coup
2897:Coup
524:2023
509:2010
504:1999
499:1996
494:1974
312:2014
287:2014
177:The
31:Date
2908:or
474:in
305:BBC
2939::
2135:,
410:.
303:.
278:.
2125:e
2118:t
2111:v
558:e
551:t
544:v
464:e
457:t
450:v
365:.
314:.
289:.
171:0
168:1
132:X
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