2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida

1969:...Everybody had thought that the chads were where all the bad ballots were, but it turned out that the ones that were the most decisive were write-in ballots where people would check Gore and write Gore in, and the machine kicked those out. There were 175,000 votes overall that were so-called "spoiled ballots." About two-thirds of the spoiled ballots were over-votes; many or most of them would have been write-in over-votes, where people had punched and written in a candidate's name. And nobody looked at this, not even the Florida Supreme Court in the last decision it made requiring a statewide recount. Nobody had thought about it except Judge Terry Lewis, who was overseeing the statewide recount when it was halted by the U.S. Supreme Court. The write-in over-votes have really not gotten much attention. Those votes are not ambiguous. When you see Gore picked and then Gore written in, there's not a question in your mind who this person was voting for. When you go through those, they're unambiguous: Bush got some of those votes, but they were overwhelmingly for Gore. For example, in an analysis of the 2.7 million votes that had been cast in Florida's eight largest counties, 551:: A raucous demonstration by several dozen paid activists, mostly Republican House aides from Washington, flown in at Republican Party expense to protest Miami-Dade County's manual recount. The recount was shut down a couple hours after the screaming protesters arrived at the county offices, where they began pounding on the doors, chanting and threatening to bring in a thousand Republicans from the Cuban-American community. Some Republicans contend that their demonstration was peaceful and was in response to the Miami-Dade election board's decision to move the ballot counting to a smaller room closer to the ballot-scanning machines to speed up the process. The election board consisted of three appointees, Myriam Lehr and David Leahy, who were Independents, and Lawrence King, a Democrat. After the demonstration, which took place in view of multiple national network television cameras, the election board reversed its decision to recount ballots, determining that it could not do so by the court-issued deadline. The Republican representatives involved in the recount effort credit this demonstration, dubbed the "Brooks Brothers Riot" because of the suits and 505:" reworked. In a May 2000 list, over 57,000 voters were identified as felons, and counties were ordered to remove all listed names from their voting rolls. Democrats claimed that many simply had names similar to actual felons, some listed "felonies" were dated years in the future, and some were random. Some counties refused to use the list, finding it error-ridden. In other counties, supervisors of elections notified those at risk of being scrubbed, giving them a chance to prove they were not felons, which a small number did. In most cases, those on the scrub list were not told that they were not allowed to vote until they were turned away at the polls. An estimated 15% of the names on the county lists were in error. Florida was the only state in the nation to contract the first stage of removal of voting rights to a private company and did so with directions not to use cross-checks or the company's sophisticated verification plan. 1229:, sponsored by a consortium of major U.S. news organizations, conducted the Florida Ballot Project, a comprehensive review of ballots collected from the entire state, not just the disputed counties that were recounted. NORC investigators were able to examine 175,010 ballots, 99.2% of Florida's total, but county officials were unable to deliver "as many as 2,200 problem ballots" to NORC. Some counties produced their rejected ballots by rerunning all ballots through tabulation machines but were unable to deliver all problem ballots because machines accepted more ballots than previously certified and rejected fewer. The project ended up using a sample that was 1,333 votes fewer than the expected total of votes, with most of the variation in Votomatic overvotes, the ballots least likely to yield votes in a recount. The 175,010 ballots examined contained 202:

well as the method of the recount, in those three precincts. If the board discovered an error that in its judgment could affect the outcome of the election, they were then authorized to do a full recount of the ballots. This statutory process primarily accommodated recounts for local elections. The Gore campaign requested that disputed ballots in Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach and Volusia Counties be counted by hand. Volusia County started its recount on November 12. Florida statutes also required that all counties certify and report their returns, including any recounts, by 5:00 p.m. on November 14. The manual recounts were time-consuming, and it soon became clear that some counties would not complete their recounts before the deadline. On November 13 the Gore campaign and Volusia and Palm Beach Counties sued to have the deadlines extended.

1817:. Undervotes (ballots that did not register any vote when counted by machine) were the subject of much media coverage, most of the lawsuits and the Florida Supreme Court ruling. After the election, recounts conducted by various United States news media organizations continued to focus on undervotes. Based on the review of these ballots, their results indicated that Bush would have won if certain recounting methods had been used (including the one favored by Gore at the time of the Supreme Court decision), but that Gore might have won under other standards and scenarios. The post-controversy recounts revealed that, "if a manual recount had been limited to undervotes, it would have produced an inaccurate picture of the electorate's position." 340:

mislabeled as felons, blocked from voting because of bureaucratic bungles, or because the huge increase in black turnout had overwhelmed local officials. For those with memories going back four decades, all this was no accident. It was instead a painful reminder of the days when the battle for the ballot was, literally, a life-and-death matter. At an NAACP-sponsored hearing in Miami four days after the election, prospective voters told of police cars blocking the way to the polls, of voters harassed by election workers. It was anecdotal evidence at best, and local authorities argued persuasively that the police presence near a polling place was pure coincidence. Such explanations did little to lessen the sense of anger among black Democrats.

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every page". More than 20% of ballots in Black precincts of Duval County were rejected because of votes for president on each page. Further, counties and precincts with large Black populations disproportionately had technologies where ballots would predictably go uncounted. In punch-card counties, 1 in 25 ballots had uncountable presidential votes, while counties that used paper ballots scanned by computers at voting places (to give voters a chance to correct their ballot if it had an error) had just 1 in 200 uncountable ballots. A systematic investigation by the United States Commission on Civil Rights concluded that although Black people made up 11% of Florida's voting population, they cast 54% of the uncounted ballots.

771: 574:. At the time, six of the Court's seven justices were Democratic appointees. It was argued, particularly by Republicans, that the court was exceeding its authority and issuing partisan rulings biased in Gore's favor. On November 17, the court acted "on its own motion" to stay official certification of the election until it could hear Gore's appeal of Harris's decision to reject late-filed hand recounts, while specifically allowing counting of absentee and other ballots to continue, an action the Gore legal team did not request. Similarly, in 4–3 decision on December 8, the court ordered a statewide counting of undervotes, which Gore's team had also not requested. Among other Republicans, 323:

ordered county election officials to expunge tens of thousands of citizens identified as felons from the Florida voting rolls, using a list that later demonstrated error levels of 15% or greater. Black people were identified on some counties' lists at up to five times their share of the population. A December 4 article exposing flaws in the process correctly claimed that many of these were not felons and should have been eligible to vote under Florida law. The demographics of the list strongly suggested that, of those who were wrongly on the list and thus should have been able to vote, an overwhelming number of Black people would have chosen the Democratic nominee.

597: 34: 1927:, who acted as a consultant on the media recount, most of the errors were caused by ballot design, ballot wording, and efforts by voters to choose both a president and a vice president. For example, 21,188 of the Florida overvotes, or nearly one-fifth of the total, originated from Duval County, where the presidential ballot was split across two pages and voters were instructed to "vote every page". Half of the overvotes in Duval County had one presidential candidate marked on each page, making their vote illegal under Florida law. Salvado says that this alone cost Gore the election. 246:

overseas absentee ballots that won Bush the election. After the election, a New York Times six month long investigation showed that 680 of the overseas absentee ballots were illegally counted. It further claimed that this was due to "blatantly illegal actions on the part of local election officials, encouraged by Republicans." A 2004 analysis of those votes by Kosuke Imai and Gary King determined that if the bad ballots had been litigated (which they were not) and disqualified, Gore would have cut the margin, but probably not by enough to win without winning other votes elsewhere.

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the state has moved toward electronic voting, nothing in this evolution has diminished the standards first articulated in such decisions ... that the intent of the voter is of paramount concern and should be given effect if the voter has complied with the statutory requirement and that intent may be determined. ... The Florida Statutes contemplate that where electronic or electromechanical voting systems are used, no vote is to be declared invalid or void if there is a clear indication of the intent of the voter as determined by the county canvassing board.

663: 562:. Several websites sprang up to match Nader supporters in swing states like Florida with Gore supporters in non-swing states like Texas. For example, Nader supporters in Florida would vote for Gore, and Gore supporters in Texas would vote for Nader. This was intended to allow Nader to get his fair share of the vote, perhaps meeting the threshold to allow the Green Party to participate in the presidential debates in the 2004 election, while helping Gore carry swing states. Six Republican state secretaries of state, led by 399: 1915:, and five other newspapers next conducted a full recount of all machine-rejected ballots, including both undervotes and overvotes. The organization analyzed 171,908 ballots (60,647 undervotes and 111,261 overvotes), 3102 less than the later NORC study. According to their results, Bush won under stricter standards and Gore won under looser standards. A Gore win was impossible without a recount of overvotes, which he did not request; however, faxes between Judge 1311:

ballot, at least two of the three ballot reviewers' codes being in agreement). The standards that were chosen for the NORC study ranged from a "most restrictive" standard (accepts only so-called perfect ballots that machines somehow missed and did not count, or ballots with unambiguous expressions of voter intent) to a "most inclusive" standard (applies a uniform standard of "dimple or better" on punch marks and "all affirmative marks" on optical scan ballots).

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responded: "I don't think so. Not from where I'm sitting and what I'm looking at." Cunningham estimated that Palm Beach County's Buchanan supporters numbered between 400 and 500. Asked how many votes he would guess Buchanan legitimately received in Palm Beach County, he said: "I think 1,000 would be generous. Do I believe that these people inadvertently cast their votes for Pat Buchanan? Yes, I do. We have to believe that based on the vote totals elsewhere."

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percentage in the Panhandle has been attributed to the surge in the Black vote elsewhere in Florida to 16% of the total, from 10% of the total in 1996. Research conducted by Henry Brady and David Collier strongly disputed Lott and McLaughlin's findings. Brady and Collier were sharply critical of Lott's methodology and claimed when all relevant factors are accounted for, Bush was likely cost only between 28 and 56 votes. In a 2010 television special by the

3047:#3- 2000 Election Flip Flop Coverage: Several news channels announced Al Gore the winner of Florida, and thus the election. Then FOX News called the state for George W. Bush and the other networks followed suit. After more votes were counted, they all moved back to undecided, leaving Americans completely confused as to who was going to be the next president. The snafu caused news outlets to change the way they report on election night. 703:

continuing to conduct recounts beyond the seven-day timeframe (specified in the law, but with ambiguity as to how firm it was intended to be), would "summarily disenfranchise innocent electors " and could not be allowed unless the recounts continued for so long as to "compromise the integrity of the electoral process." The court ordered counties to submit returns by November 26, until which time the stay of certification would stand.

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could consider an appeal by Gore. On November 21, the Florida Supreme Court ruled unanimously that manual counts in Broward, Palm Beach and Miami-Dade Counties must be included and set 5:00 p.m. on November 26 as the earliest time for certification. After that decision, the Bush campaign appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the state court effectively rewrote state election statutes after the vote.

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without a postmark. Before that, the Democrats had pursued a strategy of persuading counties to strictly enforce postmark requirements by disqualifying illegal ballots from overseas, which were predominantly for Bush. In contrast, Republicans pursued a strategy of disqualifying overseas ballots in counties that favored Gore and pressuring elections officials to include flawed overseas ballots in Bush counties.

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butterfly ballot, the Duval County ballot spread choices for president over two non-facing pages. At the same time that the Bush campaign was contesting hand recounts in Democratic counties, it accepted hand recounts in Republican counties that gained it 185 votes, including where Republican Party workers had been permitted to correct errors on thousands of applications for Republicans' absentee ballots.

841:, Anglo-American system based on the letter of the law and a successful vote cast by a rational, responsible voter. In this constitutional system, the "will of the people" is an irrelevant abstraction. ... From affirmative action and hate-crime laws it's a small step to ensuring that all voters, however negligent, have their intent, however vague, reflected in the final result of an election. 3169:

ballots, even likely Gore ballots. ... The Times asked Gary King, a Harvard expert on voting patterns and statistical models, what would have happened had the flawed ballots been discarded. He concluded that there was no way to declare a winner with mathematical certainty under those circumstances. His best estimate, he said, was that Mr. Bush's margin would have been reduced to 245 votes.

678:) was a lawsuit about whether county canvassing boards had authority to extend manual recounts in order to inspect ballots for which the machine counter did not register a vote. The court ruled that counties had that authority, and to allow time for these efforts, extended the statutory deadline for the manual recounts. It also stayed the state certification to November 26. 1327:, whom the Florida Supreme Court had assigned to oversee the statewide recount, had scheduled a hearing for December 13 (mooted by the U.S. Supreme Court's final ruling on December 12) to consider including overvotes. Subsequent statements by Lewis and internal court documents support the likelihood that overvotes would have been included in the recount. 1896:

race or socioeconomic status. Undervotes from optical-scan counties, however, correlate with Democratic votes more than Republican votes, and in particular to counties that scanned ballots at a central location rather than at precinct locations. Optical-scan counties were the only places in the study where Gore gained more votes than Bush, 1,036 to 775.

1237:(votes made with more than one choice marked). The organization analyzed 61,190 undervotes and 113,820 overvotes. Of the overvotes, 68,476 chose Gore and a minor candidate; 23,591 chose Bush and a minor candidate. Because there was no clear indication of what the voters intended, those numbers were not included in the consortium's final tabulations. 130:). Later in the evening, the networks reversed their call, moving to "too close to call", then later giving it to Bush; then they retracted that call as well, finally indicating the state was "too close to call". Gore phoned Bush the night of the election to concede, then retracted his concession after learning how close the Florida count was. 619:, the voting errors caused by the butterfly ballot cost Gore the election: "Had PBC used a ballot format in the presidential race that did not lead to systematic biased voting errors, our findings suggest that, other things equal, Al Gore would have won a majority of the officially certified votes in Florida." 422:

her first statement on overseas ballots, saying that they had to be "executed" on or before Election Day, not "postmarked on or prior to" Election Day. Over Thanksgiving, 14 county boards decided to include 288 overseas ballots that had been rejected days earlier, an act dubbed the "Thanksgiving stuffing".

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Secretary of State Katherine Harris hired a firm to vet the rolls for felons, but that may have wrongly kept thousands, particularly blacks, from casting ballots. ... Hillsborough County's elections supervisor, Pam Iorio, ... acknowledged that African-Americans made up 54 percent of the people on the

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The project's goal was to determine the reliability and accuracy of the systems used in the voting process, including how different systems correlated with voter mistakes. The undervotes and overvotes in Florida amounted to 3% of all votes cast in the state. The review's findings were reported in the

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its earlier decision. In its opinion, the Supreme Court cited several areas where the Florida Supreme Court had violated both the federal and Florida constitutions. The Court further held that it had "considerable uncertainty" as to the reasons given by the Florida Supreme Court for its decision. The

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Aside from this case, also in dispute were the criteria that each county's canvassing board would use in examining the overvotes and/or undervotes. Numerous local court rulings went both ways, some ordering recounts because the vote was so close and others declaring that a selective manual recount in

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that said overseas ballots must be "postmarked or signed and dated" by Election Day. It was never released. Harris did send out a letter saying that absentee ballots without postmarks must be discarded, but Florida's attorney general subsequently said they should not be. On November 13, Harris issued

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Additionally, this Florida election produced many more "overvotes" than usual, especially in predominantly African-American precincts in Duval County (Jacksonville), where some 21,000 ballots had multiple markings, such as two or more choices for president. Unlike the much-discussed Palm Beach County

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On December 6, the Republican-controlled Florida legislature convened a special session to appoint a slate of electors pledged to Bush, based on the fact that the U.S. Constitution gives state legislatures the authority to determine how their electors are appointed. Some have argued that awarding the

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As the manual recounts progressed, most of Florida's counties were considering overseas absentee ballots. That part of the vote count was completed on November 18, increasing Bush's lead to 930 votes. Because recounts later showed that Gore had actually won the election day vote, it was the margin in

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Meanwhile, the Bush campaign worked to stop the recount. On November 11, it joined a group of Florida voters in suing in federal district court for a preemptive injunction to stop all manual recounting of votes in Florida. Bush's lawyers argued that recounting votes in just four counties violated the

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Following the machine recount, the Gore campaign requested a manual recount in four counties. Florida state law at the time allowed a candidate to request a manual recount by protesting the results of at least three precincts. The county canvassing board was then to decide whether to do a recount, as

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Bush claims in his brief that the audited total is 176 votes. We make no determination as to which of these two numbers are accurate but direct the trial court to make this determination on remand.) and (2) in not including the 168 net votes for Gore identified in a partial recount by the Miami-Dade

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write-in candidate for that same office. Upon such an overvote, the entire vote for that office shall be void and shall not be counted. However, an overvote shall not occur when the elector casts a vote on the ballot card but then enters a sham or unqualified name in the write-in space for that same

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Some media reports focused on undervotes (chad blocked hole, wrong ink or pencil used, partial oval mark not detected, humidity affected scanner, ballot feeder misalignment), while others also included overvotes (hole punched or oval filled plus a write-in name, other multi-marked ballots). A larger

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When the Florida Supreme Court ordered a statewide recount of remaining uncounted undervotes, it stipulated that the incomplete results from Palm Beach and Miami-Dade Counties that had been rejected by Katherine Harris be counted. This immediately reduced the Bush margin from 537 to 154 (537–215–168

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in the Florida Supreme Court's plan for recounting ballots, citing differing vote-counting standards from county to county and the lack of a single judicial officer to oversee the recount. By a 5–4 vote the justices reversed and remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court "for further proceedings

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of California, threatened the websites with criminal prosecution and caused some of them to shut down. The ACLU became involved in a legal effort to protect the sites, and the Federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against Jones seven years later. The vote-pairing sites allegedly tallied 1,412

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found that Bush's margin of victory was reduced by 7,500 votes. This survey assumed that the turnout in the Panhandle counties, which was 65%, would have equaled the statewide average of 68% if the state had not been called for Gore while the polls were still open. But the relatively smaller turnout

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The next day, the Florida Supreme Court allowed manual recounts in Palm Beach and Broward Counties to continue but left it to a state judge to decide whether Harris must include those votes in the final tally. Miami-Dade County decided on November 17 to conduct a recount but suspended it on November

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The Florida election was closely scrutinized after Election Day. Due to the narrow margin of the original vote count, Florida Election Code 102.141 mandated a statewide machine recount, which began the day after the election. It was ostensibly completed on November 10 in the 66 Florida counties that

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asked, "If everyone who tried to vote in Florida had their votes counted for the candidate who they thought they were voting for—with no misleading ballots and infallible voting machines—who do you think would have won the election, George W. Bush or Al Gore?". The results were 49% for Gore and 40%

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counties in a particular characteristic. Undervotes from punch card counties give new votes to candidates in roughly the same proportion as the county's official vote. Furthermore, the number of undervotes correlates with how well the punch-card machines are maintained, and not with factors such as

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Nine counties (Alachua, Columbia, DeSoto, Glades, Lake, Sarasota, Seminole, Sumter and Wakulla) reported that it was their intent to count reclaimable overvotes under the Florida Supreme Court order. Nine other counties said that it was a possibility, while 49 counties said that they would not have

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Includes increase in Orange County's unofficially revised machine-tabulated vote total, due to machine later counting 512 ballots that were previously machine-rejected ("could not be distinguished from ballots that were accepted and counted – they appeared to be properly completed"): Gore 249, Bush

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There is a real issue here about what voting actually means. To some, voting is a right that should be guaranteed regardless of any incompetence, error, failure, or irresponsibility on the part of the voter. ... Others have a different view. They argue that American democracy is ... a far stricter,

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The longstanding case law in Florida has held that the intent of the voters as shown by their ballots should be given effect. Where a ballot is so marked as to plainly indicate the voter's choice and intent, it should be counted as marked unless some positive provision of law would be violated. As

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While Democrats did make their way down to Florida, there was nothing like the certainty or the passion that ignited Republicans. The only exception: African-Americans. For all the furor over Palm Beach, it was black precincts where voters had been turned away, denied a ballot because some had been

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Of these 4842 excluded ballots, 4513 had been set aside by the canvassing board for later inspection by a court (which never happened). All were among 10,310 undervotes in the county. The "set aside" ballots were dimpled ballots that were challenged by the two parties. A January 2001 review by the

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observed that the Republican operatives in Florida talked and acted like combat platoon sergeants in what one called "switchblade time", the biggest political fight of the century. On the other hand, he said, Democrats talked like referees with a fear of pushing too hard, not wanting to be seen as

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Based on the NORC review, the media group concluded that if the disputes over the validity of all the ballots in question had been consistently resolved and any uniform standard applied, the electoral result would have been reversed and Gore would have won by 60 to 171 votes (with, for each punch

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According to factcheck.org, "Nobody can say for sure who might have won. A full, official recount of all votes statewide could have gone either way, but one was never conducted." CNN and PBS reported that, had the recount continued with its existing standards, Bush would likely have still tallied

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or spoiled their ballots because they found the ballot's layout confusing. The ballot displayed the list of presidential running-mate pairs alternately across two adjacent pages, with a column of punch spaces down the middle. Bush's name appeared at the top of the ballot, sparing most Bush voters

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and said that election officials should give the "benefit of the doubt" to military voters rather than disqualifying any overseas ballots that lacked required postmarks or witness signatures. Florida Attorney General Bob Butterworth, a Gore supporter, later told the counties to reconsider ballots

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said that there had to have been an order to set up roadblocks in heavily Democratic regions of the state on the day of the election. The Voting Section of the U. S. Department of Justice later investigated reports from the Tallahassee and Tampa areas and concluded that there was no evidence that

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candidate Pat Buchanan. Conservatives claimed that the same ballot had been successfully used in the 1996 election; in fact, it had never been used in a Palm Beach County election among rival candidates for office, but only for referenda. Also, before the election, the Secretary of State's office

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As the manual recounts continued, the battle to certify the results intensified. On November 17, Judge Terry Lewis of Leon County Circuit Court permitted Harris to certify the election results without the manual recounts, but on the same day the Florida Supreme Court stayed that decision until it

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The study notes that because of the possibility of mistakes, it is difficult to conclude that Gore would have won under the strict standard or that a high degree of certainty obtained in the study's results. It also remarks that there were variations between examiners and that election officials

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Orange County presented fewer rejected ballots to the NORC than expected. When the county segregated all ballots by machine for the NORC review, 512 previously rejected ballots were determined to be completely valid. Orange County then performed a hand segregation and determined that these votes

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Even though four other Optiscan counties (Hamilton, Polk, Seminole, Taylor) manually reviewed machine-rejected ballots for votes to include in their certified totals, there were still an additional 156 undervotes for Bush and Gore that could be reclaimed in these counties under the county custom

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canvassing boards' authority to conduct manual recounts to correct "errors in the vote tabulation" extended to efforts to remedy situations where machines, though perhaps correctly functioning to detect properly marked ballots, did not count votes on certain ballots on which votes might be found

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While the Bush campaign opposed the Gore campaign's requests for manual recounts in four heavily Democratic counties, it quietly accepted manual recounts in four Republican-leaning counties. Polk, Hamilton, Seminole, and Taylor, which used the more reliable optical scanners and manually examined

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Four counties distributed sample ballots to voters that differed from the actual ballot used on election day, including Duval County, which used a caterpillar ballot, so called because the list of presidential candidates stretched over two pages. The instructions on the sample ballots said "Vote

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The Palm Beach County recount and the Miami-Dade County recount (having been suspended) were still incomplete at 5:00 p.m. on November 26, when Harris certified the statewide vote count with Bush ahead by 537 votes. The next day, Gore sued under Florida's statutory construct of the "contest

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Bush led the election-night vote count in Florida by 1,784 votes. The small margin produced an automatic recount under Florida state law, which began the day after the election. That first day's results reduced the margin to just over 900 votes. Once it became clear that Florida would decide the

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The NORC adjusted its analysis for the Orange County results and a few minor differences by increasing the starting baseline vote total by 535 votes. In addition, some counties had provided an extra 432 total ballots, while others produced 1,333 fewer ballots than expected. As adjusted, 176,343

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On November 14, Democratic lawyer Mark Herron authored a memo on how to challenge flawed ballots, including overseas ballots cast by members of the military. It gave postmark and "point of origin" criteria that Herron maintained could be used to challenge overseas ballots. It was in line with a

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Officials in a majority of punch-card counties said they would accept a single-corner detached chad as an indicator of voter intent, and officials in a majority of optical scan counties said they would accept all affirmative marks as described in NORC codes as indicators of voter intent. These

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Republicans provided their lawyers with a detailed playbook that included instructions on how to challenge likely Gore votes while fighting for the inclusion of likely Bush votes. In some counties where Mr. Gore was strong, Bush lawyers stood by silently while Gore lawyers challenged overseas

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more votes, but variations of those standards (and/or of which precincts were recounted) could have swung the election either way. They also concluded that had a full recount of all undervotes and overvotes taken place, Gore would have won, though his legal team never pursued such an option.

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Regarding the second issue, the court ruled that the statutory scheme must be interpreted in light of the Florida state constitution's declaration that "all political power is inherent in the people," with any ambiguities therefore construed "liberally." Preventing the canvassing boards from

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said on November 9 that "Palm Beach County is a Pat Buchanan stronghold and that's why Pat Buchanan received 3,407 votes there". Buchanan's Florida coordinator, Jim McConnell, called that "nonsense", and Jim Cunningham, chairman of the executive committee of Palm Beach County's Reform Party,

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Only a fourth of the variance consisted of optical ballots. Most of the variation occurred in Votomatic overvotes, the least likely ballots to yield votes in a recount. Among the nearly 85,000 Votomatic overvotes in the sample, only 721 reclaimable votes were confirmed in the NORC study.

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How such recounts in the case at hand could be made to fit into the statutory scheme, which, as Harris interpreted it, contemplated a quick certification followed, if necessary, by an election contest during which a court (rather than the canvassing boards) would be empowered to correct

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that the recount must stop because it lacked a uniform statewide methodology and there was insufficient time to create one and complete the recount. The same day, the Florida House approved awarding the state's electoral votes to Bush, but the matter was moot after the Court's ruling.

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office. In such case, only the write-in vote is void." There were two write-in candidates for president who had been qualified by the state of Florida. Under the FAC, a ballot with any other name written in (including Bush and Gore, who were not qualified as write-in candidates) was

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by requiring those convicted of felonies in other states (and who had their rights restored by said states) to request clemency and a restoration of their rights from the governor, a process that could take two years and ultimately was left to the governor's discretion. In 1998,

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Gore request for recounts in four counties: applies the above "prevailing standard" (but with no overvotes) to remaining uncounted ballots in Miami-Dade; accepts uncertified hand counts from Palm Beach and 139 precincts in Miami-Dade and certified counts from other 65 counties

744:, of all undervoted ballots in all Florida counties (except Broward, Palm Beach and Volusia) and the portion of Miami-Dade county in which such a recount was not already complete. That decision was announced on live worldwide television by the Florida Supreme Court's spokesman 373:) assumed that they could confidently call a winner in any state "where the vast majority of polls had closed", based on history. No call in a state with two different poll-closing times had ever turned out wrong. While most of Florida is in the Eastern time zone, polls in the 766:

The recount was in progress on December 9 when the United States Supreme Court, by a 5 to 4 vote (Justices Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg and Breyer dissenting), granted Bush's emergency plea for a stay of the Florida Supreme Court recount ruling, stopping the incomplete recount.

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On December 9, 2000, four counties (Leon, Liberty, Madison, Manatee) completed recounts of undervotes ordered by the Florida Supreme Court, identifying a small number of new votes. Escambia County also reported completing its recount that day but did not include all of its

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Regarding the first issue, the court ruled that, while Harris was generally entitled to deference in her interpretation of state laws, in this case the interpretation "contravene the plain meaning" of the phrase "error in the vote tabulation" and so must be overturned.

164:, later analysis showed that a total of 18 counties—accounting for a quarter of all votes cast in Florida—did not carry out the legally mandated machine recount, but "No one from the Gore campaign ever challenged this view" that the machine recount had been completed. 219:

On November 14, the original deadline for reporting results, with the Volusia County recount complete, Bush held a 300-vote lead. The same day, a state judge upheld that deadline but ruled that further recounts could be considered later. Florida's secretary of state,

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On December 8, the Florida justices, by a 4–3 vote, rejected the selective use of manual recounts in just four counties and ordered immediate manual recounts of all ballots in the state where no vote for president had been machine-recorded, also known as undervotes.

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not inconsistent with this opinion", prior to the optional "safe harbor" deadline which the Florida court had said the state intended to meet. With only two hours remaining until the December 12 deadline, the Supreme Court's order effectively ended the recount.

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Furthermore, the Florida Administrative Code: 1S-2.0031, "Write-in Procedures Governing Electronic Voting Systems", (7) at the time specified, "An overvote shall occur when an elector casts a vote on the ballot card and also casts a write-in vote for a

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ballots were expected, compared to 175,010 ballots actually provided to the NORC for review. The county-level variance from the total number of ballots was 0.76%. Thus the project included a sample within less than 1% of the expected total of votes.

1491:

Florida Supreme Court order as being implemented: accepts completed recounts in eight counties and certified counts from four counties that refused to recount; applies the above "county custom standard" to remaining Miami-Dade and other 55 counties

426:

letter Harris sent stating that if an overseas ballot had no postmark, it had to be thrown out. Meanwhile, Republicans relied on their own 52-page manual for the same purpose. But on November 19, Democratic vice-presidential candidate Senator

2258: 1922:

According to the study, 3146 (3%) of the 111,261 examined overvotes "contained clear and therefore legally valid votes not counted in any of the manual recounts during the dispute." According to Anthony Salvado, a political scientist at the

1331:

professor of public policy Lance deHaven-Smith observed that, even considering only undervotes, "under any of the five most reasonable interpretations of the Florida Supreme Court ruling, Gore does, in fact, more than make up the deficit".

1771:

ballots recorded by the assigned review coders as either having "multiple marks" or no punches in the presidential section of ballots, or having indications of voter intent (that meet dynamic filter criteria) recorded by just one of three

1322:

concluded that, no matter what standard is used, after a recount of all uncounted votes, Gore would have been the victor. Such a statewide review including all uncounted votes was a tangible possibility, as Leon County Circuit Court Judge

2052:

Bay, Bradford, Brevard, Calhoun, Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Escambia, Gadsden, Gulf, Hamilton, Hernando, Jackson, Lafayette, Lake, Levy, Liberty, Okeechobee, Orange, Polk, Putnam, Santa Rosa, Seminole, St. Johns, St. Lucie, Union, Walton,

2266: 1476:

Florida Supreme Court order: accepts completed recounts for Broward, Palm Beach, Volusia and Miami-Dade (139 precincts); applies the above "prevailing standard" (but with no overvotes) to remaining Miami-Dade and other 63 counties

255:

phase". On November 28, Judge N. Sanders Sauls of Leon County Circuit Court rejected Gore's request to include the recount results from Miami-Dade and Palm Beach Counties. Gore appealed that decision to the Florida Supreme Court.

3647: 845:

Florida Code Section 101.5614 states that no vote "shall be declared invalid or void if there is a clear indication of the intent of the voter." A physical mark on a ballot, at or near a designated target, is such an indication.

385:& Associates put the number of voters who might not have voted due to the networks' call as high as 15,000, which could have reduced Bush's margin of victory by an estimated 5,000 votes; a study by conservative researcher 266:

On December 4, Sauls rejected Gore's contest of the election result; Gore appealed. Also on December 4, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the Florida Supreme Court to clarify its ruling that had extended the certification date.

932:

Canvassing boards of Collier, DeSoto, Dixie, Duval, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, Hillsborough, Indian River, Jefferson, Lee, Madison, Marion, Miami-Dade, Nassau, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Sarasota, Sumter and Wakulla Counties

891:

Decisions by some canvassing boards to count illegal overseas absentee ballots. At Thanksgiving, decisions by 14 county boards to reverse prior decisions in order to include 288 ballots that had been rejected days earlier.

1881: 1070:

Positive sign indicates number of votes that decision caused to be included (or put back) in state certified total. Negative sign indicates number of votes that decision caused to be excluded from state certified

514:

was ultimately responsible for oversight of the state's elections and certification of the results, even though she had served as a co-chair of the Bush campaign in Florida. Furthermore, George W. Bush's brother

1786:

Orange County total of 512 properly filled ballots not read by machine on November 8, 2000. Possible reasons include, but are not limited to, ambient humidity, feeder misalignment and scanner light sensitivity.

210:

and also that similarly punched ballots could be tabulated differently since Florida had no detailed statutory standards for hand-counting votes. On November 13, the federal court ruled against an injunction.

3669: 1080:

Ballots received after deadline, lacking required postmarks, unsigned, undated, cast after election day, from unregistered voters or voters not requesting ballots, lacking witness signature or address, or

283:

On December 9, the U.S. Supreme Court suspended the manual recount, in progress for only several hours, on the grounds that irreparable harm could befall Bush, according to a concurring opinion by Justice

1877:

often did not provide the same number of undervotes as were counted on Election Day. Furthermore, the study did not consider overvotes, ballots that registered more than one vote when counted by machine.

917:

Canvassing boards of Alachua, Bay, Charlotte, Citrus, Columbia, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Holmes, Jackson, Lake, Leon, Manatee, Monroe, Okaloosa, Okeechobee, St. Johns, Suwanee and Washington Counties

578:

called this ruling "inconsistent with Florida law", on which basis Bush appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Democrats argued that the Florida Supreme Court was simply trying to ensure a fair and accurate

2356: 1093:

The NORC study (see below) did not address either of the concerns about overseas absentee ballots and Nassau County's certification change, as their effects were already included in the baseline totals.

519:

was serving his first of two terms as the governor of Florida at the time. Although Jeb Bush recused himself from involvement in the recount, Democrats alleged there was still an appearance of possible

1847:

was counted, Gore's margin was three votes. Under the other standards used in the study, Bush's margin of victory increased as looser standards were used. The standards considered by BDO Seidman were:

643:, a member of the Democratic Party. She said that she used both sides of the ballot in order to make the candidate names larger, so that the county's elderly residents could see the names more easily. 377:

were open for another hour, until 8:00 p.m. EST, as they are in the Central time zone. The network calls were made about ten minutes before the polls in the Central time zone closed, based on the

172:

Once the closeness of the election in Florida was clear, both the Bush and Gore campaigns organized themselves for the ensuing legal process. On November 9, the Bush campaign announced they had hired

1105:

Dr. Gary King of Harvard University applied statistical modeling to determine that the best estimate for the impact of illegal votes would reduce the certified vote margin for Bush from 537 to 245.

4206:

For the reasons stated in this opinion, we find that the trial court erred as a matter of law in not including (1) the 215 net votes for Gore identified by the Palm Beach County Canvassing Board (

736:

on December 8, the Florida Supreme Court, by a 4 to 3 vote, rejected Gore's original four-county approach and ordered a manual recount, under the supervision of the Leon County Circuit Court and

2283: 903:

Canvassing boards of Alachua, Bay, Bradford, Charlotte, Columbia, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Hendry, Hernando, Holmes, Lake, Manatee, Okaloosa, Okeechobee, St. Johns and Washington Counties

4815: 4461:

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston Marriott Copley Place, Sheraton Boston & Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Massachusetts

1171:

Unlike the other 20 counties, Palm Beach and Pasco Counties determined voter intent on 74 overvotes for Gore and Bush; however, they did not include them in their certified results.

1190:

When Palm Beach County completed its recount two hours after the certification deadline, its final count was Gore 501 votes, Bush 327 votes excluded from the state certified total.

3031:"TV Guide Network's "25 Biggest TV Blunders" Special Delivers 3.3 Million Viewers and Becomes #1 Rated Special Among Women 25-54 [via press release from TV Guide Network]" 1793:

The NORC was expecting 176,446 uncounted ballots to be available from Florida's counties, based on county precinct reports that produced the final, state-certified vote totals.

4128: 5837: 2426: 628:, "When I took one look at that ballot on Election Night ... it's very easy for me to see how someone could have voted for me in the belief they voted for Al Gore." 349:

Various flaws and improprieties in Florida's electoral processes were immediately apparent, while others were reported after later investigation. Controversies included:

1959:

The overvotes with write-in names were also noted by Florida State University public policy professor and elections observer, Lance deHaven-Smith, in his interview with

3788: 2670: 455: 394:, the "2000 Election Flip Flop Coverage" ranked #3 on a list of the 25 biggest TV blunders, having caused news outlets to change the way they report on election night. 314:

During the recount, controversy ensued with the discovery of various irregularities that had occurred in the voting process in several counties. Among these was the

3677: 3818: 5724: 3235: 2366: 5774: 4808: 471: 207: 3744: 3236:"NAACP and Florida Voters Reach Agreement with ChoicePoint in Voting Rights Lawsuit: ChoicePoint to Make Donation to NAACP and Reprocess Voter Exception List" 1433:

Prevailing standard: requires at least one corner of chad detached on punch card undervotes; any affirmative mark on optical scan ballots; includes overvotes

263:

The U.S. Supreme Court convened on December 1 to consider Bush's appeal of the Florida Supreme Court's November 21 decision extending the certification date.

5806: 2250: 613:

from error. About 19,000 ballots were spoiled because of overvotes (two votes in the same race), compared to 3,000 in 1996. According to a 2001 study in the

800:

should not set precedent but should be "limited to the present circumstances". Gore said he disagreed with the Court's decision, but conceded the election.

3257: 3182: 2825: 782:

About 10 p.m. EST on December 12, the United States Supreme Court handed down its ruling. Seven of the nine justices saw constitutional problems with the

710:

Eventually, the Gore campaign appealed to the Florida Supreme Court, which ordered the recount to proceed. The Bush campaign subsequently appealed to the

4850: 2878: 1336:'s analysis of the NORC study and media coverage of it supported these interpretations and criticized the coverage of the study by media outlets such as 4739: 3151: 2620: 5852: 5847: 5156: 4255: 1813:

From the beginning of the controversy, politicians, litigants and the press focused exclusively on the undervotes, in particular incompletely punched

5492: 4801: 2278: 936:

Election day decisions by 21 punch-card counties not to "attempt to determine voter intent on undervotes that couldn't be read by counting machines"

3210: 3100: 950:

Election day decisions by 22 punch-card counties not to "attempt to determine voter intent on overvotes that couldn't be properly read by machine"

3899:

Dionne, E. J.; Kristol, William, eds. (December 1, 2010). "Florida Attorney General Advisory Legal Opinion AGO 2000-65, Date: November 14, 2000".

2904: 1866:. A chad with two or more corners removed is counted as a vote. This is the most common standard in use. By this standard, Bush margin: 363 votes. 381:

calling the state of Florida for Gore at 7:48 p.m. EST. This region of the state traditionally voted mostly Republican. A survey estimate by

4473: 4129:"Now Democrats Are Upset With The Way Lake Counted, Counters Threw Out 3,114 Ballots Because Voters Also Wrote In The Name Of Their Candidate" 3309:

The Best Democracy Money Can Buy: An Investigative Reporter Exposes the Truth about Globalization, Corporate Cons, and High Finance Fraudsters

807:'s certification of the election results was thus upheld, allowing Florida's electoral votes to be cast for Bush, making him president-elect. 233:

22. The Gore campaign sued to force Miami-Dade County to continue its recount, but the Florida Supreme Court refused to consider the request.

5782: 4071: 4026: 2934: 583:

unreadable ballots (both undervotes and overvotes) during the electronic recounts in accordance with those counties' existing policies (see

106:

The controversy began on election night, November 7, 2000, when the national television networks, using information provided to them by the

5327: 5083: 4877: 319: 3900: 5151: 1919:

and the canvassing boards throughout the state indicated that Lewis, who oversaw the recount effort, intended to have overvotes counted.

4557: 5816: 5741: 3518: 4677: 3375:

Remember last week's ugly protest of the hand recount? Elián all over? Guess again—Washington GOP operatives were running this circus.

4901: 4136: 3464: 1391:

County custom standard: what each individual county canvassing board considered a vote, in regard to both undervotes and overvotes.

5336: 4845: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4192:"No. SC00-2431, Albert Gore, Jr., and Joseph I. Lieberman, Appellants, vs. Katherine Harris, as Secretary, etc., et al., Appellees" 69: 26: 5482: 5378: 5350: 5297: 5139: 4943: 2952:

Lott, John R. (2005). "Documenting Unusual Declines in Republican Voting Rates in Florida's Western Panhandle Counties in 2000".

1860:. A dimple is counted as a vote if other races on the same ballot show dimples as well. By this standard, Bush margin: 884 votes. 1342:

and the other media consortium members for focusing on how events might have played out rather than on the statewide vote count.

528: 1854:. Any alteration in a chad, ranging from a dimple to a full punch, counts as a vote. By this standard, Bush margin: 1,665 votes. 995:

Decision not to include Palm Beach County's vote recount results (all but 53 precincts) submitted before certification deadline

5801: 5236: 5181: 5028: 4994: 4982: 3465:"Nader's Traders vs. State Regulators: Examining the Controversy over Internet Vote Swapping in the 2000 Presidential Election" 794:

The decision was extremely controversial due to its partisan split and the majority's unusual instruction that its judgment in

4224: 2997:

Brady, Henry E.; Collier, David (2004). Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Rowman & Littlefield.

921:

Election day decisions by 19 Optiscan counties not to "manually review undervotes that couldn't be read by counting machines"

5045: 5011: 4906: 4355: 3844: 3845:"SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF OF THE PALM BEACH COUNTY CANVASSING BOARD, FOLLOWING REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES" 3796: 1009:

Decision not to include Miami-Dade County's vote recount results (139 precincts) accomplished before certification deadline

906:

Election day decisions by 17 Optiscan counties not to "manually review overvotes that couldn't be properly read by machine"

5283: 5122: 5052: 3873: 1419:

Most inclusive standard: any dimpled chads, any affirmative mark on optical scan ballots; includes optical scan overvotes.

2671:"A State Legislature Cannot Appoint Its Preferred Slate of Electors to Override the Will of the People After the Election" 5811: 5383: 5078: 4872: 3441: 3114: 2143:

in answer to "Would the county accept a write-in overvote if the write-in text area contained a non-qualified candidate?"

224:, a Republican, then gave counties until 2:00 p.m. on November 15 to provide reasons for recounting their ballots. 3519:"Florida Supreme Court Stays Certification of Florida Presidential Ballots; Counties Counting Overseas Absentee Ballots" 2935:"Panhandle Poll Follow-up: Networks' Wrong Florida Call for Gore Depressed Voter Turnout in Florida's Central Time Zone" 5172: 5107: 5033: 4999: 4955: 4767: 4410: 3910: 2695: 1333: 711: 563: 81: 3239: 5395: 5274: 3322: 3002: 2803: 2332: 1353: 1121:

According to standards being applied by each county at the time. Two-coder general agreement for punch-card counties.

718:

on December 1. On December 4, the U.S. Supreme Court returned this matter to the Florida Supreme Court with an order

615: 95: 555:

ties the Republican operatives wore, as a key factor in "preventing the stealing of the 2000 presidential election".

5213: 5066: 4860: 1924: 1222: 1130:

Taylor County determined voter intent on some overvotes; however, it did not include them in its certified results.

978:

Decision to change county's certified vote from the mechanical recount total back to the election night vote total

177: 80:. The Florida vote was ultimately settled in Bush's favor by a margin of 537 votes out of 5,825,043 cast when the 5553: 1405:

Most restrictive standard: requires fully punched chads and complete fills on optical scan ballots, no overvotes

723:

Florida Supreme Court clarified its ruling on this matter while the United States Supreme Court was deliberating

5222: 3993: 3082: 2833: 2156: 4102: 4793: 4758: 2111:

Broward, Collier, Dixie, Hillsborough, Jefferson, Lee, Madison, Marion, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Wakulla

4558:"Statistical Practice: Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida" 2526: 2451: 770: 65: 4191: 4159: 3412: 1916: 1324: 4502: 690:

under a manual inspection with an "intent of the voter" standard (Harris had ruled that it did not); and

5680: 5664: 5634: 5189: 4256:"Counting the vote: the overview; Bush is declared winner in Florida, but Gore vows to contest results" 3588: 3566: 3347: 2198: 1880: 1315: 1291: 787: 749: 733: 657: 605: 524: 508: 502: 475: 315: 152: 127: 119: 38: 4647: 4621: 4477: 2723: 1140:

standard, according to the NORC study (see below). Those 156 votes are included in this line's totals.

4382: 2361: 463: 4556:

Wolter, Kirk; Jergovic, Diana; Moore, Whitney; Murphy, Joe; O'Muircheartaigh, Colm (February 2003).

4175:

Election night: Bush 16,404 votes to Gore 6,952. Mechanical Recount: Bush 16,280 votes to Gore 6,879

2493: 5714: 4299: 2912: 2839:

original felons list, though they constitute only 11.6 percent of Hillsborough's voting population.

1843:, show that under the strictest standard, where only a cleanly punched ballot with a fully removed 1328: 571: 417:

On November 8, Florida Division of Elections staff prepared a press release for Secretary of State

410: 402: 362: 91: 4452: 3116:

CNN reports Kathryn Harris issued letter stating not to count absentee ballots lacking a postmark.

2079:

the same name, a blank space, a historical or fictional name or an uncertified person's name (7):

4329: 3504: 2938: 1891:

The study also found that undervotes originating in optical-scan counties differ from those from

1884: 1251: 1181:

Palm Beach Post of those "set-aside" ballots determined that 4318 were "unambiguous" valid votes.

783: 741: 467: 2413:

The Battle for Florida: An Annotated Compendium of Materials from the 2000 Presidential Election

662: 5842: 5540: 3183:"COUNTING THE VOTE: THE ABSENTEE BALLOTS; Review Military Votes, Florida Attorney General Says" 3030: 686: 382: 3293:

Was the 2004 Presidential Election Stolen?: Exit Polls, Election Fraud, and the Official Count

2575: 482:, the owner of DBT Online, a contractor involved in preparing Florida's voter roll purge list. 4596: 4079: 4034: 3874:"The Lawyers' Role in Selecting the President: A Complete Legal History of the 2000 Election" 3314: 3307: 2981: 2795: 1241:

media during the week after November 12, 2001, by the organizations that funded the recount:

1226: 160:

used vote-counting machines and reduced Bush's lead to 327 votes. According to legal analyst

3762: 3745:"THE 2000 ELECTIONS: THE PALM BEACH BALLOT; Florida Democrats Say Ballot's Design Hurt Gore" 3522: 2107:

count votes for the punched candidate if the write-in is an uncertified person's name (12):

414:

roadblocks were related to the election or had occurred in close proximity to voting places.

5719: 4689: 2254: 1996:

an overvote, but rather a valid vote for the candidate whose name was marked by the voter.

1930:

Including overvotes in the above totals for undervotes gives different margins of victory:

1269: 737: 548: 184: 4783: 2646: 8: 5511: 5453: 4753: 3544: 3479: 2302: 2262: 1275: 1263: 624: 596: 427: 33: 3063: 2752: 2324: 118:, first called Florida for Gore in the hour after polls closed in the peninsula (in the 5624: 5548: 4588: 4580: 3975: 3639: 3478:(I). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina School of Law: 32–66. Archived from 3262: 3187: 2969: 2415:. Gainesville, Florida, United States: University Press of Florida. pp. 15, 37–41. 2222: 1338: 1280: 1257: 853:

Pre-certification decisions that altered certified Florida 2000 presidential vote total

816: 775: 378: 195: 107: 4790:

Contains records of Rosenblum's assistance in ballot recount efforts in November 2000.

306:

On December 13, Gore conceded the election to Bush in a nationally televised address.

5424: 4788:

Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

4592: 3906: 3692: 3631: 3417: 3328: 3318: 3094: 2998: 2977: 2973: 2799: 2788: 2501: 2338: 2328: 1872:. Only a fully removed chad counts as a vote. By this standard, Gore margin: 3 votes. 1285: 173: 123: 122:) but about ten minutes before they closed in the heavily Republican counties of the 4787: 3643: 3612:"The Butterfly Did It: The Aberrant Vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County, Florida" 2851: 5592: 5521: 5463: 4572: 4232: 3967: 3953:"Did Illegal Overseas Absentee Ballots Decide the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election?" 3623: 3087:"Letter to Senator Patrick Leahy, Chairman, U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary" 2961: 2647:"Did Illegal Overseas Absentee Ballots Decide the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election?" 2214: 1297: 1242: 990: 804: 719: 511: 494: 446: 418: 366: 221: 111: 57: 4744: 3979: 5649: 5639: 5629: 5558: 5471: 5146: 4928: 4281: 3258:"Study of disputed Florida ballots finds justices did not cast the deciding vote" 3059: 2238: 2230: 2169: 1303: 829: 498: 374: 331: 4300:"General, Nonpartisan and Special Elections Recount; Miami-Dade County, Florida" 5766: 5659: 5609: 5529: 5500: 5259: 4962: 4895: 3718: 2879:"COUNTING THE VOTE: DUVAL COUNTY; Democrats Rue Ballot Foul-Up In a 2nd County" 2317: 2173: 2101:

DeSoto, Duval, Gilchrist, Glades, Hardee, Miami-Dade, Nassau, Osceola, Sarasota

1973:

found that Gore's name was punched on 46,000 of the over-vote ballots it, [

1519:

Incomplete result when the Supreme Court stayed the recount (December 9, 2000)

640: 490: 432: 285: 161: 114:

to help determine the outcome of the election through early result tallies and

73: 19: 4823: 3971: 3627: 3152:"Examining the Vote; How Bush Took Florida: Mining the Overseas Absentee Vote" 3120: 3086: 2965: 2621:"EXAMINING THE VOTE; How Bush Took Florida: Mining the Overseas Absentee Vote" 5831: 5686: 5413: 5317: 5245: 5203: 5116: 4768:

Video highlights of November 20, 2000 and December 7, 2000 oral arguments in

3952: 3635: 2505: 2342: 2284:

United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, 2006#District 13

2242: 2202: 1911: 1836: 1832: 1814: 1349:

Outcomes of potential recount scenarios in Florida presidential election 2000

1319: 632: 134:

presidential election, the nation's attention focused on the manual recount.

4528: 4414: 3332: 1999: 639:

The ballot had been redesigned earlier that year by Supervisor of Elections

318:"butterfly ballot", which resulted in an unusually high number of votes for 5748: 5732: 5691: 5654: 5644: 5563: 5442: 5405: 5373: 5368: 5359: 5344: 5291: 5254: 5134: 4972: 4967: 4938: 4711: 3387: 3366: 2728: 2452:"Bush leads Gore by 327 votes in Florida recount, Associated Press reports" 2234: 2186: 1892: 1844: 1827: 796: 761: 745: 725: 609: 559: 541: 386: 293: 191: 86: 46: 4576: 4280:

Engelhardt, Joel; McCabe, Scott; Stapleton, Christine (January 27, 2001).

489:

Between May 1999 and Election Day 2000, two Florida secretaries of state,

5614: 5602: 5306: 5230: 5023: 5018: 4989: 4977: 4950: 4915: 2246: 2226: 2206: 2194: 575: 537: 479: 398: 187: 180: 1595:

the lightly populated counties of Gadsden, Hamilton, Lafayette and Union

964:

Decision not to review dimpled ballots with clear indications of intent

147: 5434: 5264: 5040: 5006: 4933: 4584: 2210: 1586:

rejected by the Florida Supreme Court in its ruling of December 8, 2000

838: 752:. The results of this tally were to be added to the November 26 tally. 5696: 2323:. Lanham, Maryland USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 2259:

Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special

2025:

Counties that count votes for the marked candidate if the write-in is

5619: 4759:

Video highlight of Florida Supreme Court Chief Justice Wells opening

4222: 2218: 2190: 2182: 1821: 527:

Elections Chief Carol Griffen, have argued that Florida violated the

115: 2937:. John McLaughlin & Associates. December 6, 2000. Archived from 2059:

the same name, a blank space or a historical or fictional name (1):

552: 5597: 3016: 536:

held that Florida could not prevent a man convicted of a felony in

516: 441: 391: 358: 354: 5577: 2608:. Boulder, Colorado, U. S.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 104. 2069:

the same name, a blank space or an uncertified person's name (1):

449:

became a controversial figure during the Florida electoral recount

5101: 3442:"Vote-swapping Web sites are legal, appeals court (finally) says" 2319:

The perfect tie: the true story of the 2000 presidential election

1797:

numbered 184 for Bush, 249 for Gore and 79 for other candidates.

1631:

Total reclaimable ballots from Florida 2000 presidential election

1021:

Impact of all decisions on candidates' potential statewide totals

90:, stopped a recount that had been initiated upon a ruling by the 77: 61: 42: 2606:

Florida 2000 A Sourcebook on the Contested Presidential Election

1216: 608:

who intended to vote for Gore actually marked their ballots for

3795:. Robert Crown Law Library, Stanford Law School. Archived from 3413:"Miami Mayor Denies Gore Urged Him to Publicly Support Recount" 2852:"Do Voting Rights Notification Laws Increase Ex-Felon Turnout?" 2303:

George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al.

2267:

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

2724:"Gore concedes presidential race after the fight of his life" 2427:"Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes: Online Sunshine" 1162:

Amount excludes 139 Miami-Dade precincts that were recounted.

947:

The above 21 boards plus Palm Beach County Canvassing Board

94:. Bush's win in Florida gave him a majority of votes in the 4282:"Disputed Palm Beach ballots held potential gains for Gore" 1344: 819:

in his advisory opinion to county canvassing boards wrote:

54:

2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida

4356:"So, who really won? What the Bush v. Gore studies showed" 3238:(Press release). ChoicePoint. July 2, 2002. Archived from 2090:

Punchcard counties' standards for valid write-in overvotes

1034:

Potential statewide vote count in absence of all decisions

456:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4748: 4555: 4387: 4360: 4279: 2700: 2178: 2008:

Optiscan counties' standards for valid write-in overvotes

2000:

County-by-county standards for write-in overvotes in 2000

1246: 370: 249: 190:

to oversee their legal team, and the Gore campaign hired

2160:

for Bush, with 11% uncertain or not wishing to respond.

1839:

to count undervotes. BDO Seidman's results, reported in

2993: 2991: 2365:. Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2003. Archived from 1577:

standards are applied to both undervotes and overvotes.

591: 478:. A settlement agreement was reached in this suit with 4678:"Battlefield Florida: A Chat with Lance deHaven-Smith" 4288:. West Palm Beach, Florida, United States. p. 1A. 4225:"2000 Presidential Election - Handcount (00genhc.xls)" 3256:

Fessenden, Ford; Broder, John M. (November 12, 2001).

2083:

Alachua, Baker, Leon, Manatee, Monroe, Taylor, Volusia

810: 142: 4189: 3211:"Lieberman Put Democrats In Retreat on Military Vote" 2097:

do not count any votes for the marked candidate (9):

2015:

do not count any votes for the marked candidate (4):

1977:] while Bush's name was marked on only 17,000... 774:

Supporters for the Gore-Lieberman ticket outside the

544:

had not been lost, from exercising his right to vote.

4505:. Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting. January 2002 4101:

Damron, David; Shaw, Gwyneth K. (January 28, 2001).

4078:. American National Election Studies. Archived from 4033:. American National Election Studies. Archived from 3743:

Van Natta Jr, Don; Canedy, Dana (November 9, 2000).

3150:

Barstow, David; Van Natta, Don Jr. (July 15, 2001).

2988: 2619:

Barsto, David; van Natta, Jr., Don (July 15, 2001).

2618: 1605:

counted reclaimable overvotes per the court's order.

167: 5838:

2000 United States presidential election in Florida

4127:Maxwell, Scott; Damron, David (November 14, 2000). 3933:Sullivan, Andrew (December 4, 2000). "Bad Intent". 3180: 1726:Wrong ink color/carbon content (oval/arrow filled) 707:a few heavily Democratic counties would be unfair. 4740:How we got here: A timeline of the Florida recount 4413:. National Opinion Research Center. Archived from 3742: 3306: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 2787: 2316: 1567:two-coder general agreement for punch card ballots 587:below). These manual counts gained Bush 185 votes. 501:, at a cost of $ 4.294 million, to have the " 291:On December 12, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered in 3439: 2279:2016 United States presidential election recounts 755: 258: 5829: 3902:Bush V. Gore: The Court Cases and the Commentary 3567:"Text: Bush Campaign Adviser James A. Baker III" 3149: 2168:The Florida recount was the subject of the 2008 1547:Recounts included from Volusia and Broward only 651: 3388:"Irish-American Republicans - Our Achievements" 3278: 3255: 3058: 2823: 1636:Reclaimable undervote ballots from Florida 2000 672:Palm Beach Canvassing Board v. Katherine Harris 567:Nader supporters in Florida who voted for Gore. 5579:Florida election recount and legal proceedings 4675: 3789:"Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris" 3763:"PALM BEACH COUNTY CANVASSING BOARD v. HARRIS" 3690: 3364: 3251: 3249: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 1961:Research in Review at Florida State University 1233:(votes with no choice made for president) and 462:) argued that Florida was in violation of the 5783:Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election 4809: 4648:"Florida voter errors cost Gore the election" 4571:(1). American Statistical Association: 1–14. 4353: 4126: 3898: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2753:"The Butterfly Ballot: Anatomy of a Disaster" 2750: 2410: 2150: 1217:NORC-sponsored Florida Ballot Project recount 5726:Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris 4323: 4321: 4072:"Data Files – NORC Files, Media Group Files" 3716: 3589:"Text: Gore Campaign Chairman William Daley" 3472:North Carolina Journal of Law and Technology 3358: 3099:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2826:"Florida's flawed "voter-cleansing" program" 1900:consortium of news organizations, including 1887:judge Robert Rosenberg examines a punch card 1318:researcher Steven F. Freeman and journalist 666:Florida Supreme Court spokesman Craig Waters 240: 4671: 4669: 4497: 4495: 4383:"Media Recount: Bush Won the 2000 Election" 4223:Palm Beach County Supervisor of Elections. 3951:Imai, Kosuke; King, Gary (September 2004). 3905:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 17. 3719:"Buchanan camp: Bush claims are "nonsense"" 3246: 3228: 3134: 3052: 2314: 1445:Review of limited sets of uncounted ballots 227: 5742:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 4816: 4802: 4622:"Newspapers' recount shows Bush prevailed" 4455:The Media Consortium Florida Ballot Review 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4190:Florida Supreme Court (December 8, 2000). 4100: 2927: 2812: 2794:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 2785: 2599: 2597: 716:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 309: 271:electors in this manner would be illegal. 98:and victory in the presidential election. 5853:December 2000 events in the United States 5848:November 2000 events in the United States 4551: 4549: 4318: 3662: 3511: 3348:"Miami 'Riot' Squad: Where Are They Now?" 3181:Perez-Pena, Richard (November 21, 2000). 3014:Battaglio, Stephen. "The Blunder Years", 2406: 2404: 1375:Review of all uncounted ballots statewide 534:Schlenther v. Florida Department of State 4830:2000 United States presidential election 4786:1993-2006. 1 cubic foot (1 box). At the 4666: 4492: 4474:"Florida recount study: Bush still wins" 4354:Payson-Denney, Wade (October 31, 2015). 4157: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3950: 3932: 3880:. Texas A&M University School of Law 3537: 3433: 2676:. National Task Force on Election Crises 2638: 2612: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2315:Ceaser, James W.; Busch, Andrew (2001). 1879: 1731: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1673: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1207: 1055: 868: 863: 858: 851: 769: 661: 646: 595: 440: 397: 146: 70:2000 United States presidential election 32: 27:2000 United States presidential election 18:For the 2008 film about this event, see 4526: 4450: 4429: 4347: 4327: 3946: 3944: 3295:. Seven Stories Press, 2006, pp. 41-47. 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2603: 2594: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2123:Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Sumter 1782: 1780: 1778: 1032: 1019: 529:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 344: 45:'s supporters to accidentally vote for 5830: 4546: 4527:Isikoff, Michael (November 18, 2001). 4253: 4185: 4183: 3710: 3610:Wand, Jonathan N. (December 1, 2001). 3581: 3559: 3545:"Florida Recount: Official statements" 3462: 3456: 3304: 3291:Freeman, Steven & Bleifuss, Joel. 2876: 2527:"Text: Bush Campaign Press Conference" 2491: 2476: 1148: 1146: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1089: 1087: 622:On November 9, 2000, Buchanan said on 353:All five major U.S. TV news networks ( 250:Certification and recount continuation 155:recount attracted protestors and media 5576: 4797: 4522: 4520: 4254:Purdum, Todd S. (November 27, 2000). 4158:Martelle, Scott (November 28, 2000). 4049: 4008: 3345: 3313:. London, U.K.: Pluto Press. p. 3208: 3064:"Bush's brother to face vote inquiry" 2877:Bonner, Raymond (November 17, 2000). 2696:"Gore concedes presidential election" 2381: 2048:the same name or a blank space (28): 1715:Properly filled, not read by machine 1598: 1045: 600:Simulation of the "butterfly ballot." 214: 64:that occurred during the weeks after 4328:Jackson, Brooks (January 22, 2008). 3941: 3609: 3440:McCullagh, Declan (August 6, 2007). 3365:Lantigua, John (November 28, 2000). 3080: 2951: 2902: 2889: 2824:Palast, Gregory (December 4, 2000). 2770: 2644: 2132: 2019:Columbia, Holmes, Okaloosa, Suwannee 1775: 1006:Secretary of State Katherine Harris 592:Palm Beach County's butterfly ballot 41:, Florida, was suspected of causing 4375: 4180: 3996:. NORC at the University of Chicago 3691:Newsweek Staff (November 9, 2000). 3684: 3521:. November 21, 2000. Archived from 3505:"Overview of Florida Supreme Court" 3209:Berke, Richard L. (July 15, 2001). 3202: 2903:York, Anthony (November 28, 2000). 2568: 1174: 1165: 1143: 1108: 1096: 1084: 1074: 1064: 961:Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 888:Canvassing boards around the state 811:Florida counties' recount decisions 143:Mandatory statewide machine recount 13: 4517: 4503:"Who Won the Election? Who Cares?" 3717:Tapper, Jake (November 10, 2000). 3676:. November 9, 2000. Archived from 3670:"Pat Buchanan on NBC's Today Show" 2411:deHaven-Smith, Lance, ed. (2005). 2357:"Memorable Presidential Elections" 2163: 2155:A nationwide December 14–21, 2000 1687:Dimple or 1-corner detached chads 1334:Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting 712:Supreme Court of the United States 14: 5864: 4772:in front of Florida Supreme Court 4733: 4103:"Lake Erred By Tossing Write-ins" 3616:American Political Science Review 2905:"How manual recounts helped Bush" 1808: 1368:Total new votes for Bush and Gore 616:American Political Science Review 330:Political commentator and author 168:Manual recount in select counties 4704: 4640: 4614: 4451:Keating, Dan (August 28, 2002). 4160:"Add Nassau to List of Problems" 4027:"Data Files – Media Group Files" 3819:"The 2000 Presidential Election" 2492:Toobin, Jeffrey (May 23, 2008). 1925:University of California, Irvine 1765: 1756: 1608: 1589: 1580: 1314:An analysis of the NORC data by 1223:National Opinion Research Center 301: 278: 110:, an organization formed by the 4466: 4403: 4292: 4273: 4247: 4216: 4151: 4120: 4094: 3986: 3926: 3892: 3866: 3837: 3811: 3781: 3755: 3736: 3674:The American Presidency Project 3603: 3497: 3405: 3380: 3339: 3298: 3174: 3107: 3074: 3023: 3020:, November 1, 2010, Pages 20-21 3008: 2945: 2870: 2844: 2744: 2716: 2688: 2663: 2559: 2550: 2541: 1570: 1561: 1193: 1184: 1156: 1133: 1124: 975:Nassau County Canvassing Board 375:westernmost counties in Florida 37:The "butterfly ballot" used in 4676:Julian Pecquet (Winter 2005). 3994:"NORC Florida Ballots Project" 3507:. ABC News. November 20, 2000. 3346:Kamen, Al (January 24, 2005). 3081:Boyd, Ralph F. Jr., Assistant 2790:Oh, Waiter! One Order of Crow! 2519: 2485: 2470: 2444: 2419: 2349: 2308: 2296: 1679:2- or 3-corner detached chads 1447:(initiated but not completed) 1377:(never undertaken by Florida) 832:in a contemporaneous article: 756:U.S. Supreme Court proceedings 259:U.S. Supreme Court involvement 1: 4763:argument on November 20, 2000 4330:"The Florida Recount of 2000" 4229:2000 General Election Results 3878:Texas A&M Law Scholarship 2289: 1835:commissioned accounting firm 652:Florida Supreme Court appeals 194:'s former Secretary of State 101: 4684:. (Interview with author of 4076:2000 Florida Ballots Project 4031:2000 Florida Ballots Project 3463:Worley, Brad (Spring 2001). 2251:Outstanding Television Movie 1762:Primarily write-in overvotes 1747: 1739: 1728: 1720: 1717: 1692: 1689: 1681: 1670: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1027: 1024: 1014: 1011: 1000: 997: 983: 980: 969: 966: 955: 952: 941: 938: 926: 923: 911: 908: 897: 894: 880: 875: 681:There were two main issues: 7: 4777: 4304:Miami-Dade County Elections 2604:Whitman, Mark, ed. (2003). 2481:. Random House. p. 66. 2272: 2028:an opposing candidate (0): 803:Florida Secretary of State 445:Florida Secretary of State 10: 5869: 5681:Florida Central Voter File 5196:VP nominee: Curtis Frazier 4784:Jonathan Rosenblum Papers. 2645:Imai, Kosuke; King, Gary. 2151:Opinion polling on recount 1979:–Lance deHaven-Smith 1745:Mark away from oval/arrow 1668:Fully punched proper vote 1356:, Florida Ballot Project) 1316:University of Pennsylvania 1292:South Florida Sun-Sentinel 788:United States Constitution 759: 750:public information officer 658:Gore v. Harris (Harris II) 655: 585:County-by-county standards 509:Florida Secretary of State 476:United States Constitution 137: 24: 17: 5797: 5758: 5705: 5673: 5585: 5572: 5539: 5510: 5481: 5452: 5423: 5394: 5326: 5273: 5212: 5171: 5092: 5074: 5065: 4886: 4868: 4859: 4841: 4565:The American Statistician 4411:"Florida Ballots Project" 3972:10.1017/s1537592704040332 3693:"The Two Campaigns Speak" 3628:10.1017/S000305540040002X 2966:10.1007/s11127-005-7166-1 2786:Greenfield, Jeff (2001). 2093: 2088: 2024: 2006: 1698:Other (marginal) ballots 1634: 1629: 1624: 1529: 1504:Unofficial recount totals 1502: 1443: 1373: 1360: 1347: 815:Florida Attorney General 714:, which took up the case 464:Voting Rights Act of 1965 409:Democratic State Senator 241:Overseas absentee ballots 5715:Florida election recount 4846:General election results 4211:County Canvassing Board. 3960:Perspectives on Politics 2576:"Election 2000 Timeline" 2477:Toobin, Jeffrey (2002). 1329:Florida State University 523:Some observers, such as 403:Supreme Court of Florida 228:Manual recount continues 5483:Socialist Workers Party 4688:, 2005). Archived from 2580:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2565:F.S. Ch. 102.166 Part 5 2556:F.S. Ch. 102.166 Part 4 1955:Bush margin: 152 votes. 1949:Bush margin: 407 votes. 1943:Gore margin: 242 votes. 1937:Gore margin: 332 votes. 1737:Underfilled oval/arrow 1533:(official final count) 1252:The Wall Street Journal 784:Equal Protection Clause 468:Equal Protection Clause 310:Lingering controversies 4686:The Battle for Florida 3680:on September 14, 2020. 2119:n/a or no answer (4): 1888: 1550:Bush by 537 1522:Bush by 154 1495:Bush by 493 1480:Bush by 430 1465:Bush by 225 1422:Gore by 107 1408:Gore by 115 1394:Gore by 171 843: 826: 779: 667: 601: 450: 405: 342: 156: 49: 4577:10.1198/0003130031144 4476:. CNN. Archived from 3852:Florida Supreme Court 3367:"Miami's rent-a-riot" 3305:Palast, Greg (2002). 2941:on December 25, 2007. 2494:"The Dirty Trickster" 2305:, 531 U.S. 98 (2000). 2257:, with Roach winning 2255:Primetime Emmy Awards 1883: 1436:Gore by 60 1283:, which included the 1227:University of Chicago 1208:Post-election studies 834: 821: 773: 740:Elections Supervisor 665: 647:Influential decisions 599: 572:Florida Supreme Court 444: 401: 337: 150: 92:Florida Supreme Court 36: 5802:Other 2000 elections 5775:Bush Family Fortunes 5720:Brooks Brothers riot 4417:on December 17, 2001 3650:on November 24, 2016 3485:on February 12, 2015 2915:on September 5, 2008 1947:Two-corner standard. 1941:Palm Beach standard. 1270:St. Petersburg Times 870:Impact on vote count 828:Conservative writer 549:Brooks Brothers riot 472:Fourteenth Amendment 345:Controversial issues 185:political consultant 5512:Workers World Party 4480:on December 1, 2001 4453:"Democracy Counts: 4235:on December 1, 2016 4139:on October 25, 2015 3799:on January 26, 2020 3547:. December 10, 2000 3242:on January 8, 2006. 3123:on November 6, 2019 3062:(January 5, 2001). 2751:Tognazzini, Bruce. 2732:. December 14, 2000 2704:. December 13, 2000 2582:. December 17, 2000 2458:. November 10, 2000 2362:The History Channel 2038:the same name (1): 1971:The Washington Post 1864:Two-corner standard 1858:Palm Beach standard 1276:The Palm Beach Post 1264:The Washington Post 989:Secretary of State 570:The actions of the 558:The suppression of 428:Joseph I. Lieberman 5625:Warren Christopher 5554:Charles E. Collins 5549:Cathy Gordon Brown 5173:Constitution Party 4692:on August 30, 2016 4306:. November 8, 2000 3854:. State of Florida 3823:History on the Net 3749:The New York Times 3591:. December 8, 2000 3569:. December 8, 2000 3525:on October 2, 2016 3421:. December 2, 2000 3263:The New York Times 3215:The New York Times 3188:The New York Times 2883:The New York Times 2625:The New York Times 2529:. November 9, 2000 2263:Golden Globe Award 2223:Warren Christopher 1889: 1651:No. Bush and Gore 1364:Margin in Florida 1339:The New York Times 1281:Tribune Publishing 1258:The New York Times 817:Robert Butterworth 780: 776:U.S. Supreme Court 732:At 4:00 p.m. 668: 602: 497:, contracted with 451: 406: 379:Voter News Service 215:Reporting deadline 196:Warren Christopher 178:Secretary of State 157: 108:Voter News Service 82:U.S. Supreme Court 50: 5825: 5824: 5793: 5792: 5708:legal proceedings 5635:Benjamin Ginsberg 5425:Prohibition Party 5396:Natural Law Party 5366:Other candidates: 5313:Other candidates: 5275:Libertarian Party 5252:Other candidates: 5201:Other candidates: 5167: 5166: 5132:Other candidates: 5061: 5060: 4716:Pollingreport.com 4602:on March 18, 2016 4529:"The Final Word?" 4164:Los Angeles Times 3769:. Thomson Reuters 3418:Los Angeles Times 2984:– via SSRN. 2858:. January 1, 2014 2836:on June 6, 2011. 2479:Too Close to Call 2199:Benjamin Ginsberg 2177:, which aired on 2128: 2127: 1935:Lenient standard. 1908:, Knight Ridder, 1752: 1751: 1654:Other candidates 1626:Voting technology 1557: 1556: 1361:Recount criteria 1286:Los Angeles Times 1060: 1059: 606:Palm Beach County 525:Washington County 174:George H. W. Bush 153:Palm Beach County 128:Central time zone 120:Eastern time zone 96:Electoral College 39:Palm Beach County 5860: 5697:Butterfly ballot 5593:Katherine Harris 5574: 5573: 5522:Monica Moorehead 5464:David McReynolds 5072: 5071: 5067:Democratic Party 4924:Other candidates 4866: 4865: 4861:Republican Party 4818: 4811: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4712:"The Long Count" 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4595:. Archived from 4562: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4448: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4231:. Archived from 4220: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4135:. Archived from 4133:Orlando Sentinel 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4107:Orlando Sentinel 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4068: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4023: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3935:The New Republic 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3646:. Archived from 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3484: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3312: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3147: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3119:, archived from 3111: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3090: 3085:(June 2, 2002). 3083:Attorney General 3078: 3072: 3071: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3035:The Futon Critic 3027: 3021: 3012: 3006: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2911:. Archived from 2900: 2887: 2886: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2832:. Archived from 2821: 2810: 2809: 2793: 2783: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2547:F.S. Ch. 102.166 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2369:on April 2, 2008 2353: 2347: 2346: 2322: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2215:Katherine Harris 2144: 2141: 2004: 2003: 1980: 1953:Strict standard. 1906:The Miami Herald 1852:Lenient standard 1828:The Miami Herald 1787: 1784: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1648:Characteristics 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1531:Certified Result 1345: 1298:Orlando Sentinel 1243:Associated Press 1201: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1106: 1103: 1094: 1091: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1068: 991:Katherine Harris 849: 848: 805:Katherine Harris 512:Katherine Harris 495:Katherine Harris 447:Katherine Harris 419:Katherine Harris 392:TV Guide Network 222:Katherine Harris 112:Associated Press 56:was a period of 5868: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5789: 5754: 5707: 5701: 5669: 5650:Mac Stipanovich 5640:Bob Butterworth 5630:Michael Whouley 5581: 5568: 5559:Isabell Masters 5535: 5506: 5477: 5472:Mary Cal Hollis 5454:Socialist Party 5448: 5443:W. Dean Watkins 5419: 5390: 5360:Ezola B. Foster 5322: 5269: 5208: 5190:Howard Phillips 5163: 5147:Lyndon LaRouche 5088: 5057: 4929:Lamar Alexander 4882: 4855: 4851:Florida results 4837: 4822: 4780: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4674: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4449: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4391:. April 3, 2001 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4286:Palm Beach Post 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4221: 4217: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4168: 4166: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4070: 4069: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4025: 4024: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3825:. July 19, 2012 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3685: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3363: 3359: 3352:Washington Post 3344: 3340: 3325: 3303: 3299: 3290: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3254: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3161: 3159: 3148: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3092: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3060:Malcolm Brabant 3057: 3053: 3040: 3038: 3037:. March 2, 2010 3029: 3028: 3024: 3013: 3009: 2996: 2989: 2950: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2901: 2890: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2856:Ann.sagepub.com 2850: 2849: 2845: 2822: 2813: 2806: 2784: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2617: 2613: 2602: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2490: 2486: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2431:Leg.state.fl.us 2425: 2424: 2420: 2409: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2335: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2275: 2239:Mac Stipanovich 2231:Michael Whouley 2170:television film 2166: 2164:Television film 2153: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2133: 2002: 1978: 1870:Strict standard 1811: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1351: 1304:Chicago Tribune 1219: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153:184 (total 433) 1151: 1144: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1109: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1085: 1081:double-counted. 1079: 1075: 1069: 1065: 860:Decision-makers 830:Andrew Sullivan 813: 764: 758: 674:(also known as 660: 654: 649: 631:Bush spokesman 604:Many voters in 594: 499:DBT Online Inc. 460:NAACP v. Harris 383:John McLaughlin 347: 332:Jeff Greenfield 312: 304: 281: 261: 252: 243: 230: 217: 183:and Republican 170: 145: 140: 104: 58:vote recounting 29: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5866: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5734:Gore v. Harris 5730: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5706:Aftermath and 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5660:Theresa LePore 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5610:Theodore Olson 5607: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5530:Gloria La Riva 5525: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5501:Margaret Trowe 5496: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5467: 5458: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5409: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5340: 5332: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5287: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5260:Stephen Gaskin 5257: 5249: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5226: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5185: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4963:Elizabeth Dole 4960: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4896:George W. Bush 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4770:Gore v. Harris 4765: 4761:Gore v. Harris 4756: 4751: 4742: 4735: 4734:External links 4732: 4729: 4728: 4703: 4665: 4654:. May 11, 2001 4639: 4628:. May 15, 2001 4613: 4545: 4516: 4491: 4465: 4428: 4402: 4374: 4346: 4317: 4291: 4272: 4260:New York Times 4246: 4215: 4179: 4150: 4119: 4093: 4082:on May 9, 2017 4048: 4037:on May 9, 2017 4007: 3985: 3966:(3): 537–549. 3940: 3925: 3912:978-0815706953 3911: 3891: 3865: 3836: 3810: 3780: 3754: 3735: 3709: 3683: 3661: 3622:(4): 793–810. 3602: 3580: 3558: 3536: 3510: 3496: 3455: 3432: 3404: 3379: 3357: 3338: 3323: 3297: 3277: 3245: 3227: 3201: 3173: 3156:New York Times 3133: 3106: 3073: 3051: 3022: 3007: 2987: 2960:(3): 349–361. 2944: 2926: 2888: 2869: 2843: 2811: 2804: 2769: 2743: 2715: 2687: 2662: 2637: 2611: 2593: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2518: 2498:The New Yorker 2484: 2469: 2443: 2418: 2380: 2348: 2333: 2307: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2181:. Directed by 2165: 2162: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2094:Counties that 2092: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2012:Counties that 2010: 2001: 1998: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1885:Broward County 1874: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1810: 1809:Media recounts 1807: 1789: 1788: 1774: 1764: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1569: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1192: 1183: 1173: 1164: 1155: 1142: 1132: 1123: 1107: 1095: 1083: 1073: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 965: 962: 958: 957: 954: 951: 948: 944: 943: 940: 937: 934: 929: 928: 925: 922: 919: 914: 913: 910: 907: 904: 900: 899: 896: 893: 889: 885: 884: 879: 873: 872: 867: 862: 856: 855: 812: 809: 778:on December 11 760:Main article: 757: 754: 748:, the Court's 696: 695: 691: 653: 650: 648: 645: 641:Theresa LePore 625:The Today Show 593: 590: 589: 588: 580: 568: 556: 545: 521: 506: 491:Sandra Mortham 487: 483: 454:A suit by the 439: 438: 433:Meet the Press 423: 415: 396: 395: 346: 343: 311: 308: 303: 300: 286:Antonin Scalia 280: 277: 260: 257: 251: 248: 242: 239: 229: 226: 216: 213: 208:14th Amendment 169: 166: 162:Jeffrey Toobin 144: 141: 139: 136: 103: 100: 74:George W. Bush 25:Main article: 20:Recount (film) 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5865: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843:Vote counting 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5818: 5817:Gubernatorial 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Volusia error 5685: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5665:Carol Roberts 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5414:Nat Goldhaber 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5318:L. Neil Smith 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5246:Winona LaDuke 5242: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5117:Joe Lieberman 5113: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4745:Election 2000 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4521: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4462: 4459:. p. 8. 4458: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4335: 4334:Factcheck.org 4331: 4324: 4322: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3995: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3937:. p. 10. 3936: 3929: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3793:Election 2000 3790: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3590: 3584: 3568: 3562: 3546: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3443: 3436: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3324:0-452-28391-4 3320: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3158:. p. A16 3157: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3004: 3003:9780742511255 3000: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954:Public Choice 2948: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2805:9780399147760 2801: 2797: 2792: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2672: 2666: 2655:September 26, 2648: 2641: 2630:September 26, 2626: 2622: 2615: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2528: 2522: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2473: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2334:9780585379357 2330: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2261:, and Dern a 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:Tom Wilkinson 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:Ed Begley Jr. 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185:, it starred 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2158: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1912:Tampa Tribune 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:Knight Ridder 1830: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1768: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1735: 1725: 1724: 1714: 1706:Optical scan 1704: 1697: 1696: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1677: 1667: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1611: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1320:Joel Bleifuss 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1196: 1187: 1177: 1168: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1136: 1127: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1090: 1088: 1077: 1067: 1063: 1054: 1044: 1035: 1031: 1022: 1018: 1008: 1005: 1004: 994: 992: 988: 987: 977: 974: 973: 963: 960: 959: 949: 946: 945: 935: 931: 930: 920: 916: 915: 905: 902: 901: 890: 887: 886: 883: 878: 874: 871: 866: 861: 857: 854: 850: 847: 842: 840: 833: 831: 825: 820: 818: 808: 806: 801: 799: 798: 792: 789: 785: 777: 772: 768: 763: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 727: 721: 717: 713: 708: 704: 700: 692: 688: 684: 683: 682: 679: 677: 673: 664: 659: 644: 642: 637: 634: 633:Ari Fleischer 629: 627: 626: 620: 618: 617: 611: 607: 598: 586: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 554: 550: 546: 543: 539: 535: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 510: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452: 448: 443: 435: 434: 429: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 407: 404: 400: 393: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351: 350: 341: 336: 333: 328: 324: 321: 317: 307: 302:Gore concedes 299: 296: 295: 289: 287: 279:Recount ended 276: 272: 268: 264: 256: 247: 238: 234: 225: 223: 212: 209: 203: 199: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179: 175: 165: 163: 154: 149: 135: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 99: 97: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 48: 44: 40: 35: 31: 28: 21: 16: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5749:Bush v. Gore 5747: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5683:(scrub list) 5674:Election day 5655:Craig Waters 5645:Joe Allbaugh 5578: 5564:Joe Schriner 5528:VP nominee: 5527: 5519: 5499:VP nominee: 5498: 5493:James Harris 5490: 5470:VP nominee: 5469: 5461: 5441:VP nominee: 5440: 5432: 5412:VP nominee: 5411: 5406:John Hagelin 5403: 5374:Donald Trump 5369:John Hagelin 5365: 5358:VP nominee: 5357: 5345:Pat Buchanan 5342: 5335: 5328:Reform Party 5312: 5305:VP nominee: 5304: 5292:Harry Browne 5289: 5282: 5255:Jello Biafra 5251: 5244:VP nominee: 5243: 5228: 5221: 5200: 5195: 5187: 5180: 5135:Bill Bradley 5131: 5115:VP nominee: 5114: 5099: 4973:Steve Forbes 4968:Jack Fellure 4939:Pat Buchanan 4923: 4914:VP nominee: 4913: 4893: 4834:2004 → 4826:← 1996 4769: 4760: 4754:Bush V. Gore 4721:November 29, 4719:. Retrieved 4715: 4706: 4694:. Retrieved 4690:the original 4685: 4682:rinr.fsu.edu 4681: 4656:. Retrieved 4651: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4625: 4616: 4604:. Retrieved 4597:the original 4568: 4564: 4538:November 29, 4536:. 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