531:
31:
1144:
1132:
1156:
1120:
749:
1018:
665:
737:
893:
310:
that was already adopted as an industry standard — a first sign of things to come. Its peripheral circuits were underutilized by the industry, as it was mostly used as a general-purpose CPU, rather than a microcontroller, so it was decided to simplify the chip, removing unnecessary devices from the
278:
4-bit 587 CPU, sometimes called the first Soviet microprocessor ever. Its descendants proved popular and were widely used in various control systems and telecom equipment. However, the bit-slice nature of their CPUs made these machines somewhat unwieldy, especially in military applications, and the
322:
structure, so decision making process was often driven not by technical or economical considerations, but by the results of the games of influence between various organizations and officials. SCC, despite its technical successes and popularity of its designs, was not without its opponents and even
344:
This sudden reorganization resulted in the abandonment of the
Elektronika NC architecture (it continued only in CNCs based on an NC-1 machine, some of which are used up to this day) and the adoption of the PDP-11 compatibility as a MEI standard, a process sometimes called
757:
327:
Western technology, many groups within the
Ministry of Electronic Industry argued for it as a quicker and more secure way to meet the needs. These groups eventually prevailed, and in 1976 the SCC was essentially disbanded, its technical base passing to the
732:
It has two different address spaces and the ability to quickly switch between them. They were used in implementing the FIS instruction subset, with instructions processed not in microcode, but as interrupt handlers in shadow ROM.
335:
while some of its research labs were joined to the
Research Institute of Precision Technology (which didn't really need them), and others forming a research arm of the newly formed NPO Scientific Center.
452:
commands, for example), package and address bus width (the latest models supported 22-bit addressing). In terms of raw processing power, it is roughly comparable to US-made
1314:
392:. Together they constituted the first widely used generation of 1801 family. The KR18101VP1 gate array was later manufactured by a number of second sources: Exiton
1767:
1217:
202:
197:
254:
world, this processor achieved something of a cult status among Soviet and then
Russian programmers, and to a lesser extent, international programmers.
421:
173:
1420:
466:
416:
168:
102:
1738:
188:
machines. First released in 1980, various models and variants of the series were among the most popular Soviet microprocessors and dominated
1760:
1398:
976:
Similar to the 1801VP1 for the 1801 series, peripheral functions for the 1806 series are implemented using the gate arrays 1806VP1 (
1753:
1905:
1693:
1267:
1634:
1563:
315:. But by that time its parent organization, the SCC, has already lost in the power games that plagued Soviet industry.
1594:
1608:
1445:
1538:
775:
682:
678:
544:
492:
138:
1920:
1050:
1776:
1349:
349:
in
Russian literature. Thus, the microcode for the new simplified CPU was redesigned and made compatible with
1664:
871:
182:
1372:
97:
1910:
1083:
technology and require a +5 V power supply. They are manufactured by Fizika Moscow as a second source.
211:(Elektronika NC series), but arguably their most well-known use was in several Soviet general-purpose
565:
444:
architecture. Various models differed in clock speed, instruction set (the first models lacked the
312:
1208:
1046:
79:
1058:
192:
and military applications of the 1980s. They were also used in widely different areas such as
1062:
126:
8:
1884:
1143:
1131:
877:
324:
193:
1638:
1567:
1507:
1248:
1155:
1119:
329:
60:
1732:
1604:
1345:
426:
178:
600:
Package: 42-pin ceramic planar (K1801VM1, image above) or plastic planar (KR1801VM1)
1212:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
512:
382:
362:
299:
262:
The history of this CPU stems from the early 1970s, when the group of engineers in
189:
1915:
1745:
1066:
1038:
653:
497:
437:
433:
393:
367:
303:
287:
1642:
1601:
Integrated circuits and their foreign equivalents. Volume 07. Series K700-K1043.
1510:[Components for microprocessor systems] (in Russian). Moscow: NPO Fizika
266:'s Special Computing Center, led by D.I. Yuditsky, developed their first 16-bit
1686:
1257:
Hungarian computers SZAMALK Mikrosztar 1123, MTA KFKI TPA-11/30 (both K1801VM2)
1235:
1198:
838:
726:
412:
397:
236:
232:
164:
1571:
613:) — max. clock frequency 5 MHz (often marked with one dot on the package)
1899:
1186:
239:
216:
530:
1566:[16-bit LSI/2-compatible microprocessor] (in Russian). Zelenograd:
920:; clock speed 5 MHz; 42-pin ceramic planar package; 134636 transistors
270:, called Elektronika NC-1. This machine, intended to directly compete with
267:
212:
161:
30:
1596:Интегральные микросхемы и их зарубежные аналоги. Том 07. Серии К700-К1043
841:
319:
1856:
1846:
1837:
1827:
1818:
1637:[16-bit LSI-11/23-compatible series] (in Russian). Zelenograd:
1242:
880:
instructions LDUB, LDSC, STA0, STB0 and STQ0 have not been implemented.
748:
573:
569:
472:
372:
263:
82:
63:
1692:. Defense Technical Information Center. 22 June 1987. pp. 66–75.
934:; 134636 transistors; manufactured by Fizika Moscow as a second source
1875:
1865:
1176:
1017:
883:
Package: 64-pin plastic planar (KA1801VM4) or 64-pin CQFP (KN1801VM4)
453:
275:
243:
736:
664:
647:
instruction is supported (often marked with two dots on the package)
1720:
892:
17:
685:
extensions(FIS instructions implemented by ROM interrupt routines)
1476:
1292:
516:
376:
797:
Technology: 4 μm nMOS (later CMOS versions were designated
1784:
874:
771:
741:
715:
674:
540:
488:
441:
409:
350:
271:
220:
185:
158:
107:
302:
and other peripheral circuitry, still based on
Elektronika NC
1225:
1204:
816:
699:
579:
478:
389:
307:
831:
Package: 64-pin CERDIP (KM1801VM3) or 64-pin CQFP (N1801VM3)
375:, which was used to implement various support circuitry, 64
1423:[Digital archeology: 1801 and all-all] (in Russian)
1401:[Digital archeology: 1801 and all-all] (in Russian)
1317:[Digital archeology: 1801 and all-all] (in Russian)
1192:
1080:
1054:
1027:
907:
719:
688:
Technology: 4 μm nMOS (a later CMOS version was designated
595:
589:
506:
291:
251:
228:
857:, 32/64 bit, clocked at 6 MHz (8 MHz after 1991)
756:
705:
Clock speed: 2 — 10 MHz (which is divided by 2 internally)
1721:"Revengineered ancient PDP-11 CPUs, originals and clones"
1229:
1182:
1107:
1094:
1069:
is external. The development version was called T36VM1-2.
971:
958:
945:
931:
502:
295:
247:
224:
208:
154:
132:
20:, an 8-bit CPU from the 1970s with a similar part number.
323:
enemies. While its staff had an aversion to copying and
282:
In 1980 the first 1801 CPU intended to fill this niche,
1687:"SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - EUROPE & LATIN AMERICA"
860:
Technology: nMOS (later CMOS versions were designated
487:
Package: 42-pin ceramic planar, kind of cross between
279:
need for a single-chip microprocessor was identified.
822:
Clock speed: 4 — 6 MHz, and 8 MHz from 1991
353:. The new processor was released in 1982, designated
440:. Others have an updated microcode implementing the
1079:All devices in the 1836 series are manufactured in
906:All devices in the 1806 series are manufactured in
250:micros that often offered a first glimpse into the
1775:
1897:
1539:"Integrated circuits (IC) for computing devices"
318:By its nature, Soviet industry was an extremely
274:series, was first released in 1973 and used the
1629:
1627:
1564:"16-разрядный LSI/2-совместимый микропроцессор"
1558:
1556:
1446:"The Soviet 1801VM3 Enhanced LSI-11 Processor"
306:, but compatible with a Soviet clone of DEC's
235:families. Due to being the CPU of the popular
1761:
1657:
1635:"16-разрядный LSI-11/23-совместимый комплект"
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1440:
1438:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1338:Цифровые и аналоговые интегральные микросхемы
1624:
1586:
1553:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1254:Various military and industrial applications
403:
1737:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1175:Soyuz-Neon PC-11/16 PC, roughly similar to
910:technology and require a +5 V power supply.
286:, entered production. It was essentially a
1768:
1754:
1603:] (in Russian). Moscow: ИП РадиоСофт.
1522:
1435:
1358:
1335:
29:
1464:
1421:"Цифровая археология: 1801 и все-все-все"
1399:"Цифровая археология: 1801 и все-все-все"
1315:"Цифровая археология: 1801 и все-все-все"
1280:
1679:
1665:"Russian Computers on the Buran Shuttle"
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1016:
891:
755:
747:
735:
695:Die size: 5.3x5.35 mm, 18500 transistors
663:
529:
408:All CPUs in the family were single-chip
1718:
1592:
1045:core with support logic implemented in
559:(MUL only in the rare 1801VM1G variant)
1898:
1342:Digital and analog integrated circuits
1102:: functionally equivalent to the nMOS
1089:: functionally equivalent to the nMOS
966:: functionally equivalent to the nMOS
953:: functionally equivalent to the nMOS
940:: functionally equivalent to the nMOS
926:: functionally equivalent to the nMOS
916:: functionally equivalent to the nMOS
887:
812:Die size: 6.65x8 mm, 28900 transistors
722:(KR1801VM2, military variant R1802VM2)
585:Clock speed: 100 kHz — 5 MHz
484:Clock speed: 100 kHz — 2 MHz
357:. It was supplemented by the 600-gate
1749:
1508:"Компоненты микропроцессорных систем"
1491:
1373:"The Soviet 1801VM2 LSI-11 Processor"
1268:Soviet integrated circuit designation
643:) — max. clock frequency 5 MHz;
1696:from the original on August 25, 2016
1329:
1344:] (in Russian). Радио и связь.
1106:; clock speed 16 MHz; 64-pin C
1093:; clock speed 25 MHz; 64-pin C
970:; clock speed 16 MHz; 64-pin C
740:KM1801VM3, a later model chip in a
633:) — max. clock frequency 3 MHz
623:) — max. clock frequency 4 MHz
13:
1479:[1806 Series] (in Russian)
1295:[1801 Series] (in Russian)
957:; clock speed 8 MHz; 64-pin C
944:; clock speed 8 MHz; 64-pin C
930:; clock speed 5 MHz; 64-pin C
429:, however only the first one, the
339:
181:cores, but binary compatible with
14:
1932:
1712:
1195:educational computers (KM1801VM2)
1049:placed on the same die. Includes
1808:
1803:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1042:
865:
861:
806:
802:
798:
689:
853:Floating point coprocessor for
92:Architecture and classification
1793:
1777:List of Soviet microprocessors
1413:
1391:
1307:
1073:
900:
257:
242:, used in its late years as a
1:
1906:Computing in the Soviet Union
1667:. CPU Shack. 20 February 2011
1273:
1103:
1090:
992:, later renamed to 1806BTs1,
967:
954:
941:
927:
917:
854:
760:KA1801VM4 Engineering Sample.
752:KN1801VM4 Engineering Sample.
1012:
16:Not to be confused with the
7:
1719:1801BM1 (15 January 2023).
1261:
847:
764:
659:
525:
459:
400:, and Intermos in Hungary.
10:
1937:
1541:. Zelenograd: Techno unity
1201:home computers (KM1801VM1)
1032:Clock speed: — 2 MHz
562:Technology: 5 μm nMOS
436:, used the Electronica NC
15:
1874:
1855:
1836:
1817:
1783:
1336:Ниссельсон, Л.И. (1989).
1179:in performance (N1806VM2)
1171:These CPUs were used in:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
404:Technical characteristics
366:
118:
113:
96:
91:
87:2 MHz to 12 MHz
77:
72:
53:
45:
40:
28:
167:based on the indigenous
1209:programmable calculator
114:Physical specifications
1921:16-bit microprocessors
1593:Нефедов, А.В. (2000).
1241:"Romashka" electronic
1216:
1166:
1057:, parallel interface,
1035:Voltage: +4.5 ... +6 V
1022:
897:
761:
753:
745:
669:
652:Second source: Exiton
535:
351:LSI-11 instruction set
1221:; based on KA1013VM1)
1211:"Elektronika MK-85" (
1061:, watchdog timer and
1020:
895:
759:
751:
739:
667:
533:
1185:series professional
725:Second source: SEMZ
194:graphing calculators
98:Instruction set
1249:Buran space shuttle
1051:keyboard controller
888:Further development
834:Address bus: 22-bit
519:(1024 16-bit words)
325:reverse engineering
54:Common manufacturer
41:General information
25:
1452:. 20 November 2021
1234:Elektronika IM-05
1224:Elektronika NC-31
1023:
898:
762:
754:
746:
670:
536:
509:(128 16-bit words)
219:designs like the
23:
1911:Soviet inventions
1893:
1892:
1379:. 4 November 2021
1218:Электроника МК-85
1000:), and 1582VZh3 (
770:Instruction set:
673:Instruction set:
539:Instruction set:
465:Instruction set:
427:microarchitecture
385:chip, and 64 Kib
246:, as well as the
207:) and industrial
198:Elektronika MK-85
179:microarchitecture
157:were a family of
147:
146:
1928:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1641:. Archived from
1631:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1570:. Archived from
1560:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
793:
789:
785:
781:
714:Package: 40-pin
646:
558:
554:
550:
545:EIS instructions
451:
447:
425:
370:
206:
190:embedded systems
177:
33:
26:
22:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1813:
1779:
1774:
1730:
1729:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1352:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1276:
1264:
1187:micro computers
1169:
1162:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1076:
1039:Microcontroller
1015:
903:
890:
850:
791:
787:
783:
779:
767:
718:(KM1801VM2) or
662:
654:Pavlovsky Posad
644:
556:
552:
548:
528:
498:Microcontroller
462:
449:
445:
438:instruction set
434:microcontroller
419:
413:microprocessors
406:
394:Pavlovsky Posad
342:
340:Discontinuation
304:instruction set
288:microcontroller
260:
200:
171:
165:microprocessors
143:
136:
130:
106:
68:
36:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1714:
1713:External links
1711:
1708:
1707:
1678:
1656:
1645:on 15 May 2016
1623:
1609:
1585:
1574:on 15 May 2016
1552:
1521:
1490:
1477:"1806ая серия"
1463:
1434:
1412:
1390:
1357:
1350:
1328:
1306:
1293:"1801ая серия"
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1236:chess computer
1232:
1222:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
974:
961:
948:
935:
921:
911:
902:
899:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
869:
858:
849:
846:
845:
844:
839:floating point
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:, multiplexed)
813:
810:
795:
766:
763:
730:
729:
727:Solnechnogorsk
723:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:, multiplexed)
696:
693:
686:
661:
658:
657:
656:
650:
649:
648:
634:
624:
614:
601:
598:
592:
586:
583:
582:, multiplexed)
576:
563:
560:
527:
524:
523:
522:
521:
520:
510:
495:
485:
482:
475:
469:
467:Elektronika NC
461:
458:
417:Elektronika NC
405:
402:
398:Solnechnogorsk
341:
338:
259:
256:
237:Elektronika BK
169:Elektronika NC
145:
144:
142:
141:
125:40 and 64 pin
122:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
103:Elektronika NC
100:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
75:
74:
70:
69:
67:
66:
57:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1933:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1666:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1612:
1610:5-93037-003-6
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1422:
1416:
1400:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1316:
1310:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1251:(1806 series)
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
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1197:
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1188:
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1174:
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1172:
1157:
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1133:
1128:
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1116:
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1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:. It uses an
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1003:
995:
987:
984:), 1806KhM1 (
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
962:
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943:
939:
936:
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870:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
851:
843:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
825:Voltage: +5 V
824:
821:
818:
814:
811:
808:
804:
800:
796:
777:
773:
769:
768:
758:
750:
743:
738:
734:
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
710:
708:Voltage: +5 V
707:
704:
701:
697:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
655:
651:
642:
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532:
518:
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481:, multiplexed
480:
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240:home computer
238:
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217:microcomputer
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81:
76:
71:
65:
62:
59:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
19:
1798:
1724:
1698:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1614:. Retrieved
1600:
1595:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:the original
1543:. Retrieved
1512:. Retrieved
1481:. Retrieved
1454:. Retrieved
1450:cpushack.com
1449:
1425:. Retrieved
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:cpushack.com
1376:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1170:
1099:
1086:
1026:Technology:
963:
950:
937:
923:
913:
828:Power: 1.7 W
731:
711:Power: 1.7 W
640:
636:
630:
626:
620:
616:
610:
606:
588:Voltage: +5
543:; supported
471:Technology:
430:
407:
386:
379:
358:
354:
346:
343:
330:
320:bureaucratic
317:
283:
281:
268:minicomputer
261:
244:demo machine
150:
148:
49:1980 onwards
1885:1858 series
1866:1810 series
1828:1816 series
1809:1836 series
1804:1806 series
1799:1801 series
1794:1013 series
1700:12 February
1671:24 November
1649:22 November
1578:22 November
1545:25 November
1514:22 November
1074:1836 series
901:1806 series
842:coprocessor
776:EIS and MMU
594:Power: 1.2
574:transistors
420: [
294:of on-chip
258:Development
201: [
172: [
73:Performance
1900:Categories
1878:compatible
1859:compatible
1857:Intel 8086
1847:580 series
1840:compatible
1838:Intel 8080
1821:compatible
1819:Intel 8048
1787:compatible
1616:21 October
1456:8 December
1427:16 January
1405:16 January
1383:8 December
1351:5256002597
1321:16 January
1274:References
1243:typewriter
1114:Die photos
815:Bus: МПИ (
794:) included
698:Bus: МПИ (
668:KM1801VM2.
603:Variants:
578:Bus: МПИ (
568:size: 5x5
534:KR1801VM1.
373:gate array
347:PDP revolt
264:Zelenograd
83:clock rate
64:Zelenograd
1876:Zilog Z80
1245:(1801VM2)
1238:(1801VM2)
1228:-control
1189:(various)
1149:KM1801VM3
1137:KM1801VM2
1021:KA1013VM1
1013:KA1013VM1
896:N1806VM2.
837:Supports
454:Intel 286
415:based on
380:KR1801RE2
368:КР1801ВП1
359:KR1801VP1
290:with 256
276:bit slice
1733:cite web
1694:Archived
1639:Angstrem
1568:Angstrem
1262:See also
1161:N1806VM2
1125:K1801VM1
1104:K1801VM4
1100:N1836VM4
1091:K1801VM3
1087:N1836VM3
968:K1801VM3
964:1806VM5U
955:K1801VM4
951:1806VM4U
942:K1801VM3
938:1806VM3U
928:K1801VM2
924:N1806VM2
918:K1801VM2
866:N1836VM4
862:1806VM4U
855:K1801VM3
848:K1801VM4
807:N1836VM3
803:1806VM5U
799:1806VM3U
765:K1801VM3
660:K1801VM2
572:, 16646
526:K1801VM1
460:K1801VE1
431:K1801VE1
355:K1801VM1
331:Angstrem
284:K1801VE1
61:Angstrem
46:Launched
35:K1801VM1
18:RCA 1802
1483:11 July
1299:11 July
1213:Russian
1043:1806VM2
1006:1582ВЖ3
1002:Russian
998:1806БЦ1
994:Russian
990:1806ХМ1
986:Russian
982:1806ВП1
978:Russian
914:1806VM2
690:1806VM2
396:, SEMZ
387:K573RF3
363:Russian
153:series
137:42 pin
131:64 pin
119:Package
1916:PDP-11
1785:PDP-11
1725:GitHub
1607:
1348:
1067:Memory
875:PDP-11
772:LSI-11
744:mount.
742:CERDIP
716:CERDIP
675:LSI-11
541:LSI-11
505:: 256
489:CERDIP
442:LSI-11
410:16-bit
272:SM EVM
231:, and
221:SM EVM
186:PDP-11
162:Soviet
159:16-bit
108:LSI-11
1690:(PDF)
1599:[
1340:[
1226:lathe
1205:BASIC
817:Q-Bus
700:Q-Bus
677:with
580:Q-Bus
507:bytes
479:Q-bus
477:Bus:
424:]
390:EPROM
333:plant
308:Q-Bus
298:, 2K
292:bytes
213:mini-
205:]
183:DEC's
176:]
78:Max.
1739:link
1702:2018
1673:2016
1651:2016
1618:2016
1605:ISBN
1580:2016
1547:2016
1516:2016
1485:2016
1458:2022
1429:2019
1407:2019
1385:2022
1346:ISBN
1323:2019
1301:2016
1193:UKNC
1081:CMOS
1055:UART
1047:ULAs
1028:CMOS
908:CMOS
864:and
805:and
792:MFPI
788:MFPD
784:MTPI
780:MTPD
720:PDIP
681:and
515:: 2
493:SOIC
491:and
473:nMOS
448:and
252:UNIX
229:UKNC
215:and
209:CNCs
155:CPUs
151:1801
149:The
139:SOIC
24:1801
1230:CNC
1183:DVK
1167:Use
1108:QFP
1095:QFP
1063:PMU
1059:MMU
972:QFP
959:QFP
946:QFP
932:QFP
878:FPU
872:DEC
683:FIS
679:EIS
645:MUL
566:Die
557:MUL
553:SOB
549:XOR
517:Kib
513:ROM
503:RAM
450:DIV
446:MUL
383:ROM
377:Kib
313:die
300:ROM
296:RAM
248:DVK
225:DVK
133:QFP
127:DIP
80:CPU
1902::
1735:}}
1731:{{
1723:.
1626:^
1555:^
1524:^
1493:^
1466:^
1448:.
1437:^
1375:.
1360:^
1282:^
1215::
1199:BK
1177:AT
1065:.
1053:,
1008:).
1004::
996::
988::
980::
801:,
790:,
786:,
782:,
774:;
570:mm
555:,
551:,
547::
456:.
422:ru
371:)
365::
233:BK
227:,
223:,
203:ru
174:ru
135:,
105:,
1769:e
1762:t
1755:v
1741:)
1727:.
1704:.
1675:.
1653:.
1620:.
1582:.
1549:.
1518:.
1487:.
1460:.
1431:.
1409:.
1387:.
1354:.
1325:.
1303:.
1207:-
868:)
809:)
778:(
692:)
641:Г
639:(
637:G
631:В
629:(
627:V
621:Б
619:(
617:B
611:А
609:(
607:A
596:W
590:V
361:(
196:(
129:,
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