553:
2538:
the two peoples "components of the same trunk, spread into several ancestries", as well as to their shared history, "even our name", being erased by the intrusion of foreigners; the shorter version simply acknowledged
Moldavian primacy in upholding union as a "patriotic feat". Meanwhile, the Wallachian Divan continued to face dissent in its own ranks, particularly over whether its deputies could rule on the future organization of "Romania". In early November, Christian Tell and Ștefan Golescu attempted to replicate the Moldavian example and pass legislation which could see the Divan taking on more parliamentary responsibilities. They were defeated by a conjectural alliance of deputies, headlined by Dulie, Nicolae Rucăreanu and A. G. Golescu—a rift which ran through both the National Party and the Golescu family.
360:
978:, who had kept a low profile ever since 1848, publicized his own manifesto, which offered a crossover of liberal and conservative doctrines, chiding youth for the Talleyrand incident. This younger Ghica did not oppose union with Moldavia, but advised its partisans not to draw too much attention to their project. This revival failed to impress the returning exiles, with Serrurie writing in November that boyardom needed to be "burned alive and its ashes scattered". Heliade's conservatives, who maintained some links with the Ghicas, also began reorganizing themselves into a more cohesive group: by November, Heliade and his associate Niculae Rusu Locusteanu were putting out their own newspaper,
110:
1624:, a near-complete count revealed that "only 3 or 4 deputies were doubtfully unionist, but even they will likely follow the general mood"; all of the 17 second-class peasant deputies were selected from among National Party affiliates. This was similar to the concurrent Moldavian election, where a minuscule number of the September Divan were separatists. C. A. Crețulescu and party colleague Grigore N. Filipescu were elected as grand boyars for Brăila County, part of an all-unionist sweep which also gave seats to Mihalache Marghiloman, Marcu N. Dulie, and the peasant Stroe Ivașcu. Of the prominent revolutionaries in Wallachia, Ion Brătianu won by four votes in the landowners college at
1024:
35:
1049:
1347:, where he and Nicolae Rucăreanu staged political plays which propagated the nationalist slogans. The Bucharest trend was also witnessed in Prahova, were, as historian Silvia Marton notes, "liberals and unionists feverishly organized themselves". Before May, Costaforu had traveled around Wallachia, spreading his philosophy among the various clubs. This activity was observed and criticized by the Russian consul, Konstantin Basily, who argued that calls for a "social revolution" would compromise any "political reform" that was expected of the union.
2490:
1612:. Unbeknown to the Romanian unionists of both countries, in August 1857 Britain and France agreed not to recognize union, regardless of the election results. However, the unionists could still count on unofficial backing by their French contacts, who hinted that all one had to do to obtain the union was to get the mass of the people to vote for it. Russia also kept favorably neutral: Basily condemned Vogoride's act, privately expressing hopes that a politically diverse landscape would weaken Ottoman control of both countries.
192:
96:
2505:; increased autonomy toward the Ottoman Empire, with the (re)introduction of Capitulations; a new Divan with a fuller democratic mandate. Bibescu openly supported the election of Westerner, but for particular reasons: he argued that a European prince could not only pacify tensions between the classes, but also instill a greater political ideal. A main issue of contention between conservative and radical unionists was that of electoral law and philosophy: radicals such as Rosetti felt themselves bound by an
1065:
103:
1356:
5330:
2542:
rulers of the
Romanian state were to be baptized Orthodox, and that parliamentary debates be carried out in a form of Romanian that lower-class deputies could follow. On November 27, Bibescu resigned and left the country, arguing that progressive elements, though a minority of the country, were "imposing their ruinous politicking on the majority". On the right, the Știrbeists were evasive on the topic of union: Știrbei and his son
1428:
propaganda; Costaforu diverted attention from his own radicalism by informing him that
Bibescu had preemptively endorsed secularization. Basily became disappointed by both camps, promising them that Russia would never allow for monastery land to be confiscated. Știrbei, meanwhile, also published a constitutional project with virtually the same proposals as Crețulescu's. The
1343:. The established platform was communicated to the local party branches of Wallachia, which also organized in the open. While heading the National Party as a whole, C. A. Crețulescu also organized the Brăila County section. At Vlașca, Serrurie held a chair on the regional Committee, alongside State Ariton and Ioniță Gurki. Aricescu emerged as the radical unionist leader in
1312:, the unionist campaign also relied on direct tactics, including oratory: voter interest was exceptionally high, with as many as 700 attendees at campaign meeting in Bucharest in March (almost half of the entire electoral basin). Majority groups rejected the radical platform advanced by the Ghicas, leading Bosianu to withdraw from the National Party. Before March 3 (
2529:(November 2). Its consultative function fulfilled, the Divan only survived to late December 1857, closing some days after the Moldavian assembly. By then, as the attention moved to social issues, the conservative and liberal factions were again emerging, and clashing. Robescu and other right-wing unionists signaled this by asking that positive references to the
2647:. Each county dispatched 3 rural deputies, of whom 2 were directly elected; cities and towns voted 1 deputy each, except for Bucharest, which had 3, Craiova and Ploiești, which sent 2. Candidates, who had to be aged 30 and possess 400 ducats to their name, could be elected in several constituencies at once, but were required to settle for only one.
859:. Consultation was going to take place including in respect to the Principalities' union—although the latter was opposed by the Ottomans and the Austrians. The Ottoman viewpoint was embraced by Palmerston and Clarendon, who tried to persuade the French into renouncing the foreign dynasty scheme, which was particularly disliked by Abdulmejid.
1388:; and full respect for the property rights. This was a significant moment in history, signaling that the staunchest conservatives had renounced the notion of boyar-only representation, and only slightly amended the language of liberal ideologists. Hoping to attract support from the lower classes, they also reputedly promised a
1316:: March 15), he was talked into rejoining and awarded with a seat on the Unified Committees, alongside Costaforu. The party as a whole, co-chaired by C. A. Crețulescu and banker Lazăr (Lazaros) Kalenderoglu, issued a program demanding union under a foreign dynasty, with autonomy, perpetual neutrality, extended suffrage, and
1408:. Bibescu himself was welcomed in triumph by the city, but remained hesitant about capturing the unionist movement for his own goals. In April, however, Quinezu displayed his conversion to liberal radicalism. Alongside Petru "Pera" Opran, he put out the draft of a constitution which rejected any attempted return of
1814:, the Divan's president, and tacitly endorsed the union, with N. Golescu elected vice president by a large margin. The Divan's secretaries included D. Brătianu (elected with 85 votes), C. A. Crețulescu, Rosetti, Turnavitu, Ștefan Golescu, and Bosianu. Iancu Ionașcu oversaw the official printing office.
2551:
had alleged that peasants were not interested in the vote, describing peasant candidates to a boyar assembly as "sheep among wolves". In the peasant college of Vâlcea, interest in voting had been marginal, possibly a sign that this class did not find itself represented. In one Divan session, peasant
2541:
During the disputes, church deputies also blocked conservative advances by siding with the progressive unionist agenda, arguing in writing that its demands needed to be imposed on the
European powers. In a private letter, Calinic made additional demands to condition his left-wing allies: that future
1118:. The bishops were members by right; clergy also elected 6 or 10 deputies altogether—4 of which represented the high clergy. Outside the church class, there were 90 Divan deputies, representing the 17 counties, with at least one deputy per county capital and at least 4 from the rural constituencies.
2537:
In late
November, more controversy was sparked by the letter sent to the Moldavian Divan, which A. G. Golescu described as "unbecoming and dangerous", initiating a public dispute with the other deputies. Two variants of the letter were eventually sent: a longer one, which made explicit reference to
1373:
Also fearing the growth of democratic unionism, Bibescu's party channeled the conservative vote, forming its own
Unionist Committee on March 10 (March 22). This faction insisted on maintaining boyar representation; however, Bibescuists also claimed authorship for the core unionist program, accusing
2650:
In the rural constituencies, all those under 1,000 ducats could only vote indirectly—prompting members of the
National Party to donate some of their land to landless colleagues, in a bid to increase their relative voting power; that threshold was set at 6,000 ducats in the cities, but property as
2642:
of
January 1857 in matters of electoral legislation, operating some major changes, all of them having a conservative bias, and cutting the electoral corps back to some 2,000 voters, less than half of whom voted directly. The five classes of both Principalities were replaced with two, of rural and
2596:
officially dissolved the
Wallachian Divan. Its text described the country as a "province and integral part" of the Ottoman territory, which caused consternation among the deputies; 24 of them signed to a letter of protest. It then fell on the European powers to evaluate the demands stated by both
2678:
Ghica survived for the rest of his term as a "powerless plaything" of the boyardom, his executive power rendered null by their "petty intrigues". The political spectrum was again dividing itself, with moderates such as
Costaforu and Boerescu declaring themselves placated by the Convention, while
941:. Filipescu also used this confusion to set up a clandestine Unionist Committee, which branched out into all Wallachian cities and began petitioning foreign governments to obtain a timetable for the unification. The Committee was also behind the enthusiastic welcoming of the French Commissioner,
680:; others, including the Romanian Revolutionary Committee of Paris, militated both against Știrbei and for unification. Another wing of the unionist movement was a "bourgeois group", clandestinely formed during autumn 1854 to support Alexandru II Ghica's return on the throne. Its members included
2528:
News of the deputies' vote on union were received with much enthusiasm in both Bucharest and Craiova; the celebrations were witnessed by Aman, and are the source for one of his other political paintings. The four principles were drafted into a motion, carried by unanimous suffrage on October 21
770:
in his ministry. Writing at the time, Maiorescu also advised Știrbei to seek counsel from the more "mature" among Wallachia's revolutionary exiles. In February 1856, Știrbei issued letters of protest, directed against the Ottomans' attempt to re-annex the Principalities—but also criticizing the
1756:) and Nicolae Lahovari. Both were contested by conservative voters, as was the peasant deputy Stamate Budurescu (allegedly a career criminal). The issues subsided when all deputies, most of whom were unaffiliated, agreed to support the shared platform of conservative and progressive unionists.
580:
but suspended the elective monarchy. Princes were designated by Abdulmejid, with Știrbei taking the throne of Wallachia for a period of seven years. The Assembly, reconstituted as the "National Divan", mainly preserved consultative functions, being composed entirely of bureaucrats, judges, and
1427:
In May, Konstantin Basily arrived in Bucharest to observe the situation on Russia's behalf. He was welcomed by the Bibescu party, whose members complained that Costaforu was inciting an anti-boyar revolution in the provinces. Basily was upset, and demanded that Costaforu tone down his party's
552:
2722:
to be arrested at Craiova. Although technically a minority in the new chamber, with the vast majority of delegates favoring Bibescu, radical unionists colluded to advance Cuza as the surprise option, and also stoked tensions between the various conservative unionists. Conservatives such as
1133:
Boyars were controversially merged into a single group, and, except for the wealthiest, were not allowed to vote outside their home county, partially confirming Bibescu's earlier limitations of suffrage. High-ranking boyars, comprising some 90 people, were thus fused with the 2,700 of the
1710:, and the non-affiliated Constantin Văleanu and Ioan Slăvițescu. The Solomon family, which had a hold on the county, attempted to replace Tănase with the more conservative Ioan Niculescu; arrested for fraud, then exonerated, Tănase was able to take his seat in the Divan during November.
2572:, who demanded "laws based on justice" and an increased electoral weight for the peasantry. Debates over the suspension of the corvée ensued, with the boyars advancing their own report. It restated that land used by the peasants was boyar property paid for in labor, and noted that
300:, cooperated with Crețulescu's Committee, although disagreeing over some core policies. These groups held an absolute majority in the Divan, with only some seats going to non-unionists. Together, they formulated demands for union and increased autonomy, postponing debates about
2568:, published from December 1857: though discussing the peasantry's "precarious state", he also advised self-restraint on both sides of the social divide. In its final sessions, the Divan heard another plea from peasant delegates Tănase of Olt and Marin Pârcălăbescu of
1596:, who published Vogoride's secret correspondence. Though Ispirescu spent time in jail for this breach of censorship laws, the plot's exposure alienated Wallachian conservatives, who denounced Vogoride as a conspirator. Another clampdown was signaled by the closure of
4377:
Gherghe, pp. 105–106, 164–167; Giurescu, p. 141; Hêrjeu, pp. 192–194; Preda, pp. 77, 78; Xenopol, pp. 355–356. See also Clain, pp. 32–33; Demetriescu, pp. 25–26; Filitti, pp. 355–356; Maciu (1959), pp. 69–71 and (1967), pp. 424–425; Stanomir, pp. 50–51; Stroia, p.
601:
causes to 1856. In this context, there was a noticeable rapprochement between Bibescu and the exiled revolutionaries, pushing Știrbei to adopt an even more conservative stance, and making him more reliant on the military. His repressive regime was cut short by the
585:. Most revolutionary leaders were either expelled or self-exiled. This group only included 23 men; however, the government also began a clampdown on political activities, persecuting even those remotely associated with the 1848 cause—for instance, the architect
1203:, which elected two delegates each, with all county delegates electing one deputy per county. The latter provision was especially unpopular with the boyars, who feared a surge of "mean passions". Resigning from the ministry in April 1857, N. Crețulescu asked
1548:"are creating intrigue and division". Elsewhere, differences of opinion between the unionists were muted by agreements between voters. For instance, all 292 voters registered in Vlașca vowed to support the candidate deemed best during Unionist Committee
1444:
On March 11 (March 23), 1857, the Austrians evacuated Bucharest, and the longest ever campaigning in Romanian political history began officially. Its staples now included political imagery. At an early stage, most unionist propaganda art was produced by
937:, and Plagino were all driven into passivity or collaboration with the National Party. Most boyars rallied with yet another conservative-and-unionist faction, which was headed by Bibescu; Ghica sought to counter the trend, outing himself as a backer of
1296:
joined the club on its creation, but left within days, alleging that it only existed to serve the Ghicas; in fact, Costaforu was attempting to energize the middle class into preventing all boyar candidacies for the Divan, and hinted at designs for a
1441:. It depicted itself as a moderate and dispassionate voice in politics, and on such grounds presented arguments in support of the common unionist platform; by June, Bosianu himself had endorsed the project to import a Western European ruling house.
1619:
ensured that election in Wallachia was beyond reproach. Ghica also postponed the final date of voting from September 17 (New Style: September 29) to September 21 (October 3). The results came in as a landslide for the unionist camps: according to
669:, the former revolutionary, who drafted a unionist project stressed the need for a Wallachian on the throne, and also promised to draw the resulting state into Austria's sphere of influence—though both regarded the latter proposal as unrealistic.
2552:
deputy Gheorghiță Lupescu advanced a concrete proposal for direct suffrage. Described as untimely by Crețulescu, it was withdrawn by its proponent; a motion was passed according to which the Divan would refrain from ruling on electoral matters.
319:". This document outlawed class privilege, but also reinforced old suffrage laws, eliminating the peasant vote. It also prevented the two states from fully merging, keeping the key institutions separate—but a loophole in the text allowed a
4791:
Apostol, pp. 243–244; Giurescu, p. 142; Stroia, p. 83. See also Clain, pp. 38–39; Florea, p. 29; Gherghe, pp. 174–176; Hêrjeu, pp. 199–201; Ș. Ionescu, pp. 102–103; Iorga (1939), pp. 732–733; Nicolescu & Nicoară, pp. 3–4; Xenopol, pp.
1281:, Costaforu invited the grand boyars to voluntarily relinquish all privilege or risk placing themselves "outside the nation." His party did not support land reforms, but stated its opposition to the corvée system, declaring it a breach on
2500:
In Moldavia and Wallachia alike, the unionist camps of all hues agreed on the core agenda, with demands which they presented to the overseeing powers: the unification under the name of "Romania", with the election of a foreign hereditary
1399:
Before April, some conservatives quit this group to join Crețulescu's Committee, which now clarified its stance by declaring itself against land reforms. Bibescuists remained especially strong at Craiova, where party organizers included
1105:"no longer controlled production", they maintained some local importance as "professional and fiscal organizations", and were still assigned an electoral function. The document was also expressly against the political enfranchisement of
1088:
at 30, while splitting the electoral corps into five classes of voters, with massive enfranchisement. There were 10,141 qualified electors in Wallachia, as opposed to only 2,954 in Moldavia. At core, the Divans would still preserve
596:
The National Party was reconstructed in exile by the 1848 revolutionaries, who, from ca. 1850, began pressing for union above all other points on the agenda, although its leaders remained committed to international republican and
2533:
be erased from the Divan's addresses. In October, Bibescu warned that party politics were the sordid future of the post-union era, "making this forsaken country of ours into an arena, collecting all her strengths and vitality".
2546:
were hopeful that they could preserve friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire, which they prioritized over the nationalist goals. Another major rift opposed the landed or urban classes to the peasantry. During the election,
649:, he consolidated conservatism, refusing to grant entry permits to exile radicals, and instituting heavy censorship of the media. Both however endorsed the unionist cause, explicitly so from 1855, when Crețulescu lobbied the
2679:
radicals such as Brătianu openly embraced the concept of an "independent Romania". Despite its anti-revolutionary bias, the new electoral law again produced a victory for the unionist camps, when it came to voting in the
933:, but did not consider doing the same for conservative governors who were "persecuting the unionists". He had also split the conservatives by ordering a purge of Știrbeists from the administration; Barbu Știrbei, his son
1733:
and Scarlat Voinescu, had 49 and 44, respectively. The latter two, alongside fellow delegates Constantin Ciochinescu and Nae Stănescu, were pledged to the National Party—Pâcleanu had only arrived there as a supporter of
5168:
1461:. Hailed as a milestone in patriotic artistry, it was followed soon after by mass prints of Petre Alexandrescu's similarly titled piece. Aricescu and Rucăreanu's work in theater was taken up in Bucharest by brothers
5254:, "The Union of Roumania in the Private Letters of Palmerston, Clarendon and Cowley, 1855–7"; "Four Documents on the Future of Roumania—by Henry Stanley, D. Bratianu, Lord Palmerston and Albert, Prince Consort", in
1432:
party also reemerged, once Bosianu again withdrew from the National Party venture, establishing his own Unionist Committee, and hoping to elect Dimitrie Ghica as Prince. Very few joined him, since, at the time, the
528:) within a republicized elective monarchy. Most revolutionaries agreed that there was still no social grounding for universal direct suffrage. Some elections based on these quasi-democratic principles were held at
409:
were voted in by 56 electors, and the county representatives, generally low-ranking boyars, by some 400 electors. This mixture of modernizing and traditional elements was arrived at by repressing both the emerging
6080:
1609:
1564:. Opposition to the unionist project came from the outsiders Heliade and Rusu Locusteanu. They endorsed the union on principle, but objected to the Divans being convened by the Porte; overall, they also favored a
258:
964:
returned in the early months of 1857. At that stage, authorities began observing that unionist propaganda was already being taken to the streets and the villages—in November, schoolteacher Constantin Tănase of
942:
1161:
attached; groups included: state-recognized professionals, regardless of wealth, who had been living in the respective town or city for no less than three years; homeowners with a taxable wealth set at 8,000
6025:
928:
Ghica, who remained an anti-unionist and "not a man of progress", sought to clamp down perceived unionist cells in the state apparatus. He tried to depose Iancu Marghiloman from his position as governor of
748:Știrbei, who emerged as the Austrian favorite in a close race with Bibescu, continued to preserve an ambiguous, "extremely prudent", course. In 1855, seeking to curtail the Ghicas' influence, he repressed
2555:
As explained in a speech by Ion Brătianu, nominally a leader of the "far-left", all middle- and upper-class deputies agreed on not instituting or demanding universal suffrage. Overall, Brătianu advocated
1142:), although candidates had to own at least 334 hectares (1.3 square miles). By September, the category had been restructured to include 753 voters, about 20% of whom were concentrated in Ilfov and Buzău.
6075:
1738:
Ghica. Both former Princes were able to recover from this setback: as titular grand boyars, they could still run in two or more constituencies, taking Divan seats at Dolj. Știrbei also ran (and lost) in
1577:
696:. As noted by diplomat Henry Stanley, the Wallachians were also divided along geopolitical priorities. Boyars, who were especially fearful of land reform, included "many Russian partizans [
5364:
5209:
Liviu Iulian Roman, "Implicarea elitelor din Moldova în desființarea cezurii. Considerații asupra primei legi a presei din spațiul românesc — 13 mai 1856", in Raduț Bîlbîie, Mihaela Teodor (eds.),
503:, the Prince clamped down on the boyars' electoral privilege by outlawing multiple registrations and by imposing his own candidates: 18 of 20 elected by the first estate were his close associates.
327:, Wallachia voted a conservative "elective assembly", dominated by Bibescu supporters. Pressured by the National Party, which threatened violence, this new parliament gave its vote to a Moldavian,
6148:
6143:
6128:
6118:
6113:
6108:
5439:
5434:
500:
254:
6090:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
2598:
1729:
Other prominent conservatives elected to the Divan included Princes Bibescu and Știrbei. Both ran at Buzău, but lost by large margins: Bibescu had 11 votes, and Știrbei 2, whereas the winners,
5359:
945:, which doubled as an anti-Ottoman and anti-Austrian demonstration. Some 80 men also greeted Talleyrand in Buzău, asking him to promote the "union of both principalities as a strong state".
1772:
921:, brother of the resigning minister, asking him to sponsor a unionist gazette. Crețulescu refused, reportedly because he disliked the movement's anti-boyar radicalization and "anarchism".
2711:
1794:
Wallachia's ad hoc Divan opened on September 29 (October 10), seven days after its Moldavian counterpart. The rainy weather did not chase away the crowd gathering in a show of support on
324:
6138:
2684:
6085:
1771:
was more reserved about his opinions at that stage, and described by church historian Natalia Manoilescu-Dinu as "duplicitous". Calinic's enthusiasm was replicated by Filotei, the
5459:
5454:
5444:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5379:
1335:
From April, coordination between the two branches of the National Party was enhanced by the arrival to Bucharest of a Moldavian delegation comprising, among others, Kogălniceanu,
5980:
5924:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5409:
5394:
3185:
Clain, pp. 16–19; Giurescu, pp. 141–142; Hêrjeu, pp. 175–184; Maciu (1959), pp. 45, 47–48, 54, 59–60; Marton, pp. 45–46; Potra I, p. 20; Preda, pp. 68–69; Temperley, pp. 219–229
2738:
Both Bibescu and Știrbei were slowly made to reconsider under this pressure—they only ceded to, and voted for, Cuza under the assumption that the Ottomans would invalidate this
1112:
Overall, there were 94 to 100 deputies. Accounts differ because of the unspecified number of supplementary seats for the Wallachian clergy, which now enfranchised priests and
4971:
788:
With the defeat of Russia drawing near, exiled unionists began presenting their case to the Ottoman statesmen, introducing their project as a moderate guarantee against both
637:'s editorial in support of union under Ottoman suzerainty. Also in June, Austrian troops occupied both Principalities, preventing Russia from maintaining a presence in the
532:, but the process was cut short by more pressing political issues. The new forms of representation allowed peasant deputies such as Ene Cojocaru to demand the abolition of
5113:
Cornel Manolescu, Ion D. Tîlvănoiu, "Oameni politici din Olt și Romanați (I). Deputați ai județelor Olt și Romanați în Divanul ad-hoc al Țării Românești în anul 1857", in
1180:
produced an urban constituency comprising, overall, 3,000 voters: 1,300 were in Bucharest (about 2% of that city's population), and 285 at Craiova, with as few as 43 for
315:
The Divan resolutions were taken into account by the European powers, and some were written into the Paris Convention of 1858, which became the new organic law for the "
1227:
was again published from December 1856, signalling the lifting of censorship. By then, its "anti-feudal" campaign was also assisted by Costaforu's theoretical journal,
2619:. Under the Convention, both the thrones and the assemblies remained separate. The legislatures were only supervised by a quasi-federal Central Commission, meeting in
661:
and possibly ruled upon by Știrbei. In such proposals, Știrbei also insisted that Wallachia preserve its dominant role, and campaigned against moving the capital to
2954:
Berindei, p. 408; Giurescu, p. 137; Iorga (1939), p. 699; Maciu (1959), pp. 43, 45 and (1967), pp. 418–422; Stanomir, pp. 35–36; Xenopol, pp. 301–317, 327–330, 354
2731:
entered the assembly hall and forced through the invalidation of seven conservative mandates, then stood their ground menacingly as Cuza was proposed and voted as
2643:
urban voters, subdivided into groups which elected directly or indirectly; the voting age was lowered to 25, and the minimum property requirement was set as 100
2494:
829:
705:
While still present in the Principalities, Austrian envoys gave some endorsement to the more radical projects for peasant emancipation. According to historian
2019:
607:
433:", which was increasingly anti-Russian. This period saw early projects to unite Wallachia and Moldavia, with even liberal Russians encouraging the idea of a "
1933:
1730:
5296:
1760:
1557:
476:
17:
5022:
2585:
3251:
2704:
875:
1802:
and adorned with the National Party's slogans. The Divan's first session saw enthusiastic speeches, including one by Rosetti which ended with shouts of
896:
reported that the latter only had 6 members, less than half of those who had registered with the Committee. Unionism of various hues was also spread by
2425:
2141:
1633:
957:
6219:
6204:
4943:
1466:
1401:
398:
364:
5275:
3905:
2719:
2120:
1683:
Constantin Rădulescu (for the landowners), and Stan Panaiti (for the peasantry). Winners for the National Party also included, among the boyars of
757:
666:
429:
had been forged, giving legislative oversight to the Russian envoys. Although the event ended in defeat for the deputies, it helped consolidate a "
3246:
1023:
5227:
2615:, but did not allow hereditary rule and limited eligibility to local men of property, of any social standing, with a view to formally abolishing
495:. He soon found himself at odds with the National Party over the issue of mines concessions and dismissed the Assembly, effectively ruling as an
2221:
1707:
4007:
Apostol, pp. 242–243; Clain, pp. 23–27; Giura, pp. 11, 12; Hêrjeu, pp. 184–194, 198; Preda, pp. 74–77; Stroia, pp. 74–77; Xenopol, pp. 337–352
3415:
Gheorghe Cristea, "Idei asociaționiste în România. Forme de asociere ale țărănimii. Obștea sătească de arendare a pământului (1864—1907)", in
2634:
In 1857, Știrbei had advanced projects to drastically reduce electoral participation, seen by him as a meritocracy that discriminated between
1655:
The same trend was observed throughout the country, with Basily noting that the "men of '48" and the "unhinged" were in control of the Divan.
998:, and even suggesting the violent expropriation of boyar estates; Bolintineanu described their agenda as "something out of a madman's brain".
6275:
6214:
4998:
Maria Huminic, "Colaborarea dintre unioniștii moldoveni și munteni în lumina unor documente ale vremii aflate în Muzeul Unirii din Iași", in
3909:
1389:
586:
438:
1767:, described union as "the crowning of our battles and of the blood we shed for the Cross", pushing his monks to vote in favor; Metropolitan
1277:
During the last days of February, Costaforu and Bosianu split with Bellu, establishing a "free assembly" of the National Party. Writing for
892:, the Union Committee, formed on March 16, was confronted two days later by the Assembly of Landowners, which rejected the unionist agenda;
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5318:
888:
that "Bucharest is now crisscrossed by committees overseen by the Central committee. This was replicated in just about every district." In
714:
6265:
1552:. In that context, very few Wallachians still rejected union, and those who did never formed a party of their own. As noted by historian
817:
2584:
While Brătianu had officially embraced moderation and gradualism, radicalized members of the National Party, including Bolintineanu and
1722:
Alexandru Emanuel Florescu, who declared that he would. Ialomița's richer peasant category had sent Răducanu Cucuti, a supporter of the
1285:. Union, Costaforu argued, was an "old idea of our nation", the "political tendency of the whole people", and was therefore inevitable.
3668:
Demetriescu, p. 26; Maciu (1959), pp. 69–71. See also Maciu (1965), pp. 101–102; Stanomir, pp. 45–47; Tănase, p. 90; Vârtosu, pp. 45–47
1768:
1187:
The other two classes, both rural, voted indirectly: 8,000 non-aristocratic landowners were defined as having at least 11 hectares (27
722:
816:
of pervasive encroachment on Wallachian and Moldavian autonomy. During those weeks, Ottoman and Austrian diplomats met with envoys of
6209:
5054:"Memorii, corespondență, însemnări. Știri despre revoluționarii exilați de la 1848 și cauza Unirii într-o corespondență inedită", in
6184:
969:
was under surveillance for having collected signatures in support of the National Party agenda. In September, Alexandru's nephew,
824:
to discuss the property regime in Wallachia and Moldavia. Though divided between a radical anti-boyar position taken by Austria's
487:, picking 69% of the votes in the last round. Although nepotistic, his government introduced various liberal reforms, including a
6224:
6199:
6194:
6174:
6164:
1208:
730:
2623:, with attributions only in the matter of "legislation of common interests to both Principalities", having some elements of a
1702:
was able to prevent his conservative critics from getting elected, in particular Catargiu. The unionist sweep was balanced by
6179:
6099:
5222:
5197:
5133:
5108:
4951:
4933:
4823:
Cornelia Apostol, "Aspecte privind participarea lucrătorilor și tîrgoveților la înfăptuirea Unirii Principatelor Române", in
449:
5326:
1806:("Long Live Romania!"). It subsequently organized itself: two committees were set up to validate the deputies and come up a
1145:
Urban constituencies included all 17 county capitals, each electing one deputy, except for Bucharest's 4, and for 2 each in
5650:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5156:
Petre Popa, Paul Dicu, "Participarea piteștenilor la principalele evenimente ale istoriei naționale din epoca modernă", in
2742:. The Principalities' merger and the name "Romania" were eventually recognized in December 1861, with Cuza styling himself
2616:
1561:
1084:
sanctioning elections. This was read out publicly in Bucharest in March, and signed into law by Ghica in April. It set the
411:
1048:
5710:
5704:
5699:
5694:
1385:
582:
2707:. The Ottoman Empire supported Știrbeist conservatives, but reportedly kept neutral during the actual round of voting.
1473:
ridiculed an emerging mass panic, according to which a comet would strike Wallachia before the union could take place.
1784:
1412:
Princes. He created an especially vibrant unionist cell and electoral committee, which also comprised figures such as
1078:
After consultations with Western plenipotentiaries, the Sultan took the initiative and, on January 13, 1857, issued a
862:
With censorship laws still in place, the unionist campaign was supported from Moldavia by the National Party magazine
6255:
6189:
6123:
5176:
2509:, or "dutiful program", whereas conservatives rejected such notions as impinging on individual freedom. Persuaded by
761:
456:
376:
4632:
Preda, pp. 79–81. See also Clain, p. 34; Giurescu, p. 142; Hêrjeu, p. 195; Maciu (1967), pp. 425–426; Purece, p. 114
868:. Public disputes were focused on conflicts between the conservatives Știrbei and Alexandru Ghica, who took over as
832:, they eventually agreed on the need to suspend the corvée and eliminate all remaining forms of personal servitude.
709:, they did so in order to stoke social conflict, as the unionist nationalism embraced by boyars raised the issue of
5311:
1788:
642:
565:
406:
305:
5005:Ștefan Ionescu, "Locuri și oameni din București reflectați în literatura de la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea", in
2764:
also provided Cuza with sweeping executive powers, which he immediately used against his conservative Assemblies.
990:
as a balanced reformist. They differed from all other factions in their solution to the peasant issue, advocating
6260:
6169:
6046:
1659:
came first in the Bucharest constituency, taking 1,004 votes, while Magheru took a seat as a great landowner for
1157:
moved up to where it had two. Voting rights were only extended to some portions of the urban class, with various
726:
629:(the western third of Wallachia). Here, the Ottoman authorities had allowed the liberals to put out a newspaper,
359:
273:
1652:, alongside Aricescu, were among the elected (although Aricescu's victory was touched by allegations of fraud).
1628:, while Rosetti took a seat for the bourgeois class at Bucharest. Two of the three Bucharest seats also went to
1231:. In February of the following year, C. A. Crețulescu was finally allowed to put out a moderate unionist paper,
952:
Ghica's resolve by making their way back into the country, sometimes with Știrbei's tacit endorsement: Magheru,
729:
of the West and the Ottomans, regarding them as inalienably Ottoman. He remained agnostic about union, although
6270:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5449:
5369:
5354:
1775:, who openly adhered to the National Party platform. Clergymen elected in their respective class included four
1536:, regained Bucharest during June. Highly popular with what Bălăceanu called the "socialist youth", they joined
702:]", while the middle classes were mostly against Russia, with students and peasants generally pro-Ottoman.
615:
414:, which wanted more complete freedoms, and the traditionalist boyars, who resented power-sharing combinations.
109:
2601:
and eventually convened at Paris in August 1858. The resulting Convention of Paris recognized the concept of "
912:, Grigore D. Marghiloman, Constantin Robescu, Alecu Sihleanu, and Panaite Tufelcică. Filipescu also contacted
771:
Wallachian revolutionaries active in Ottoman ranks. He also pressed for a boyar assembly to review and reform
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5844:
5839:
5374:
5237:
Marian Stroia, "Rusia și românii de la războiul Crimeii la Unirea Principatelor. Sinteza unei atitudini", in
1313:
557:
507:
216:
4623:
Giurescu, p. 142; Preda, pp. 78–79. See also Clain, pp. 33–34; Hêrjeu, p. 195; Nicolescu & Nicoară, p. 3
1064:
284:, was on this topic indistinguishable from the conservative unionist factions, respectively led by brothers
3016:
Maciu (1959), pp. 45–47; Xenopol, pp. 318–319, 326–327, 355. See also Clain, pp. 14–16; Hêrjeu, pp. 181–182
2714:, after which negotiations began about whether Cuza should also be put up as a candidate in Bucharest. The
1798:, Bucharest. The celebration lasted into the night, with Bucharest festively lit with the newly introduced
1528:
The democratic side of unionism was by then completely free to organize, and its most radical proponents,
5304:
2560:
for "the general interest", hoping not to antagonize the conservatives. The same ideal was championed by
2530:
1374:
the Crețulescu group of plagiarism. In their version, it included references to a hereditary monarch, or
418:
2631:. A technicality made it legally possible for the same person to be elected as ruler of both countries.
1900:
1262:—according to historian Vasile Maciu, Bellu was infiltrated into the group by Bibescu partisans such as
918:
491:
with Moldavia, the defense of education in the national language, and the first steps toward abolishing
281:
120:
5125:
2727:
Ghica and Catargiu reconciled with each other and also joined the National Party coalition. A guild of
1787:, and Vasile of Buzău. Other seats were taken by Atanasie Stoenescu of Sadova Monastery and Ieronim of
801:
2905:
Clain, p. 14; Giurescu, p. 139; Hêrjeu, pp. 161–162, 182; Iorga (1910), pp. 136, 186–188; Preda, p. 67
5035:"Cugetători români de acum o sută de ani. I. Trei conservatori în epoca de unire și consolidare", in
2282:
1688:
1392:. Bibescu himself held no official seat on the organization, which was nominally headed by Catargiu,
1317:
848:
738:
650:
611:
573:
4265:
Ciprian-Marius Sîrbu, "Episcopii Râmnicului și viața politică românească în perioada 1859–1918", in
2659:, which now had only 7 qualified direct voters in the rural constituencies, while its capital town,
2003:
1714:
also contrasted the general trend, having elected as a boyar deputies Ioan C. Roset—a member of the
1437:
himself supported the notion of electing a foreigner. Bosianu established his own newspaper, called
1263:
1243:
faction, moved closer to the National Party, hoping to defeat Bibescu. Also in February, two of the
472:
289:
130:
6250:
6229:
3596:
Maciu (1959), p. 68 & (1965), p. 99. See also Giurescu, p. 141; Potra I, p. 479; Vârtosu, p. 46
1780:
1726:, while the other deputies, Stoica Radu Cojocariu and Ion Vasile, declared for the National Party.
1106:
825:
733:
and Napoleon came to support the idea. Napoleon, "eager as he was to dismantle the creation of the
430:
277:
140:
5268:
Dorina Tomescu, Raluca Velicu, "Constantin D. Aricescu. O viață închinată culturii românești", in
5145:
Vasile Novac, "Activitatea politică a argeșenilor și mușcelenilor reflectată în paginile ziarului
4746:
Hêrjeu, pp. 197–199; 268; Xenopol, pp. 377, 380–381. See also Clain, p. 34; Demetriescu, pp. 27–28
3976:
1764:
677:
448:
Following Ghica's ouster, his replacement was to be elected by the estates and then recognized by
1807:
1779:, represented four sees: Constantin of Râmnic (a "fully committed partisan of the Union"), Iancu
1321:
1211:, to withdraw that requirement (although he conceded on the inclusion of non-boyars and guilds).
1134:
low-and-middle boyar category; the only requirement for membership was owning an estate over 111
797:
742:
521:
230:
4868:
Mihai Cojocariu, "Exilul politic românesc după 1848. Perspectiva lui Dimitrie Bolintineanu", in
2543:
1759:
In the church sections, the bishops led campaigns for or against union. As early as April 1857,
1706:, which elected unionists Constantin Tănase and Iancu Ionașcu, along with the arch-conservative
934:
385:
as a constitutional law imposed on both vassals. Introducing modernizing principles such as the
4963:
2573:
2200:
1687:, Captain Eliodor Lapati and Nicolae Butculescu, with both Marghiloman and Robescu elected for
1101:, such as recognizing the political importance of liberal professions. Although, in the 1850s,
1093:
as the electoral principle, retaining a characteristic of its 1840s predecessors; however, the
897:
836:
672:Știrbei and Maiorescu's vision was endorsed by some of the more conservative exiles, including
590:
541:
480:
442:
309:
234:
34:
4773:
Clain, p. 38; Gherghe, p. 174; Hêrjeu, pp. 199–200; Iorga (1939), pp. 732–733; Xenopol, p. 378
2667:, there were only 8 voters in all. In Moldavia, the same rules created an infamous paradox at
885:
606:, in which Western powers sided with the Ottomans against Russia. The events also interrupted
5346:
2602:
1961:
1718:
party who initially announced that he would not endorse the union; and Bibescu's son-in-law,
1592:, to the National Party. Attempts to repress Moldavian unionism were exposed in Wallachia by
914:
809:
634:
516:
316:
246:
1191:), and sent 5 electors and 1 deputy per county (although their numbers ranged from 1,630 in
646:
215:
in September 1857. They restored a liberalizing trend that had been repressed following the
5661:
5334:
2624:
2192:
1478:
1393:
1282:
953:
821:
464:
394:
386:
381:
225:
5047:"Contribuția fondatorilor Școlii române de drept la propaganda unionistă (1857–1859)", in
4737:
Giura, pp. 12–13; Hêrjeu, p. 198; Preda, pp. 84–88, 91; Stroia, pp. 81–83; Xenopol, p. 379
1879:
1637:
1254:, published an "ultra-liberal" manifesto for the foreseeable elections. They now attacked
1204:
8:
5991:
4956:
Lucian Giura, "Știri din presa austriacă referitoare la Unirea Principatelor Române", in
2688:
2628:
2557:
1560:, and also those boyars who feared competition from the more numerous Moldavians for the
1329:
1298:
1259:
1177:
852:
844:
598:
402:
328:
250:
5214:
5076:"Organizarea mișcarii pentru Unire în anii 1855–1857 în Moldova și Țara Românească", in
4782:
Demetriescu, p. 28. See also Giura, pp. 13–14; Hêrjeu, p. 205; Iorga (1939), pp. 732–733
2914:
Demetriescu, pp. 24–25; Hêrjeu, pp. 161–163; Iorga (1910), pp. 106–111; Preda, pp. 65–68
2380:
2148:
1749:
5063:
4875:
3309:
Berindei, p. 409; Iorga (1939), p. 705; Maciu (1959), pp. 62–65, 68 & (1965), p. 98
2635:
2506:
2257:
1795:
1608:
by the unionists. This tactic invalidated the scrutiny there, and Moldavia had its own
1462:
1405:
1293:
1158:
991:
840:
734:
706:
689:
685:
593:, who circulated revolutionary poetry in manuscript form, was arrested and imprisoned.
492:
422:
301:
293:
4830:
Paul Barbu, "Ioan Maiorescu — activitatea sa politică și diplomatică (1848—1859)", in
2923:
Adrian Niculescu, "O experiență finită. Să sperăm! Un secol al exilului românesc", in
2700:
2691:
for the throne. In Wallachia, conservative unionism took hold with the triumvirate of
2576:
and the resulting drop of labor costs justified maintaining and expanding the corvée.
2569:
2313:
2070:
1711:
1192:
261:, and, like them, had unusually lax criteria for participation, allowing peasants and
5218:
5193:
5172:
5129:
5104:
5026:
4989:
4975:
4947:
4929:
4891:
4852:
3917:
3901:
3866:
Anca Maria Zamfir, "Mihai Viteazul în pictura românească. De la model la clișeu", in
2728:
1871:
1691:. Guilds also gave their votes to former revolutionaries, including Iancu Ionașcu at
1645:
1470:
1450:
1336:
1325:
995:
986:. It published political essays critical of other emergent factions, and praised the
909:
793:
718:
525:
484:
266:
4986:
Istoria Partidului Național Liberal; De la origină până în zilele noastre. Volumul 1
2489:
2184:
1649:
1417:
1413:
1355:
864:
241:
functioned as a protectorates of the European powers; both were also clients of the
5251:
4641:
Gherghe, pp. 175–176; Giurescu, p. 142; Nicolescu & Nicoară, p. 3; Preda, p. 78
2344:
2040:
2008:
1692:
1684:
1605:
1589:
1565:
1549:
1446:
1169:
1039:
804:. Still a conditional Știrbeist, Maiorescu opposed the ideological threat posed by
673:
496:
468:
405:. The electoral corps was exceedingly small: 20 representatives of the upper-crust
285:
125:
5138:
Valeriu Nicolescu, Marius-Adrian Nicoară, "Buzoienii și Unirea Principatelor", in
4713:
J. F. Herzog (contributor: Mircea Dumitriu), "Călătorie spre Țara Românească", in
2408:
2375:
1895:
1740:
1604:
as editor. The prolonged dispute culminated in attempted fraud by Vogoride and an
1270:, who hoped that ideological conflicts would distract both groups from pushing an
1196:
764:. Știrbei again attempted to contain the movement by co-opting Carada as a junior
645:
as military supervisor, Știrbei was reconfirmed as Prince. Alongside his minister
529:
219:, also giving expression to the national awakening that was taking part among the
170:
4900:
4887:
4715:
2806:
Demetriescu, pp. 19–21; Hêrjeu, pp. 86–98; Preda, pp. 57–59; Xenopol, pp. 160–169
2561:
2444:
2128:
1656:
1601:
1593:
1449:, with historical scenes that reminded Wallachians about an earlier union, under
622:
95:
5211:
Elita culturală și presa (Congresul Național de istorie a presei, ediția a VI-a)
3998:
Clain, p. 23; Maciu (1959), pp. 60–62, 66–67, 72–73. See also Roman, pp. 281–284
1928:
1866:
1858:
1625:
961:
930:
5181:
5019:
Viața și domnia lui Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, domn al Țerii-Romănești (1849–1856)
4879:
2739:
2589:
2249:
2115:
2048:
1533:
1367:
1340:
1267:
1123:
975:
372:
320:
297:
242:
191:
1585:
102:
6244:
5285:
5012:
2656:
2652:
2514:
2179:
2133:
1753:
1752:(who had nearly been invalidated over questions regarding his estate outside
1553:
1529:
1344:
901:
880:
856:
839:; Ottoman sovereignty was kept in check by Austria, Russia, Britain, France,
813:
488:
401:"; in Wallachia, this comprised 42 members—19 of whom were elected by the 17
506:
However, within two years, he and his friendly Assembly were toppled by the
4837:
4587:
Tîlvănoiu, p. 27. See also Manolescu & Tîlvănoiu, p. 100; Tănase, p. 93
2101:
1799:
1454:
1363:
1127:
1098:
904:
established for this purpose was particularly active in the border town of
654:
452:
208:
197:
66:
5230:, "Epoca adunărilor ad-hoc ca laborator de reflecție constituțională", in
5030:
4856:
3758:
Demetriescu, pp. 25–26; Maciu (1959), p. 71. See also Iorga (1939), p. 710
3731:
Demetriescu, pp. 25–27. See also Iorga (1939), p. 732; Stanomir, pp. 44–45
2660:
1181:
752:
and encouraged radical unionists to publish a more left-wing paper called
692:, and banker Cristache Polihroniadi, who together sponsored the newspaper
540:. The issue became entangled with a lengthy and divisive discussion about
4993:
2518:
2035:
1992:
1660:
1381:
1271:
1251:
1139:
1119:
1090:
789:
710:
603:
561:
460:
175:
5122:"Republica de la Ploiești" și începuturile parlamentarismului în România
4979:
4910:
Mihai Florea, "Însemnări despre prezența teatrului în actul Unirii", in
4895:
3974:
Eugenia Tudor, "Miscellanea. Petre Ispirescu: 'Împăratul basmelor'", in
1154:
272:
The result in both countries was a sweep for parties which demanded the
4968:
Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre
3203:
Huminic, p. 30; Maciu (1959), pp. 50–54, 60–61; Roman, pp. 280, 284–285
2216:
1703:
1173:
1085:
983:
966:
884:. In July, Grigore Ioranu of the National Party informed the Moldavian
805:
425:, were in open conflict, the boyars having discovered that sections of
4016:
Hêrjeu, pp. 187–188, 195; Temperley, p. 231. See also Berindei, p. 409
2664:
2620:
1641:
1514:
Which soul will remain unshaken? What heart wouldn't feel that twitch?
905:
514:
was denounced and publicly burned. During this brief interregnum, the
437:" dukedom; at least one such proposal, drafted by the Moldavian boyar
5721:
2878:
Filitti, pp. 355, 357; Preda, pp. 60–63. See also Hêrjeu, pp. 142–147
2757:
2696:
2106:
1776:
1745:
1679:
1576:
The principles behind the suffrage were first put to the test in the
1250:
s counsels, Costaforu and Bosianu, alongside his nephew Dimitrie and
1055:
737:", also envisaged a foreign dynasty for the new state, moving either
681:
658:
220:
212:
1150:
533:
4903:, "Un proect de constituție inedit al lui Cuza Vodă dela 1863", in
2655:. Extreme discrepancies resulting from these requirements included
2611:
1673:
1420:, and Grigore Lăceanu; together, they put out a nationalist paper,
1376:
971:
870:
766:
610:'s designs to participate with other former revolutionaries in the
339:
333:
238:
3785:
Gherghe, pp. 15–17, 23–24, 71, 138–157, 185–200, 205–206, 268, 314
1544:. As reported in late 1857 by a disgruntled Bolintineanu, radical
1424:. They ended up rejecting Bibescu, whom they found to be "timid".
1200:
1164:
889:
874:(regent); the National Party was organizing more discreetly, with
5338:
5329:
5189:
3914:
Istoria literaturii române. II: De la Școala Ardeleană la Junimea
1997:
1810:; one was chaired by Grigore Gr. Ghica. Metropolitan Neofit was,
1664:
1366:—personifications of Moldavia (left) and Wallachia as maidens in
1146:
1135:
1114:
1034:
1030:
638:
626:
537:
835:
In March 1856, a Western protectorate was established under the
796:; some in this group also wished for union to be effected under
756:. During September, members of this group, led by a 19-year-old
662:
5232:
Annals of the University of Bucharest. Political Science Series
2668:
1080:
572:
The clampdown by a joint Ottoman–Russian intervention, and the
4441:
D. Bodin, "Premize la un curs despre Tudor Vladimirescu", in
2671:, where there was only one qualified voter, Vladimir Stoica.
2644:
1102:
434:
262:
196:
Wallachian constituencies, by number of deputies sent to the
4851:, Vol. I. Bucharest: Typ. Curții Regale F. Göbl Fii, 1893.
2833:
Bibescu, pp. 33–53; Hêrjeu, pp. 99–101; Preda, pp. 23, 51–54
5241:, Vol. XVI, Issues 1–2, January–April 2005, pp. 69–86.
5101:
Viața și activitatea Sfântului Ierarh Calinic de la Cernica
5083:"Participarea lui Gh. Costaforu la lupta pentru Unire", in
4801:
Preda, pp. 85–86. See also Gheorghe & Șerbu, pp. 27, 47
4128:
4126:
1632:
men, with only one taken by a Ghica partisan, the merchant
1520:
Peace and industry creating, on this soil that is so rich?
1518:
Strong, well-governed into justice, and united as one pair,
1516:
Who does not want our country to emerge as bright and fair,
1188:
5244:
Constanța Tănase, "Buzoienii și Unirea Principatelor", in
5186:
Rumânii fericiți. Vot și putere de la 1831 până în prezent
4423:
Giurescu, p. 141; Vârtosu, pp. 46–47; Xenopol, pp. 355–356
2597:
Divans. This they did in a new conference, delayed by the
2513:
leftists, a majority of the Divan agreed on the notion of
1481:, who contributed propaganda such as this March 30 piece:
948:
Over those months, the revolutionary exiles began testing
4988:. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice Speranța, 1915.
4849:
Domnia lui Bibescu. Corespondință și documente, 1843—1856
4840:, "Legături și convergențe istorice româno-franceze", in
4168:
I. D. Suciu, "Recenzii. Apostol Stan, Constantin Vlăduț,
4086:
Preda, pp. 76–77; Stroia, pp. 76–77; Xenopol, pp. 351–352
2752:
1199:); 220,000 peasants were represented through their 2,931
698:
4123:
3047:; Maciu (1967), pp. 421–424, 425; Temperley, pp. 237–240
2674:
According to the Swiss traveler Johann Fridolin Herzog,
2638:
and purely governed ones. The Convention supplanted the
1667:
city constituents; with the other Vlașca deputies being
1648:
as peasant deputy; in neighboring Muscel, Alexandru and
379:. The result was a shared Russian–Ottoman custody, with
725:
rejected the proposal to make Wallachia and Moldavia a
5261:
Ion D. Tîlvănoiu, "Gânduri de ziua învățătorului", in
4921:, Vol. XVI, Issues 89–91, January–June 1937, pp. 7–22.
3448:
3446:
1510:
Reading that old cherished volume of Romanian history,
1239:
Ghica also renounced anti-unionism and, alongside the
625:
intervened to clamp down on revolutionary activity in
4341:
Novac, p. 237; Purece, p. 113. See also Stroia, p. 77
4073:
Vitalie Buzu, "Județul Ialomița în Epoca Unirii", in
1512:
Showing multitudes of virtues and our great vitality,
1153:. Brăila was eventually relegated to one deputy, and
4810:
Preda, pp. 87–90. See also Maciu (1967), pp. 427–429
2945:Ș. Ionescu, p. 93; Tomescu & Velicu, pp. 104–105
2842:
Bibescu, pp. 33–53; Hêrjeu, pp. 99–100; Preda, p. 54
1176:(voting indirectly—with 4 electors per guild). This
499:
from 1844 to 1846. When finally elections were held
5140:Întrezăriri. Revistă Sătească de Știință și Cultură
5090:"Premisele proclamării independenței României", in
4940:
Miniștrii de interne (1862–2007). Mică enciclopedie
3881:
Studii și Cercetări de Istoria Artei. Artă Plastică
3879:Adrian-Silvan Ionescu, "Modernitatea lui Aman", in
3443:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
2651:defined for that class could include many forms of
2493:The ad hoc Divan of Wallachia in 1858, as drawn by
1477:had by then won the adherence of a Știrbeist poet,
3767:Maciu (1959), p. 71. See also Filitti, pp. 354–355
3300:Maciu (1959), p. 68. See also Bibescu, pp. 370–371
2683:. In Moldavia, the Elective Assembly was voted in
2663:, produced 17 voters of all categories. In nearby
1499:Cu legi bune, cu legi drepte, în tărie și-n unire,
4865:. Piatra Neamț: Imprimeria Județului Neamț, 1929.
3569:Preda, pp. 71, 72–73, 74. See also Purece, p. 110
2718:made a final attempt at intimidation by ordering
2484:
1457:of Craiova completed an allegorical canvass, the
6242:
5158:Pitești, Pagini de Istorie. Studii și Comunicări
4203:Demetriescu, p. 27. See also Purece, pp. 112–113
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
3330:
3230:Nicolescu & Nicoară, p. 3; Tănase, pp. 90–91
1168:—or 20,000 in Bucharest; attested tradesman and
878:forming a club for what he called the Bucharest
828:and a strongly conservative project advanced by
4926:Emanoil Chinezu – om politic, avocat și istoric
4863:Din trecutul mișcărilor pentru Unirea românilor
3695:Florea, pp. 24–25; Tomescu & Velicu, p. 105
3247:"Francmasoneria, Focșanii și Unirea de la 1859"
3043:Maciu (1959), pp. 46–47. See also Isar (1988),
2990:Adrian T. Pascu, "Din istoricul presei Unirii:
2860:Preda, p. 59. See also Hêrjeu, pp. 100–103, 129
1491:Când citim în vechea carte a istoriei străbune,
1384:; a limited Ottoman rule with adherence to the
960:had regained Bucharest before the end of 1856.
536:, which survived despite there being no formal
308:also dissuaded peasant deputies from demanding
5202:Sergiu Purece, "Județul Vîlcea și Unirea", in
3461:Preda, pp. 69–73. See also Stanomir, pp. 39–41
2851:Hêrjeu, pp. 101–108, 181; Xenopol, pp. 182–190
2605:" under Ottoman suzerainty. It designated the
1493:Virtuți mari, ilustre fapte ale nației române,
1489:
5312:
5280:Analele Brăilei. Revistă de Cultură Regională
5151:Argessis. Studii și Comunicări, Seria Istorie
5103:. Bucharest: Editura Cuvântul Vieții, 2015.
4574:(1857—1861) și problemele Transilvaniei", in
4098:
3427:
3425:
3149:Maciu (1959), pp. 47–48; Xenopol, pp. 326–327
2936:Potra I, pp. 452–453; II, pp. 84–85, 125, 223
1501:Cultivând artele păcii pe al său tărâm bogat?
812:, prepared for print a brochure accusing the
5278:, "La Brăila, în preajma Unirii (1857)", in
4914:, Vol. IV, Issue 1, January 1959, pp. 20–31.
3989:Bibescu, p. 370. See also Huminic, pp. 31–32
2695:, favoring either Bibescu or Barbu Știrbei:
2448:, June 1975, pp. 16–17; and Clain, pp. 31–32
371:The Principalities had been occupied by the
5066:, "Austria și reforma agrară din 1864", in
3794:Gherghe, pp. 123–137, 156–168, 267–268, 314
3238:
3236:
3055:
3053:
1580:, where conflicts opposed an anti-unionist
1497:Cine n-are dor să vază țara sa în fericire,
1011:Categories enfranchised under the election
908:, reuniting boyar and bourgeois activists:
5319:
5305:
5149:în perioada august 1857 – iunie 1859", in
5142:, Vol. VII, Issue 25, March 2019, pp. 3–5.
4884:Discursuri parlamentare. 1859–1862 iunie 8
4668:Preda, pp. 81–84. See also Filitti, p. 356
4261:
4259:
4257:
4069:
4067:
3980:, Vol. XX, Issue 11, November 1967, p. 163
3422:
2588:, began preparing for reorganization as a
1695:and Constantin T. Grigorescu at Ploiești.
1495:Care inimă stă rece? Care suflet nemișcat?
1097:introduced radically new divisions of the
847:. The Treaty also specified the notion of
721:. Although he welcomed constitutionalism,
475:—, with each other, with the anti-Russian
351:
4905:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională
3551:Preda, pp. 71–72. See also Purece, p. 110
2972:Iorga (1910), pp. 50–54, 136–137, 139–141
1214:
1130:had 8, 4 of them representing Bucharest.
3233:
3050:
2488:
2477: Affiliation unknown/no affiliation
1354:
614:. However, most failed to enlist in the
551:
358:
4872:, Vol. VI, Issues 1–2, 1998, pp. 84–90.
4659:Preda, pp. 82–83. See also Clain, p. 34
4254:
4064:
3515:Preda, p. 73. See also Clain, pp. 31–32
3327:Maciu (1959), p. 65 & (1965), p. 99
2797:Hêrjeu, pp. 78–88; Xenopol, pp. 147–149
14:
6243:
5290:Istoria partidelor politice în România
5094:, Vol. 20, Issue 3, 1967, pp. 411–438.
5058:, Vol. 41, Issue 4, 1988, pp. 437–443.
4844:, Vol. 32, Issue 3, 1979, pp. 405–428.
4834:, Vol. 41, Issue 4, 1988, pp. 419–436.
4528:Studii și articole de istorie, Vol. II
4077:, Vol. IX, Issue 8, August 2011, p. 22
2896:Xenopol, pp. 154–156, 259–263, 288–295
2440:
1819:
1644:, taking all 78 bourgeois votes, with
1615:"Severe and sound" supervision by the
1600:, which reappeared from Brussels with
1235:, published in Bucharest. Eventually,
417:By 1836, the Assembly and the titular
28:1857 Wallachian parliamentary election
5300:
5087:, Vol. 18, Issue 1, 1965, pp. 89–115.
5080:, Vol. XII, Issue 1, 1959, pp. 43–73.
4917:Ioan Georgescu, "Eugeniu Carada", in
4570:Gr. Chiriță, "Periodicul bucureștean
3419:, Vol. 35, Issue 2, 1982, pp. 231–234
2998:, Vol. 31, Issue 2, 1978, pp. 323–328
1453:. In July 1857, the debuting painter
1350:
657:for a unified Romania, governed from
393:also reformed representation for the
346:
5256:Revue Historique du Sud-est Européen
5169:Editura științifică și enciclopedică
5070:, Vol. XXIX, 1946–1947, pp. 297–353.
5051:, Vol. 37, Issue 1, 1984, pp. 29–46.
4938:Constantin Gheorghe, Miliana Șerbu,
4847:Gheorghe Bibescu (Georges Bibesco),
4359:Gheorghe & Șerbu, pp. 39, 63, 84
4350:Novac, pp. 237, 239; Potra I, p. 479
1816:
1483:
1219:
547:
304:; middle-class progressives and the
18:1857 Wallachian legislative election
5007:Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie
4578:, Vol. 25, Issue 1, 1972, pp. 83–84
4445:, Vol. XIV, Fascicle I, 1934, p. 36
4432:Giurescu, pp. 141–142; Preda, p. 77
3749:Maciu (1965), p. 102; Stroia, p. 73
800:, who was at the time the reigning
223:. The toppling of the conservative
141:Unionist Committee (National Party)
24:
6266:Parliamentary elections in Romania
5282:, Issues 2–3/1929, pp. 45–47.
2687:, and unanimously selected deputy
1109:who had been enslaved until 1856.
1001:
783:
508:liberal-and-nationalist Revolution
233:made them possible: following the
148:Unionist Committee (conservative)
145:Unionist Committee (conservative)
25:
6287:
4944:Romanian Ministry of the Interior
4907:, Vol. V, 1928–1930, pp. 354–400.
4176:, Vol. 23, Issue 6, 1970, p. 1251
3947:Apostol, p. 242; Potra II, p. 105
3659:Maciu (1959), p. 69; Preda, p. 73
479:, and with the arch-conservative
257:. It ran in conjunction with the
6276:History of Wallachia (1821–1859)
5328:
5117:, Issue 9/2018, pp. 93–100.
4804:
4795:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4722:
4707:
4698:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4534:, Vol. XI, Issue 2, 1958, p. 217
4520:
4511:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4408:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4371:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4114:
4089:
4080:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3983:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3895:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3361:Manolescu & Tîlvănoiu, p. 94
2750:, and being referred to only as
2592:. On February 22, 1858, another
1743:, where the boyar seats went to
1380:; representative government and
1209:France's Ambassador to the Porte
1063:
1047:
1022:
325:repeat elections of January 1859
276:. In Wallachia, the progressive
190:
108:
101:
94:
33:
5292:. Bucharest: Albert Baer, 1910.
5272:, Vol. XXIV, 2012, pp. 101–108.
5265:, Issue 6/2013, pp. 26–46.
5258:, Issues 7–9/1937, pp. 218–242.
4454:Hêrjeu, p. 194; Xenopol, p. 355
3707:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3434:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3194:Temperley, pp. 230–231, 241–242
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
1677:Nae Tătăranu (for the boyars),
1332:and the suspension of corvées.
1320:. The extended agenda proposed
65:All ≈100 eligible seats in the
5115:Memoria Oltului și Romanaților
5039:, Vol. XXI, 1939, pp. 699–747.
3870:, Vol. XXVI, 2003, pp. 264–265
3212:Maciu (1959), pp. 47–49, 62–63
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2710:The Assembly of Bucharest was
2485:Divan resolutions and disputes
1562:ranks and offices of the court
1390:confiscation of monastery land
778:
633:, which, in June 1854, hosted
13:
1:
5204:Buridava. Studii și Materiale
5009:, Vol. III, 1965, pp. 89–103.
4827:, Vol. VI, 1982, pp. 241–245.
4816:
3904:, "Grigore Alexandrescu", in
568:". Political allegory of 1868
558:Wallachian Revolution of 1848
292:. A fourth party, supporting
5206:, Vol. 3, 1979, pp. 109–117.
5153:, Vol. X, 2001, pp. 233–256.
5068:Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice
5037:Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice
4278:Manoilescu-Dinu, pp. 136–137
2579:
1610:repeat election in September
1070:Peasants of Wallachia (1854)
377:war with the Ottomans (1829)
7:
5160:, Vol. I, 1986, pp. 97–156.
5025:: Vălenii de Munte, 1910.
4212:Manolescu & Tîlvănoiu,
3883:, Vol. 1 (45), 2011, p. 102
2927:, Issue 1 (53), 2001, p. 48
2078:Alexandru Emanuel Florescu
1663:. Serrurie won the vote of
1459:Union of the Principalities
1360:Union of the Principalities
830:Lord Stratford de Redcliffe
247:spontaneous rallies of 1848
10:
6292:
5248:, Vol. I, 2009, pp. 89–99.
5234:, Vol. 2, 2000, pp. 35–67.
5092:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
5085:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
5078:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
5002:, Vol. I, 1970, pp. 29–42.
4960:, Issue 1/2009, pp. 10–15.
4928:. Craiova: Sitech, 2009.
4576:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
4532:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
4526:S. Columbeanu, "Recenzii.
4405:Stanomir, pp. 50–54, 65–67
4305:Clain, p. 31; Preda, p. 73
4174:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
3956:Xenopol, pp. 331, 337, 354
3245:Bogdan Constantin Dogaru,
2352:Eliodor (Heliodor) Lapati
2321:Stănuță Cesianu (Cezianu)
1876:Teodosie (Tudose) Mugescu
1578:Moldavian election of July
1571:
1396:, and Scarlat Bărcănescu.
760:, publicly celebrated the
583:Wallachian Orthodox Church
399:Ordinary National Assembly
365:Ordinary National Assembly
6157:
6035:
5990:
5720:
5660:
5345:
5335:Elections and referendums
5167:, Vols. I–II. Bucharest:
5099:Natalia Manoilescu-Dinu,
4972:Editura pentru literatură
4508:Iorga (1910), pp. 191–192
4075:Helis. Revistă de Cultură
3965:Iorga (1939), pp. 709–712
3929:Maciu (1965), pp. 105–106
3776:Iorga (1939), pp. 731–732
3713:Maciu (1965), pp. 104–105
3650:Maciu (1965), pp. 100–104
3406:Iorga (1939), pp. 706–713
3370:Iorga (1939), pp. 700–705
2815:Xenopol, pp. 174–176, 181
2455: National Party and
2271:Constantin T. Grigorescu
1318:representative government
1126:had 6 deputies each, and
612:New South Wales gold rush
574:Convention of Balta Liman
259:Moldavian Divan elections
188:
72:
63:
42:
32:
6256:1857 elections in Europe
5213:pp. 268–285. Bucharest:
3912:, Eugen Todoran (eds.),
3614:Maciu (1965), pp. 99–102
3158:Isar (1988), pp. 440–442
2767:
2254:Constantin I. Filipescu
1901:Constantin A. Crețulescu
1556:, they included Colonel
1362:, July 1857 painting by
919:Constantin A. Crețulescu
618:, as they had intended.
282:Constantin A. Crețulescu
121:Constantin A. Crețulescu
5347:Parliamentary elections
4924:Cosmin Lucian Gherghe,
4886:, pp. 5–68. Bucharest:
4878:, "Barbu Katargiu", in
4719:, September 1977, p. 20
4490:Manoilescu-Dinu, p. 136
4443:Revista Istorică Română
4296:Manoilescu-Dinu, p. 135
4269:, Vol. 10, 2012, p. 172
4132:Popa & Dicu, p. 122
3857:Maciu (1959), pp. 71–72
3605:Maciu (1959), pp. 68–69
3587:Maciu (1965), pp. 98–99
3488:Popa & Dicu, p. 119
3479:Stanomir, pp. 39–40, 48
3440:Maciu (1959), pp. 65–66
3264:Maciu (1959), pp. 48–49
3007:Maciu (1959), pp. 44–49
2712:elected in January 1859
2442:Based on full lists in
2299:Constantin Argintoianu
2287:Grigore D. Marghiloman
2268:Cristache Polihroniadi
1941:Constantin Ciochinescu
1808:parliamentary procedure
1322:equality before the law
713:among the Romanians of
522:universal male suffrage
463:brothers with discreet
231:Danubian Principalities
6261:Elections in Wallachia
5662:Presidential elections
5165:Din Bucureștii de ieri
4964:Constantin C. Giurescu
3848:Isar (1984), pp. 30–34
3722:Demetriescu, pp. 25–27
3641:Isar (1984), pp. 35–36
3632:Isar (1984), pp. 34–36
3273:Temperley, pp. 235–236
3113:Temperley, pp. 234–235
3086:Temperley, pp. 219–229
3068:Temperley, pp. 233–234
2617:boyar ranks and titles
2574:mechanized agriculture
2531:peasant revolt of 1821
2521:as a throwback to the
2497:
2201:Constantin D. Aricescu
2084:Stoica Radu Cojocariu
2004:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
1914:Mihalache Marghiloman
1568:under a native ruler.
1508:
1490:
1487:
1370:
1264:Constantin N. Brăiloiu
1229:Magazinul Judecătoresc
1215:Unionist consolidation
665:. He found an ally in
591:Constantin D. Aricescu
569:
481:Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea
473:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
455:. The vote took place
443:Principality of Serbia
368:
290:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
131:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
6271:September 1857 events
3916:, p. 314. Bucharest:
3176:Lapedatu, pp. 297–302
3077:Lapedatu, pp. 300–302
2981:Potra II, pp. 101–104
2603:United Principalities
2492:
2419:Constantin Rădulescu
1905:Grigore N. Filipescu
1671:Emanuel Lahovari and
1358:
826:Prince Prokesch-Osten
810:Constantin Hurmuzachi
731:Villiers of Clarendon
678:Ion Heliade Rădulescu
635:Dimitrie Bolintineanu
555:
517:Proclamation of Islaz
362:
343:, of both countries.
317:United Principalities
249:, this was the first
4728:Maciu (1967), p. 426
4605:Maciu (1967), p. 427
4596:Xenopol, pp. 156–157
4561:Filitti, pp. 357–358
4552:Filitti, pp. 356–357
4543:Xenopol, pp. 356–359
4517:Iorga (1939), p. 711
4499:Bibescu, pp. 367–368
4414:Gherghe, pp. 164–165
4368:Tîlvănoiu, pp. 27–28
4224:Preda, pp. 59–60, 74
4185:Tîlvănoiu, pp. 26–28
4120:Maciu (1965), p. 106
3623:Maciu (1965), p. 100
3379:Iorga (1939), p. 705
3025:Xenopol, pp. 318–319
2625:constitutional court
2193:Alexandru G. Golescu
2165:Dimitrie Viișoreanu
2045:Zamfir C. Broșteanu
2013:Petrache Cernătescu
1689:Râmnicu Sărat County
1479:Grigore Alexandrescu
1394:Ion Emanuel Florescu
1283:personal sovereignty
954:Alexandru G. Golescu
735:1815 Vienna treaties
556:Participants in the
441:, also included the
395:estates of the realm
387:separation of powers
382:Regulamentul Organic
375:during the latter's
235:1856 Treaty of Paris
226:Regulamentul Organic
4650:Stanomir, pp. 60–65
4242:Purece, pp. 110–113
3908:, Ion C. Chițimia,
3830:Maciu (1959), p. 70
3740:Stanomir, pp. 44–45
3578:Maciu (1959), p. 48
3452:Maciu (1959), p. 69
3397:Isar (1988), p. 439
3291:Maciu (1959), p. 62
3059:Maciu (1965), p. 97
2963:Hêrjeu, pp. 164–165
2689:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
2629:election commission
2558:class collaboration
2394:Nicolae Iancovescu
2388:Nicolae Iancovescu
2349:Nicolae Butculescu
2327:Marin Pârcălăbescu
2296:Gheorghiță Lupescu
2293:Constantin Cotescu
2290:Constantin Robescu
2226:Constantin Văleanu
1330:freedom of contract
1299:democratic republic
1260:class collaboration
1178:electoral geography
1159:grandfather clauses
886:Mihail Kogălniceanu
853:public consultation
745:to the new throne.
723:Viscount Palmerston
599:European federalist
465:nationalist agendas
419:Prince of Wallachia
329:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
274:union with Moldavia
251:public consultation
167:Leader's seat
29:
5992:European elections
5064:Alexandru Lapedatu
5056:Revista de Istorie
5049:Revista de Istorie
5000:Cercetări Istorice
4876:Anghel Demetriescu
4842:Revista de Istorie
4832:Revista de Istorie
4764:Georgescu, pp. 8–9
4481:Huminic, pp. 33–34
4472:Huminic, pp. 32–33
4463:Novac, pp. 237–238
4287:Tănase, pp. 90, 92
4141:Novac, pp. 236–237
4095:Vârtosu, pp. 46–47
3417:Revista de Istorie
3255:, January 24, 2015
3034:Barbu, pp. 429–430
2996:Revista de Istorie
2507:imperative mandate
2498:
2391:Stamate Budurescu
2258:Ion C. Cantacuzino
2232:Constantin Tănase
2189:Nicolae Rucăreanu
2159:Constantin Cârjeu
2156:Grigore Miculescu
2112:Grigore Gr. Ghica
1969:Evghenie Predescu
1966:Costache Costescu
1824:
1796:Dealul Mitropoliei
1558:Dimitrie Papazoglu
1406:Nicolae Haralambie
1371:
1351:Emerging consensus
1201:village assemblies
992:collective farming
906:Focșanii Munteniei
855:, instituting the
802:Prince of Moldavia
762:fall of Sevastopol
707:Alexandru Lapedatu
690:Gheorghe Costaforu
686:Constantin Bosianu
651:Palmerston cabinet
647:Nicolae Crețulescu
570:
526:indirect elections
477:Iordache Filipescu
459:, confronting two
423:Alexandru II Ghica
369:
347:Historical context
302:universal suffrage
294:Alexandru II Ghica
207:Elections for the
153:Leader since
27:
6238:
6237:
5223:978-973-32-0922-5
5198:978-973-46-2201-6
5134:978-973-50-5160-0
5109:978-973-7866-27-1
4952:978-973-745-048-7
4934:978-606-530-315-7
4919:Arhivele Olteniei
4686:Preda, pp. 81, 83
4233:Tănase, pp. 91–92
4194:Marton, pp. 45–46
4052:Stroia, pp. 76–77
4034:Stroia, pp. 74–76
3918:Editura Academiei
3902:Silvian Iosifescu
3812:Stroia, pp. 73–74
3542:Preda, pp. 71, 73
3506:Preda, pp. 70, 73
3388:Ș. Ionescu, p. 97
3252:Ziarul de Vrancea
3104:Temperley, p. 222
2992:Jurnalul Craiovei
2925:Dosarele Istoriei
2756:by his overlord,
2705:Ioan A. Filipescu
2599:war in Montenegro
2564:in his newspaper
2482:
2481:
2465: Bibescuists
2413:Emanuel Lahovari
2385:Nicolae Lahovari
2318:Ștefan Vlădoianu
2056:Barbu B. Gănescu
2020:Nicolae Pleșoianu
1938:Scarlat Voinescu
1880:Dimitrie Brătianu
1872:Scarlat Turnavitu
1820:
1804:Trăiască România!
1646:Scarlat Turnavitu
1638:Dimitrie Brătianu
1526:
1525:
1451:Michael the Brave
1337:Vasile Alecsandri
1326:right to property
1258:for its views on
1220:Forging alliances
1205:Édouard Thouvenel
996:utopian socialism
910:Alexandru Plagino
876:Ioan I. Filipescu
794:Greek nationalism
739:Francis of Modena
631:Jurnalul Craiovei
608:Nicolae Pleșoianu
548:Repressive regime
485:exhaustive ballot
483:. Bibescu won by
407:boyar aristocracy
397:, producing the "
367:, 1831 watercolor
267:indirect suffrage
205:
204:
184:
183:
59:
58:
55:1859 →
47:← 1846
16:(Redirected from
6283:
5333:
5332:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5252:Harold Temperley
5246:Analele Buzăului
5239:Revista Istorică
5215:Editura Militară
4811:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4677:Preda, pp. 81–82
4675:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4579:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4332:Giurescu, p. 141
4330:
4324:
4323:Preda, pp. 77–78
4321:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4263:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4170:Gheorghe Magheru
4166:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4061:Preda, pp. 73–74
4059:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4025:Berindei, p. 409
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3977:Viața Românească
3972:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3939:
3938:Cojocariu, p. 87
3936:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3533:Preda, pp. 72–73
3531:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3431:Cojocariu, p. 88
3429:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3343:Potra II, p. 105
3341:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3095:Berindei, p. 408
3093:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2887:Preda, pp. 61–62
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2869:Preda, pp. 63–65
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2779:Preda, pp. 39–47
2777:
2685:in December 1858
2476:
2471: Știrbeists
2470:
2464:
2454:
2426:Grigore Serrurie
2381:Ioan Oteteleșanu
2324:Gheorghe Cârjeu
2262:Gheorghe Morcov
2229:Ioan Slăvițescu
2142:Dimitrie Culoglu
2081:Răducanu Cucuti
2041:Gheorghe Magheru
2024:Grigore Lăceanu
2009:Gheorghe Bibescu
1972:Hristache Fusea
1944:Costache Moglan
1934:Nicolae Pâcleanu
1817:
1765:Bishop of Râmnic
1750:Ioan Oteteleșanu
1731:Nicolae Pâcleanu
1640:won the seat at
1634:Dimitrie Culoglu
1606:election boycott
1590:Nicolae Vogoride
1566:crowned republic
1503:
1484:
1447:Constantin Lecca
1368:national costume
1291:
1249:
1170:master craftsmen
1067:
1051:
1040:Horezu Monastery
1026:
982:, from exile in
958:Grigore Serrurie
943:Baron Talleyrand
924:By August 1856,
674:Gheorghe Magheru
501:in November 1846
497:absolute monarch
469:Gheorghe Bibescu
457:in December 1842
286:Gheorghe Bibescu
245:. Excluding the
237:, Wallachia and
194:
126:Gheorghe Bibescu
112:
105:
98:
74:
73:
44:
43:
37:
30:
26:
21:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6251:1857 in Romania
6241:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6153:
6036:Other elections
6031:
5986:
5722:Local elections
5716:
5656:
5341:
5327:
5325:
5295:
5270:Muzeul Național
5263:Memoria Oltului
5120:Silvia Marton,
5023:Neamul Românesc
4901:Ioan C. Filitti
4888:Editura Minerva
4825:Muzeul Național
4819:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4716:Magazin Istoric
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3874:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:Filitti, p. 355
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:Gherghe, p. 130
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:Gherghe, p. 124
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:Stanomir, p. 40
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:Georgescu, p. 8
3130:
3126:
3122:Stanomir, p. 36
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2701:Emanoil Băleanu
2636:active citizens
2586:George Crețianu
2582:
2562:Vasile Boerescu
2487:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2450:
2445:Magazin Istoric
2361:Alecu Petrescu
2129:Nicolae Golescu
2125:Mircea Mălăeru
2104:
2016:Nicolae Mazâlu
1995:
1975:Stancu Stănilă
1908:Marcu N. Dulie
1835:Landowners (2)
1832:Landowners (1)
1823:
1822:County deputies
1773:Bishop of Buzău
1657:Nicolae Golescu
1602:Nicolae Ionescu
1594:Petre Ispirescu
1574:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1467:Iorgu Caragiale
1402:Emanoil Quinezu
1353:
1289:
1247:
1222:
1217:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1007:
898:the Freemasonry
837:Treaty of Paris
822:Imperial France
798:Grigore V Ghica
786:
784:Ghica's regency
781:
743:Robert of Parma
623:Austrian Empire
581:bishops of the
550:
412:liberal current
357:
349:
255:in eleven years
229:regime in both
217:1848 revolution
201:
189:
64:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6289:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6102:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5294:
5293:
5283:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5225:
5207:
5200:
5182:Cristian Preda
5179:
5163:George Potra,
5161:
5154:
5143:
5136:
5118:
5111:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5073:Vasile Maciu,
5071:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5044:Nicolae Isar,
5042:
5041:
5040:
5033:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4984:N. N. Hêrjeu,
4982:
4961:
4954:
4936:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4898:
4880:Barbu Catargiu
4873:
4866:
4861:Daniel Clain,
4859:
4845:
4835:
4828:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4784:
4775:
4766:
4757:
4748:
4739:
4730:
4721:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4614:Hêrjeu, p. 196
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4519:
4510:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4398:
4389:
4387:Hêrjeu, p. 194
4380:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4253:
4251:Purece, p. 113
4244:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4122:
4113:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3906:Alexandru Dima
3894:
3885:
3872:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3839:Hêrjeu, p. 193
3832:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3686:Vârtosu, p. 46
3679:
3677:Huminic, p. 31
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3442:
3433:
3421:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3352:Hêrjeu, p. 268
3345:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3232:
3223:
3221:Huminic, p. 30
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3049:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2740:personal union
2720:Eugeniu Carada
2653:capital assets
2590:secret society
2581:
2578:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:Iancu Ionașcu
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2185:Ștefan Golescu
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:Iancu Ipceanu
2151:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:Grigore Joran
2136:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2121:Ioan Brezoianu
2118:
2116:Dimitrie Ghica
2113:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:Ioan C. Roset
2073:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:Christian Tell
2046:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:Răducanu Ioan
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:Ștefan Burchi
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1650:Ștefan Golescu
1573:
1570:
1534:Christian Tell
1524:
1523:
1506:
1418:Gheorghe Chițu
1414:Barbu Bălcescu
1352:
1349:
1341:Dimitrie Ralet
1268:Barbu Catargiu
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1195:to only 12 in
1073:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1000:
976:Dimitrie Ghica
849:representation
785:
782:
780:
777:
758:Eugeniu Carada
667:Ioan Maiorescu
643:Count Coronini
560:prosecuted by
549:
546:
431:National Party
373:Russian Empire
356:
350:
348:
345:
321:personal union
298:Dimitrie Ghica
278:National Party
243:Ottoman Empire
203:
202:
195:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
173:
168:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
114:
113:
106:
99:
92:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
70:
69:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
51:September 1857
48:
40:
39:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6288:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5291:
5287:
5286:A. D. Xenopol
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5228:Ioan Stanomir
5226:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:973-29-0018-0
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5124:. Bucharest:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:Nicolae Iorga
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4970:. Bucharest:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4942:. Bucharest:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4807:
4798:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4761:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4444:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4159:Novac, p. 236
4156:
4150:Stroia, p. 77
4147:
4138:
4129:
4127:
4117:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4092:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3892:Florea, p. 24
3889:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3704:Marton, p. 46
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3324:
3318:Tănase, p. 89
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3282:Tănase, p. 91
3279:
3270:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:(in Romanian)
3239:
3237:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3167:Barbu, p. 432
3164:
3155:
3146:
3140:Barbu, p. 431
3137:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:Muscel County
2654:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2549:Conservatorul
2545:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:unicameralism
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2495:Frédéric Damé
2491:
2458:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:Stan Panaiti
2421:
2418:
2416:Nae Tătăranu
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:Preda Cernat
2357:
2355:Mihail Pancu
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2330:Ion Dimitriu
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Râmnicu Sărat
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:Ene Cojocaru
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:C. A. Rosetti
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1947:Nae Stănescu
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:Stroe Ivașcu
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:Burghers (4)
1852:
1850:Burghers (3)
1849:
1847:Burghers (2)
1846:
1844:Burghers (1)
1843:
1841:Peasants (2)
1840:
1838:Peasants (1)
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:, Constantin
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1741:Vâlcea County
1737:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:Stéoa Dunărei
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:Stéoa Dunărei
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:A. D. Xenopol
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:C. A. Rosetti
1521:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1422:Vocea Oltului
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:Capitulations
1383:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1345:Muscel County
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:, a codified
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:Ion Bălăceanu
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Brăila County
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:Conservatorul
977:
974:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
922:
920:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
902:Masonic Lodge
899:
895:
894:Stéoa Dunărei
891:
887:
883:
882:
881:sans-culottes
877:
873:
872:
867:
866:
865:Stéoa Dunărei
860:
858:
857:ad hoc Divans
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Sublime Porte
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
776:
774:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
594:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
567:
563:
559:
554:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:(tempered by
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:customs union
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
366:
361:
354:
344:
342:
341:
336:
335:
331:, who became
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:, chaired by
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
211:were held in
210:
199:
193:
187:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:Brăila County
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
116:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
89:
85:
83:Second party
82:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
62:
54:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
6133:
6104:
6096:Transylvania
6095:
6051:
6042:
6024:
5979:
5709:
5649:
5289:
5279:
5276:Emil Vârtosu
5269:
5262:
5255:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5210:
5203:
5185:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5121:
5114:
5100:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5067:
5055:
5048:
5036:
5018:
5006:
4999:
4985:
4967:
4958:Transilvania
4957:
4939:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4883:
4869:
4862:
4848:
4841:
4838:Dan Berindei
4831:
4824:
4806:
4797:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4760:
4755:Giura, p. 12
4751:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4704:Preda, p. 85
4700:
4695:Preda, p. 84
4691:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4477:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4442:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4396:Preda, p. 76
4392:
4383:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4314:Clain, p. 31
4310:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4266:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4116:
4111:Preda, p. 74
4091:
4082:
4074:
4057:
4048:
4043:Giura, p. 11
4039:
4030:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3913:
3897:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3560:Preda, p. 73
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3524:Preda, p. 70
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3436:
3416:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3250:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3044:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2995:
2994:(1854)", in
2991:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2824:Preda, p. 68
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2788:Preda, p. 46
2784:
2775:
2761:
2751:
2747:
2746:rather than
2743:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2692:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2610:
2606:
2593:
2583:
2565:
2554:
2548:
2544:George Barbu
2540:
2536:
2527:
2523:Regulamentul
2522:
2519:upper houses
2510:
2502:
2499:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2222:Ioan Solomon
2162:Ioan Roateș
1867:Ion Brătianu
1811:
1803:
1800:gas lighting
1793:
1781:of Bucharest
1758:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:Ioan Solomon
1699:
1697:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1654:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1581:
1575:
1545:
1541:
1540:and shunned
1537:
1527:
1509:
1488:
1474:
1458:
1455:Theodor Aman
1443:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1410:Regulamentul
1409:
1398:
1375:
1372:
1364:Theodor Aman
1359:
1334:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1255:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1186:
1163:
1144:
1140:square miles
1132:
1113:
1111:
1099:body politic
1094:
1079:
1077:
1054:Merchant of
1033:
1012:
1003:
987:
979:
970:
962:Ion Brătianu
949:
947:
938:
931:Buzău County
925:
923:
913:
893:
879:
869:
863:
861:
834:
808:, and, with
787:
773:Regulamentul
772:
765:
753:
749:
747:
715:Transylvania
704:
697:
693:
688:, economist
671:
655:Napoleon III
630:
620:
616:Ottoman Army
595:
578:Regulamentul
577:
571:
515:
512:Regulamentul
511:
505:
493:Roma slavery
453:Abdulmejid I
447:
427:Regulamentul
426:
416:
391:Regulamentul
390:
380:
370:
353:Regulamentul
352:
338:
332:
314:
271:
224:
209:ad hoc Divan
206:
198:ad hoc Divan
86:Third party
80:First party
67:ad hoc Divan
50:
6158:Referendums
4870:Xenopoliana
3910:Paul Cornea
2087:Ion Vasile
2053:Ioan Voicu
1661:Gorj County
1586:Teodor Balș
1471:vaudevilles
1382:meritocracy
1272:egalitarian
1252:Barbu Bellu
1091:corporatism
790:Pan-Slavism
779:Preparation
727:condominium
711:irredentism
604:Crimean War
589:. The poet
587:Iacob Melic
576:, restored
542:land reform
439:Leonte Radu
310:land reform
306:boyar elite
265:to vote by
253:to be held
6245:Categories
6210:2007 (Nov)
6205:2007 (May)
6185:1941 (Nov)
6180:1941 (Mar)
6081:1857 (Sep)
6076:1857 (Jul)
6043:Bessarabia
5440:1888 (Oct)
5435:1888 (Jan)
5365:1866 (Nov)
5360:1866 (Apr)
4817:References
4572:Nationalul
2760:. The new
2566:Naționalul
2517:, viewing
2197:Tică Ioan
1812:ex officio
1777:protopopes
1174:journeymen
1086:voting age
984:Bellinzona
806:Ottomanism
562:Russophile
461:Russophile
355:background
6105:Wallachia
5217:, 2013.
5192:, 2011.
5171:, 1990.
5128:, 2016.
5126:Humanitas
5031:876302354
4974:, 1966.
4946:, 2007.
4890:, 1914.
4857:891289855
2758:Abdulaziz
2716:Caimacams
2697:Ioan Manu
2693:Caimacams
2661:Câmpulung
2580:Aftermath
2511:Concordia
2345:Teleorman
2149:Mehedinți
2107:Bucharest
1962:Dâmbovița
1769:Neofit II
1746:Logothete
1685:Teleorman
1680:Postelnic
1630:Concordia
1582:Caimacams
1550:primaries
1538:Concordia
1475:Concordia
1314:New Style
1306:Concordia
1287:Concordia
1256:Concordia
1233:Concordia
1182:Târgu Jiu
1056:Bucharest
1002:Election
682:Ion Ghica
659:Bucharest
520:promised
323:. In the
221:Romanians
213:Wallachia
6052:Moldavia
5188:. Iași:
4994:38789356
4267:Buridava
3868:Cumidava
2748:Hospodar
2744:Domnitor
2733:Hospodar
2725:Caimacam
2681:Hospodar
2676:Caimacam
2612:Hospodar
2607:Domnitor
2570:Romanați
2503:Domnitor
2457:Caimacam
2314:Romanați
2071:Ialomița
1789:Bistrița
1785:of Argeș
1754:Bălcești
1736:Caimacam
1716:Caimacam
1712:Ialomița
1700:Caimacam
1674:Paharnic
1617:Caimacam
1469:. Their
1463:Costache
1435:Beizadea
1430:Caimacam
1377:Domnitor
1274:agenda.
1245:Caimacam
1237:Caimacam
1193:Romanați
1165:kuruşlar
1155:Ploiești
1136:hectares
1107:Romanies
1031:Oltenian
988:Caimacam
972:Beizadea
950:Caimacam
926:Caimacam
871:Caimacam
845:Sardinia
767:Dragoman
719:Bukovina
403:counties
340:Domnitor
334:Hospodar
239:Moldavia
5339:Romania
5190:Polirom
5147:Românul
4980:1279610
4912:Teatrul
4896:8154101
4792:379–382
2729:tanners
2665:Pitești
2627:and an
2621:Focșani
2459:faction
2250:Prahova
2105:(incl.
1998:Craiova
1996:(incl.
1829:County
1761:Calinic
1724:Caimcam
1693:Slatina
1665:Giurgiu
1642:Pitești
1572:Results
1546:émigrés
1439:România
1304:Beyond
1147:Craiova
1124:Prahova
1115:stareți
1042:, 1860)
841:Prussia
818:Britain
641:. With
639:Balkans
627:Oltenia
538:serfdom
337:, then
117:Leader
91:
77:
5221:
5196:
5175:
5132:
5107:
5029:
4992:
4978:
4950:
4932:
4894:
4855:
4530:", in
4214:passim
4172:", in
3920:, 1968
3045:passim
2762:firman
2669:Ismail
2645:ducats
2640:firman
2594:firman
2475:
2469:
2463:
2453:
2409:Vlașca
2376:Vâlcea
2180:Muscel
1896:Brăila
1763:, the
1542:Timpul
1339:, and
1310:Timpul
1279:Timpul
1241:Timpul
1225:Timpul
1172:; and
1151:Brăila
1103:guilds
1095:firman
1081:firman
1058:(1860)
1035:stareț
1013:firman
1004:firman
939:Timpul
935:George
843:, and
754:Patria
750:Timpul
694:Timpul
566:boyars
534:corvée
530:Vlașca
450:Sultan
435:Dacian
263:guilds
137:Party
3249:, in
2768:Notes
2525:era.
2102:Ilfov
1929:Buzău
1859:Argeș
1626:Argeș
1290:'
1248:'
1189:acres
1138:(0.4
1128:Ilfov
890:Buzău
180:Dolj
162:1856
159:1856
156:1857
6230:2019
6225:2018
6220:2012
6215:2009
6200:2003
6195:1991
6190:1986
6175:1938
6170:1866
6165:1864
6149:1861
6144:1860
6139:1859
6134:1857
6129:1846
6124:1842
6119:1841
6114:1836
6109:1831
6100:1918
6091:1860
6086:1858
6071:1847
6066:1842
6061:1837
6056:1832
6047:1917
6026:2029
6020:2024
6015:2019
6010:2014
6005:2009
6000:2007
5981:2028
5975:2024
5970:2020
5965:2016
5960:2012
5955:2008
5950:2004
5945:2000
5940:1996
5935:1992
5930:1987
5925:1985
5920:1982
5915:1980
5910:1977
5905:1975
5900:1969
5895:1967
5890:1965
5885:1963
5880:1961
5875:1958
5870:1956
5865:1953
5860:1950
5855:1938
5850:1937
5845:1936
5840:1930
5835:1926
5830:1914
5825:1912
5820:1911
5815:1907
5810:1905
5805:1901
5800:1899
5795:1895
5790:1891
5785:1890
5780:1888
5775:1884
5770:1883
5765:1879
5760:1876
5755:1874
5750:1871
5745:1870
5740:1869
5735:1866
5730:1864
5711:2024
5705:2019
5700:2014
5695:2009
5690:2004
5685:2000
5680:1996
5675:1992
5670:1990
5651:2024
5645:2020
5640:2016
5635:2012
5630:2008
5625:2004
5620:2000
5615:1996
5610:1992
5605:1990
5600:1985
5595:1980
5590:1975
5585:1969
5580:1965
5575:1961
5570:1957
5565:1952
5560:1948
5555:1946
5550:1939
5545:1937
5540:1933
5535:1932
5530:1931
5525:1928
5520:1927
5515:1926
5510:1922
5505:1920
5500:1919
5495:1918
5490:1914
5485:1912
5480:1911
5475:1907
5470:1905
5465:1901
5460:1899
5455:1895
5450:1892
5445:1891
5430:1884
5425:1883
5420:1879
5415:1878
5410:1877
5405:1876
5400:1875
5395:1874
5390:1871
5385:1870
5380:1869
5375:1868
5370:1867
5355:1864
5219:ISBN
5194:ISBN
5173:ISBN
5130:ISBN
5105:ISBN
5027:OCLC
4990:OCLC
4976:OCLC
4948:ISBN
4930:ISBN
4892:OCLC
4853:OCLC
2436:N/A
2433:N/A
2430:N/A
2403:N/A
2400:N/A
2397:N/A
2370:N/A
2367:N/A
2364:N/A
2339:N/A
2336:N/A
2333:N/A
2308:N/A
2305:N/A
2302:N/A
2277:N/A
2274:N/A
2244:N/A
2241:N/A
2238:N/A
2211:N/A
2208:N/A
2205:N/A
2174:N/A
2171:N/A
2168:N/A
2096:N/A
2093:N/A
2090:N/A
2065:N/A
2062:N/A
2059:N/A
2036:Gorj
2030:N/A
2027:N/A
1993:Dolj
1987:N/A
1984:N/A
1981:N/A
1956:N/A
1953:N/A
1950:N/A
1923:N/A
1920:N/A
1917:N/A
1890:N/A
1887:N/A
1884:N/A
1698:The
1588:and
1532:and
1465:and
1404:and
1308:and
1266:and
1149:and
1122:and
1120:Dolj
994:and
956:and
900:. A
851:and
820:and
792:and
717:and
676:and
663:Iași
653:and
621:The
471:and
363:The
296:and
288:and
176:Dolj
5337:in
2753:Bey
2609:as
2217:Olt
1720:Aga
1704:Olt
1669:Aga
1029:An
967:Olt
915:Aga
741:or
699:sic
6247::
6107::
6098::
6054::
6045::
5288:,
5184:,
5021:.
5015:,
4966:,
4882:,
4378:78
4256:^
4125:^
4100:^
4066:^
3445:^
3424:^
3332:^
3235:^
3052:^
2735:.
2703:,
2699:,
2109:)
2000:)
1791:.
1636:.
1584:,
1416:,
1328:,
1301:.
1292:s
1207:,
1184:.
775:.
684:,
544:.
510:.
445:.
421:,
389:,
312:.
269:.
5320:e
5313:t
5306:v
1038:(
564:"
467:—
200:.
20:)
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