875:"flying squad" of about a dozen men to go to the logging camps throughout the area to spread the word of the strike to the AWO job delegates and convince the lumberjacks to stop working as well. The IWW organizers had worked with individuals who were familiar with the conditions on the logging camps and had created a list of demands for the lumberjacks as well, which included no discrimination against union members, a 9-hour workday, a $ 10 per month pay increase (equivalent to $ 280 in 2023), a minimum wage of $ 40 per month (equivalent to $ 1,100 in 2023), negotiable salaries, better food, and improved sleeping, toilet, and cleaning facilities. Three lumberjacks from each camp were to submit these demands to the camp foreman. The demands from both the mill workers and the lumberjacks stipulated that both groups would remain on strike until both sets of demands were satisfied.
1052:, the city government outright banned IWW members from the city, ordering all active members to leave or face arrest. On January 2, Virginia passed a similar law ordering all Wobblies to leave the city by 4 p.m. the next day or face arrest. Faced with the prospect of arrest, many lumberjacks in the city left that day, departing by train to either Duluth or Minneapolis–Saint Paul, with some others leaving Minnesota entirely. Of the remaining IWW members who stayed, many were arrested and given a choice between leaving the city or paying a $ 100 fine (equivalent to $ 2,400 in 2023), with many choosing the former. On January 4, Jacobson was arrested, and his successor was also arrested on January 15. The next day, Beaton was arrested in
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783:, with the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company employing a total of 22,000 people in lumberjack positions in 1916, but only ever having about 2,000 employed at one time. The average worker left after 74 days, resulting in an entirely new crew about once every month for many camps. Additionally, lumberjacks were often looked down upon by town residents and other members of society, who derogatorily called them "timber beasts". Lumberjacks were drawn to the IWW as a way to improve both their working conditions and stance in society. In many of the towns in northern Minnesota, lumberjacks were welcomed in IWW halls, where they could sleep, socialize, and discuss organizing plans with others.
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about 1,000 lumberjacks left their camps, with about 1,000 more joining the strike the following day and more throughout the rest of the week. Of the lumberjacks, over 1,000 came from 6 camps operated by the
Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company, while another 1,000 came from 9 camps operated by International Lumber. Exact figures regarding the total number of lumberjacks involved in the strike are difficult to substantiate, though the IWW reported at the time that about 4,000 were involved. The men boarded trains along the logging railroads and traveled to nearby towns, such as Bemidji, Gemmell, International Falls, and Virginia. Most of the affected camps were located in St. Louis and
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improved conditions for lumberjacks on logging camps. International Lumber bought new blankets for the bunkhouses and raised the base pay for lumberjacks slightly, while
Virginia and Rainy Lake spent 20 percent more on food for the lumberjacks in the year following the strike. While the lumberjacks demanded a $ 40 per month minimum wage (equivalent to $ 950 in 2023), the companies instead instituted a $ 45 minimum monthly wage (equivalent to $ 1,070 in 2023). However, the IWW's presence on the Mesabi Range was all but destroyed by the strike as Local 490's operations were suppressed by law enforcement. Starting in January 1917, the
412:. Additional lumberjacks and mill workers from the International Lumber Company were also involved. The strike first began with the Virginia and Rainy Lake mill workers on December 28, 1916, and among the lumberjacks on January 1, 1917. The strike lasted for a little over a month before it was officially called off by the union on February 1, 1917. Though the strike faltered by late January and had resulted in many arrests and the suppression of the IWW's local union in the region, the union claimed a partial victory, as the lumber companies instituted some improvements for the lumberjacks' working conditions.
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These workers made on average about 25 percent less than mill workers in the
Pacific Northwest, which had already largely been organized by the IWW, and their hourly pay was significantly less than the average Virginia laborer's during this time. In an 84-hour week, the average Virginia and Rainy Lake mill worker made about what an average Virginia laborer earned in 50 to 54 hours of work, and many worked 6 days per week. While there had been several sporadic strikes and attempts at largescale labor organization among mill workers in the Great Lakes region since the late 1800s, such as efforts from the
860:, who told Jacobson, "a successful strike at the present time in the Virginia mills would be hopeless. Must wait until better organized. Continue with organization work". Despite this, the meeting with mill management went as planned on December 26, and Jacobson reluctantly agreed to officially sanction the possible strike action. The demands were submitted to Chester R. Rogers, the manufacturing superintendent for the company, who rejected them. During their meeting, Beaton also stated that, if their demands were not met, lumberjacks would also go on strike in an
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Local 490 due to his fiery oratory and militant stance on issues regarding strike action. This put him in disagreement with
Jacobson and other IWW organizers, who were more cautious about the prospects of a strike. In December 1916, tensions between these two sides were exacerbated after five nationally known IWW organizers who had been arrested during the miners' strike on charges of murder were released as part of a deal that saw several rank and file union members charged with
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partial walkout of millworkers. Both
Virginia and Rainy Lake and International Lumber were forced to cease logging operations during the early days of the strike, and while the overall lumber industry in northern Minnesota was hard-hit, the industry in central Minnesota was relatively untroubled by the strike. Local newspapers were highly critical of the strike and the IWW in particular, with the
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1174:. Discussing the impact of the strike in a 1971 article, historian John E. Haynes wrote that, "The resolution of that strike helped redefine the boundaries of permissible political and economic dissent in Minnesota, virtually erased the specter of strong IWW influence on the iron range, and served as a precedent for the state's treatment of dissenters during World War I".
905:. Meanwhile, another group was sent from Bemidji to International Falls to recruit lumberjacks in the camps operated by the International Lumber Company. At the same time, Beaton left Virginia to go to Wisconsin, a state where he had previously done some work with labor organizing, where he hoped to recruit more lumberjacks to go on strike and possibly lead to a
504:. Discussing the strike in a 1971 article, historian John E. Haynes said, "The resolution of that strike helped redefine the boundaries of permissible political and economic dissent in Minnesota, virtually erased the specter of strong IWW influence on the iron range, and served as a precedent for the state's treatment of dissenters during World War I".
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the camps, though their isolation from many nearby towns meant that they often remained at their camps even on their days off, and the typical lumber season lasted between 3 and 6 months. Many earned between $ 35 and $ 40 per month (equivalent to between $ 980 and $ 1,120 in 2023). These camps had an extremely high
1020:, for allegedly taking over a bunkhouse there, while a group of 40 picketers were arrested in mid-January for distributing flyers outside of the Virginia and Rainy Lake company's employment office in Duluth. Over the course of the strike, hundreds of people were deputized by the sheriffs of St. Louis, Koochiching,
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in a 2022 book, these hearings showed that the IWW had not been engaged in violent activities in the time preceding the strike actions and exposed corruption and use of violence by the lumber and mining companies and local public officials. The report on the hearings also highlighted the poor working
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offered by the IWW, and many began to find work elsewhere as the labor dispute continued. By the last week of
January, many mill workers had returned to their jobs, and while lumberjacks held out longer, logging operations returned to prestrike levels by the beginning of February. On February 1, what
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on
January 1, 1917. As the AWO organizers began to generate support for the strike, camp foremen notified company officials, who in turn notified sheriffs and requested deputies, though they were unable to send men before January 1. After several days of rallying support for the strike, on January 1,
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Through late 1916, IWW organizers discussed working conditions and organizing with millworkers and began to plan a strike action. One of the most vocal advocates for a strike was Jack "Timber Beast" Beaton, an IWW member and long-time lumberjack from
Wisconsin. Beaton was a popular leading member of
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facilities despite the high injury rate among lumberjacks. In 1914, two state investigators stated in a report after visiting a camp, "Both of us regretted that we did not have the authority to order all the men out of the camp and burn the place to the ground". Men worked six- or seven-day weeks at
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Mill workers were receptive to labor organizing due to the long hours and low pay they experienced on the job. At the
Virginia plant, the mill workers' schedules included 12-hour days and 7-day weeks, with an average hourly pay of between $ 2.50 and $ 3 (equivalent to between $ 70 and $ 84 in 2023).
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life. During this time, Local 490 established many branches in cities throughout the range. Following the end of the strike, Local 490 remained as the largest IWW organization in northern
Minnesota, with about 2,000 of the 10,000 to 15,000 miners who participated in the strike remaining members. The
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were brought in from other areas of the state, while police arrested dozens of strikers and IWW leaders on questionable charges. Additionally, many local municipalities began to enact laws that outright banned the IWW from their jurisdictions, with members facing either expulsion or imprisonment. By
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with only one vote against in both chambers (both cast by Socialists), the bill was signed into law by Governor Burnquist in April. Minnesota was among a number of U.S. states and territories to pass criminal syndicalism laws that primarily targeted the IWW around this time, and in September 1917,
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On December 24, several dozen organized millworkers met with Beaton at the Finnish Socialist Hall and drafted a list of demands to be submitted to the mill operators. The demands included a flat pay increase for all workers of 25 cents per day, eight-hour shifts on Sundays and Saturdays, an end to
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The IWW was able to claim a partial victory in the strike, as lumber companies instituted some changes to address the lumberjacks' poor working conditions and low pay. However, the strike had severely damaged Local 490's presence on the Mesabi Range, and while the IWW had planned to launch another
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Discussing the strike in a 1950 journal article, historian George B. Engberg calls it "one of the most serious strikes that the lumber industry of northern Minnesota has ever experienced". While the strike was primarily a failure for the IWW, Local 490 was able to claim a partial victory based on
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were wary of this, thinking that there had not been enough time to adequately plan and organize a successful strike. Nonetheless, on December 24, 1916, about 700 workers met to create a list of demands for both the mill workers and the lumberjacks that included reduced working hours, higher pay,
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In Koochiching County, the sheriff led a raid on the IWW hall in Gemmell, arresting many of the leaders and telling the striking lumberjacks to either return to work or leave the town. While the leaders were released a week later due to a lack of charges against them, the raid had the effect of
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Counties. In addition to the roughly 1,000 Virginia millworkers and 2,000 lumberjacks mentioned above, several smaller mills and independent logging operations, such as the Backus-Brooks Company, were affected by the strike, and International Lumber's sawmill in International Falls was hit by a
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As December 27 passed with no official response from the company by noon, the workers began to prepare for the strike. That night, Beaton oversaw a meeting of about 700 workers at the Finnish Socialist Hall, where a strike resolution was passed. At the same time, Beaton and Jacobson organized a
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sided with local law enforcement and the lumber companies by ordering that those arrested on charges of rioting during the strike be charged in Duluth instead of the city in which the offense allegedly took place. While many newspapers continued to write approvingly of the actions taken by law
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During the early part of the strike, Rogers contacted other mills in the area and was able to gather enough replacement workers to keep one of his sawmills in operation for the duration of the strike. While the Virginia and Rainy Lake plant was located within Virginia city limits and therefore
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law aimed in part at the IWW, and in September of that year, an IWW individual in Minnesota became the first person in the U.S. to be convicted under such a law. During the 1920s and 1930s, organizing efforts among lumber workers in the area would be taken over by the affiliate unions of the
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launched several raids on IWW offices, including those in Duluth, Minneapolis, and other cities in the Mesabi Range, to gather evidence for use against the organization. Despite this, the IWW maintained a presence in the area into 1920, but by that time, their power had all but been broken.
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counties to prevent the strike from spreading. In many cases, these deputies were paid $ 2 per day (equivalent to $ 48 in 2023) by the sheriff's departments and another $ 3 per day (equivalent to $ 71 in 2023) by the lumber companies they were assisting, in addition to receiving
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during the war, had infiltrated the organization and succeeded in damaging it from the inside. Law enforcement agencies in the state later used similar techniques that they had applied to the IWW to target war dissenters and pacifists, as well as other left-leaning groups such as the
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in the region called the Metal Mine Workers' Industrial Union No. 490, which was based in Virginia. Following the end of the miners' strike, Local 490 began to organize lumber workers in the region. At the time, the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company operated the world's largest
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scattering the strikers and disrupting the strike in the county. Similar arrests of IWW leaders in other parts of the state further damaged the strike, and local municipalities began to pass laws specifically targeting the strikers and banning IWW members. In the mining city of
654:, a city of slightly over 10,000 people on the range, and helped the miners to coordinate strike actions and write a list of demands to the mining companies. The local union, Metal Mine Workers' Industrial Union No. 490, was based out of the Finnish Socialist Hall, a
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Sunday night shifts, shift changes every week, and an end to union suppression. The workers then elected a committee of six individuals to present these demands on December 26, with a deadline of noon on December 27. Jacobson was opposed to the idea and telegraphed
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immigrants. Many Finns in the area had been involved in the strike and were supportive of socialist ideals and the IWW in particular, and socialist halls such as the one in Virginia existed in many of the towns along the Mesabi Range, serving as centers for
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better working conditions, and changes to scheduling. On the morning of December 28, with the company refusing to institute these changes, up to 1,000 workers, representing a majority of the mill's 1,200-person workforce, went on strike and began
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No. 400, a subgroup of the IWW that had been trying to organize lumberjacks in the region for the past year. By December 1916, more militant individuals within the union were calling for a strike against the company, though IWW higherups such as
754:—the IWW sought to organize all workers in the area's lumber industry, which would include both the mill workers and the lumberjacks. Lumberjacks in northern Minnesota worked in poor conditions and during their employment lived in company-owned
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outside the main gates to the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company plant in Virginia. The total number of workers on strike constituted a majority of the 1,200 workers and may have been as high as 1,000. As a result, one of the plant's two
799:, doing so by sending "job delegates" to work alongside other workers and introduce them covertly organize them. By 1916, due to a series of small-scale but effective strikes and an increase in demand for grain in Europe caused by
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sawmill plant in Virginia, which employed about 1,200 workers, and they had roughly 2,000 lumberjacks on their payroll at any given time. Through late 1916, Local 490 continued to organize these workers, working alongside the
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In its first few days, the strike was successful in partially shutting down Virginia and Rainy Lake's plant and several logging camps in the region, while a sawmill owned by the International Lumber Company in
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694:. Many lumber workers in the area also worked in mining during the summer months, and in late 1916, a significant number of lumberjacks had been involved in the miners' strike and were subsequently
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passed an ordinance banning the distribution of any flyer that had an "unsightly appearance". Over the next several days, police made many more arrests, including of six IWW leaders for
762:. The typical bunkhouse measured 80 feet (24 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m) in area and housed between 60 and 90 men. Lumberjacks shared beds in these close quarters, which were often
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Jesse Dunning, a former secretary of the IWW local office in Bemidji, became the first person in the United States to be convicted under such a law. That same month, agents from the
803:, the AWO successfully helped workers achieve higher wages, and their membership grew to about 20,000 by year's end. In late 1916, the AWO (which at the time was headquartered along
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in place between the miners and the mining companies on the range, many of the companies began instituting changes to address the causes of the strike, such as increased pay and an
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acting for the companies, many logging camps began to resume operations within a week of the initial lumberjack walkouts, and many mill workers began to return to work due to low
1194:, as this was the headquarters for the local union and the location of the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company's plant. A sawmill owned by the International Lumber Company in
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cooperated with Rogers and helped disperse large crowds of protesters away from the plant's gates. On the first day of the strike, picketing was pushed back to an area three
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officials, and many of the strike leaders imprisoned, miners began to return to work, and the strike officially ended on September 17. Despite the strike ending without a
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Within a week of the strike's beginning, several logging camps began to resume operations at a reduced output. Many strikers struggled to subsist off of the small
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710:. However, starting in September 1916, Local 490 began to focus on organizing the 1,200 workers of the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company. The company was a
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in the early 1910s. However, the miners' dispute had caught the union off guard. Despite this, shortly after it began, the IWW established a local union in
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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began to hold hearings regarding IWW activities in the state, inviting many mining and lumber industrialists, labor activists, and IWW leaders such as
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closed, while the other continued to operate only on a sporadic and reduced basis. That same day, men from the flying squad left Virginia en route to
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774:". Additionally, the houses were poorly ventilated and insulated, toilet facilities at the camps were often extremely primitive, and there were no
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Additionally, during World War I, the Minnesota Public Safety Commission, a government commission established in 1917 with broad powers to ensure
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mid-January, many of the local IWW leaders had been arrested, while striking lumberjacks began to abandon the strike. With the help of deputized
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1012:, and distributing IWW literature. In one case, two of the men were given a $ 100 fine (equivalent to $ 2,400 in 2023) or 60 days of
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1166:. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, organized labor activities in northern Minnesota was primarily driven by the affiliated unions of the
864:, though Rogers dismissed that possibility. Shortly after the meeting, Rogers hired a large number of guards for the mill and requested
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John R. Meining to deputize them, which he did. Additionally, Sheriff Meining deputized Rogers and placed him in charge of the guards.
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on the Mesabi Range that ended in a partial victory for the workers. During this strike, the IWW became involved and established a
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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reported that "the conditions under which the men were housed ... made it impossible for men to keep their bodies free from
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by those companies. During their early years, the IWW had focused on organizing lumber workers primarily in the Western and
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and the accompanying suppression of the IWW by state and federal governments hurt these plans. In 1917, Minnesota enacted a
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Engberg, George B. (October 1950). "Collective Bargaining in the Lumber Industry of the Upper Great Lakes States".
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local union was led by secretary-treasurer Charles Jacobson, a long-time native of Virginia who worked as a miner.
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was left of the IWW leadership in northern Minnesota met in Duluth and officially announced an end to the strike.
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While the IWW had plans to launch another organizing drive among the mining and lumber industry in the area, the
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conditions experienced by the miners and lumberjacks, but offered little in the way of addressing these issues.
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408:(IWW) and primarily worked for the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company, whose sawmill plant was located in
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A Union Against Unions: The Minneapolis Citizens Alliance and Its Fight Against Organized Labor, 1903-1947
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throughout the area to convince the lumberjacks to strike, and over 2,000 did so between January 1 and 2.
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to attempt to recruit the lumberjacks, with many of the camps lying between these two cities along the
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for disturbing the peace by using the word "scab". On January 1, 53 men were arrested at a camp near
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immigrant, on June 2, and at its peak it involved several thousand miners, primarily immigrants. The
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in Minneapolis) sent job delegates into the lumber camps in northern Minnesota. The IWW offices in
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Lumber companies raise pay and institute some improvements to living conditions in logging camps
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served as the AWO's local headquarters for these efforts, while other IWW offices in Duluth,
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to be deputized, which included two undercover spies from the IWW's Minneapolis office.
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Watchdog of Loyalty: The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety During World War I
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With the collapse of the miners' strike, many miners went to work in the area's
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running low, numerous instances of violent confrontations between strikers and
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Sources vary between saying the lumberjacks worked six-day or seven-day weeks.
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was one of the only in the region to criticize the actions against the IWW as
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Under the Iron Heel: The Wobblies and the Capitalist War on Radical Workers
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away from the plant, and police arrested six picketers for distributing
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that there was no law against the distribution of flyers, the Virginia
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Claiming the City: Politics, Faith, and the Power of Place in St. Paul
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reporting on alleged criminal acts committed by the Wobblies, such as
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The flying squads urged the lumberjacks to begin their strikes with a
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The roots of this strike stemmed from a previous strike involving
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We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World
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On the morning of December 28, several hundred strikers began to
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Lumberjacks in a logging camp dining hall in northern Minnesota,
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outside the plant. At the same time, messengers were sent to the
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from International Falls, and after passing both the Senate and
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2213:"Revolt of the 'Timber Beasts': IWW Lumber Strike in Minnesota"
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Agriculture and forestry labor disputes in the United States
2094:(1969). "Miners, Lumberjacks, and a Reorganized IWW, 1916".
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outside the jurisdiction of Rogers's deputies, the Virginia
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Flames of Discontent: The 1916 Minnesota Iron Ore Strike
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1879:
1877:
1852:
1850:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1686:
1684:
1682:
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1678:
1644:
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1640:
1638:
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1630:
1628:
1626:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1318:
1316:
1252:
786:
671:
1486:
1474:
1458:
1456:
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1452:
1450:
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1314:
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1302:
1300:
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1283:
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1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
745:
2042:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1965:
1900:
1898:
1735:
1660:
1381:
791:
In 1915, a new branch of the IWW was established: the
1934:
1874:
1847:
1811:
1708:
1675:
1623:
1592:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
978:
730:
wood in the world, producing an average of 1 million
593:
512:
18:
1916–1917 lumber workers strike in northern Minnesota
1910:
1437:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1293:
1262:
1229:
2510:
2030:
1989:
1895:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
466:agencies and public officials to break the strike.
2154:History of the Labor Movement in the United States
1393:
574:lasted for several months, but by September, with
3001:
1328:
996:. The next day, after police were notified by a
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
718:company's holdings in northern Minnesota, the
702:, and they had seen tremendous success in the
2496:
935:Anti-IWW political cartoons published by the
658:for socialists among Virginia's community of
171:
3045:Industrial Workers of the World in Minnesota
2938:Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
2127:(4). Agricultural History Society: 205–211.
1498:
129:Metal Mine Workers' Industrial Union No. 490
818:
404:. The lumber workers were organized by the
105:IWW presence in the region severely damaged
2880:Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union
2630:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
2503:
2489:
961:calling the Wobblies' actions a "reign of
766:-infested, and in 1914, investigators for
396:in the northern part of the U.S. state of
382:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
178:
164:
28:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
2900:Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union
2895:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee
2065:
2024:
1492:
1480:
1108:to give testimony. According to academic
2447:
2283:
2090:
1669:
1544:
1524:
1387:
1115:
830:
675:
516:
185:
2978:Workers' International Industrial Union
2383:
2311:"Minnesota Commission of Public Safety"
2308:
2252:
2183:"Hitting the Trail in the Lumber Camps"
2116:
2048:
2036:
2012:
1971:
1754:
1586:
1567:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1431:
1406:
883:
878:
750:As an industrial union—as opposed to a
3002:
2210:
2173:
1959:
1928:
1889:
1868:
1856:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1729:
1702:
1690:
1654:
1617:
1605:
1468:
1322:
1287:
1256:
909:of the lumber industry in the region.
140:Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company
3040:Events in St. Louis County, Minnesota
2620:Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916
2585:1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike
2484:
2408:
2339:
2327:from the original on January 22, 2023
2147:
2000:
1983:
1916:
1904:
1565:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1375:
1190:The strike primarily centered around
1172:Committee for Industrial Organization
1139:soured these plans. In March 1917, a
787:The Agricultural Workers Organization
672:Lumber industry in northern Minnesota
558:mining region and part of the larger
502:Committee for Industrial Organization
159:
3070:Progressive Era in the United States
2771:List of General Secretary-Treasurers
2427:from the original on October 3, 2022
2309:Reicher, Matt (November 25, 2019) .
2271:from the original on October 3, 2022
1137:U.S. involvement in World War I
1081:
746:Organizing efforts among lumberjacks
36:December 28, 1916 – February 1, 1917
2409:Witek, Anja (September 17, 2016) .
1154:United States Department of Justice
60:Low pay and poor working conditions
13:
3010:1910s strikes in the United States
2890:Education Workers Industrial Union
2570:1912 New York City waiters' strike
2441:
2292:Minnesota Historical Society Press
2074:Minnesota Historical Society Press
979:Law enforcement response to strike
594:IWW presence in northern Minnesota
513:Miners' strike on the Mesabi Range
14:
3086:
2928:Agricultural Workers Organization
793:Agricultural Workers Organization
618:. The organization was a radical
431:Agricultural Workers Organization
2754:
2549:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
2255:"Mesabi Iron Range Strike, 1916"
925:
916:
3030:1917 labor disputes and strikes
3020:1916 labor disputes and strikes
2933:Lumber Workers Industrial Union
2701:Stockton cannery strike of 1937
2681:1922 New England Textile Strike
2513:Industrial Workers of the World
2253:LaVigne, David (May 4, 2021) .
2211:Haynes, John E. (Spring 1971).
1209:
855:IWW General Secretary-Treasurer
836:IWW General Secretary-Treasurer
768:Minnesota's Department of Labor
604:Industrial Workers of the World
489:U.S. involvement in World War I
406:Industrial Workers of the World
125:Industrial Workers of the World
3050:International Falls, Minnesota
2691:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike
2686:1923 San Pedro maritime strike
2411:"IWW Lumber Strike, 1916–1917"
2384:Wingerd, Mary Lethert (2001).
2351:University of California Press
2191:International Socialist Review
1196:International Falls, Minnesota
1184:
487:organizing drive in the area,
483:and declared the strike over.
38:(1 month and 4 days)
1:
3055:Koochiching County, Minnesota
2590:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
2544:1907 Skowhegan textile strike
2456:University of Minnesota Press
1222:
842:
722:'s holdings in Minnesota and
681:
642:in 1910 and participating in
529:
507:
2973:Western Federation of Miners
2565:1912 Lawrence textile strike
2421:Minnesota Historical Society
2321:Minnesota Historical Society
2265:Minnesota Historical Society
2230:Minnesota Historical Society
1559:American Antiquarian Society
1539:American Antiquarian Society
1168:American Federation of Labor
1094:
1060:charge. At the state level,
498:American Federation of Labor
143:International Lumber Company
7:
3060:Labor disputes in Minnesota
2732:2018–2019 Education strikes
2717:1964 Mount Isa Mines strike
2539:First Convention of the IWW
2066:Chrislock, Carl H. (1991).
1125:Joseph A. A. Burnquist
720:Edward Hines Lumber Company
562:. This strike began with a
538:In mid-1916, miners on the
436:General Secretary-Treasurer
388:involving several thousand
10:
3091:
2284:Millikan, William (2001).
2058:
1131:act that targeted the IWW.
2986:
2950:
2918:
2885:Burgerville Workers Union
2875:
2864:
2824:
2763:
2752:
2709:
2696:1933 Yakima Valley strike
2668:
2610:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
2595:1913 Paterson silk strike
2557:
2531:
2520:
2290:. Saint Paul, Minnesota:
2204:Marxists Internet Archive
2200:Charles H. Kerr & Co.
2072:. Saint Paul, Minnesota:
1127:(1922) signed into law a
622:union that advocated for
246:northern Minnesota lumber
193:
116:
111:
96:
72:
64:
56:
42:
32:
27:
2963:Glossary of Wobbly terms
2392:Cornell University Press
2349:. Berkeley, California:
2159:International Publishers
1793:, pp. 165–166, 169.
1177:
1149:House of Representatives
819:Prelude to strike action
797:Midwestern United States
610:in 1905 at a meeting of
2990:Organized Labour portal
2910:United Campaign Workers
2905:Starbucks Workers Union
2727:2011 Wisconsin protests
2448:Kaunonen, Gary (2017).
1143:bill was proposed by a
626:and the concept of the
546:launched a spontaneous
458:was also affected by a
301:California agricultural
2781:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
2676:Anaconda Road massacre
2650:Seattle General Strike
2615:1913 Studebaker strike
2202:: 455–457 – via
1132:
1120:Following the strike,
1065:Joseph A. A. Burnquist
1039:Minneapolis–Saint Paul
975:and crippling horses.
849:
700:Southern United States
687:
535:
400:, primarily along the
283:Vacaville tree pruners
2742:2021 Frito-Lay strike
2737:Lyft and Uber strikes
2359:10.1525/9780520382411
1119:
1102:Minnesota Legislature
1054:Park Falls, Wisconsin
834:
679:
616:Western United States
566:led by Joe Greeni, a
520:
340:Puget Sound fishermen
2841:Industrial democracy
2640:Green Corn Rebellion
2464:10.5749/j.ctt1pwt6v6
2390:. Ithaca, New York:
2120:Agricultural History
2104:. pp. 319–346.
1832:, pp. 171, 173.
1141:criminal syndicalism
1129:criminal syndicalism
1006:disturbing the peace
884:Early strike actions
879:Course of the strike
614:and miners from the
493:criminal syndicalism
187:Agricultural strikes
3075:Virginia, Minnesota
2968:Little Red Songbook
2856:Solidarity unionism
2846:Industrial unionism
2015:, pp. 209–210.
1931:, pp. 173–174.
1871:, pp. 172–173.
1844:, pp. 171–172.
1808:, pp. 165–166.
1781:, pp. 169–170.
1769:, pp. 170–171.
1705:, pp. 164–165.
1620:, pp. 167–168.
1589:, pp. 205–208.
1192:Virginia, Minnesota
1071:Saint Paul Dispatch
968:Minneapolis Tribune
938:Duluth News Tribune
899:International Falls
734:of lumber per day.
624:industrial unionism
598:During the strike,
456:International Falls
410:Virginia, Minnesota
360:Watsonville Cannery
277:Santa Clara cannery
258:Imperial cantaloupe
2958:Free speech fights
2655:Centralia massacre
2635:Bisbee Deportation
2580:Wheatland hop riot
1204:Koochiching County
1164:Nonpartisan League
1133:
1122:Minnesota Governor
1106:Joseph James Ettor
1062:Minnesota Governor
850:
708:Great Lakes region
688:
644:free speech fights
588:eight-hour workday
536:
305:Santa Clara cherry
3025:1917 in Minnesota
3015:1916 in Minnesota
2997:
2996:
2946:
2945:
2750:
2749:
2669:1920s & 1930s
2473:978-1-4529-5579-7
2401:978-0-8014-8885-6
2368:978-0-520-38241-1
2301:978-0-87351-499-6
2221:Minnesota History
2177:(February 1917).
2083:978-0-87351-263-3
1986:, pp. 77–78.
1145:Minnesota senator
1082:End of the strike
1068:enforcement, the
1042:metropolitan area
1018:Cusson, Minnesota
986:police department
941:during the strike
903:logging railroads
862:act of solidarity
704:Pacific Northwest
375:
374:
228:Seattle fishermen
154:
153:
150:
149:
3082:
2991:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2828:
2758:
2625:Everett massacre
2600:Paterson pageant
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2405:
2380:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2305:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2249:
2217:
2207:
2187:
2179:Kerr, Charles H.
2175:George, Harrison
2170:
2149:Foner, Philip S.
2144:
2113:
2102:Quadrangle Books
2092:Dubofsky, Melvyn
2087:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
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1794:
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1706:
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1609:
1603:
1590:
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1521:
1496:
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1466:
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1429:
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1404:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1326:
1320:
1291:
1285:
1260:
1254:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1200:St. Louis County
1188:
1076:unconstitutional
929:
920:
866:St. Louis County
847:
844:
740:Knights of Labor
714:, combining the
686:
683:
600:union organizers
534:
531:
321:Stockton cannery
271:Imperial lettuce
188:
180:
173:
166:
157:
156:
118:
117:
25:
24:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2942:
2914:
2866:
2860:
2826:
2820:
2806:Matilda Robbins
2759:
2746:
2705:
2664:
2605:Hopedale strike
2553:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2474:
2454:. Minneapolis:
2444:
2442:Further reading
2439:
2430:
2428:
2402:
2369:
2330:
2328:
2302:
2274:
2272:
2215:
2185:
2084:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1736:
1728:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1546:McCusker, J. J.
1534:
1526:McCusker, J. J.
1522:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1438:
1430:
1413:
1405:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1329:
1321:
1294:
1286:
1263:
1255:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1097:
1084:
1058:concealed carry
1008:, intimidating
981:
959:Daily Virginian
945:
944:
943:
942:
932:
931:
930:
922:
921:
886:
881:
845:
821:
805:Hennepin Avenue
789:
748:
692:lumber industry
684:
674:
620:anti-capitalist
596:
580:law enforcement
532:
515:
510:
464:law enforcement
378:
377:
376:
371:
203:Thibodaux sugar
189:
186:
184:
146:
134:
52:
51:, United States
37:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2951:Related topics
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Eugene V. Debs
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Redwood Summer
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
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2662:
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2554:
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2518:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2500:
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2478:
2472:
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2440:
2438:
2437:
2406:
2400:
2381:
2367:
2337:
2306:
2300:
2281:
2250:
2208:
2198:(8). Chicago:
2171:
2145:
2114:
2088:
2082:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:, p. 210.
2041:
2029:
2027:, p. 145.
2025:Chrislock 1991
2017:
2005:
1988:
1976:
1974:, p. 142.
1964:
1962:, p. 174.
1933:
1921:
1919:, p. 519.
1909:
1894:
1892:, p. 173.
1873:
1861:
1859:, p. 172.
1846:
1834:
1822:
1820:, p. 455.
1810:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1757:, p. 209.
1734:
1732:, p. 165.
1707:
1695:
1693:, p. 166.
1674:
1659:
1657:, p. 169.
1622:
1610:
1608:, p. 167.
1591:
1579:
1563:1800–present:
1497:
1493:Chrislock 1991
1485:
1481:Chrislock 1991
1473:
1471:, p. 164.
1436:
1434:, p. 208.
1411:
1392:
1390:, p. 319.
1380:
1327:
1325:, p. 171.
1292:
1290:, p. 170.
1261:
1259:, p. 163.
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1096:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1035:room and board
1010:strikebreakers
980:
977:
973:well poisoning
934:
933:
924:
923:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
907:general strike
885:
882:
880:
877:
820:
817:
788:
785:
747:
744:
673:
670:
646:in Duluth and
595:
592:
584:labor contract
554:, was a major
514:
511:
509:
506:
468:Strikebreakers
373:
372:
370:
369:
363:
357:
351:
344:
343:
337:
334:Hawaiian sugar
330:
329:
325:
324:
318:
312:
309:El Monte berry
298:
292:
289:Wisconsin milk
286:
280:
274:
267:
266:
262:
261:
255:
252:Hanapepe sugar
249:
243:
240:Wheatland hops
237:
231:
225:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:Cotton pickers
206:
199:
198:
194:
191:
190:
183:
182:
175:
168:
160:
152:
151:
148:
147:
145:
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141:
137:
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121:
114:
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109:
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103:
98:
94:
93:
92:
91:
86:
81:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
46:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
29:
23:
22:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
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2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:One Big Union
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Dual unionism
2834:
2833:
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2823:
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2645:Tulsa Outrage
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2064:
2063:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2003:, p. 78.
2002:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1907:, p. 77.
1906:
1901:
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1891:
1886:
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1880:
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1870:
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1692:
1687:
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1679:
1672:, p. 96.
1671:
1670:Millikan 2001
1666:
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1656:
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1495:, p. 32.
1494:
1489:
1483:, p. 33.
1482:
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1389:
1388:Dubofsky 1969
1384:
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1159:public safety
1155:
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798:
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784:
782:
781:turnover rate
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:logging camps
757:
753:
743:
741:
735:
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713:
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697:
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678:
669:
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649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:One Big Union
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
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591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:labor dispute
569:
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541:
527:
523:
522:Open-pit mine
519:
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469:
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451:
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448:logging camps
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328:1940s–present
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234:Grabow lumber
232:
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210:
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84:Strike action
82:
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71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
35:
31:
26:
21:
16:
2919:
2811:Carlo Tresca
2801:Lucy Parsons
2796:Frank Little
2786:Bill Haywood
2629:
2450:
2429:. Retrieved
2414:
2386:
2345:
2341:White, Ahmed
2329:. Retrieved
2314:
2286:
2273:. Retrieved
2258:
2225:
2219:
2195:
2189:
2153:
2124:
2118:
2096:
2068:
2049:Engberg 1950
2044:
2037:Reicher 2019
2032:
2020:
2013:Engberg 1950
2008:
1979:
1972:Wingerd 2001
1967:
1924:
1912:
1864:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1755:Engberg 1950
1698:
1613:
1587:Engberg 1950
1582:
1572:February 29,
1570:. Retrieved
1550:
1530:
1488:
1476:
1432:Engberg 1950
1407:LaVigne 2021
1383:
1211:
1186:
1134:
1098:
1085:
1069:
1046:
1002:city council
982:
966:
958:
946:
936:
887:
873:
858:Bill Haywood
851:
839:Bill Haywood
826:manslaughter
822:
790:
749:
736:
716:Weyerhaeuser
689:
656:meeting hall
597:
576:strike funds
548:labor strike
542:in northern
540:Mesabi Range
537:
526:Mesabi Range
485:
452:
439:Bill Haywood
414:
402:Mesabi Range
392:workers and
386:labor strike
381:
379:
348:Delano grape
315:Great lumber
245:
20:
15:
2660:Bisbee Riot
2575:Grabow riot
2431:February 2,
2275:February 8,
2232:: 162–174.
2100:. Chicago:
1960:Haynes 1971
1929:Haynes 1971
1890:Haynes 1971
1869:Haynes 1971
1857:Haynes 1971
1842:Haynes 1971
1830:Haynes 1971
1818:George 1917
1806:Haynes 1971
1791:Haynes 1971
1779:Haynes 1971
1767:Haynes 1971
1730:Haynes 1971
1703:Haynes 1971
1691:Haynes 1971
1655:Haynes 1971
1618:Haynes 1971
1606:Haynes 1971
1543:1700–1799:
1523:1634–1699:
1469:Haynes 1971
1323:Haynes 1971
1288:Haynes 1971
1257:Haynes 1971
1110:Ahmed White
990:city blocks
954:Koochiching
846: 1910
801:World War I
752:craft union
696:blacklisted
685: 1917
648:Minneapolis
636:lumberjacks
632:local union
533: 1906
421:local union
394:lumberjacks
362:(1985–1987)
350:(1965–1970)
295:Yakima hops
216:1900s–1920s
97:Resulted in
3004:Categories
2827:Philosophy
2816:Ben Legere
2710:After 1940
2001:White 2022
1984:White 2022
1917:Foner 1965
1905:White 2022
1376:Witek 2016
1223:References
1088:strike pay
1014:hard labor
965:" and the
756:bunkhouses
732:board feet
728:white pine
640:Deer River
612:socialists
560:Iron Range
508:Background
477:strike pay
426:white pine
354:Salad Bowl
2377:252422713
2238:0026-5497
2133:0002-1482
1095:Aftermath
963:terrorism
776:first aid
724:Wisconsin
665:community
602:from the
544:Minnesota
444:picketing
398:Minnesota
366:Frito-Lay
248:1916–1917
79:Picketing
57:Caused by
49:Minnesota
47:Northern
2867:Sections
2791:Joe Hill
2425:Archived
2416:MNopedia
2343:(2022).
2331:March 2,
2325:Archived
2316:MNopedia
2269:Archived
2260:MNopedia
2246:20178120
2167:47019381
2151:(1965).
2110:75078306
1548:(1992).
1528:(1997).
1170:and the
1022:Beltrami
895:sawmills
652:Virginia
556:iron ore
500:and the
473:sheriffs
43:Location
2920:Extinct
2523:History
2181:(ed.).
2141:3740329
2059:Sources
1056:, on a
1050:Eveleth
1026:Carlton
949:walkout
869:Sheriff
813:Gemmell
809:Bemidji
712:concern
660:Finnish
608:Chicago
564:walkout
524:on the
460:walkout
390:sawmill
112:Parties
89:Walkout
73:Methods
2764:People
2470:
2398:
2375:
2365:
2298:
2244:
2236:
2165:
2139:
2131:
2108:
2080:
1030:Itasca
1028:, and
994:flyers
890:picket
772:vermin
552:Duluth
481:Duluth
417:miners
384:was a
311:) 1933
222:Oxnard
2558:1910s
2532:1900s
2373:S2CID
2242:JSTOR
2228:(5).
2216:(PDF)
2186:(PDF)
2137:JSTOR
1555:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1178:Notes
998:court
568:Czech
265:1930s
197:1800s
65:Goals
2468:ISBN
2433:2023
2396:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2333:2023
2296:ISBN
2277:2023
2234:ISSN
2196:XVII
2163:LCCN
2129:ISSN
2106:LCCN
2078:ISBN
1574:2024
764:lice
380:The
368:2021
356:1970
342:1949
336:1946
323:1937
317:1935
297:1933
291:1933
285:1932
279:1931
273:1930
260:1928
254:1924
242:1913
236:1912
230:1912
224:1903
211:1891
205:1887
33:Date
2460:doi
2355:doi
1202:or
758:on
638:in
634:of
3006::
2466:.
2458:.
2423:.
2419:.
2413:.
2394:.
2371:.
2361:.
2353:.
2323:.
2319:.
2313:.
2294:.
2267:.
2263:.
2257:.
2240:.
2226:42
2224:.
2218:.
2194:.
2188:.
2161:.
2135:.
2125:24
2123:.
2076:.
1991:^
1936:^
1897:^
1876:^
1849:^
1798:^
1737:^
1710:^
1677:^
1662:^
1625:^
1594:^
1557:.
1537:.
1500:^
1439:^
1414:^
1395:^
1330:^
1295:^
1264:^
1231:^
1078:.
1024:,
843:c.
682:c.
590:.
530:c.
528:,
307:,
2504:e
2497:t
2490:v
2476:.
2462::
2435:.
2404:.
2379:.
2357::
2335:.
2304:.
2279:.
2248:.
2206:.
2169:.
2143:.
2112:.
2086:.
2039:.
1576:.
1561:.
1541:.
1409:.
1378:.
1206:.
841:(
303:(
179:e
172:t
165:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.