183:
67:
175:) of the anti-treaty IRA. He ordered a cessation of military operations on 30 April and his ceasefire order to 'dump arms' on 24 May 1923 effectively ended the Irish Civil War. Aiken wrote "We took up arms to free our country and we'll keep them until we see an honourable way of reaching our objective without arms." With no decisive battle or formal surrender by the anti- treaty IRA, Republicans continued to be rounded up and interned by the
55:. In the early part of 20th century hunger strikes were adopted as a protest of last resort by Irish republican prisoners. In the period between 1913 and 1922 there had been a dozen hunger strikes in Ireland with several Irish republicans dying on hunger strike and many more suffering health complications at later dates.
179:. The civil war was now ended, but the Irish Free State still had to deal with at least 12,000 anti treaty men and women in prison. The Free State government did not issue a general amnesty to the IRA internees until the following year (1924), leaving many republican prisoners interned long after the ending of the war.
348:
that he would accept the rule of the new garrison in
Ireland." Although many of the internees were released in November 1923, five or six hundred remained incarcerated into late December. In June 1924 one hundred and twenty detainees were released from different prisons leaving three hundred still incarcerated.
343:
in
Mountjoy. On that date there were still 176 men on hunger strike, some for 41 days and others for 34 days. Messages were sent from Kilmainham Gaol to each prison stating that all internees would end the strike together. The day after the end of the strike (24 November 1923) more than 500 prisoners
290:
The protest lasted 41 days and spread to at least ten other prisons/internment camps. By late
October many strikers had come off of the hunger strike after being promised release. On 12 November 1923 the hunger strike was called off in Cork jail. After a sixteen-day hunger strike, all women prisoners
88:
led the
Mountjoy hunger strikers and refused all concessions from the prison authorities. After a 14 day strike, Clancy was able to successfully negotiate the release of all hunger strikers being detained in Mountjoy. On 3 May 1920 the special powers (searching of individuals/property and internment)
237:
was a leader of Sinn Fein, revolutionary, opposed the Anglo Irish treaty and was the first woman to be elected to the
British parliament (she refused to take her seat). She was arrested several times and in November 1923, went on hunger strike until all Irish Republican women prisoners were released
372:
Although the fighting was mostly over, the bitterness of the Irish Civil War continued. As late as 1924, there were "...constant raids on victims homes in an effort to eradicate the last vestige of resistance." Many men and women who had been on protracted hunger strikes never fully recovered from
347:
With the end of the mass hunger strikes many men were released within a month, on the condition that they sign an oath of loyalty to the newly established Irish Free State. Prisoner leader Peadar O’Donnell expressed his feelings on the required signature: "...they demanded that each one sign a form
79:
A highly publicized hunger strike began on Easter Monday, 5 April 1920, when thirty-six men went on hunger strike protesting their internment without charges/trials and demanding release or political prisoner status. Eventually there were 101 men participating in the strike which brought much media
258:
The mass hunger strikes of
October/November 1923 saw several thousand of the Irish republican prisoners on hunger strikes in Irish prisons/internment camps across Ireland, protesting the continuation of internment without charge/trial, demanding immediate release or status as political prisoners.
134:
During the course of the strike three fully observed work stoppages took place in Cork. These work stoppages were organised by the city’s Civic and Labour
Council allowing workers to attend masses for the hunger strikers. On 12 November 1920 (after 94 days) the men were directed to come off the
228:
after all of their privileges had been denied without explanation (that hunger strike ended later in the month with the restoration of privileges). Annie (Nan) Hogan of Cumann na mBan died at the age of 24 after being released from prison (September 1923) "in a very emaciated state" due to her
303:(aged 19) went on an independent hunger strike and died as a result on 2 August 1923 (also in the Curragh Camp). Whitty was the first of three IRA men to die while on hunger strike in 1923. Several deaths occurred due to starvation near the end of the 41 day hunger strike:
80:
attention to the hunger strikers. At that time this was the largest hunger strike in Irish history. After large demonstrations (estimates range from 5,000 to 10,000) and a general strike throughout Dublin the government released the prisoners (14 April 1920).
195:
In early 1923 hunger strikes were not an official policy of the IRA and were not directed by its
General Headquarters. Instead, each hunger striker made an individual decision to strike. Several individual and large scale hunger strikes occurred in 1923.
63:. He was arrested after making a speech in County Longford and was charged with "causing disaffection" among the people. After the death of Ashe, the remaining striking prisoners were granted political status and ended that hunger strike.
254:
who asked the IRA General
Headquarters (GHQ) to pass a message to the other prisons and camps advising them of their intentions to begin a hunger strike. Multiple hunger strikes began soon after receiving the message from the GHQ.
246:
By
October 1923, there were approximately 5,000 Irish republicans on strike. In October 1923, the new Irish Government hinted that all prisoners would be released by Christmas (many of the prisoners had been held for over a year).
259:
Previously, the Irish Free State government had passed a motion outlawing the release of prisoners on hunger strike. In Dublin thousands of protesters kept vigil outside the prisons, often singing or reciting prayers.
669:
262:
Estimates on the number of prisoners participating in the mass hunger strikes of 1923 range from 2000 to 8000. One estimate states that by 24 October 1923 approximately 7000 men were on hunger strike: 3900 in the
208:(an Irish republican women's paramilitary organization formed in Dublin in 1914) went on hunger strike for 34 days over the arrest and imprisonment without trial of Irish republican prisoners. Members included
142:
When the hunger strike was called off the remaining nine strikers required hospitalization and all died relatively young. This strike resulted in three death from starvation: MacSwiney (d. 25 October 1920) in
139:. Griffith said that they had ‘sufficiently proved their devotion and fidelity, and that they should now, as they were prepared to die for Ireland, prepare again to live for her.’
373:
their ordeal and died an early death. Because of the preferential employment policies of the Free State government, many Anti-Treaty Irish republicans emigrated from Ireland.
291:
being held in the North Dublin Union were released (17 November 1923). At the end of the hunger strike many men had been fasting for more than 34 days.
356:, on 17 July 1924, well over a year after the end of hostilities. It was not until January 1926 that the last republican prisoners were released from
131:
Commandant, Cork No 2 Brigade. A week into the hunger strike, all but 11 of the hunger strikers were released or deported to prisons in England.
238:- just prior to Christmas. During this time members of Cumann na mBan maintained a constant protest outside of the gates to Mountjoy Prison.
250:
The largest hunger strike in Irish history started at midnight on 14 October 1923 in Mountjoy Prison. Irish Civil War internees were led by
479:
323:) died at the Curragh Camp (the hunger strike had been called off in November 1923 but Lacey died as a result of his weakened condition).
1113:
233:
jails. Hogan was a native of County Clare and was arrested for assisting a group of republicans in an escape attempt from Limerick Jail.
94:
284:
312:
148:
352:- the assistant chief of staff of the Anti-Treaty IRA during the Irish Civil War was released from the Curragh, along with
780:
389:
514:
224:. That strike resulted in the release of the women hunger-strikers. In March 1923, 97 women went on hunger strike in
539:
393:
748:
152:
124:
90:
319:, died 23 November 1923, also in Mountjoy Prison. On 24 December 1923 Joe Lacey (the brother of IRA Officer
1103:
376:
Later in the 20th-century Irish republicans continued to use hunger strikes as the protest of last resort:
400:, England. In October/November 1980, seven Irish republican prisoners participated in a hunger strike in
182:
230:
299:
On 10 June 1923 Dan Downey died in the Curragh Camp due to the effects of an earlier hunger-strike.
1098:
739:
405:
267:(Tintown & Hare Park Internment Camp), 1700 in Newbridge Prison, 462 in Mountjoy Prison, 70 in
85:
701:
1108:
106:
556:
176:
128:
66:
234:
1062:
167:
Irish Republican Army (IRA) that they could not win the Irish Civil War. On 20 April 1923
8:
852:"The Forgotten Hunger Strikes". hungerstrikes.org. 1 March 1996. Retrieved 29 August 2021
340:
251:
115:
demanding a general, immediate and unconditional release. Notables in the group included
147:, London (he had been transferred there from Cork Gaol) and two men died in Cork Gaol -
447:
164:
40:
849:
776:
535:
510:
404:
in Northern Ireland which ended after 53 days. Ten Irish republicans died during the
349:
221:
116:
385:
331:
The protest was called off on 23 November 1923 by leadership in the prisons/camps –
111:
On 13 August 1920 seventy-eight Irish republican prisoners went on hunger strike in
397:
361:
217:
112:
36:
24:
637:
624:, Volume II, Generation Organization, Newberg, OR, p. 285, ISBN 978-0-692-245-13-2
276:
225:
209:
136:
60:
39:
was slow in releasing the thousands of Irish republican prisoners opposed to the
32:
353:
35:
had ended six months earlier yet the newly formed Provisional Government of the
688:
No Ordinary Women: Irish Female Activists in the Revolutionary Years, 1900–1923
468:, Volume I, Generation Organization, Newberg, OR, pg 34, ISBN 978-0-9633565-8-1
401:
377:
336:
268:
213:
205:
172:
144:
1092:
332:
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81:
52:
796:
381:
316:
272:
264:
797:"Remembering the Past: Post-Civil War hunger-strikes | An Phoblacht"
320:
308:
304:
280:
168:
56:
451:
357:
120:
28:
840:, Jonathan Cape Ltd, London, Library of Congress HV9650.D7 O3, pg 194.
392:(d. 3 June 1974 after 55 days on hunger strike/forced feedings) and
507:
Who's Who in the Irish War of Independence and Civil War 1916-1923
438:
Healy, James (1982). "The Civil War Hunger-Strike: October 1923".
480:"A Shocking Weapon': Hunger Strikes and the War of Independence"
466:
Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Quest for Irish Freedom 1913-1922
93:). Those powers were quickly returned to the military in the
59:
died as a result of forced feedings on 25 September 1917 in
190:
658:, The O'Brien Press, Dublin, pg 152 ISBN 978-1-84717-950-0
690:, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, p. 117
622:
Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Irish Civil War 1922-1924
396:(d. 12 February 1976 after 62 days on hunger strike) in
51:
In the 20th-century, 22 Irish republicans died while on
1065:
The Hunger Strike of 1981 - A Chronology of Main Events
367:
229:
participation in hunger strikes in Kilmainham and the
326:
805:, 15 October 1998 Edition, accessed 3 September 2021
163:
In the spring of 1923 it became evident to the anti
850:
http://www.hungerstrikes.org/forgotten_strikes.html
384:(d. 19 April 1940 after 55 days on hunger strike),
1018:Prisoners: the Civil War Letters of Ernie O'Malley
1016:Richard English and Cormac O'Malley (ed.) (1991),
609:Frank Aiken's War: The Irish Revolution, 1916-1923
294:
186:Hunger Strikers Memorial Glasnevin Cemetery Dublin
534:. Oxford University Press. pp. 49 & 76.
428:, Mercer Press, Cork, pg. 223, ISBN 9781781171462
380:(d. 16 April 1940 after a 52-day Hunger-strike),
74:
1090:
827:, Kingdom Books, pg 238, ISBN 978-0-9506015-0-2
388:(d.11 May 1946 after 23 days on hunger strike),
27:prisoners protesting the continuation of their
311:, died 20 November 1923) in Mountjoy Prison,
158:
100:
825:Austin Stack : Portrait of a Separatist
557:"Hunger strike dealt profound blow to crown"
477:
674:Stair na hÉireann | History of Ireland
344:were released from prisons across Ireland.
611:, University College Dublin Press, p. 197.
89:given to the military were cancelled (see
1071:Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland
670:"1923 – A mass Hunger Strike is launched"
532:The British Campaign in Ireland 1919-1921
509:. Dublin: Lilliput Press. p. 16-17.
504:
70:Released Belfast Hunger Strikers May 1920
775:. Cork: The Collins Press. p. 214.
770:
667:
529:
199:
191:1923 independent and mass hunger strikes
181:
95:Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920
65:
1060:
890:The IRA in the Twilight Years 1923-1948
773:Cumann Na mBan and the Irish Revolution
632:
630:
554:
1091:
892:, Argenta Publications, Dublin, pg 86.
737:
668:hÉireann, Stair na (13 October 2016).
656:Irelands War of Independence 1919-1921
241:
204:In February 1923, 50 women members of
914:, Victor Gollancz Ltd, London, Pg 867
437:
431:
627:
368:Aftermath of the 1923 hunger strikes
1061:Melaugh, Martin (8 February 2021).
709:. Clare County Council. p. 18.
703:Annie (Nan) Hogan An Unsung Heroine
13:
699:
555:Doherty, Gabriel (22 March 2022).
440:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
327:End of strike/release of internees
285:The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)
14:
1125:
1042:, Mentor Press, Dublin, pg. 282.
478:O'Keeffe, Helene (6 April 2020).
271:, 350 in Kilkenny Prison, 200 in
171:assumed the leadership position (
598:Thorne, Vol I, pgs 127 & 136
1054:
1045:
1032:
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1001:
998:, Lilliput Press Dublin, pg 303
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693:
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661:
648:
614:
601:
592:
295:1923 Irish hunger strike deaths
1114:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
1020:, Poolbeg Press, Dublin, pp 36
742:Markievicz, Constance Georgine
583:
574:
548:
523:
498:
471:
458:
418:
75:Mountjoy Hunger Strike of 1920
1:
936:, Mercier Press, Cork, pg 165
749:Dictionary of Irish Biography
411:
91:Defence of the Realm Act 1914
46:
949:, Mercier Press, Cork pg 86.
638:"The 1923 IRA Hunger Strike"
7:
888:MacEoin, Uinseann, (1997),
279:and 263 on the Prison Ship
277:Gormanstown Internment Camp
10:
1130:
1038:Murphy, Jeremiah, (1998),
910:Macardle, Dorothy (1938),
836:O’Donnell, Peadar (1932),
823:Gaughan, Anthony, (1977),
620:Thorne, Kathleen, (2014),
530:Townsend, Charles (1975).
464:Thorne, Kathleen, (2016),
159:End of the Irish Civil War
104:
101:Cork Hunger Strike of 1920
1051:Thorne, Volume II, pg 286
1029:Thorne, Volume II, pg 285
923:Thorne, Volume II, pg 223
901:Thorne, Volume II, pg 245
719:Thorne, Volume II, pg 232
686:McCoole, Sinéad, (2003),
654:Collins, Lorcan, (2019),
424:Glennon, Kieran, (2013),
934:The Civil War in Kildare
426:From Pogrom to Civil War
408:(March - October 1981).
406:1981 Irish hunger strike
151:(d.17 October 1920) and
994:Andrews, C.S., (2001),
976:Thorne, Vol II, pg 251.
947:Brother Against Brother
879:Thorne, Vol II, pg 234.
607:Lewis, Matthew, (2014)
107:1920 Cork hunger strike
771:McCarthy, Cal (2007).
738:Pašeta, Senia (2009).
339:, Frank Gallagher and
283:in Belfast Lough (see
187:
155:(d. 25 October 1920).
71:
932:Durney, James (2003)
752:. Royal Irish Academy
200:Women hunger strikers
185:
177:Irish Free State Army
129:Irish Republican Army
69:
945:Deasy, Liam (1998),
589:Thorne, Vol I, pg148
505:O'Farrell, Padraic.
335:in Kilmainham Gaol,
235:Constance Markievicz
1104:Irish republicanism
1040:When Youth Was Mine
861:O'Donnell, pg. 202.
838:The Gates Flew Open
801:www.anphoblacht.com
242:Mass hunger strikes
31:without trial. The
23:were undertaken by
21:mass hunger strikes
1073:. Cain Web Service
985:O'Donnell, pg 220.
967:O'Donnell, pg 224.
912:The Irish Republic
231:North Dublin Union
188:
165:Anglo-Irish Treaty
149:Michael Fitzgerald
72:
41:Anglo-Irish Treaty
16:1923 Hunger strike
642:hungerstrikes.org
117:Terence MacSwiney
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398:Wakefield Prison
362:Northern Ireland
341:Peadar O'Donnell
252:Peadar O'Donnell
218:Sheila Humphreys
113:Cork County Gaol
37:Irish Free State
25:Irish republican
19:In October 1923
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1099:1923 in Ireland
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870:Healy, pg. 214.
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814:McCoole, p. 135
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782:978-1-905172146
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210:Maire Comerford
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61:Mountjoy Prison
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488:. Retrieved
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382:Jack McNeela
375:
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354:Seán Russell
346:
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273:Dundalk Gaol
265:Curragh Camp
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123:of Cork and
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394:Frank Stagg
378:Tony D'Arcy
321:Dinny Lacey
309:County Cork
305:Denny Barry
169:Frank Aiken
57:Thomas Ashe
1093:Categories
1077:28 October
756:4 February
541:019821863X
490:22 October
412:References
358:Derry Gaol
153:Joe Murphy
135:strike by
125:Liam Lynch
121:Lord Mayor
105:See also:
47:Background
29:internment
275:, 711 in
486:. Dublin
452:30090444
566:31 July
315:, from
281:Argenta
779:
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450:
707:(PDF)
448:JSTOR
307:from
1079:2021
777:ISBN
758:2023
568:2022
536:ISBN
511:ISBN
492:2021
220:and
119:the
84:and
484:RTE
360:in
287:).
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