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579:
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40:
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and travelers left their ships for typhoon shelters. The HKO upgraded the warning further to No. 10, meaning that typhoon-force winds were expected, at 17:58 UTC on
September 1.. Twelve minutes later, officials fired typhoon bombs to warn the public. This marked the last occasion that typhoon bombs were used. The No. 10 warning signal was issued overnight, and less than two hours before the typhoon made its closest approach. As a result, the typhoon's ferocity was largely unexpected.
409:
593:
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was wrecked, with 30 people killed there. Across Hong Kong, the storm damaged houses and factories while also resulting in power and telephone outages. The winds uprooted trees and knocked down branches. During the height of the storm, nine buildings caught fire and were destroyed, resulting in
253:
estimated at 6.25 metres (20.5 ft). The typhoon killed at least 11,000 people, possibly as many as 13,000, many of them fishermen, with 1,855 fishing boats wrecked, as well as 28 ships bound for the ocean. Across the territory, the storm damaged houses, factories, roads, and rail
416:
Late on 31 August the HKO issued warning signal No. 1, or standby. The following day, the warning signal was raised to No. 5, which meant that gale force winds were expected for the territory. The issuance prompted larger vessels to leave the harbour and seek shelter in nearby bays. Fishermen
346:
of 1,003 mbar (29.61 in Hg), and sustained winds of 61 km/h (38 mph). These observations suggested that the storm passed just south of the ship, although the intensity of the system was unknown at that point. Around August 30, the storm turned more to the northwest, causing
555:
outbreak in Hong Kong amid the stagnant floodwaters. To prevent a larger outbreak, officials set up 50 clinics for vaccinations. Emergency resources were strained due to the ongoing war and naval blockade, although
British and American air shipments helped with the supply. Flooded or blocked
441:
The typhoon killed thousands of people in Hong Kong, with a death toll between 11,000 and 13,000. This accounted for roughly 1% of the territory's population of 1 million. However, many of the bodies were washed away and never found, with roughly 500 corpses found in the days after the
420:
As it moved ashore southern China, the typhoon produced a variety of damaging effects. Wind gusts were estimated to have reached at least 241 km/h (150 mph) in Hong Kong, although the anemometer was only able to record gusts as high as 201 km/h (125 mph). However, a private
421:
anemometer 3.2 km (2 mi) east of the HKO recorded a wind gust of 268 km/h (167 mph). The mean hourly wind average in the territory reached 109 km/h (68 mph). Along the coast, the powerful typhoon increased tides, with waves estimated at 9.1 m (30 ft) in
240:
and set off explosives, known as a typhoon bomb, to warn the public. During its closest approach, the typhoon produced wind gusts of at least 201 km/h (125 mph), although its true intensity was unknown, as the gusts surpassed the capacity of the
292:(HKO) was established in 1883, and a year later, the agency began issuing public warnings of approaching typhoons using a gun. The system was replaced with bomb detonations, beginning in 1907. A decade later, the HKO introduced a
437:
of 3.81 m (12.5 ft). Victoria
Harbour experienced a storm surge of 1.98 m (6.5 ft). During its passage, the typhoon also dropped heavy rainfall, totaling 128.4 mm (5.055 in).
370:
As the typhoon moved across the northern portion of the South China Sea toward the southern
Chinese mainland, it intensified rapidly. On September 2 around 21:00 UTC the typhoon made
1054:
442:
typhoon. Fishermen accounted for majority of the deceased, after the typhoon capsized 1,855 fishing boats, and the fishermen were unable to seek shelter. The destroyed boats included
547:
Police and other officials used rope to attempt to rescue people caught by the floods. At the harbour, tugs had to assist beached or stranded vessels, although it took six months for the
446:, or houseboats, as well as 28 ships bound for the ocean. Other sailors were unaware of the approaching storm. High tides washed many boats ashore and broke other vessels from their
563:
In 1938 the HKO published a report assessing the costs of typhoon damage over the preceding ten years. The 1937 typhoon accounted for 39% of these costs, with the repairs reaching
516:
faced difficulty reaching the area. The high winds tore through roofs, signs, and lampposts, littering the road with debris. The high tides washed away nearly a mile of the
1301:
400:, or sustained winds of at least 180 km/h (112 mph). The typhoon continued inland and weakened, dissipating over southern China on September 3.
396:, which was greater than 201 km/h (125 mph). The observations suggested that the typhoon struck with winds equivalent to a Category 3 on the
245:. Unofficial nearby observations recorded gusts as high as 268 km/h (167 mph). The typhoon also produced heavy rainfall and high tides, with a
288:
described the harbour as the "seventh busiest in the world... always alive with yachts, junks, ferries, sampans, freighters, liners, men-of-war." The
1062:
1273:
849:
1294:
752:
17:
717:
293:
237:
1497:
1287:
622:
198:
1224:
359:, indicating a strengthening storm with winds of at least 105 km/h (65 mph). Thereafter, the typhoon entered the
328:
described that "there was little evidence of its potentialities", as the storm moved west-northwestward across the western
1173:
513:
969:
296:
to the public, with No. 1 as standby. The highest rating, No. 10, signified the potential for typhoon conditions, or
1512:
962:
1507:
877:
355:. A station there recorded a pressure of 986 mbar (29.102 in Hg), as well as a force 11 on the
495:
1119:
388:
observed a pressure of 953 mbar (28.15 in Hg). The typhoon's exact intensity was unknown, as its
382:. The lowest pressure recorded at the HKO was 958 mbar (28.298 in Hg), while at the harbour, the
762:
556:
roads and railroads disrupted transport, leaving people in Hong Kong stranded for several days. Damage at
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206:
184:
1203:
1502:
1144:
651:
333:
1204:
Atmosphere, environment, society: The typhoon vulnerability nexus in early twentieth-century Hong Kong
1517:
347:
it to remain north and east of majority of the
Philippines. On September 1, it went through the
987:
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44:
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was described as "crowded" in newspapers, amid a naval blockade of eastern China amid the
8:
1475:
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1424:
308:
173:
39:
868:
217:, which proceeded generally to the west-northwest. On 1 September the storm entered the
788:
384:
1022:
988:"Reconstruction of an 8,000-Year Record of Typhoons in the Pearl River Estuary, China"
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375:
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872:
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as having "suffered severely", with 21 fatalities in the territory. In nearby
521:
474:
275:
255:
221:, and early the next day, the typhoon passed just south of Hong Kong before making
210:
1279:
408:
757:
557:
426:
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At the time, the Hong Kong
Observatory was known as Royal Observatory Hong Kong
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356:
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113:
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of the typhoon were from a storm located 320 km (200 mi) south of
478:, causing 12 people to jump ship, one of whom missed and drowned. The
422:
379:
1250:"Macao Typhoon Damage. Many Lives Lost on Shore. Fishing Fleets Suffer".
789:
Evolution of the
Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884
508:
434:
393:
338:
242:
117:
367:, where a pressure of 993 mbar (29.327 in Hg) was recorded.
536:
205:, with a death toll estimated between 11,000 and 13,000. Part of the
162:
1225:"160 Mile an Hour Record Typhoon Leaves Trail of Ruin in Hong Kong"
503:
In mainland Hong Kong, the typhoon swept away an entire village in
814:"Typhoons necessitating the issuing of the Hurricane Signal No.10"
552:
531:
Outside of Hong Kong, newspapers described the effects in nearby
447:
786:
433:
was estimated at 6.25 m (20.5 ft), corresponding to a
539:, there was a "less severe buffeting" according to newspapers.
507:, resulting in an estimated 300 fatalities. About half of
443:
430:
389:
250:
229:. It weakened after moving ashore, dissipating on 3 September.
532:
263:
226:
158:
850:"Typhoons and Depressions over the Far East, September 1937"
847:
321:
214:
907:. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship
1145:"Significant storm surge events in Hong Kong before 1954"
1055:"Forget 2020. For Hong Kong, 1937 was the year from hell"
878:
10.1175/1520-0493(1937)65<350:TADOTF>2.0.CO;2
794:(Report). Technical Report No. 109. Hong Kong Observatory
520:. British officials estimated the total damage at around
489:
378:, after passing only 12 km (7 mi) south of the
1029:. Adelaide, South Australia. 23 October 1937. p. 6
985:
574:
551:
to be moved. The storm occurred concurrently with a
1309:
619:- one of the strongest typhoons to strike Hong Kong
324:on August 24. The September 1937 issue of the
787:W.H. Lui, T.C. Lee and C.M. Shun (January 2018).
1489:
1201:
1180:. Twin Falls, Idaho. Associated Press. p. 3
724:. Associated Press. 2 September 1937. p. 1
1274:Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
938:"Typhoon Wanda August 27 to September 2, 1962"
1295:
1208:International Review of Environmental History
1270:"Typhoons affecting Hong Kong: Case Studies"
1052:
675:3:20 PM on September 2 local time
403:
351:, passing 48 km (30 mi) south of
1302:
1288:
1091:(Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 7
684:1:58 a.m. September 2 local time
172:
47:of the typhoon on 1 September in the
38:
1147:. Hong Kong Observatory. 22 February 2024
1120:A Review of Natural Disasters of the Past
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1110:
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1044:
940:. Hong Kong Observatory. 26 November 2019
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303:
300:of at least 118 km/h (74 mph).
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213:originated on 24 August to the south of
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924:
922:
623:List of the deadliest tropical cyclones
392:of winds surpassed the capacity of the
14:
1490:
1197:
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1008:
957:
955:
848:Reverend Bernard F. Doucette (1937).
816:. Hong Kong Observatory. 4 March 2024
312:Map plotting the track of the typhoon
1159:
1077:
976:
919:
342:encountered the storm, observing an
1192:
1086:Surface Winds in Hong Kong Typhoons
892:
828:
761:. 13 September 1937. Archived from
472:broke from its moorings and struck
232:Ahead of the storm's landfall, the
24:
1214:
1210:(Report). Vol. 9. p. 43.
986:Guangqing Huang; Wyss Yim (2007).
952:
663:12:35 AM on September 1
25:
1529:
1262:
753:"Foreign News: Hong Kong Typhoon"
412:Damaged train tracks in Hong Kong
1498:Pre-1940 Pacific typhoon seasons
905:"1937 Not Named (1937240N13136)"
591:
577:
254:lines, with damage estimated at
1342:(around 3,000 dead 220 injured)
1325:(around 11,000 dead 88 injured)
1310:Deadliest typhoons in Hong Kong
1243:
1137:
1125:(Report). Hong Kong Observatory
687:
678:
669:
657:
560:delayed international flights.
1254:. 4 September 1937. p. 4.
1202:Fiona Williamson (June 2023).
1174:"Death Toll at Hongkong Rises"
806:
710:
654:(UTC) unless otherwise stated.
650:Dates and times are listed in
644:
635:
13:
1:
1231:. 6 September 1937. p. 1
1053:Paul French (9 August 2020).
963:Monthly Review September 1937
703:
269:
542:
512:dozens of deaths, after the
195:1937 Great Hong Kong Typhoon
103:185 km/h (115 mph)
33:1937 Great Hong Kong Typhoon
18:1937 Great Hong Kong typhoon
7:
570:
207:1937 Pacific typhoon season
185:1937 Pacific typhoon season
10:
1534:
1376:(over 500 dead 14 injured)
652:Coordinated Universal Time
81:4 September 1937
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1059:South China Morning Post
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585:Tropical cyclones portal
499:Floodwaters in Hong Kong
488:. Twenty ships sent out
404:Preparations and impacts
363:, passing just north of
280:Second Sino-Japanese War
66:24 August 1937
45:Surface weather analysis
1442:Unnamed typhoon in 1923
1391:Unnamed typhoon in 1900
1374:Unnamed typhoon in 1908
1357:Unnamed typhoon in 1874
1340:Unnamed typhoon in 1906
1323:Unnamed typhoon in 1937
718:"Typhoon Hits Hongkong"
336:on August 28, the
298:maximum sustained winds
294:numbered warning system
27:Pacific typhoon in 1937
1513:1937 natural disasters
1427:(110 dead 286 injured)
1410:(183 dead 388 injured)
1252:The Hongkong Telegraph
968:(Report) (in French).
857:Monthly Weather Review
722:Nebraska State Journal
612:1908 Hong Kong typhoon
607:1906 Hong Kong typhoon
518:Kowloon–Canton Railway
500:
413:
326:Monthly Weather Review
313:
304:Meteorological history
274:Ahead of the typhoon,
57:Meteorological history
1508:Typhoons in Hong Kong
1478:(38 dead 300 injured)
1461:(45 dead 127 injured)
1408:Typhoon Wanda in 1962
1023:"Typhoon in Hongkong"
995:Environmental Science
498:
411:
311:
290:Hong Kong Observatory
266:lost 21 people.
234:Hong Kong Observatory
1476:Typhoon Ruby in 1964
1459:Typhoon Mary in 1960
1425:Typhoon Rose in 1971
970:Xujiahui Observatory
765:on 14 September 2010
617:Typhoon Ellen (1983)
398:Saffir-Simpson scale
108:Lowest pressure
869:1937MWRv...65..350D
492:distress signals.
344:barometric pressure
34:
1084:G.J. Bell (1963).
501:
414:
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199:deadliest typhoons
100:Highest winds
32:
1503:1937 in Hong Kong
1485:
1484:
1444:(around 100 dead)
1359:(over 2,000 dead)
1229:The Daily Gleaner
695:Hong Kong dollars
693:Currency in 1937
349:Balintang Channel
262:300,000). Nearby
203:Hong Kong history
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16:(Redirected from
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1518:1937 meteorology
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1065:on 9 August 2020
1061:. Archived from
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258:1 million (
211:tropical cyclone
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145:$ 300,000 (1937
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1063:the original
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567:$ 585,734.
509:Sha Tau Kok
485:HMS Duchess
475:HMS Suffolk
459:Conte Verde
435:storm surge
385:SS Shuntien
1492:Categories
704:References
665:local time
549:Asama Maru
528:300,000).
482:later hit
465:Van Heutsz
462:, and the
453:Asama Maru
394:anemometer
339:USS Ramapo
270:Background
243:anemometer
134:Fatalities
85:1937-09-04
78:Dissipated
70:1937-08-24
543:Aftermath
376:Hong Kong
163:Hong Kong
157:Southern
1235:28 April
1184:28 April
1129:26 April
1095:28 April
1069:28 April
1033:28 April
1027:The Mail
1000:26 April
944:26 April
911:25 April
884:25 April
798:26 April
769:27 April
728:27 April
571:See also
448:moorings
372:landfall
223:landfall
865:Bibcode
820:30 July
553:cholera
444:sampans
390:squalls
318:origins
170:IBTrACS
94:Typhoon
83: (
68: (
1151:26 May
537:Canton
480:An Lee
470:An Lee
456:, the
431:Tai Po
425:. The
251:Tai Po
209:, the
142:Damage
63:Formed
1123:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
966:(PDF)
853:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
629:Notes
533:Macau
264:Macau
227:China
159:China
1237:2024
1186:2024
1153:2024
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1002:2024
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886:2024
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800:2024
771:2024
758:Time
730:2024
565:HK$
526:US$
522:HK$
322:Guam
316:The
285:Time
260:US$
256:HK$
215:Guam
193:The
122:inHg
118:mbar
112:953
873:doi
490:SOS
429:at
334:UTC
249:at
201:in
147:USD
114:hPa
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