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1193:. This charge encompassed, but was broader than, the attack on the Congress. They declared themselves not guilty on the charge of "trying to overthrow the government of the United States," but remained firm in demanding independence for Puerto Rico. Among the prosecution's witnesses was Gonzalo Lebrón Jr., who testified against his sister.
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In Utuado, police killed the insurgents after they attacked the station. In Jayuya, insurgents declared the "Free
Republic of Puerto Rico" after taking control of the police station; they held the city for three days, until the U.S. sent bomber planes, artillery, Puerto Rican National Guard and Army
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Albizu Campos did not order this attack, but the
Nationalists continued to plan for it. Lebrón decided to lead the group and, eventually, the attack. Lebrón concluded that a single attack on the House of Representatives had a greater prospect for success than trying to attack multiple targets. They
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On June 16, 1954, the jury declared the four guilty, except that Lebrón was acquitted of assault with the intent to kill and instead convicted of the lesser offense of assault with a deadly weapon. Judge
Holtzoff imposed maximum consecutive prison terms: 75 years' imprisonment for each of the men,
644:("Free Associated State"), with some autonomy. The people could elect their own governor, from the ruling PPD party; a bicameral legislature was established, and executive functions similar to those of American states were developed. The US retained responsibility for defense and foreign treaties.
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in
Manhattan, where she rendezvoused with the rest of the group. They took the train to Washington, DC, and went the short distance from Union Station to the Capitol. Rafael Cancel Miranda suggested they postpone the attack, as it was late and the weather was rainy. Lebrón said, "I am alone" and
585:. Five Representatives were wounded, one seriously, but all recovered. The assailants were arrested, tried successively in two federal courts and convicted. All received long consecutive sentences, amounting to life imprisonment. In 1978 and 1979, their sentences were commuted by President
860:
The revolts resulted in many casualties: of the 28 dead, 16 were
Nationalists, 7 were police officers, 1 a National Guardsman, and 4 were uninvolved civilians. Of the 49 wounded, 23 were police officers, 6 were National guardsmen, 9 were Nationalists, and 11 were uninvolved civilians.
632:
released Puerto Rico from colonial rule, giving the island sovereignty. While the
Nationalists and other political parties supported independence, some political parties supported autonomy for the island within a formal relationship with the United States.
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and the
Insular Police. The FBI reports on Albizu Campos and the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party ultimately exceeded over one million pages in length. They found no evidence that Albizu was directly connected with the attack on Congress.
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When Lebrón's group reached the visitor's gallery above the House chamber, they sat while the representatives discussed the
Mexican economy and issues of immigration. After Lebrón gave the order, the group quickly recited the
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raided the home of Pedro Albizu Campos, president of the
Nationalist Party, with guns and tear gas. Under the command of the Chief of Police of Puerto Rico, Salvador T. Roig, they fired into Campos' home from the roof of a
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presiding over the case, under strict security measures. A jury composed of seven men and five women was assembled; their identities were kept secret. The prosecution was led by Leo A. Rover; 33 witnesses testified.
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as a lawyer for Lebrón and the other three co-defendants. The accused were the only ones to testify in their defense. Lebrón reaffirmed that she came, not to kill, but "to die for the freedom of her homeland."
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and a stroke while in prison, leaving him semi-paralyzed and mute. He was not released from U.S. federal custody for another nine years, shortly before his death, which occurred on April 21, 1965.
30:
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helped carry
Bentley off the House floor. The representatives were treated and recovered. Upon being arrested, Lebrón yelled, "I did not come to kill anyone, I came to die for Puerto Rico!"
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Some 30 shots were fired (mostly by Cancel, according to his account), wounding five lawmakers. Lebrón said she fired her shots at the ceiling, while Figueroa's pistol jammed. Wounded were
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Lebrón, Cancel Miranda and the other defendants were charged in federal court in Washington with attempted murder and other crimes. The trial began on June 4, 1954, with federal Judge
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During this period of unrest, the electorate increasingly voted for the People's Democratic Party (PPD), which by 1940 controlled a majority in the legislature. It supported the
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American League lawyers appealed the sentence. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed the convictions and sentences in early 1956.
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The actions were not limited to Puerto Rico. Two Puerto Rican Nationalists, who were living in New York City at the time, planned to assassinate the US president,
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1143:(otherwise known as the "Gag Law") and the attempted violent overthrow of the U.S. government. Two years later, on March 25, 1956, Albizu Campos suffered an
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charges, but the US said that was not the case. The freed nationalists were received in Puerto Rico with a "heroes' welcome" by roughly 5,000 people at
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and 50 years for Lebrón. Given the age of the accused, this effectively meant imprisonment for life, unless they were paroled earlier.
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troops to suppress the revolt. In San Juan, the Nationalists attacked the governor's residence, intending to assassinate the governor,
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1843:"Lolita Lebron v. United States of America, Rafael Cancel Miranda v. United States of America,..., 229 F.2d 16 – CourtListener.com"
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was founded on September 17, 1922, by people seeking independence. They contended that, as a matter of international law, the 1898
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Church and from a boarding house which faced the home. They arrested Campos and took him to jail. He was unconscious and half-
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931:. Some of this correspondence discussed the Nationalist Party revolts of 1950. It also discussed Puerto Rican Governor
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Police Chief Roig later said that the order to arrest Albizu Campos "did not make any sense." Albizu Campos's
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continued towards the Capitol building's interior. The group looked at each other, and decided to follow her.
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On July 13, 1954, the four defendants were taken to New York, where they appeared before federal Judge
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were a call for independence against the US government. The party demanded the recognition of the 1897
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content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,947395,00.html Nation: "We Have Nothing to Repent",
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1672:"1954 Shooting in the House Chamber | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"
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commuted the sentences of the remaining perpetrators. Some analysts said this was in exchange for
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Nationalists were not satisfied with the people's vote in the plebiscite. In the early 1950s, Don
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970:. Lebrón intended to call attention to Puerto Rico's independence cause, particularly among the
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903:. While nearly 82% of those voting approved the new constitution and Free Associated State, or
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Five Congressmen Shot in House by 3 Puerto Rican Nationalists; Bullets Spray from Gallery
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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
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The four were sent to different prisons: Figueroa Cordero to the federal penitentiary in
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Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rico's status, Truman supported a
880:, where Truman was staying during major renovations of the White House. One Nationalist,
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was incarcerated following his involvement in the attempted assassination of President
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542:. They fired 30 rounds from semi-automatic pistols onto the legislative floor from the
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1028:. The group opened fire with semi-automatic pistols toward the Representatives below.
996:
Newsreel scenes (in English and Spanish) of the Nationalist attack on the U.S. Capitol
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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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1200:. Judge Walsh sentenced each of them to six additional years in prison. The
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Figueroa Cordero was released in 1978. One year later, in 1979, President
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1916:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony
1882:"United States v. Lebron, 222 F.2d 531 | Casetext Search + Citator"
1416:
PEDRO A. MALAVET, SEMINAR: THE U.S. TERRITORIAL POSSESSIONS; SPRING 2006
1119:
was being intercepted, and Albizu was under 24-hour surveillance by the
802:
798:
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affirmed the conspiracy convictions and consecutive sentences in 1955.
682: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2042:
829:. They were suppressed by Puerto Rican forces, assisted by US forces.
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962:
chose the date of March 1, 1954, to coincide with the opening of the
98:
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On October 26, 1954, the jury found all of the defendants guilty of
657:
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1144:
1136:
840:
1187:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
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2027:
1208:
967:
884:, was killed in the attack, as was a White House police officer,
810:
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offering a choice between continued direct rule as a colony and
2032:
1112:
822:
818:
1390:"Commutations Granted by President Jimmy Carter (1977 - 1981)"
1997:
1189:, to face related charges, with additional co-defendants, of
1344:
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
1252:
1116:
647:
1124:
1120:
942:
In 1954, a group of Nationalists, which included Lebrón,
766:, established in 1950 by law, as continued colonialism.
640:
by the US Congress, which established Puerto Rico as an
597:
1785:
1166:
helped secure the services of noted activist attorney
935:, who had succeeded in having Puerto Rico declared an
1251:
release of several American CIA agents being held in
16:
Attack on the US capitol by Puerto Rican nationalists
1937:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1488:
Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, Volume I
1270:
782:
You may watch newsreel scenes of the Ponce massacre
756:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
240:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2094:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
1452:
1087:Lebrón led by police officers following her arrest
1792:. New York, NY: Center for Puerto Rican Studies (
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
892:, was tried, convicted, and sentenced to prison.
856:, occupy Jayuya to fight the Nationalist uprising
3519:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1950s
3485:
1754:"Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers 1915–1989"
1583:
1447:
1682:
1549:. Associated Press. 2004-02-29. Archived from
1091:The Nationalists were immediately arrested in
1003:On the morning of March 1, Lebrón traveled to
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1983:
1384:
1382:
577:and began shooting at Representatives in the
507:
1709:"FBI Files"; "Puerto Rico Nationalist Party"
1541:"No one expected attack on Congress in 1954"
1369:"Congress Congressmen Capitol Shooting 1954"
1781:
1779:
1459:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
1339:April 2021 United States Capitol car attack
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1990:
1976:
1697:Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary,
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514:
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260:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
202:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1786:Reynolds, Ruth M; Hunter College (2007).
1760:: Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora,
1664:
1619:Michael Barone and Grant Ujifusa (1993).
1150:
817:. The most notable uprisings occurred in
742:Learn how and when to remove this message
638:Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950
3509:1954 mass shootings in the United States
2084:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1867:
1865:
1776:
1082:
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530:was an attack on March 1, 1954, by four
3280:Wilkes-Barre & Jenkins Township, PA
2064:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1656:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1508:
1506:
1504:
648:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party response
3534:March 1954 events in the United States
3486:
2727:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
2671:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2121:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1748:
1746:
1334:January 6 United States Capitol attack
910:
3524:Attacks on the United States Congress
2759:
2696:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1971:
1862:
1621:The Almanac of American Politics 1994
1095:The next morning in Puerto Rico, the
844:The National Guard, commanded by the
691:"1954 United States Capitol shooting"
2004:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1963:ROBERTS, Kenneth Allison (1912–1989)
1789:Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds papers
1501:
1329:2017 Congressional baseball shooting
939:(Free Associated State) of the U.S.
680:adding citations to reliable sources
651:
604:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
598:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
589:. All four returned to Puerto Rico.
3539:Mass shootings in the United States
3454:mass shootings in the United States
2787:Mass shootings in the United States
1958:JENSEN, Benton Franklin (1892–1970)
1743:
1318:1998 United States Capitol shooting
1039:), who took a bullet to the chest,
528:1954 United States Capitol shooting
265:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
3544:Mass shootings in Washington, D.C.
1905:
1794:Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños
1772:from the original on 20 June 2010.
1762:Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños
1211:; Lebrón to the women's prison in
870:attacked police and Secret Service
172:Puerto Rican independence movement
14:
3580:
1943:BENTLEY, Alvin Morell (1918–1969)
1929:
1718:; SJ 100-3; Vol. 23; pp. 104–134.
897:plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952
40:1954 United States Capitol attack
3559:Political history of Puerto Rico
3549:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
3494:1954 crimes in the United States
1998:
1832:Ribes Tovar et al., pp. 193–194.
1623:. Washington, D.C. p. 749.
1406:Ribes Tovar et al., pp. 108–112.
1287:
1273:
1055:), shot in the back, as well as
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557:The nationalists, identified as
548:House of Representatives chamber
546:(a balcony for visitors) of the
534:seeking to promote Puerto Rican
196:
2074:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1953:FALLON, George Hyde (1902–1980)
1888:
1874:
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1817:
1808:
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1584:Clayton Knowless (1954-03-02).
1577:
1564:
1533:
1524:
1451:; Bainbridge, John Jr. (2005).
1430:. Simon & Schuster (2005),
1349:List of attacks on legislatures
1313:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1202:Second Circuit Court of Appeals
667:needs additional citations for
2610:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2242:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2079:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1515:
1477:
1441:
1421:
1409:
1400:
1361:
1261:San Juan International Airport
966:(Interamerican Conference) in
610:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
481:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1:
2631:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2545:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2305:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2157:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1354:
1131:The Governor of Puerto Rico,
1022:Long live a free Puerto Rico!
1016:. She stood up and shouted, "
974:countries at the conference.
852:and under the orders of Gov.
592:
461:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3569:United States Capitol Police
2691:Truman assassination attempt
2069:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
1574:March 2, 1954, pp. 1, 12–13.
868:. On November 1, 1950, they
846:Puerto Rico Adjutant General
7:
3514:83rd United States Congress
2681:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2290:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1948:DAVIS, Clifford (1897–1970)
1871:Ribes Tovar et al., p. 209.
1859:Ribes Tovar et al., p. 197.
1823:Ribes Tovar et al., p. 188.
1814:Ribes Tovar et al., p. 186.
1740:Ribes Tovar et al., p. 178.
1530:Ribes Tovar et al., p. 136.
1521:Ribes Tovar et al., p. 134.
1512:Ribes Tovar et al., p. 132.
1266:
1108:when taken from the house.
793:The Nationalist president,
626:Spanish Charter of Autonomy
250:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
3585:
3529:Crimes in Washington, D.C.
2059:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1238:
1223:; and Flores Rodriguez to
1141:Puerto Rico Law 53 of 1948
964:Conferencia Interamericana
601:
3499:1954 in American politics
3450:
3215:
3044:
3026:Pennsylvania Turnpike, PA
2953:
2926:
2891:
2832:
2813:
2794:
2735:
2714:
2623:
2413:
2385:María de Lourdes Santiago
2380:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2255:
2222:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2129:
2102:
2051:
2010:
989:
984:
977:
837:, but were unsuccessful.
776:
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532:Puerto Rican nationalists
167:
145:
117:
109:
89:
77:
62:
54:
44:
39:
3564:Puerto Rican nationalism
3504:1954 in Washington, D.C.
3344:Springfield Township, PA
2217:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2187:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2177:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1418:, University of Florida.
1323:Shooting of Miriam Carey
1018:¡Viva Puerto Rico libre!
93:Semi-automatic pistols:
71:House of Representatives
2789:in the 1980s and before
2701:Cerro Maravilla murders
2646:Levantamiento de Ciales
2605:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2525:Tomás López de Victoria
2510:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2500:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2320:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2182:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2172:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2167:Eugenio María de Hostos
2137:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2052:Political organizations
1213:Alderson, West Virginia
952:Andrés Figueroa Cordero
919:Don Pedro Albizu Campos
581:, who were debating an
567:Andres Figueroa Cordero
426:Andres Figueroa Cordero
421:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
388:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
343:Tomás López de Victoria
182:Part of a series on the
158:Andrés Figueroa Cordero
26:Infobox civilian attack
18:
2600:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2495:Isabel Freire de Matos
2485:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2435:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2265:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2192:José Gualberto Padilla
2130:19th century activists
2110:Cadets of the Republic
2103:Militant organizations
1695:Federico Ribes Tovar,
1151:Trial and imprisonment
1088:
1005:Grand Central Terminal
920:
857:
571:Irvin Flores Rodríguez
436:Isabel Freire de Matos
411:Margot Arce de Vázquez
383:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
323:Juan Antonio Corretjer
226:Cadets of the Republic
162:Irvin Flores Rodríguez
31:considered for merging
3352:Miami-Dade County, FL
3002:Readmond Township, MI
2560:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2540:Francisco Matos Paoli
2505:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2465:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2400:Carlos Alberto Torres
2300:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2256:20th and 21st century
2197:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2011:Indigenous resistance
1935:Biographies from the
1086:
1079:Aftermath and arrests
944:Rafael Cancel Miranda
937:Estado Libre Asociado
918:
843:
764:Estado Libre Asociado
642:Estado Libre Asociado
563:Rafael Cancel Miranda
552:United States Capitol
471:Helen Rodríguez Trías
353:Francisco Matos Paoli
333:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
303:Rafael Cancel Miranda
154:Rafael Cancel Miranda
67:United States Capitol
2651:Río Piedras massacre
2355:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2335:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2270:Félix Benítez Rexach
2115:Boricua Popular Army
1912:Nelson Antonio Denis
1572:The Washington Post,
1215:; Cancel Miranda to
1191:seditious conspiracy
1033:Alvin Morell Bentley
1024:") and unfurled the
676:improve this article
618:Spanish–American War
486:Félix Benítez Rexach
405:Notable nationalists
216:Río Piedras massacre
3554:Non-fatal shootings
2722:Grito de Lares flag
2615:Olga Viscal Garriga
2590:Clemente Soto Vélez
2580:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2490:José Ferrer Canales
2425:Pedro Albizu Campos
2375:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2360:Antonio S. Pedreira
2345:Luis Lloréns Torres
2340:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2212:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1396:. December 8, 2017.
1225:Leavenworth, Kansas
1047:), hit in the leg,
1026:flag of Puerto Rico
1020:" (approximately, "
925:Pedro Albizu Campos
911:Attack preparations
795:Pedro Albizu Campos
451:José Ferrer Canales
393:Olga Viscal Garriga
373:Clemente Soto Vélez
368:Vidal Santiago Díaz
283:Pedro Albizu Campos
277:Nationalist leaders
3296:Grayson County, TX
2986:Clinton County, PA
2641:Intentona de Yauco
2595:Griselio Torresola
2550:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2445:Casimiro Berenguer
2395:Alejandrina Torres
2350:Oscar López Rivera
2315:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2232:Fernando Fernandez
2227:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1714:2013-11-01 at the
1308:Casimiro Berenguer
1281:Puerto Rico portal
1164:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1157:Alexander Holtzoff
1089:
1065:Kenneth A. Roberts
1057:George Hyde Fallon
921:
882:Griselio Torresola
872:to gain access to
858:
760:Carta de Autonomía
622:Carta de Autonomía
378:Griselio Torresola
358:Ruth Mary Reynolds
293:Casimiro Berenguer
210:Events and revolts
139:Kenneth A. Roberts
135:George Hyde Fallon
3481:
3480:
3416:Winston-Salem, NC
3264:Grand Prairie, TX
3181:San Francisco, CA
2935:Wichita Falls, TX
2753:
2752:
2665:Ley de la Mordaza
2555:Germán Rieckehoff
2470:José Coll y Cuchí
2417:Nationalist Party
2330:Leopoldo Figueroa
2280:Americo Boschetti
1918:. Nation Books.
1898:(Sept. 24, 1979).
1676:history.house.gov
1470:978-0-7432-6068-8
1221:San Francisco Bay
1183:Lawrence E. Walsh
1115:were tapped, his
1001:
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575:Puerto Rican flag
524:
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466:Germán Rieckehoff
308:José Coll y Cuchí
233:Ley de la Mordaza
190:Nationalist Party
177:
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3458:1980s and before
3456:by time period (
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933:Luis Muñoz Marín
901:limited autonomy
878:Washington, D.C.
854:Luis Muñoz Marín
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2686:Utuado Uprising
2676:Jayuya Uprising
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2460:Nemesio Canales
2450:Julia de Burgos
2440:Elías Beauchamp
2430:José S. Alegría
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2570:Isabel Rosado
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2520:Lolita Lebrón
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1729:Albizu Campos
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1630:0-89234-057-6
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1553:on 2005-03-22
1552:
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1496:9780199283576
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1229:Oscar Collazo
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1049:Ben F. Jensen
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929:Lolita Lebrón
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890:Oscar Collazo
888:. The other,
887:
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732:February 2017
724:
721:
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714:
710:
707:
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696:
693: –
692:
688:
687:Find sources:
681:
677:
671:
670:
665:This section
663:
659:
654:
653:
645:
643:
639:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:, ending the
615:
611:
605:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:83rd Congress
576:
573:, unfurled a
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Lolita Lebrón
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:United States
537:
533:
529:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
498:
497:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
476:Daniel Santos
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:Isabel Rosado
444:
442:
439:
437:
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429:
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384:
381:
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376:
374:
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369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:Hugo Margenat
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Lolita Lebrón
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Oscar Collazo
311:
309:
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304:
301:
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296:
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222:
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186:
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173:
170:
166:
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159:
155:
151:
150:Lolita Lebrón
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:Ben F. Jensen
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:Mass shooting
82:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:March 1, 1954
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
32:
28:
27:
23:
3432:Stockton, CA
3408:Winnetka, IL
3384:Palm Bay, FL
3312:Brooklyn, NY
3149:Hamilton, OH
3053:Valencia, CA
2942:
2881:Kelayres, PA
2742:
2664:
2565:Hiram Rosado
2535:René Marqués
2515:Irvin Flores
2480:Rosa Collazo
2415:Puerto Rican
2365:Pedro Pietri
2202:Manuel Rojas
2117:(Macheteros)
2023:Agüeybaná II
1915:
1895:
1890:
1876:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1788:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1704:
1699:pp. 141–144.
1696:
1675:
1666:
1620:
1614:
1588:. p. 1.
1585:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1487:
1479:
1454:
1443:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1372:
1363:
1245:Jimmy Carter
1242:
1206:
1195:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1162:
1154:
1130:
1110:
1090:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1002:
963:
960:
948:Irvin Flores
941:
936:
922:
905:Commonwealth
894:
863:
859:
831:
792:
784:
763:
759:
753:
738:
729:
719:
712:
705:
698:
686:
674:Please help
669:verification
666:
641:
635:
621:
607:
587:Jimmy Carter
556:
543:
536:independence
527:
525:
456:René Marqués
441:Hiram Rosado
431:Irvin Flores
318:Rosa Collazo
264:
232:
188:Puerto Rican
146:Perpetrators
24:
3392:Cayucos, CA
3368:Oakland, CA
3288:Seattle, WA
3093:Detroit, MI
3069:Jackson, MS
2857:Belfast, ME
2822:Chicago, IL
2405:Iris Zavala
2390:Piri Thomas
2310:Juan Dalmau
2018:Agüeybaná I
1647:|work=
1602:|work=
1168:Conrad Lynn
1106:asphyxiated
1102:Pentecostal
1073:House pages
1045:D-Tennessee
874:Blair House
550:within the
95:Walther P38
79:Attack type
20:‹ The
3488:Categories
3376:Shelby, NC
3360:Edmond, OK
3320:Dallas, TX
3189:Boston, MA
3085:Dallas, TX
2970:Austin, TX
2962:Orcutt, CA
2916:Camden, NJ
2900:Salina, UT
1557:2008-09-19
1490:, p. 556,
1355:References
1198:conspiracy
1061:D-Maryland
1037:R-Michigan
702:newspapers
593:Background
3272:Miami, FL
3256:Salem, OR
3224:Norco, CA
3141:Olean, NY
2937:(1950–51)
2295:Roy Brown
2258:activists
1802:696008064
1649:ignored (
1639:cite book
1604:ignored (
1594:cite book
1484:Nohlen, D
1373:AP Images
1257:espionage
1235:in 1950.
1069:D-Alabama
807:Naranjito
538:from the
231:Gag Law (
99:Luger P08
29:is being
3452:Part of
3061:Kent, OH
2978:Mesa, AZ
2744:Claridad
1914:(2015).
1770:Archived
1758:New York
1712:Archived
1267:See also
1227:, where
1217:Alcatraz
1145:embolism
1137:sedition
827:San Juan
803:Mayagüez
799:Peñuelas
45:Location
33:. ›
22:template
2908:Georgia
2715:Symbols
2661:Gag Law
2043:Urayoán
2038:Jumacao
2028:Arasibo
1486:(2005)
1239:Release
1209:Atlanta
1185:of the
968:Caracas
811:Arecibo
716:scholar
118:Injured
90:Weapons
3442:(1989)
3434:(1989)
3426:(1988)
3418:(1988)
3410:(1988)
3402:(1988)
3394:(1987)
3386:(1987)
3378:(1987)
3370:(1986)
3362:(1986)
3354:(1986)
3346:(1985)
3338:(1984)
3330:(1984)
3322:(1984)
3314:(1984)
3306:(1984)
3298:(1983)
3290:(1983)
3282:(1982)
3274:(1982)
3266:(1982)
3258:(1981)
3250:(1981)
3242:(1980)
3234:(1980)
3226:(1980)
3207:(1979)
3199:(1979)
3191:(1978)
3183:(1977)
3175:(1977)
3167:(1976)
3159:(1976)
3151:(1975)
3143:(1974)
3135:(1974)
3127:(1973)
3119:(1973)
3111:(1972)
3103:(1971)
3095:(1971)
3087:(1971)
3079:(1970)
3071:(1970)
3063:(1970)
3055:(1970)
3036:(1969)
3028:(1969)
3020:(1969)
3012:(1968)
3004:(1968)
2996:(1968)
2988:(1967)
2980:(1966)
2972:(1966)
2964:(1965)
2945:(1954)
2918:(1949)
2910:(1946)
2902:(1945)
2883:(1934)
2875:(1934)
2867:(1933)
2859:(1933)
2851:(1933)
2843:(1932)
2824:(1929)
2805:(1764)
2624:Events
2033:Hayuya
1922:
1800:
1627:
1494:
1467:
1461:4, 251
1434:
1325:(2013)
1123:, the
1113:phones
1063:) and
1053:R-Iowa
978:Attack
825:, and
823:Jayuya
819:Utuado
718:
711:
704:
697:
689:
569:, and
168:Motive
160:, and
137:, and
110:Deaths
63:Target
3474:2020s
3470:2010s
3466:2000s
3462:1990s
3216:1980s
3045:1970s
2954:1960s
2927:1950s
2892:1940s
2833:1930s
2814:1920s
2795:1760s
2736:Media
1219:, in
815:Ponce
723:JSTOR
709:books
101:9mm,
97:9mm,
1920:ISBN
1896:TIME
1798:OCLC
1658:link
1651:help
1625:ISBN
1606:help
1492:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1253:Cuba
1117:mail
950:and
813:and
785:here
754:The
695:news
608:The
526:The
105:9mm.
55:Date
1796:).
1255:on
1125:CIA
1121:FBI
1071:).
876:in
678:by
554:.
121:5 (
3490::
3472:,
3468:,
3464:,
3460:,
1864:^
1845:.
1778:^
1768:.
1764:,
1756:.
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1684:^
1674:.
1643::
1641:}}
1637:{{
1598::
1596:}}
1592:{{
1543:.
1503:^
1463:.
1392:.
1381:^
1371:.
1263:.
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821:,
809:,
805:,
801:,
565:,
561:,
156:,
152:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
3476:)
2779:e
2772:t
2765:v
2667:)
2663:(
1991:e
1984:t
1977:v
1939::
1884:.
1849:.
1804:.
1678:.
1660:)
1653:)
1633:.
1608:)
1560:.
1498:.
1473:.
1438:.
1375:.
1067:(
1059:(
1051:(
1043:(
1035:(
745:)
739:(
734:)
730:(
720:·
713:·
706:·
699:·
672:.
624:(
515:e
508:t
501:v
235:)
141:)
113:0
73:)
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