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unified
Democratic campaign for municipal offices. There was thought given to the possibility that Kennelly might endorse Merriam to help sabotage Daley's prospects. However, Democratic machine operatives were able to convince Kennelly that Merriam had sought to have him indicted during earlier criminal investigations. Kennelly ultimately disbelieved Merriam's denial of these claims, and opted against endorsing either candidate. Adamowski also declined to endorse Merriam. Daley and Merriam had contrasting personalities. Merriam had a polished and refined speaking style, while Daley had a thick ethnic Chicago accent and a more brash and clumsy speaking style. Merriam had an image of an intellectual, while Daley had a more working-class image and appeal.
89:
3773:. Daley's campaign focused on coordinating efforts and assisting the ward organizations that would turn out voters on Election Day. Daley spent little time campaigning before the general electorate or proposing policy on hot-button issues, and most of his candidacy focused on machine oiling the gears of the machine, appearing mostly before machine workers and ward organizations rather than before the general electorate. Luncheons and rallies were held for precinct captains at the large downtown hotels and at numerous civic centers across the city. On
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were well-funded by the machine. Much of the nefariously obtained "juice money" the machine had raked in went to support get-out-the-vote efforts for Daley. Additionally, they were able to extract financial backing from companies that did business with the city and the county, which were concerned about securing their government contracts. To combat any anti-machine sentiments, Daley sought to associate himself with individuals that would give him an appearance of being a reform candidate. He had a lawyer that had been an important backer of
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3712:. He had been hoping that Kennelly would ultimately withdraw from the race, leaving the race an effectively two-man campaign between him and Daley. Adamowski was then counting on the anti-machine vote compounded with his popularity among the city's sizable Polish electorate to possibly secure him a victory over Daley. In the backdrop, during the lead up to the primary election, was racial tensions at the
4033:, both of which had earned him anti-crime bonafides. He was seen as a handsome, charismatic, and articulate candidate. He was not unanimously backed by Republicans, with many ward bosses not wanting to hand the nomination to an individual they did not personally consider to be a true Republican. However, he received the strong backing of governor
3720:. White residents violently protested the presence of number of black families in the housing project. The CHA consequently "froze" the number of black families it would allow to live in the project, but this did little to quell the protests. Kennelly did not intervene. This massively turned black voters against Kennelly's candidacy.
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should "not be used to advance the interests of any one group over another", which was a dog whistle for meaning that he did not support the role of police integrating
Trumbull Park. Both Kennelly and Adamowski sought to illustrate a dark future if Daley were elected. Towards the end of the campaign,
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The
Democratic machine used some underhanded tactics to hamper Merriam's support. For instance, in the city's working class white Bungalow Belt, it circulated letters claiming praise of Merriam from the made-up "American Negro Civic Association". The also spread rumors in the same neighborhoods that
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In the heavily
Democratic city of Chicago, Daley regularly reminded voters of his and Merriam's party affiliations during the campaign. He also mocked Merriam for being neither a loyal Democrat nor loyal Republican, accusing him of trying to convince Democrats he was not a Republican and Republicans
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Daley's camp was able to get many government workers, beneficiaries of patronage and concerned about their jobs in light of
Kennelly's plans for civil service reform, to strongly back Daley's candidacy. Daley's supporters used some threats of violence in their coercion of support. Daley's operations
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Daley, the new Cook County
Democratic Party chairman, refused Kennelly the party's endorsement and instead ran against Kennelly in the primary, taking the party's endorsement for himself. One reason for this was that Daley and others anticipated that likely Republican nominee Robert Merriam would be
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Democrats had won all citywide elections since 1931. During the countywide elections of
November 1954, Republicans were handed a heavy defeat. Since the municipal elections would exclude the Republican party's suburban bastions of support (many of which partook in the Cook County elections), it was
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mascot). Merriam sought to get those who voted for
Kennelly and Adamowski in the party primaries to cross party-lines, trying to persuade them that his politics were a natural landing ground for supporters of the anti-machine candidates. To attract Kennelly supporters, he pledged that, if elected
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praised Daley's family unit by remarking that, "Daley has seven children and they are all his own," reminding viewers that
Merriam, who was divorced and remarried, was raising two children his wife had had from her own previous marriage. Daley continued to have the support of trade unions in the
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Three of the city's four daily newspapers cast very negative coverage on the
Democrats during the campaign. The Republicans also laid strong criticism of the Democratic Party. This caused the Democratic Party to alter its plans, which were to run a minimal public campaign, and run a more visible
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with a subway system and offering transfers between commuter train lines and the city's bus system. Daley attempted to appeal to black voters as someone who supported their civil rights struggle without scaring-off white voters by taking too strong and concrete a stance on such matters. These
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chairman, Daley refused Kennelly the party' endorsement in the primary election, and instead challenged Kennelly in the primary, taking the party's endorsement for himself. Daley and others had believed that Kennelly would be a weak candidate against Merriam, who was perceived to be the likely
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had some challenges heading into the election. He saw disapproval among both white and black citizens for his handling of the city's rising racial tensions. His distance from organized labor and his push for civil service reform had earned strong disapproval from many in the Democratic Party
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poll showed almost 57% of 104 respondents backing Kennelly and only 33% backing Daley. Kennelly's camp was tooting their horn at signs that the support lay with their candidate. Kennelly's camp was hoping for high turnout, especially since the primary fell on the bank and school holiday of
4029:. In City Council, Merriam had been the leader of a reformer group dubbed the "economy bloc" due to their skepticism to wasteful spending by the machine of city dollars. He was also the chairman of the City Council's crime committee, and the host of the television show named
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voters. Approximately 20% of the city's voters were African American. Merriam's failure can, likewise, be largely credited to his failure to capture enough of the African American electorate. Daley's win was the narrowest victory in a Chicago mayoral race in over a decade.
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Issues were not a heavy focus in the campaign. Daley only campaigned on mere platitudes and vague stances. Merriam, on the other hand, offered specific and creative solutions. For instance, to improve transit, Merriam proposed replacing the elevated tracks of
4123:. Merriam sought to illustrate a dark future if Daley were elected. He presented an image of an era of corruption if Daley won. After the Chicago Bar Association brought charges against Benjamin Becker, Daley had him removed from the ticket, and
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With dwindling prospects of receiving the black vote, Kennelly made a miscalculation and attempted to receive white backlash votes. He utilized racial stereotypes in his campaign, and made blatant attempts at race baiting. Attempting to use
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all endorsed him. While Merriam did receive the endorsement of the Chicago Tribune, the city's leading Republican newspaper was not enthusiastic about him, viewing him as a fake-Republican. The city's fourth-largest daily newspaper, the
4069:, endorsed Daley. It was reported that the Democratic machine had brokered a deal with the ailing Herald-American where their precinct captains would sell subscriptions to the newspapers in exchange for their endorsing Daley.
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Merriam had hoped that the contested Democratic primary would create enough discord in the Democratic party that its electorate might fracture, giving room for a Republican victory. The city's three largest newspapers, the
3804:. Daley also received backing from fraternal organizations and the city's major labor unions. This trade union backing further strengthened Daley's working-class bonafides. Daley was not above the selective use of
3766:, had been receiving kickbacks from zoning case revenue from an attorney that was a former 40th Ward machine operative. Kennelly thought he could beat Daley's machine organizing with use of television commercials.
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efforts appeared to pay off. The leading African-American newspaper, The Chicago Defender, endorsed Daley. However, he was also endorsed by the vehemently anti-integration South Deering Improvement Association.
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strongly criticized Kennelly's tactics. Kennelly's racist campaign ultimately drove strong African-American support for Daley's candidacy, as black voters were now driven to kick Kennelly out of office.
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Daley continued his strategy used in the primary of receiving the backing of reform Democrats to deflect criticisms of his machine involvement. In the general election he received the endorsement of
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candidate. Daley won 49.05% of the vote in the primary, held on February 22, 1955. Kennelly won 35.42% and Adamowski won 15.02%. The remaining 0.51% was won by minor contender Clarence Balek.
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system. Kennelly was also blamed by many Democrats for failing to quell disputes within the party which had led to an underperformance of the party in the previous aldermanic election.
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electorate due to his failure to address crime and reform the city's police department. The Democratic establishment also feared that Kennelly would disassemble the city's
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Merriam's wife was black. To hamper his appeal to Catholic voters, they circulated copies of Merriam's divorce papers. In a television appearance on behalf of Daley,
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4013:, receiving sizable Republican support both times. In order to capture the party's mayoral nomination, Merriam changed his affiliation to Republican. Merriam was a
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that he was not a Democrat, and remarking at a debate, "I can't think of anything more difficult than trying to mate an elephant with a donkey" (referring to the
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mayor, he would reappoint Kennelly's Civil Service Commission chairman, an appointee of Kennely's who had received the animus of the Democratic machine. The
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a strong candidate, and believed that Kennelly might be too weak to defeat him. Additionally, Kennelly had lost support of segments of the city's
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neighborhoods. His supporters, portraying Kennelly as a strong elite, even attempted to portray machine boss Daley as a sort of working-class
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in the Democratic primary. Kennelly announced on December 1, 1954, that he would seek reelection. His campaign would be managed by
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expected that Republicans would do even worse in the municipal elections. Among the Democrats which had won election in 1954 was
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US Senate campaign to head the "Volunteers for Daley" committee that was to attract non-machine Democrats to Daley's candidacy.
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Vaz, Matthew Running the Numbers: Race, Police, and the History of Urban Gambling University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 2020
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To Serve and Collect: Chicago Politics and Police Corruption from the Lager Beer Riot to the Summerdale Scandal, 1855-1960
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become City Treasurer nominee). Daley and the Democratic machine had a vast financial advantage over Merriam's campaign.
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Republican nominee. Daley and the Democratic Party establishment also feared that Kennelly might dismantle the city's
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3750:", arguing that he had won the opposition of the machine due to his attempts at civil service reform challenging the
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4796:"Board of Election Commissioners For the City of Chicago Mayoral Election Results Since 1900 General Elections Only"
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Daley tried to frame the division in the city as not being machine vs. reformers, but rather business elites vs.
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3754:. Kennelly's anti-machine positioning became rather opportune when a scandal broke with reports that Alderman
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4311:"THE CHICAGO MAYORAL ELECTION OF 1955: ROBERT E. MERRIAMS CHALLENGE TO THE LEADERSHIP OF RICHARD J.DALEY"
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won the Republican Party nomination. Merriam was a land developer who had been elected twice to the
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organization. In addition, the ambitious Richard J. Daley had been elected the new Chairman of the
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5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
4817:
4795:
4065:
3708:
Adamowski was formerly a political ally of Daley. Adamowski framed his candidacy as opposing the
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
3677:
were held February 22, 1955. 52.67% of registered voters participated in the primary elections.
4128:
4018:
2878:
2873:
1823:
4670:
7549:
5075:
3763:
3746:
Without machine backing, Kennelly framed his campaign as a fight of, "the people against the
3637:
218:
3769:
Daley's campaign, being backed by the Democratic machine, were run out of their base in the
4762:
4407:
4010:
4006:
3805:
3738:
198:
8:
7569:
7554:
4078:
3713:
3657:, who was elected Cook County Clerk with a 390,000 plurality. Incumbent Democratic mayor
3777:
of 1955, Daley spoke before an audience of nearly 5,000 machine workers jammed into the
7529:
4717:
4604:
4371:
4116:
4058:
3897:
3774:
3658:
3616:
3538:
180:
88:
7579:
6716:
6681:
4709:
4676:
4610:
4377:
4211:
4144:
4082:
4052:
4002:
3778:
3759:
3709:
3698:
3641:
3609:
2835:
2800:
113:
4263:"Voter Turnout in U.S. Mayoral Elections Is Pathetic, But It Wasn't Always This Way"
7687:
7681:
7506:
7494:
4186:
4153:
4034:
3872:
3733:
3674:
3654:
3624:
3605:
192:
173:
107:
73:
4143:
Daley's victory can be, in large part, credited to strong support from the city's
4651:
4629:
4104:
3823:
3781:. In his speeches before machine workers and leaders, Daley exalted the machine.
4606:
American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for Chicago and the Nation
4095:
3747:
3832:. His camp believed that a turnout above 900,000 would secure him reelection.
3608:
win election to his first term as mayor by a ten-point margin over Republican
7703:
7675:
4713:
4431:
4224:
4119:. In turn, Daley quickly endorsed Stevenson for president in the forthcoming
3949:
3918:
3751:
3686:
3612:. This was the narrowest margin of victory of any of Daley's mayoral races.
7661:
4698:"The Chicago Political Machine and Black-Ethnic Conflict and Accommodation"
3818:
3685:
Daley defeated incumbent mayor Martin H. Kennelly and State Representative
3797:
5044:
4798:. Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. July 18, 2004. Archived from
4721:
4697:
3971:
4014:
3729:
3702:
3633:
95:
7463:
3801:
4847:
3808:. On one occasion. speaking before a largely white group of 7,500
4090:, a typically Democratic-leaning organization, endorsed Merriam.
2857:
3627:
in order to win the Democratic nomination. As the newly seated
4115:
Democratic presidential nominee and former Illinois governor
4630:
World War II Chicago By Paul Michael Green, Melvin G. Holli
4373:
The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition, fourth edition
3636:
system. Also challenging Kennelly was State Representative
6712:
Transportation Taxes and Fees Lockbox Amendment (2016)
4799:
2831:
Transportation Taxes and Fees Lockbox Amendment (2016)
4370:
Green, Paul M.; Holli, Melvin G. (January 10, 2013).
7535:
1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
4736:"Hyde Park vs. The Daleys: Round Five - NBC Chicago"
3821:showed Kennelly leading by a significant margin. A
4430:
3812:Workers on February 17, 1955, Daley said that the
4664:
4662:
7701:
4131:, take his place as City Clerk nominee (and had
168:
6722:Right to Collective Bargaining Amendment (2022)
4647:"Robert e. Merriam, 69: 1955 Mayoral Candidate"
2841:Right to Collective Bargaining Amendment (2022)
4659:
7479:
5060:
4833:
3578:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4602:
4432:"Voter turnout of 80 percent dwarfs record"
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
7486:
7472:
5067:
5053:
4840:
4826:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4369:
4304:
4302:
4300:
3585:
3571:
5074:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4025:, and had also unsuccessfully sought the
2811:Illinois Governor Recall Amendment (2010)
4668:
4428:
4324:
3842:Chicago Democratic mayoral primary, 1955
4669:Lindberg, Richard C. (August 1, 1998).
4634:
4603:Cohen, Adam; Taylor, Elizabeth (2001).
4402:
4400:
7702:
4760:
4695:
4447:
4277:
4260:
3810:United Packinghouse Workers of America
7467:
5048:
4821:
4763:"MORRIS B. SACHS: A CHICAGO ORIGINAL"
4308:
4161:
3962:
3847:
3680:
7715:1955 United States mayoral elections
7493:
6687:Crime Victim Rights Amendment (1992)
4397:
3966:
2806:Crime Victim Rights Amendment (1992)
4429:Franklin, Tim (February 23, 1983).
4040:
4021:had been the Republican nominee in
3615:Daley had defeated incumbent mayor
13:
7590:United States Conference of Mayors
7580:Skokie Swift CTA line construction
4237:
2666:House of Representatives elections
2351:Lieutenant Gubernatorial elections
14:
7746:
7560:Chicago Civic Center construction
7540:Chicago Central Area Transit Plan
4609:. Little, Brown. pp. 73–87.
4157:1955 election (General Election)
7550:Dan Ryan CTA branch construction
6692:Governor Recall Amendment (2010)
3970:
225:
94:
87:
68:
67:
25:
6697:Public Pension Amendment (2012)
6677:State capitol referendum (1834)
6670:Ballot measures and referendums
4788:
4761:Reeder, Richard (Winter 2014).
4754:
4728:
4689:
4376:. SIU Press. pp. 159–161.
4261:Denvir, Daniel (May 22, 2015).
4023:Chicago's 1911 mayoral election
2816:Public Pension Amendment (2012)
2796:State capitol referendum (1834)
2786:Ballot measures and referendums
6707:Right to Vote Amendment (2014)
4623:
4422:
4254:
4088:Independent Voters of Illinois
3669:
2826:Right to Vote Amendment (2014)
1:
7545:Crosstown Expressway proposal
6416:Other state executive offices
4247:
4127:, previously the nominee for
4027:Republican nomination in 1919
3647:
19:1955 Chicago mayoral election
7710:Mayoral elections in Chicago
7570:McCormick Place construction
4854:1955 United States elections
4138:
3664:Cook County Democratic Party
3629:Cook County Democratic Party
2578:Secretary of State elections
7:
7565:Chicago Skyway construction
4443:– via Newspapers.com.
246:U.S. Presidential elections
10:
7751:
3835:
3359:Chicago Board of Education
2557:Attorney General elections
7660:
7639:
7598:
7517:
7501:
7336:
7320:
7162:
6730:
6669:
6593:
6527:
6461:
6415:
6209:
5931:
5890:
5824:
5603:
5318:
5082:
4984:
4926:
4898:
4865:
4696:Taylor, Quintard (1972).
4265:. City Lab (The Atlantic)
4223:
4170:
4167:
4164:
3948:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3814:Chicago Police Department
3718:Chicago Housing Authority
166:
79:
62:
35:
23:
7652:Richard J. Daley College
7575:O'Hare Airport expansion
6682:Cutback Amendment (1980)
6210:Lieutenant gubernatorial
5918:18th congressional, 2015
5903:14th congressional, 2008
3601:Chicago mayoral election
2801:Cutback Amendment (1980)
7725:20th century in Chicago
7720:1955 Illinois elections
7647:Richard J. Daley Center
7525:1959 Pan American Games
5913:2nd congressional, 2013
5908:5th congressional, 2009
5898:2nd congressional, 1995
4702:Polish American Studies
4066:Chicago Herald-American
2074:Gubernatorial elections
4770:Chicago Jewish History
3736:press outlets such as
7631:1975 mayoral election
7626:1971 mayoral election
7621:1967 mayoral election
7616:1963 mayoral election
7611:1959 mayoral election
7606:1955 mayoral election
5076:Elections in Illinois
3919:Benjamin S. Adamowski
3830:Washington's Birthday
3687:Benjamin S. Adamowski
3640:, who ran as an anti-
3638:Benjamin S. Adamowski
2594:Comptroller elections
626:U.S. Senate elections
219:Elections in Illinois
7164:Chicago City Council
4031:Spotlight on Chicago
4019:Merriam's own father
4011:independent Democrat
4007:Chicago City Council
3739:The Chicago Defender
3306:Aldermanic elections
1022:U.S. House elections
199:Richard Joseph Daley
7670:Eleanor "Sis" Daley
7585:Summerdale scandals
7555:Dan Ryan Expressway
6437:Secretary of State
4742:on February 4, 2019
4309:De Grazia, Alfred.
4158:
4079:Republican elephant
3844:
3714:Trumbull Park Homes
20:
7530:1968 Chicago riots
6702:Marsy's Law (2014)
4151:
4117:Adlai Stevenson II
4108:general election.
4059:Chicago Daily News
3982:. You can help by
3963:Republican primary
3898:Martin H. Kennelly
3840:
3716:, operated by the
3681:Democratic primary
3659:Martin H. Kennelly
3617:Martin H. Kennelly
2821:Marsy's Law (2014)
2732:Judicial elections
237:Federal government
181:Martin H. Kennelly
137:Popular vote
18:
7697:
7696:
7599:Electoral history
7461:
7460:
6422:Attorney General
5923:Comptroller, 2016
5042:
5041:
4682:978-0-8093-2223-7
4616:978-0-7595-2427-9
4435:. Chicago Tribune
4235:
4234:
4212:Robert E. Merriam
4083:Democratic donkey
4053:Chicago Sun-Times
4003:Robert E. Merriam
4000:
3999:
3960:
3959:
3779:Civic Opera House
3726:William L. Dawson
3710:political machine
3675:Primary elections
3642:political machine
3610:Robert E. Merriam
3595:
3594:
3560:
3559:
3547:Mayoral elections
3529:
3528:
3381:
3380:
2888:Mayoral elections
2866:General elections
2848:
2847:
2777:
2776:
1832:General elections
1814:
1813:
213:
212:
209:
208:
162:
161:
114:Robert E. Merriam
58:
57:
7742:
7735:Richard J. Daley
7730:1950s in Chicago
7682:Richard M. Daley
7510:
7507:Mayor of Chicago
7495:Richard J. Daley
7488:
7481:
7474:
7465:
7464:
7352:State's Attorney
5069:
5062:
5055:
5046:
5045:
5024:Philadelphia, PA
5014:Indianapolis, IN
4842:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4802:on July 18, 2004
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4767:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4738:. Archived from
4732:
4726:
4725:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4643:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4600:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4367:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4306:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4258:
4187:Richard J. Daley
4159:
4154:Mayor of Chicago
4150:
4145:African American
4041:General election
4035:William Stratton
3995:
3992:
3974:
3967:
3873:Richard J. Daley
3845:
3839:
3758:, the machine's
3752:patronage system
3734:African American
3699:African American
3655:Richard J. Daley
3625:primary election
3621:Democratic Party
3606:Richard J. Daley
3587:
3580:
3573:
3544:
3543:
3415:State's Attorney
3399:County elections
3396:
3395:
2863:
2862:
2790:
2789:
2610:Senate elections
1829:
1828:
1824:State government
242:
241:
229:
228:
215:
214:
169:
108:Richard J. Daley
98:
91:
81:
80:
71:
70:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
21:
17:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7656:
7635:
7594:
7513:
7505:
7497:
7492:
7462:
7457:
7332:
7321:Other municipal
7316:
7158:
6732:Chicago mayoral
6726:
6717:Fair Tax (2020)
6665:
6589:
6523:
6457:
6411:
6205:
5927:
5886:
5820:
5599:
5314:
5078:
5073:
5043:
5038:
5034:Springfield, MA
4980:
4922:
4894:
4861:
4846:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4667:
4660:
4652:Chicago Tribune
4645:
4644:
4635:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4601:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4410:. Our Campaigns
4406:
4405:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4368:
4325:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4240:
4238:Further reading
4141:
4133:Morris B. Sachs
4105:Thomas E. Keane
4048:Chicago Tribune
4043:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3980:needs expansion
3965:
3938:Clarence Balek
3838:
3824:Chicago Tribune
3819:opinion polling
3775:Valentine's Day
3756:Benjamin Becker
3683:
3672:
3650:
3591:
3562:
3561:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3393:
3383:
3382:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2836:Fair Tax (2020)
2787:
2779:
2778:
1826:
1816:
1815:
239:
226:
201:
196:
183:
178:
176:before election
167:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
7748:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7666:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7490:
7483:
7476:
7468:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7348:
7342:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6736:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6594:State judicial
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5844:
5839:
5834:
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5808:
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5428:
5423:
5418:
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5408:
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5398:
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5388:
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5328:
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5320:
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5307:
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5292:
5287:
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5232:
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5064:
5057:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5019:Manchester, NH
5016:
5011:
5009:Evansville, IN
5006:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
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4902:
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4845:
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4837:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4813:
4787:
4753:
4727:
4708:(1/2): 40–66.
4688:
4681:
4658:
4633:
4622:
4615:
4446:
4421:
4396:
4382:
4323:
4276:
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4140:
4137:
4129:City Treasurer
4042:
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3998:
3997:
3977:
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3771:Morrison Hotel
3682:
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2017:
2012:
2007:
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1997:
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1987:
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188:
164:
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138:
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119:
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111:
104:
100:
99:
92:
85:
77:
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64:
60:
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56:
55:
49:
44:
33:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7747:
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7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7689:
7688:William Daley
7686:
7683:
7680:
7677:
7676:John P. Daley
7674:
7671:
7668:
7667:
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7659:
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54: →
53:
50:
48:
47:April 5, 1955
45:
43:
40:←
39:
38:
34:
22:
16:
7605:
7058:
6906:
6774:
6462:State Senate
6447:Comptroller
5319:Presidential
5003:
4976:Pennsylvania
4858:→ 1956
4850:1954 ←
4804:. Retrieved
4800:the original
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4773:
4769:
4756:
4744:. Retrieved
4740:the original
4730:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4671:
4650:
4625:
4605:
4437:. Retrieved
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4387:. Retrieved
4372:
4314:. Retrieved
4269:December 11,
4267:. Retrieved
4256:
4197:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4152:
4142:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4030:
4001:
3991:January 2019
3988:
3984:adding to it
3979:
3900:(incumbent)
3883:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3841:
3822:
3806:dog whistles
3795:
3787:Paul Douglas
3783:
3768:
3745:
3737:
3722:
3707:
3695:
3691:Frank Keenan
3684:
3673:
3651:
3614:
3598:
3596:
3201:
197:
190:
179:
172:
153:
140:
106:
46:
15:
7509:(1955-1976)
7338:Cook County
7328:1924 Cicero
6528:State House
5604:U.S. Senate
5594:Dem primary
5584:Dem primary
5569:Rep primary
5565:Dem primary
5004:Chicago, IL
4966:Mississippi
4918:Mississippi
4746:February 3,
4414:December 4,
4316:February 3,
4125:John Marcin
4081:mascot and
3798:blue collar
3670:Nominations
3391:Cook County
150:Percentage
7704:Categories
6964:1893 (Dec)
6959:1893 (Apr)
6914:1876 (Jul)
6908:1876 (Apr)
6782:1844 (Apr)
6776:1844 (Mar)
5832:2000 (1st)
5825:U.S. House
4999:Boston, MA
4867:U.S. House
4248:References
4229:1,290,121
4207:Republican
4180:Democratic
4165:Candidate
3934:Democratic
3914:Democratic
3893:Democratic
3866:Democratic
3851:Candidate
3764:City Clerk
3762:candidate
3648:Background
203:Democratic
185:Democratic
131:Republican
126:Democratic
7518:Mayoralty
4913:Louisiana
4900:Governors
4884:Michigan
4852:)
4806:March 26,
4714:0032-2806
3730:boogeyman
3703:patronage
3634:patronage
3361:elections
4961:Michigan
4951:Maryland
4941:Illinois
4908:Kentucky
4874:Florida
4856: (
4722:20147848
4439:April 3,
4216:581,461
4193:708,660
4096:The Loop
3954:753,670
3923:113,173
3903:266,946
3879:369,692
3802:underdog
3539:Rockford
191:Elected
145:581,461
103:Nominee
5891:Special
5083:By year
4946:Indiana
4936:Florida
4888:15th sp
4780:May 28,
4389:May 22,
4225:Turnout
4139:Results
4015:liberal
3950:Turnout
3836:Results
3619:in the
3252:1989 sp
3232:1977 sp
3107:1893 sp
2858:Chicago
1773:18th sp
1721:14th sp
1652:15th sp
1637:21st sp
1620:14th sp
1590:10th sp
1543:15th sp
1519:13th sp
1429:19th sp
1268:18th sp
1263:10th sp
989:2010 sp
914:1970 sp
859:1940 sp
834:1928 sp
804:1913 sp
749:1887 sp
744:1885 sp
719:1863 sp
699:1849 sp
664:1830 sp
654:1824 sp
158:45.07%
141:708,660
84:
63:Turnout
7672:(wife)
7662:Family
7640:Legacy
7350:1980 (
4986:Mayors
4928:States
4878:6th sp
4720:
4712:
4679:
4613:
4380:
4219:45.07
4198:54.93
4168:Votes
4162:Party
4056:, and
4009:as an
3941:3,859
3926:15.02
3906:35.42
3884:49.05
3854:Votes
3848:Party
3760:slated
3748:bosses
1758:2nd sp
1731:5th sp
1672:2nd sp
1605:1st sp
1568:5th sp
1553:7th sp
1531:6th sp
1479:7th sp
1459:7th sp
1367:4th sp
1362:2nd sp
1335:4th sp
1158:6th sp
1143:6th sp
154:54.93%
122:Party
66:64.2%
7690:(son)
7684:(son)
7678:(son)
4766:(PDF)
4718:JSTOR
3944:0.51
3728:as a
3599:1955
3411:1980
1769:2015
1754:2013
1727:2009
1668:1995
1648:1991
1616:1985
1601:1983
1564:1975
1549:1973
1515:1969
1475:1957
1455:1953
1358:1923
1352:AL sp
1259:1895
1193:AL sp
1189:1871
1154:1861
1139:1859
193:Mayor
174:Mayor
7453:2022
7448:2020
7443:2018
7438:2016
7433:2014
7428:2012
7423:2010
7418:2008
7413:2006
7408:2004
7403:2002
7398:2000
7393:1998
7388:1996
7383:1994
7378:1992
7373:1990
7368:1988
7363:1986
7358:1984
7346:1946
7312:2023
7307:2019
7302:2015
7297:2011
7292:2007
7287:2003
7282:1999
7277:1995
7272:1991
7267:1987
7262:1983
7257:1979
7252:1975
7247:1971
7242:1967
7237:1963
7232:1959
7227:1955
7222:1951
7217:1947
7212:1943
7207:1939
7202:1935
7197:1933
7192:1931
7187:1929
7182:1927
7177:1925
7172:1923
7154:2023
7149:2019
7144:2015
7139:2011
7134:2007
7129:2003
7124:1999
7119:1995
7114:1991
7109:1989
7104:1987
7099:1983
7094:1979
7089:1977
7084:1975
7079:1971
7074:1967
7069:1963
7064:1959
7059:1955
7054:1951
7049:1947
7044:1943
7039:1939
7034:1935
7029:1931
7024:1927
7019:1923
7014:1919
7009:1915
7004:1911
6999:1907
6994:1905
6989:1903
6984:1901
6979:1899
6974:1897
6969:1895
6954:1891
6949:1889
6944:1887
6939:1885
6934:1883
6929:1881
6924:1879
6919:1877
6902:1873
6897:1871
6892:1869
6887:1867
6882:1865
6877:1863
6872:1862
6867:1861
6862:1860
6857:1859
6852:1858
6847:1857
6842:1856
6837:1855
6832:1854
6827:1853
6822:1852
6817:1851
6812:1850
6807:1849
6802:1848
6797:1847
6792:1846
6787:1845
6770:1843
6765:1842
6760:1841
6755:1840
6750:1839
6745:1838
6740:1837
6661:2022
6656:2020
6651:2018
6646:2016
6641:2014
6636:2012
6631:1962
6626:1960
6621:1948
6616:1942
6611:1940
6606:1938
6601:1936
6585:2024
6580:2022
6575:2020
6570:2018
6565:2016
6560:2014
6555:2012
6550:2010
6545:2008
6540:2006
6535:2004
6519:2024
6514:2022
6509:2020
6504:2018
6499:2016
6494:2014
6489:2012
6484:2010
6479:2008
6474:2006
6469:2004
6451:2016
6441:2022
6431:2022
6426:2018
6407:1968
6402:1964
6397:1960
6392:1956
6387:1952
6382:1948
6377:1944
6372:1940
6367:1936
6362:1932
6357:1928
6352:1924
6347:1920
6342:1916
6337:1912
6332:1908
6327:1904
6322:1900
6317:1896
6312:1892
6307:1888
6302:1884
6297:1880
6292:1876
6287:1872
6282:1868
6277:1864
6272:1860
6267:1856
6262:1852
6257:1848
6252:1846
6247:1842
6242:1838
6237:1834
6232:1830
6227:1826
6222:1822
6217:1818
6201:2022
6196:2018
6191:2014
6186:2010
6181:2006
6176:2002
6171:1998
6166:1994
6161:1990
6156:1986
6151:1982
6146:1978
6141:1976
6136:1972
6131:1968
6126:1964
6121:1960
6116:1956
6111:1952
6106:1948
6101:1944
6096:1940
6091:1936
6086:1932
6081:1928
6076:1924
6071:1920
6066:1916
6061:1912
6056:1908
6051:1904
6046:1900
6041:1896
6036:1892
6031:1888
6026:1884
6021:1880
6016:1876
6011:1872
6006:1868
6001:1864
5996:1860
5991:1856
5986:1852
5981:1848
5976:1846
5971:1842
5966:1838
5961:1834
5956:1830
5951:1826
5946:1822
5941:1818
5882:2022
5877:2020
5872:2018
5867:2016
5862:2014
5857:2012
5851:17th
5847:2010
5842:2008
5837:2006
5816:2022
5811:2020
5806:2016
5801:2014
5796:2010
5791:2008
5786:2004
5781:2002
5776:1998
5771:1996
5766:1992
5761:1990
5756:1986
5751:1984
5746:1980
5741:1978
5736:1974
5731:1972
5726:1970
5721:1968
5716:1966
5711:1962
5706:1960
5701:1956
5696:1954
5691:1950
5686:1948
5681:1944
5676:1942
5671:1940
5666:1938
5661:1936
5656:1932
5651:1930
5646:1928
5641:1926
5636:1924
5631:1920
5626:1918
5621:1914
5616:1913
5611:1885
5590:2020
5580:2016
5575:2012
5561:2008
5556:2004
5551:2000
5546:1996
5541:1992
5536:1988
5531:1984
5526:1980
5521:1976
5516:1972
5511:1968
5506:1964
5501:1960
5496:1956
5491:1952
5486:1948
5481:1944
5476:1940
5471:1936
5466:1932
5461:1928
5456:1924
5451:1920
5446:1916
5441:1912
5436:1908
5431:1904
5426:1900
5421:1896
5416:1892
5411:1888
5406:1884
5401:1880
5396:1876
5391:1872
5386:1868
5381:1864
5376:1860
5371:1856
5366:1852
5361:1848
5356:1844
5351:1840
5346:1836
5341:1832
5336:1828
5331:1824
5326:1820
5310:2022
5305:2020
5300:2018
5295:2016
5290:2014
5285:2012
5280:2010
5275:2008
5270:2006
5265:2004
5260:2002
5255:2000
5250:1998
5245:1996
5240:1994
5235:1992
5230:1990
5225:1998
5220:1986
5215:1984
5210:1982
5205:1980
5200:1978
5195:1976
5190:1974
5185:1972
5180:1970
5175:1969
5170:1968
5165:1966
5160:1964
5155:1962
5150:1960
5145:1958
5140:1956
5135:1954
5130:1952
5125:1950
5120:1948
5115:1946
5110:1944
5105:1942
5100:1940
5095:1938
5090:1936
4808:2023
4782:2020
4748:2019
4710:ISSN
4677:ISBN
4611:ISBN
4441:2023
4416:2018
4391:2020
4378:ISBN
4318:2019
4271:2018
4113:1952
3791:1948
3597:The
3554:2021
3522:2024
3517:2022
3512:2020
3507:2018
3502:2016
3497:2014
3492:2012
3487:2010
3482:2008
3477:2006
3472:2004
3467:2002
3462:2000
3457:1998
3452:1996
3447:1994
3442:1992
3437:1990
3432:1988
3427:1986
3422:1984
3407:1946
3374:2026
3369:2024
3350:2023
3345:2019
3340:2015
3335:2011
3330:1929
3325:1927
3320:1925
3315:1923
3297:2023
3292:2019
3287:2015
3282:2011
3277:2007
3272:2003
3267:1999
3262:1995
3257:1991
3247:1987
3242:1983
3237:1979
3227:1975
3222:1971
3217:1967
3212:1963
3207:1959
3202:1955
3197:1951
3192:1947
3187:1943
3182:1939
3177:1935
3172:1931
3167:1927
3162:1923
3157:1919
3152:1915
3147:1911
3142:1907
3137:1905
3132:1903
3127:1901
3122:1899
3117:1897
3112:1895
3102:1893
3097:1891
3092:1889
3087:1887
3082:1885
3077:1883
3072:1881
3067:1879
3062:1877
3057:1876
3052:1873
3047:1871
3042:1869
3037:1867
3032:1865
3027:1863
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1014:2026
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649:1824
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639:1819
634:1818
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504:2000
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430:1960
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415:1948
410:1944
405:1940
400:1936
395:1932
390:1928
385:1924
380:1920
375:1916
370:1912
365:1908
360:1904
355:1900
350:1896
345:1892
340:1888
335:1884
330:1880
325:1876
320:1872
315:1868
310:1864
305:1860
300:1856
295:1852
290:1848
285:1844
280:1840
275:1836
270:1832
265:1828
260:1824
255:1820
72:7.4
52:1959
42:1951
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