1966 Syrian coup d'état

1744: 1935: 1952:

leaders to power who had different aims to their predecessors. While Aflaq and Bitar still had supporters in Syria and in non-Syrian Regional Branches, they were hampered by the lack of financial means – the Syrian Regional Branch had funded them since 1963. Jadid and his supporters now had the Syrian state at their disposal, and were theoretically able to establish new party organisations or coerce pro-Aflaq opinion, this failed to work since most of the regional branches changed their allegiance to Baghdad. Later in 1966, the first post-Aflaqite National Congress, officially designated the 9th, was held, and a new National Command was elected. Another change was to the ideological orientation of the Syrian Regional Branch and the

2046:

referred to the incident as a military coup. While the Syrian Ba'ath denied giving any legitimacy to Iraqi Ba'ath, the Iraqi Ba'ath were more conciliatory. For instance, Bakr stated "They are Ba'athists, we are Ba'athists" shortly after the Iraqi Regional Branch seized power. Foreign Minister Shaykli stated shortly after that "there is nothing preventing co-operation between us ". The anti-Iraq propaganda reached new heights within Syria at the same time that Assad was strengthening his position within the party and state. When Jadid was toppled by Assad during the

1294:. Several hundred Nasserites and conservatives were purged from the military, and Ba'athists were recruited to fill senior positions. Most of the newly recruited Ba'athist officers came from the countryside or from a low social class. These Ba'athist officers replaced the chiefly "urban Sunni upper-middle and middle class" officer corps, and replaced it with an officer corps with a rural background who more often the "kinsmen of the leading minority officer". These changes led to the decimation of Sunni control over the military establishment. 512: 1784:

The Military Committee, which had been the officers' key decision-making process during 1963–66, lost its central institutional authority under Jadid because the fight against the Aflaqites was over – the key reason for the committee's existence in the first place. While Jadid never acquired, or took the offices of Prime Minister or President, instead opting to rule through the office of Assistant Secretary of the Regional Command, he was the undisputed ruler of Syria from 1966 to 1970. Before the 1966 coup, Jadid had controlled the

348: 331: 315: 300: 283: 267: 252: 237: 222: 205: 181: 157: 1973: 1579:

military protagonist of the period Hafiz, Jadid, and Umran were no longer on military service and their power depended on their intermediary supporters in the army and in the party. In November 1965, the National Command issued a resolution which stated it was forbidden for the Regional Command to transfer or dismiss military officers without the consent of the National Command. After hearing of the resolution, Jadid rebelled immediately, and ordered Colonel

14074: 13210: 39: 1502:'s support, the Military Committee initiated a violent counter-attack on the rioters This decision led to Umran's downfall. He responded by revealing the Military Committee's plan of taking over the Ba'ath Party to the party's National Command. Aflaq, the Secretary General of the National Command, responded to the information by ordering the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Command. He was forced to withdraw his request because the party's 1287:'s terms, but the Ba'athists were skeptical of a new union with Nasser and wanted a loose federation where the Ba'ath Party could rule Syria alone without interference. The Nasserites mobilised large street demonstrations in favour of a union. It took time before the Ba'ath Party knew how to respond to the issue, since the majority of Syrian Arab Nationalists were not adherents to Ba'athism, but of Nasserism and Nasser in general. 2000:, or reconciliation with the Syrian Ba'ath. After the establishment of Ba'ath rule in Iraq, many members of the Syrian-dominated Ba'ath movement defected to its Iraqi-counterpart, few if any Iraqi-loyal Ba'athists attempted to change its allegiance to Damascus. The reason for this was that those defecting from Damascus were loyal to the old, Aflaqite National Command. Several older members such as Bitar, Hafiz, 1515: 1364:, and people from the countryside in general; this created an urban–rural conflict based predominantly on ethnic differences. With its coming to power, the Ba'ath Party was threatened by the predominantly anti-Ba'athist sentiment in urban politics—probably the only reason why the Ba'athists managed to stay in power was the rather weakly organised and fragmented opposition it faced. 1878: 1557:. Razzaz was a Syrian-born Jordanian who was not rooted enough in party politics to solve the crisis, even if under his command several joint meetings of the National and Regional Commands took place. Not longer after Aflaq's loss of office, Hafiz, the Secretary of the Regional Command, changed his allegiance to support the National Command. While Hafiz was the 1735:

the Military Committee by disgruntled Syrian officers exiled in Cairo in 1959, the chain of events and the total corruption of Ba'athism proceeded with intolerable logic." Bitar agreed, stating that the 1966 coup "marked the end of Ba'athist politics in Syria." Aflaq shared the sentiment, and stated; "I no longer recognise my party!".

1530:

Military Committee. The reason for the Military Committee's success was its alliance with the Regionalists, a group of branches which had not adhered to Aflaq's 1958 orders to dissolve the Syrian Regional Branch. The Regionalists disliked Aflaq and opposed his leadership. Assad called the Regionalists the "true cells of the party".

1456:. However, these policy changes did not win sufficient support, and the population at large still opposed Ba'ath Party rule. The upper classes continued to disinvest capital and smuggle capital out of the country, and the only foreseeable solution to this loss of capital was continuing with nationalisation. 1780:, Assad claimed that the military's intervention was regrettable because the Ba'ath Party was democratic, and that the disputes should have been resolved in a democratic manner. However, Assad did view the actions as necessary, as it put an end, in his view, to the dictatorship of the National Command. 2019:

From the beginning the Damascus government began an overwhelmingly anti-Iraqi Ba'athist propaganda campaign, to which their counterparts in Baghdad responded. However, the Iraqi Ba'athists helped Assad, who at the 4th Regional Congress of the Syrian Regional Branch called for the reunification of the

1917:

people . Thus, the Alawis in the army have attained a ratio of five to one of all other religious communities.. whenever a Syrian military man is questioned about his free officers, his answer will be that they have been dismissed and driven away, and that only Alawi officers have remained. The Alawi

1734:

and the Ba'ath Party, and real power lay with the former." He further noted that the military Ba'ath (as "paraphrased by Martin Seymour") "was and remains Ba'athist only in name; that it was and remains little more than a military clique with civilian hangers-on; and that from the initial founding of

1540:

head of state, and the Regional Command acquired the power to appoint the prime minister, the cabinet, the chief of staff, and the top military commanders. This change curtailed the powers of the National Command, who thenceforth had very little say in Syrian internal affairs. In response, at the 8th

1533:

The power contest between the allied Military Committee and the Regionalists against the National Command was fought out within the party structure. However, the Military Committee and the Regionalists managed to turn the party structure on its head. At the 2nd Regional Congress (held in March 1965),

1506:

rose in protest. When an old guard Ba'athist tauntingly asked Aflaq "how big a role his party still played in government", Aflaq replied "About one-thousandth of one percent". Umran's revelations to the National Command led to his exile, and with the National Command impotent, the Military Committee,

2036:

and proclaimed it as his own, with Assad hailing Arsuzi as the principal founder of Ba'athist thought. The Iraqi Regional Branch, however, still proclaimed Aflaq as the founder of Ba'athism. Assad has referred to Arsuzi as the "greatest Syrian of his day" and claimed him to be the "first to conceive

1529:

After Umran's downfall, the National Command and the Military Committee continued their respective struggle for control of the Ba'ath Party. While the National Command invoked party rules and regulations against the Military Committee, it was clear from the beginning that the initiative lay with the

1783:

Jadid's government has been referred to as Syria's most radical government in history. He initiated rash and radical policies internally and externally, and tried to overturn Syrian society from the top to the bottom. Assad and Jadid did not agree on how to implement Ba'athist beliefs in practice.

1578:

Arrangements devised in 1963 between Aflaq and the Military Committee led to a very close mutual involvement of the military and civilian sectors of the regime, so that by the end of 1965 the politics of the Syrian army had become almost identical to the politics of the Ba'th Party. The principal

2045:

When the Iraqi Regional Branch seized power, the Syrian Regional Branch responded by not mentioning in the press release that a Ba'ath organisation had taken power in Iraq. For instance, it mentioned that Bakr had been appointed president, but did not mention his party's affiliation, and instead

1951:

The ousting of Aflaq, Bitar, and the National Command is the deepest schism in the Ba'ath movement's history. While there had been many schisms and splits in the Ba'ath Party, Aflaq and Bitar always emerged as the victors, and remained party leaders, but the 1966 coup brought a new generation of

1854:

measures, and imposition of hardline Marxist policies. The properties of traders, local businessmen and land owners were confiscated by Jadid's radical leftist regime, while the Syrian military forces became thoroughly politicized with neo-Ba'athist officers. In the sphere of foreign policy, the

1963:

Following the exile of the National Command, some of its members, including Hafiz, convened the 9th Ba'ath National Congress (to differentiate it from the Syrian "9th National Congress") and elected a new National Command, with Aflaq, who did not attend the congress, as the National Command's

1436:

would disappear, and in agriculture they envisioned a plan were land was given "to he who works it". However, private enterprise would still exist in retail trade, construction, tourism, and small industry in general. These changes and more would refashion the Ba'ath Party into a

458:. Salah Jadid established the most radical administration in modern Syrian history. The coup created a permanent schism between the Syrian and Iraqi regional branches of the Ba'ath Party and their respective National Commands, with many senior Syrian Ba'athists defecting to Iraq. 1639:

in a hurry for a lengthy discussion with the officer corps there; when they returned at 3 am on 23 February they were exhausted. Two hours later, at 5 am, Jadid launched his coup. Not long after, the attack on al-Hafiz's private residence began, led by Salim Hatum and

2041:

in 1971 by Assad's government. The Syrian Regional Branch erected a statue in Arsuzi's honour not long after the 1966 coup. Nevertheless, the majority of Ba'ath followers outside Syria still view Aflaq, not Arsuzi, as the principal founder of Ba'athism.

1664:. After their military defeats, resistance all but collapsed – Razzaz was the only National Command member to put up any organised resistance after the military defeats, issuing statements against the government from his different hiding places. 1644:, and supported by a squadron of tank units led by Izzad Jadid. Despite a spirited defence, Hafiz's forces surrendered after all their ammunition was spent – Hafiz's daughter lost an eye in the attacks. The commander of al-Hafiz's bodyguard, 1604:. Jadid and his supporters responded by making war on the National Command. Assad, who neither liked nor had sympathy for the Aflaqites, did not support a showdown through the use of force. In response to the coming coup, Assad, along with 1498:, in contrast, Jadid believed the solution was to coerce and repress the protesters so as to save the 8th of March Revolution. This was the first open schism within the Military Committee, and would prove decisive in coming events. With 1583:

to arrest the commanders of the Homs garrison and his deputy, both supporters of National Command. In response, Razzaz called for an emergency session of the National Command which decreed the Regional Command dissolved, and made Bitar

422:

position. On 21 February, supporters of the old guard in the army ordered the transfer of their rivals. Two days later, the Military Committee, backing the radical leftist factions, launched a coup that involved violent fighting in

1563:

leader of Syria (he held the offices of Regional Command secretary, Chairman of the Presidential Council, prime minister and commander-in-chief), it was Jadid, the Assistant Secretary General of the Regional Command, who was the

1892:

who led the operations for 1966 coup that arrested Syrian President Amin al-Hafiz later plotted a counter-coup the same year, out of disenchanment with Hafez al-Assad and Salah Jadid. Although he was able to temporarily detain

1541:

National Congress (April 1965) Aflaq had originally planned to launch an attack on the Military Committee and the Regionalists, but was persuaded not to by fellow National Command members – most notably by a Lebanese member,

1960:, the Syria's new leaders saw this as impractical. Following the coup, the National Command became subservient in all but name to the Syrian Regional Command, and ceased to have an effective role in Arab or Syrian politics. 1792:, but from 1966 onwards Jadid became absorbed with running the country, and in his place, Assad was given the task of controlling the armed forces. This would later prove to be a mistake, and lead to Jadid's downfall in the 1991:

When the National Command was toppled in 1966, the Iraqi Regional Branch remained, at least verbally, supportive of the "legitimate leadership" of Aflaq. When the Iraqi Regional Branch regained power in 1968 in the

9062: 1635:, the Alawi commander of the front facing Israel, reported to headquarters that a quarrel had broken out among front-line officers, and that guns had been used. Umran, al-Hafiz and the Chief of Staff left for the 7699: 2050:

in 1970, it did not signal a change in attitudes, and the first joint communique of the Syrian-dominated National Command and the Syrian Regional Command referred to the Iraqi Ba'ath as a "rightist clique".

2024:

even had his own personal office in the Syrian Ministry of Defence, which Assad headed. However, this should not be misconstrued, the Iraqi Regional Branch was Arab nationalist in name only, and was in fact

12990: 1448:

and other cities, the radicals were on the retreat and the Aflaqites regained control for a brief period. Bitar formed a new government which halted the nationalisation process, reaffirm respect for

14123: 9052: 8959: 8393: 8188: 2013: 3655: 11826: 3650: 11892: 12100: 10575: 5066: 11884: 3556: 12203: 9057: 1789: 1511:

and initiated a nationalisation drive which extended state ownership to electricity generation, oil distribution, cotton ginning, and to an estimated 70 percent of foreign trade.

8050: 11521: 11394: 11160: 10941: 10261: 10132: 1589: 1463:

would never be won over unless they were given total control over the economy as they had before. It was this power struggle between the moderate Aflaqites who dominated the

13157: 11941: 6401: 3605: 11328: 2020:

Ba'ath Party, in his attempt to seize power from Jadid. It was reported that Assad promised the Iraqis to recognize Aflaq's historical leadership. Iraq's foreign minister

1824: 11604: 10779: 10595: 10232: 1828: 12970: 9992: 9201: 9042: 9001: 1078: 1020: 11529: 11513: 11386: 11152: 10933: 10749: 10447: 10253: 10124: 1820: 392: 13162: 11609: 10882: 10775: 10591: 10451: 1413: 2016:. Aflaq did not visit Iraq until 1969, but from late 1970, he would become a leading Iraqi Ba'ath official, although he never acquired any decision-making power. 1964:

Secretary General. For those like Bitar and Razzaz, the exile from Syria was too hard, and they left the party. Aflaq moved to Brazil, remaining there till 1968.

11417: 10392: 1615:

The coup began on 21 February 1966 when Umran tested his authority as Minister of Defence by ordering the transfer of three key Jadid supporters; Major-General

11766: 11517: 11390: 11156: 10937: 10257: 10128: 6808: 1632: 12225: 11258: 11178: 11019: 6644: 5252: 11559: 11343: 11111: 8991: 6676: 4683: 1015: 14098: 13025: 13010: 12980: 11625: 11422: 11358: 10560: 10421: 10397: 9864: 9828: 9803: 9022: 7721: 7399: 6649: 1836: 941: 13833: 11183: 11116: 10969: 10699: 10200: 9833: 9236: 4731: 1771: 1542: 12353: 12059: 11188: 9069: 9047: 8949: 7355: 3598: 1468: 1083: 1041: 857: 443: 396: 185: 11452: 10714: 10603: 9890: 9813: 8954: 7445: 6386: 5913: 4663: 1708: 1550: 878: 1743: 13080: 12995: 12965: 11579: 11482: 11412: 11333: 11253: 11009: 10360: 10355: 9916: 7169: 6553: 4230: 1752: 1609: 1905:"The situation in Syria was being threatened by a civil war as a result of the growth of the sectarian and tribal spirit, on the basis of which 12324: 11692: 11594: 11096: 10744: 9885: 7648: 7472:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

6671: 6472: 3981: 3790: 1934: 1276: 1254: 1062: 841: 820: 2571: 2107: 13863: 13310: 13000: 12128: 11950: 11131: 11101: 11044: 10491: 10048: 9823: 9793: 9412: 6709: 1762:

Immediately after the coup, officers loyal to Umran and the Aflaqites were purged from the armed forces, being imprisoned alongside Umran at

1645: 1620: 1546: 862: 772: 920: 883: 12985: 12960: 12167: 12155: 12150: 12133: 11442: 11198: 10887: 10565: 10426: 10274: 10140: 9972: 9942: 9859: 9293: 8908: 7088: 6462: 3591: 1605: 1110: 1036: 1913:, as well as the groups surrounding them, ruled.. powerful places in the state and its institutions is limited to a specific class of the 1766:. One of the first acts of Jadid's government was to appoint Assad Minister of Defence. Assad however, did not support the coup, and told 13058: 12975: 12339: 12311: 12145: 12120: 11741: 10897: 10613: 9947: 9937: 9921: 7373: 6562: 6436: 5323: 2060: 1815:. Despite this, Jadid maintained effective control of the administration. Other personalities were former Head of Military Intelligence 13818: 13246: 12425: 12329: 11702: 11263: 11024: 10949: 9735: 9547: 9529: 7533: 7202: 6426: 570: 1976:

Members of the National Command of the Iraqi-dominated Arab Socialist Ba'th Party: from left to right Secretary General Michel Aflaq,

13813: 12334: 11712: 11081: 10964: 10682: 10217: 9308: 9286: 9266: 8939: 7524: 7501: 6515: 1143: 815: 560: 1396:. However, the Aflaqites (or Aflaqists) were quickly forced into the background, and at the 6th National Ba'ath Party Congress, the 13943: 13873: 13838: 13070: 12220: 11437: 11427: 11193: 10872: 9256: 9037: 8966: 6960: 6467: 4500: 1471:

of the Ba'ath Party which led to the 1966 coup d'état. Between 1963 and 1966, neo-Ba'athist radicals, who controlled the Ba'athist

899: 13803: 12319: 11840: 11782: 11728: 11674: 11447: 10807: 10625: 10237: 9967: 9397: 9376: 9226: 8922: 8056: 7118: 5903: 4547: 1723: 1688: 1648:, was nearly killed by Izzad Jadid, but was saved and smuggled out of Syria by Hatum. There was resistance outside Damascus. In 1464: 800: 451: 384: 161: 7192: 1553:. Because of this decision, Aflaq was voted from office as secretary general, to be succeeded by fellow National Command member 13315: 13177: 13105: 12208: 11980: 11960: 11756: 11492: 10877: 10289: 9962: 6780: 6396: 4668: 1101: 171: 13020: 11902: 11874: 11643: 11544: 11303: 11228: 11168: 10902: 10812: 10759: 10185: 8976: 8971: 7381: 6588: 6391: 4326: 4013: 3991: 3545: 3519: 3496: 3473: 3450: 3427: 3397: 3355: 3309: 3282: 2914: 2889: 2864: 2839: 2814: 2641: 2341: 2037:

of the Ba'ath as a political movement." Bitar was sentenced to death "in absentia" in 1969, and Aflaq was condemned to death

1918:

officers adhere to their tribe and not to their militarism. Their concern is the protection of Salah Jadid and Hafiz al-Asad"

957: 936: 13441: 7658: 7006: 5414: 3670: 2032:

The Syrian Regional Branch began denouncing Aflaq as a "thief". They claimed that he had stolen the Ba'athist ideology from

712: 521: 14133: 13481: 12230: 11970: 11835: 11687: 11318: 11039: 11034: 9952: 9808: 9427: 9366: 7694: 5233: 5158: 4818: 4418: 1953: 1596:

his deputy. Umran was recalled from exile and reappointed to the office of Minister of Defence and commander-in-chief, and

107: 13853: 13798: 13187: 12382: 11574: 11091: 10917: 10195: 9497: 9462: 9027: 7412: 7135: 6627: 6546: 6431: 4838: 3971: 1812: 1494:. Umran, the committee's most senior member, wanted reconciliation with the rioters and an end to confrontation with the 978: 442:

Ba'athist military committee's seizure of power and subsequent purges marked the total ideological transformation of the

111: 12245: 4080: 4008: 3645: 1683:

1966 Syrian coup d'état marked the total ideological transformation of the Ba'ath party's Syrian regional branch into a

439:. As a result of the coup, the party's historical founders fled the country and spent the rest of their lives in exile. 14128: 13793: 13100: 13090: 12955: 12934: 12914: 12899: 12281: 11955: 11855: 11497: 10550: 10382: 10170: 10008: 9849: 9452: 9407: 9153: 9120: 7076: 6520: 5873: 4968: 3946: 3831: 3785: 3780: 3726: 1901:, Hatum criticised the sectarian character of the new regime and warned of a civil war in a press conference, stating: 1247: 1695:. Following its violent seizure of power, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 400 people, the neo-Ba'athist 13935: 13858: 13115: 13065: 12939: 12904: 12364: 11921: 11815: 11348: 11338: 11136: 10999: 10787: 10754: 10377: 9957: 9818: 9371: 9115: 8768: 8198: 7286: 6656: 5605: 5168: 4438: 4379: 3378: 3332: 3164: 3139: 2789: 1793: 1421: 10984: 4176: 1306: 14113: 13723: 13715: 13379: 13136: 13005: 12556: 12074: 11911: 11682: 11467: 10959: 10338: 10227: 10108: 10036: 9854: 9788: 9517: 9512: 9502: 9303: 9276: 9017: 8778: 7386: 7022: 6929: 6770: 5308: 5303: 4798: 4761: 4490: 3936: 1718:

since it has nothing to do with the ideology's classic form espoused by Aflaq, Bitar and the Aflaqites in general.

1429: 1130: 904: 4986: 4848: 4532: 511: 13120: 12466: 12064: 12006: 11457: 11323: 11248: 11086: 10907: 10832: 9524: 8944: 8738: 8348: 7342: 6028: 5409: 5338: 5238: 5116: 4888: 4878: 4465: 3852: 1290:

Instead of trying to win the support of the populace, the Ba'athists moved to consolidate their control over the

836: 13461: 11746: 4803: 4690: 4678: 1714:

Avraham Ben-Tzur asserted that the Ba'athist ideology preached in Syria after the coup should be referred to as

14138: 13883: 13645: 13239: 12924: 12372: 11975: 11653: 11298: 11121: 11066: 11014: 10867: 10792: 10729: 10660: 10474: 9728: 9346: 7716: 7551: 7303: 6539: 5459: 5228: 4808: 4710: 4443: 3887: 3882: 3566: 3419: 1601: 406:

The coup was precipitated by a heightening in the power struggle between the party's old guard, represented by

11549: 7158: 6909: 5128: 4858: 4369: 4141: 1408:. At the same time, the 6th National Congress implemented a resolution which stressed the implementation of a 13085: 13043: 12699: 12507: 12476: 12271: 11584: 11472: 11288: 11238: 11061: 10837: 10797: 10535: 10331: 10269: 10160: 10145: 9557: 9467: 9422: 8343: 7586: 7494: 7182: 6823: 6615: 6406: 5421: 5374: 5138: 5061: 4793: 1240: 753: 13431: 13411: 11965: 10058: 7643: 7623: 7001: 4853: 4485: 4156: 3675: 3665: 3660: 3508:

The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts

2070: 1268: 758: 463: 13828: 13788: 13778: 13327: 13182: 13095: 13053: 12456: 11926: 11648: 11589: 11462: 11218: 11213: 10974: 10954: 10847: 10842: 10802: 10687: 10165: 10093: 9351: 8308: 8258: 7257: 7163: 6977: 6719: 5439: 5399: 5369: 5318: 5178: 5096: 5092: 4963: 4893: 4658: 4475: 4241: 4136: 4068: 1840: 777: 13344: 1884:

officer Salim Hatum launched a counter-coup in 1966 to topple the regime of Salah Jadid and Hafez al-Assad

13953: 13783: 13773: 13172: 13015: 12929: 12919: 12909: 12894: 12834: 12734: 12581: 12461: 12440: 12405: 12296: 12291: 12172: 11805: 11736: 11283: 11243: 11076: 10994: 10979: 10555: 10520: 10301: 10068: 9895: 9492: 9457: 9417: 9298: 8996: 8676: 7711: 7392: 6972: 6760: 6638: 6622: 6411: 5883: 5878: 5595: 5273: 5001: 4746: 4705: 4649: 4552: 4433: 4391: 4296: 3821: 3775: 3629: 2075: 2047: 1534:

it was decided to endorse the principle that the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command would be the

1484: 1483:

Before the crushing of the riots of 1964, a power struggle started within the Military Committee between

1400:

and their supporters succeeding in creating a new form of Ba'athism – a Ba'athism strongly influenced by

1322: 1057: 782: 767: 1803:

as President, Regional Secretary of the Regional Command and Secretary General of the National Command,

1317:, who had been overthrown from political power by the Ba'athists, felt threatened by the Ba'ath Party's 14103: 13924: 13917: 13848: 13527: 13289: 13110: 12301: 11633: 11273: 11071: 10513: 10284: 10073: 9670: 9663: 9482: 9402: 8651: 8632: 7726: 7297: 7262: 7098: 7093: 7071: 6966: 6846: 6818: 6765: 6248: 5469: 5454: 5444: 5298: 4898: 4386: 4189: 3956: 3537: 1731: 1696: 1472: 1397: 676: 671: 1938:

The coup caused the 1966 Ba'ath Party split; from 1968 until 2003 there existed two National Commands.

1730:, agreed with this assertion, stating that from 1961 onwards, there existed two Ba'ath parties – "the 1404:. This new form of Ba'athism laid emphasis on "revolution in one country" rather than to unifying the 14077: 13878: 13768: 13665: 13354: 13332: 13232: 13213: 12527: 12400: 12195: 12110: 11931: 11697: 11569: 11313: 11268: 11173: 11004: 10670: 10665: 10496: 10469: 10464: 10326: 10205: 10013: 9721: 9552: 9361: 9174: 7245: 6866: 6860: 6477: 6353: 6298: 6118: 5106: 4813: 4374: 3986: 3903: 1475:, began steadily amassing power and influence within the Syrian regional branch of the Ba'ath party. 1309:; fully nationalizing Syrian industry, vast segments of private sector and established a centralized 13386: 12517: 12392: 12377: 11845: 11564: 11554: 11539: 11363: 11208: 11029: 10734: 10431: 10372: 9982: 9472: 9323: 8438: 8373: 8223: 7923: 7487: 7316: 6904: 6661: 6632: 6103: 5670: 4933: 4823: 4577: 4121: 2905:

van Dam, Nikolaos (2017). "1: A Synopsis of Ba'thist History Before the Syrian Revolution (2011)".

2880:

van Dam, Nikolaos (2017). "1: A Synopsis of Ba'thist History Before the Syrian Revolution (2011)".

2855:

van Dam, Nikolaos (2017). "1: A Synopsis of Ba'thist History Before the Syrian Revolution (2011)".

1156: 5843: 1549:– because it could lead to the removal of the party's civilian leadership, as had occurred in the 14039: 13958: 13743: 12471: 12430: 12420: 12215: 12069: 11990: 11795: 11658: 11487: 11477: 11223: 11203: 10989: 10739: 10709: 10692: 10570: 10222: 9477: 9281: 8981: 8858: 8548: 8233: 8203: 7581: 7576: 7240: 7235: 6813: 6683: 5333: 5278: 5263: 5203: 5011: 4991: 4751: 4428: 4033: 3442: 2021: 1585: 973: 748: 540: 4236: 3534:

Being modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class

14108: 13466: 13048: 11985: 11790: 11751: 11402: 11353: 11308: 11278: 10892: 10852: 10827: 10817: 10675: 10650: 10540: 10503: 10479: 10279: 9507: 9313: 8843: 8823: 8813: 8763: 8568: 8543: 8478: 8383: 8318: 8263: 8218: 7918: 7823: 7337: 7321: 7187: 6123: 5627: 5021: 4695: 4171: 3931: 3926: 3719: 3529: 3465: 3301: 1977: 1334: 732: 652: 14118: 6531: 6333: 14024: 13758: 13753: 13630: 13610: 13421: 13391: 11432: 10912: 10103: 10078: 9977: 9099: 8986: 8838: 8788: 8563: 8358: 8338: 8161: 8111: 7972: 7903: 7741: 7607: 7177: 6990: 6729: 6593: 6358: 5642: 5637: 5404: 5293: 5248: 5208: 5143: 5087: 5006: 4788: 4602: 4480: 4398: 4306: 4271: 4181: 4126: 4023: 3864: 2065: 1832: 1704: 1377: 994: 742: 607: 495: 419: 411: 241: 1325:

was a historical rival of the Syrian Regional Branch, and it felt threatened by the party's

14059: 14029: 13989: 13984: 13888: 13763: 13600: 13035: 12674: 12435: 12261: 12235: 11761: 11293: 11106: 10857: 10822: 10655: 10640: 10486: 10175: 10098: 9900: 9798: 8748: 8661: 8513: 8458: 8328: 8253: 8106: 7908: 7438: 7252: 7225: 7130: 7108: 7066: 6750: 5898: 5665: 5520: 5474: 5389: 5384: 5183: 5082: 5031: 5026: 4918: 4873: 4828: 4766: 4597: 4572: 4522: 4450: 4364: 4214: 3816: 3795: 3324: 2009: 1941: 1774:, and other Aflaqites that he did not support Jadid's actions. Later, in an interview with 1672: 1409: 1401: 1280: 637: 1384:

in the sense that they wanted to establish a loose union with Nasser's Egypt, implement a

478:

continued its propaganda campaigns against each other and the Ba'athist schism persisted.

8: 14049: 13406: 13339: 12854: 12809: 12774: 12286: 12090: 11869: 11534: 11370: 10724: 10704: 10525: 10508: 10409: 10311: 10088: 9158: 8863: 8706: 8573: 8528: 8498: 8483: 8323: 8313: 8303: 8288: 7633: 7432: 7292: 7197: 7125: 6944: 6934: 6852: 6840: 6830: 6724: 6343: 6258: 6253: 6153: 6016: 5813: 5697: 5612: 5500: 5353: 5348: 5328: 5313: 5223: 5218: 5123: 5056: 5046: 4958: 4953: 4943: 4843: 4783: 4756: 4582: 4567: 4537: 4515: 4301: 4291: 4018: 3941: 3911: 3895: 1860: 1785: 1656:

Aflaq loyalists briefly controlled the radio station and some resistance was reported in

1388:, and to have a one-party state which respected the rights of the individual, tolerating 1297:

The cost of clamping down on the protests was a loss of legitimacy, and the emergence of

5198: 5111: 14054: 14034: 13994: 13910: 13893: 13868: 13675: 13486: 13476: 13456: 13426: 13401: 12794: 12240: 11707: 11638: 11599: 10316: 10294: 9487: 9432: 9143: 8828: 8803: 8691: 8523: 8428: 8238: 8208: 8091: 8025: 7845: 7684: 7638: 7628: 7479: 7230: 7113: 7082: 7028: 6996: 6939: 6775: 6666: 6497: 6293: 6278: 6203: 6183: 6178: 6163: 6010: 5758: 5510: 5394: 5148: 5051: 5036: 4948: 4938: 4913: 4908: 4673: 4627: 4542: 4527: 4470: 4286: 4209: 4085: 3976: 3966: 2614: 2552: 2240: 2232: 1993: 1800: 1522: 1393: 1284: 717: 707: 121: 13670: 10862: 10719: 6193: 6022: 3583: 1956:; while the Aflaqites believed in an all-Arab Ba'ath Party and the unification of the 1503: 14014: 13705: 13640: 13555: 13535: 13152: 12859: 12814: 12415: 12410: 12186: 12095: 12051: 11407: 10608: 10321: 9880: 9318: 8853: 8818: 8758: 8588: 8403: 8368: 8298: 8293: 8273: 8228: 8071: 7855: 7689: 7152: 6699: 6605: 6576: 6510: 6363: 6308: 6283: 6238: 6168: 6143: 6108: 6098: 6067: 5954: 5838: 5808: 5545: 5535: 5449: 5343: 5188: 4903: 4700: 4557: 4510: 4408: 4359: 4333: 4311: 4151: 4131: 4075: 4063: 3877: 3712: 3693: 3562: 3541: 3515: 3492: 3469: 3446: 3423: 3412: 3393: 3374: 3351: 3328: 3305: 3294: 3278: 3160: 3135: 3134:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 330. 2910: 2885: 2860: 2835: 2810: 2785: 2637: 2618: 2556: 2337: 2244: 2026: 1984: 1804: 1389: 1349: 1120: 722: 702: 475: 6487: 6158: 1897:, his plot was foiled by the military and forced to flee. After obtaining asylum in 13948: 13655: 13620: 13590: 13585: 13560: 13369: 13255: 12829: 12819: 12799: 12789: 12694: 12684: 12679: 12617: 12576: 12561: 12266: 11916: 11800: 11126: 11049: 10635: 10459: 10414: 10365: 10348: 10343: 10190: 10155: 9783: 9744: 9606: 9596: 9356: 8833: 8583: 8578: 8468: 8448: 8433: 8243: 8213: 8131: 8101: 8096: 8015: 7828: 7746: 7653: 7365: 7348: 7309: 6984: 6919: 6914: 6886: 6785: 6745: 6273: 6198: 6128: 6113: 6093: 6040: 5823: 5818: 5798: 5748: 5738: 5565: 5530: 5515: 5464: 5193: 5133: 4973: 4632: 4612: 4321: 4263: 4257: 4224: 4204: 4194: 4043: 3844: 3836: 2606: 2544: 2224: 2080: 2001: 1923: 1767: 1715: 1678: 1597: 1593: 1453: 1330: 1226: 1183: 787: 447: 287: 93: 48: 309:

Assistant Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch

13999: 13968: 13963: 13808: 13748: 13695: 13625: 13605: 13580: 13570: 13471: 13349: 12844: 12749: 12724: 12647: 12637: 12632: 12622: 12571: 12566: 12138: 11233: 11054: 10620: 10387: 10210: 10083: 9987: 9694: 9231: 9221: 9148: 9094: 8716: 8696: 8593: 8558: 8553: 8538: 8503: 8423: 8413: 8353: 8268: 8171: 8166: 8156: 8121: 8081: 8035: 8010: 7940: 7898: 7865: 7510: 7061: 7038: 6755: 6714: 6492: 6348: 6338: 6323: 6303: 6288: 6263: 6208: 5973: 5941: 5833: 5793: 5555: 5550: 5490: 5431: 5163: 5041: 4868: 4833: 4741: 4736: 4460: 4354: 4028: 3961: 3951: 3916: 3872: 3859: 3811: 2071:

1963 Syrian coup d'état (officially referred to as the "8th of March Revolution")

1851: 1847: 1727: 1719: 1692: 1641: 1627:. The Military Committee would respond the next day, but before that it staged a 1554: 1417: 1338: 1310: 1291: 1219: 647: 617: 612: 550: 455: 415: 388: 226: 189: 165: 4455: 2213:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 215:

The preeminent figure of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party

14004: 13843: 13738: 13733: 13700: 13690: 13680: 13650: 13575: 13565: 13446: 13374: 13269: 13075: 12784: 12754: 12704: 12689: 12669: 12657: 12642: 12627: 12551: 11864: 10645: 10530: 10404: 10306: 10150: 9688: 9611: 9241: 8873: 8808: 8753: 8701: 8666: 8608: 8603: 8418: 8408: 8333: 8283: 8151: 8086: 8076: 8030: 7950: 7913: 7893: 7850: 7818: 7736: 7731: 7663: 7571: 7452: 7033: 7016: 7011: 6881: 6835: 6318: 6243: 6233: 6228: 6088: 5828: 5617: 5540: 5268: 5173: 4923: 4863: 4495: 4413: 4316: 4276: 4246: 4146: 4101: 2610: 2548: 2033: 1980: 1910: 1808: 1507:

through its control of the Syrian Regional Command, initiated an attack on the

1499: 1487: 1445: 1385: 1372:

Cohesive internal unity had all but collapsed after the 1963 seizure of power;

1271:, officially the 8th of March Revolution, a power struggle erupted between the 1188: 682: 642: 632: 622: 597: 530: 467: 379:

refers to events between 21 and 23 February during which the government of the

320: 271: 135: 12512: 2228: 1747:

From left to right: Interior Minister Muhammad Rabah al-Tawil, Chief of Staff

1301:

as the first Ba'athist military strongman. In 1965, Amin al-Hafiz imposed the

14092: 14009: 13635: 13615: 13550: 13502: 13416: 12839: 12804: 12759: 12729: 12709: 12664: 12652: 12499: 12276: 10630: 10545: 10180: 9631: 9626: 9246: 8798: 8793: 8686: 8618: 8598: 8518: 8473: 8463: 8363: 8278: 8141: 8126: 8020: 7405: 7103: 6482: 6328: 6223: 6188: 6173: 6133: 5675: 5505: 5243: 5153: 5016: 4996: 4883: 4644: 4622: 4587: 4166: 4161: 4116: 4038: 3998: 3747: 3407: 2832:

Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State

2807:

Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State

2334:

Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State

1816: 1748: 1636: 1616: 1518: 1449: 1425: 1298: 256: 30: 1652:, Tlass was forced to send forces from Homs to quell the uprising, while in 14044: 13685: 13545: 13540: 13396: 13322: 13274: 12769: 12744: 12719: 12714: 12522: 12160: 12105: 9616: 9601: 9089: 9032: 8443: 8146: 8066: 7988: 7945: 7813: 7797: 7792: 7602: 6802: 6704: 6268: 6218: 6148: 6138: 5992: 5980: 5967: 5773: 5600: 5101: 4349: 4199: 4058: 4053: 4048: 3754: 1983:(second line), Assistant Secretary General Shibli al-Aysami (mid left) and 1945: 1856: 1763: 1700: 1580: 1495: 1381: 1373: 1361: 1345: 1283:, the former federation encompassing Egypt and Syria from 1958 to 1961, on 999: 602: 503: 471: 407: 353: 209: 117: 13660: 13517: 13364: 13359: 13305: 13284: 13167: 12849: 12779: 12764: 12739: 9646: 9621: 9251: 8868: 8613: 8533: 8508: 8493: 8488: 8453: 8378: 8136: 8116: 7993: 7967: 7466: 6924: 6876: 6871: 6600: 6582: 6313: 5918: 5888: 5743: 5733: 5632: 5495: 5288: 4777: 4607: 4592: 4403: 4251: 4219: 4106: 3921: 3826: 3765: 3488: 3370: 3274: 3266: 2005: 1972: 1906: 1894: 1889: 1872: 1756: 1711:

of the Ba'ath Party, and many Syrian Ba'athist leaders defected to Iraq.

1661: 1628: 1624: 1508: 1491: 1460: 1314: 1198: 627: 459: 432: 400: 336: 304: 131: 100: 89: 44: 2632:

Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".

1673:

Neo-Ba'athist takeover of the Syrian regional branch of the Ba'ath party

13595: 13512: 13507: 13436: 12532: 9641: 8848: 8248: 6072: 5783: 5753: 5707: 5622: 5590: 5582: 5525: 5213: 4928: 4617: 4505: 4111: 2236: 2212: 1997: 1957: 1684: 1536: 1433: 1405: 1326: 4726: 1846:

Salah Jadid's reign was characterized by extremely brutal repression,

38: 13279: 12824: 9636: 7706: 6368: 6213: 6062: 6035: 5848: 5803: 5712: 5680: 5660: 5652: 4981: 4771: 3347: 1996:

no attempts were made at a merger, to achieve their supposed goal of

1514: 1318: 1302: 1272: 1203: 1193: 231:

Sect. Gen. of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party

3271:

Over-stating the Arab state: Politics and Society in the Middle East

3130:

Seale, Patrick; McConville, Maureen (1989). "19: The Enemy Within".

14019: 13728: 13224: 12542: 12490: 9713: 9392: 7279: 7219: 5947: 5788: 5685: 5560: 5379: 5283: 4423: 4281: 3735: 3511: 1776: 1566: 1438: 737: 727: 428: 5067:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5893: 5778: 5768: 5717: 5258: 4003: 3367:

Ba'th versus Ba'th: The Conflict between Syria and Iraq 1968–1989

1914: 1657: 1559: 1353: 436: 7469:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

2960: 2958: 2928: 2926: 1631:

which threw the National Command off balance. The ruse was that

1428:

were to be nationalised. They believed these policies would end

10014:

Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

9778: 6561: 5961: 5763: 5702: 4637: 1898: 1653: 1279:

and the Ba'ath Party. The Nasserites sought to reestablish the

424: 3155:

A. Paul, James (1990). "Appendex II: Foreign Assassinations".

1877: 1699:

purged the classical Ba'athist leaders of the old guard, like

13823: 13158:

Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference

9773: 6610: 6446: 6402:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

5908: 5691: 3770: 3615: 2955: 2923: 2165: 2163: 2161: 1881: 1835:, a founding member of the Military Committee, was appointed 1707:. This coup led to a permanent schism between the Syrian and 1357: 1352:. The party was chiefly dominated by minority groups such as 380: 72: 2945: 2943: 2941: 1348:

were Arab nationalists, but not Ba'athist, making them feel

5986: 5868: 3760: 3704: 2313: 1649: 3101: 3099: 2597:

Ben-Tzur, Avraham (1968). "The Neo-Ba'th Party of Syria".

2535:

Ben-Tzur, Avraham (1968). "The Neo-Ba'th Party of Syria".

2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2008:, either visited Iraq or sent a congratulatory message to 1687:"neo-Ba'ath" organization which became independent of the 14124:

History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

6441: 6421: 6416: 2938: 1855:

neo-Ba'athist government established close ties with the

13163:

International recognition of the Syrian National Council

7509: 3462:

Syria under the Baʻth, 1963–66: the Army Party symbiosis

3390:

Steel and Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000

2977: 2975: 2973: 2715: 2133: 2131: 2129: 3613: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3214: 3212: 3096: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3016: 3014: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2447: 2290: 2251: 2175: 2143: 1859:

and began receiving large amounts of weaponry from the

1467:

of the Ba'ath Party and the radicals who dominated the

2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2389: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 462:'s government would subsequently be overthrown in the 12226:

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

3084: 2970: 2126: 3243: 3224: 3209: 3197: 3173: 3072: 3055: 3026: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2756: 2744: 2727: 2698: 2679: 2662: 2507: 2482: 2459: 9865:

Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

3185: 3111: 2784:(Second ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale. p. 562. 2650: 2422: 2401: 2377: 2350: 13834:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 9237:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 3411: 3293: 2576:The Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management Project 2112:The Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management Project 391:were removed from power by a union of the party's 106:Beginning of schism within Ba'athism; between the 7247:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 3483:Farouk-Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001). 418:, and the radical leftist factions adhering to a 14090: 7722:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq 6387:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 3485:Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship 1459:Syrian Ba'ath party's left-wing argued that the 11423:Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict 11334:Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate 9917:International reactions to the Syrian civil war 7400:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 4824:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 4231:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 3414:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East 3129: 9834:Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) 7649:National Council for the Revolutionary Command 1367: 1277:National Council for the Revolutionary Command 13864:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 13311:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 13240: 9729: 9413:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria 7495: 6710:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 6547: 3720: 3599: 2336:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. pp. 74, 75. 1600:was appointed Chairman of a new and expanded 1248: 10576:Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 9973:2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria 9860:Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war 9200: 6463:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 4014:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 2636:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. 2569: 2105: 1819:, who was appointed Chief of Staff, Colonel 13116:Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal 10356:Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) 9922:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war 6563:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 5324:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 2907:Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria 2882:Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria 2857:Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria 2829: 2804: 2331: 2061:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1967: 1922:Hatum was later captured and killed by the 1313:. The traditional elite, consisting of the 13247: 13233: 13111:First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal 12060:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 11259:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) 11020:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) 9736: 9722: 7502: 7488: 6554: 6540: 6427:United States involvement in regime change 3982:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 3727: 3713: 3606: 3592: 3528: 3459: 3341: 2964: 2949: 2932: 2319: 2307: 2284: 2272: 2198: 2169: 2152: 2137: 1380:, and their followers wanted to implement 1255: 1241: 37: 12991:International demonstrations and protests 11097:September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack 10393:Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) 9294:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 3439:Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition 2775: 2773: 2771: 1416:, the economy as a whole would adhere to 1341:which the Ba'ath Party was establishing. 1111:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 486: 13944:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 13874:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 13839:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 13137:Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany 12221:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution 9257:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 7446:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 3482: 3387: 3105: 3049: 2834:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. p. 75. 2596: 2534: 1971: 1933: 1929: 1876: 1742: 1513: 383:was overthrown and replaced. The ruling 13819:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 13804:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 10201:Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012) 9968:US intervention in the Syrian civil war 9398:Front of Patriotic and National Parties 9377:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces 9227:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 7119:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 4553:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 3154: 2904: 2879: 2854: 2809:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. p. 6. 1866: 14091: 13814:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 11605:Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) 10883:Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) 9309:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 6397:Russian espionage in the United States 4669:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3505: 3364: 3318: 3296:People and Politics in the Middle East 3291: 3249: 3237: 3218: 3179: 3132:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East 3090: 3078: 3066: 3037: 3020: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2779: 2768: 1144:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 16:21–23 February overthrow of government 13228: 13106:Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) 12876: 12606: 12032: 11893:April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike 11713:Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict 11453:Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May) 11418:Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb) 11329:Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18) 11319:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18) 10034: 9755: 9717: 9578: 9199: 8906: 7767: 7549: 7483: 6535: 6392:Soviet espionage in the United States 4548:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 4327:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 3992:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 3708: 3587: 3558:Iraq: eastern flank of the Arab world 3554: 3436: 3406: 3265: 3203: 3191: 3117: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2721: 2709: 2692: 2673: 2656: 2631: 2522: 2501: 2476: 2453: 2441: 2416: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2210: 1738: 14099:1960s coups d'état and coup attempts 13254: 12231:Syrian Revolution General Commission 11971:January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria 10750:Second Battle of the Shaer gas field 9953:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 9743: 9428:Palestinian National Salvation Front 6468:Soviet Union–United States relations 4819:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 1722:, the last secretary general of the 13854:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 13188:Syrian civil war in popular culture 13081:UN Security Council Resolution 2118 11010:Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) 10700:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) 10683:First Battle of the Shaer gas field 9498:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party 9463:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party 6432:Soviet involvement in regime change 3159:. Human Rights Watch. p. 141. 1612:and Yusuf Sayigh, left for London. 1588:. Hafiz was made Chairman of a new 466:, which brought his military rival 13: 13794:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 13316:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 13091:2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement 12282:Authenticity and Development Front 11956:2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 11951:December 2011 Turkish border clash 11742:Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes 11199:Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) 11112:Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) 10970:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) 10238:December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 10009:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria 9963:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria 9850:Casualties of the Syrian civil war 9548:General Federation of Trade Unions 9408:Lebanese National Resistance Front 9121:National Progressive Front (Syria) 7356:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 6781:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 6473:Soviet Union–United States summits 3947:1947 Polish parliamentary election 3832:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 1827:and Head of the newly established 683:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue 14: 14150: 13859:Palestine Liberation Organization 11981:Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 11922:Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut 11875:April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike 11443:Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) 11428:Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) 11169:Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) 11035:May Jableh & Tartous bombings 10985:February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 10950:Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 10903:East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 10290:Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) 9958:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone 9579: 9372:Palestine Liberation Organization 9116:National Progressive Front (Iraq) 8769:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai 8199:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur 7193:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 5234:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 5169:United States invasion of Grenada 4439:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 4380:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 1807:became Prime Minister again, and 1478: 1422:commanding heights of the economy 450:organization, independent of the 325:Commander of the Syrian Air Force 14073: 14072: 13799:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 13482:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 13209: 13208: 12925:2017 Northern regional elections 12557:Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria 12168:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 12033: 11683:Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah 11580:Turkish offensive into northeast 11560:Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) 11448:Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) 11117:Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) 10960:January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 10228:Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush 10109:2010s in Syria political history 9855:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 9277:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 8907: 8181:Members of the Regional Commands 7231:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 5309:United States invasion of Panama 5159:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 4799:1971 Turkish military memorandum 4762:Communist insurgency in Thailand 4732:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 4664:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 4491:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 4419:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3937:Restatement of Policy on Germany 2578:. University of Central Arkansas 2114:. University of Central Arkansas 2012:, the Regional Secretary of the 1788:through his post as Head of the 1131:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 510: 346: 329: 313: 298: 281: 265: 250: 235: 220: 203: 179: 155: 13442:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 13121:Syrian Constitutional Committee 12467:International Freedom Battalion 12065:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 11463:Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) 11413:Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) 11359:Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) 11214:East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) 11189:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) 11179:Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) 11045:Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) 11025:Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) 10965:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) 10833:Battle of Nasib Border Crossing 10715:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) 10561:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) 10492:Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) 10361:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) 10196:Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) 10171:June Jisr ash-Shughur operation 9525:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 7659:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 7413:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 7382:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 7136:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 6029:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5410:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 5339:Fall of the inner German border 5239:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 4889:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 4879:Spanish transition to democracy 4839:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 4466:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 3972:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 3853:Occupation of the Baltic states 3258: 3148: 3123: 2909:. New York, USA: I. B. Tauris. 2898: 2884:. New York, USA: I. B. Tauris. 2873: 2859:. New York, USA: I. B. Tauris. 2848: 2823: 2798: 2625: 2599:Journal of Contemporary History 2590: 2563: 2537:Journal of Contemporary History 2528: 2325: 1940:In picture, from left to right 1751:, Commander of the Golan Front 13884:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 13646:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 11976:Assassination of Andrei Karlov 11846:May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents 11545:ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor 11289:Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) 11092:September Deir ez-Zor air raid 11082:Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 11040:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) 11030:Northern Raqqa offensive (May) 10918:Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 9347:Alliance of Palestinian Forces 7768: 4809:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 4444:Mozambican War of Independence 3883:Indonesian National Revolution 3614:Changes in political power in 3555:Helms, Christine Moss (1984). 3420:University of California Press 2204: 2099: 1602:National Revolutionary Council 1: 12920:2017 Northern local elections 12910:2015 Northern local elections 12272:National Front for Liberation 12209:Local Coordination Committees 11757:Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) 11595:Israeli missile strikes (Nov) 11239:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 10536:Khan al-Assal chemical attack 10332:18 July 2012 Damascus bombing 10146:Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb 9931:Specific groups and countries 9756: 9558:General Union of Syrian Women 9468:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party 9423:Palestinian National Alliance 7695:Revolutionary Command Council 7587:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 7183:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 6824:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6407:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 5422:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 5375:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 5097:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 5062:Seven Days to the River Rhine 4794:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 4081:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 4009:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 2088: 1987:Bakr (mid right) among others 754:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 481: 13829:Federation of Arab Republics 13789:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 13779:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 13380:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 13328:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 13183:2015 European migrant crisis 12457:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 11349:Euphrates Crossing offensive 10843:Western al-Hasakah offensive 10803:Eastern al-Hasakah offensive 10671:Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) 10427:Quneitra Governorate clashes 10166:Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh 10094:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 10035: 9843:Effects and ongoing concerns 9367:National Democratic Alliance 9352:Forces of Freedom and Change 8349:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i 8309:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi 8259:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri 7387:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 7374:Turkish involvement in Syria 7258:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 7089:Political violence in Turkey 7023:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 6930:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 6809:Italian bombing of Palestine 6771:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 6720:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 5400:Fall of communism in Albania 5370:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 5319:Polish Round Table Agreement 4659:1968 Polish political crisis 4476:Eritrean War of Independence 4242:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 4137:East German uprising of 1953 4069:Chinese Communist Revolution 3734: 3344:Syria: Revolution from Above 3342:Hinnebusch, Raymond (2001). 3319:Dishon, Daniel, ed. (1973). 2830:Meininghaus, Esther (2016). 2805:Meininghaus, Esther (2016). 2332:Meininghaus, Esther (2016). 1667: 778:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 470:to power. Despite this, the 7: 14134:Arab nationalist rebellions 13954:Flag of the Arab Federation 13784:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 13774:Arab Socialist Action Party 13071:U.S.–Russia peace proposals 13026:Syrian government reactions 13016:Status of the Golan Heights 13011:Sectarianism and minorities 12935:2020 parliamentary election 12915:2016 parliamentary election 12900:2012 parliamentary election 12877: 12835:Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid 12735:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni 12582:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan 12441:Northern Democratic Brigade 12297:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 12292:Revolutionary Commando Army 12173:Popular Mobilization Forces 11961:2012 Turkish border clashes 11550:Dêrik prison escape attempt 10955:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) 10908:2015–2016 Latakia offensive 10878:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) 10873:Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) 10760:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 10745:Second Inter-Rebel Conflict 10521:Bayda and Baniyas massacres 9829:Sectarianism and minorities 9804:Syrian government reactions 9493:Social Democratic Unionists 9458:Arab Democratic Union Party 9154:National Defense Battalions 7550: 7512:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 6639:Turkish War of Independence 6623:Unification of Saudi Arabia 5274:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 5002:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 4747:Corrective Movement (Syria) 4711:New People's Army rebellion 4706:Sino-Soviet border conflict 4434:Angolan War of Independence 4297:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 4177:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 3822:Jamaican political conflict 3460:Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). 2054: 1837:Minister of Agrarian Reform 1813:Minister of Foreign Affairs 1790:Bureau of Officers' Affairs 1573: 1368:Conflict with the Aflaqists 1333:and his supporters and the 1323:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 783:Assadist-Saddamist conflict 389:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 10: 14155: 13925:On the Way of Resurrection 13918:The Battle for One Destiny 13849:Lebanese National Movement 13290:Third International Theory 13066:Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan 12940:2021 presidential election 12905:2014 presidential election 12607: 12151:medical facility targeting 12007:Deir ez-Zor missile strike 11966:2013 Reyhanlı car bombings 11885:Jordanian border incidents 11530:Idlib inter-rebel conflict 11468:As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) 11344:Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) 11132:Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) 11102:Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) 11072:Operation Euphrates Shield 11000:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan 10888:Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) 10813:Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) 10808:Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) 10755:Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 10604:First Inter-rebel conflict 10566:Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) 10475:Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) 10378:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan 9671:On the Way of Resurrection 9664:The Battle for One Destiny 9453:Arab Socialist Union Party 9403:Lebanese National Movement 8633:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab 8344:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i 7304:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 7298:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 7287:Balochi insurgency in Iran 7263:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 7099:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 7094:Islamist uprising in Syria 7072:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 6961:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 6847:Kurdish separatism in Iran 6766:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 5470:Sino-Indian border dispute 5299:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 5229:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 4987:1976 Argentine coup d'état 4899:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 4849:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 4533:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 4501:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 4190:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 3957:Asian Relations Conference 3538:Princeton University Press 3388:Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). 2611:10.1177/002200946800300310 2549:10.1177/002200946800300310 2211:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 1870: 1794:1970 Corrective Revolution 1676: 1386:moderate form of socialism 677:The Battle for One Destiny 672:On the Way of Resurrection 399:, under the leadership of 85:Overthrow of the Aflaqists 14129:Arab nationalism in Syria 14068: 13977: 13934: 13902: 13879:Unified Political Command 13769:Arab Nationalist Movement 13714: 13666:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 13526: 13495: 13462:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 13333:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 13298: 13262: 13204: 13145: 13129: 13034: 12948: 12887: 12883: 12872: 12613: 12602: 12541: 12528:Group of the One and Only 12508:Military activity of ISIL 12498: 12489: 12449: 12401:People's Protection Units 12391: 12383:Smaller political parties 12363: 12354:Autonomous Administration 12352: 12310: 12254: 12194: 12185: 12119: 12111:Palestine Liberation Army 12083: 12050: 12043: 12039: 12028: 11999: 11940: 11901: 11883: 11854: 11825: 11814: 11775: 11721: 11667: 11644:Idlib Governorate clashes 11618: 11570:Hass refugee camp bombing 11506: 11458:Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) 11379: 11294:Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) 11269:Maskanah Plains offensive 11264:Desert campaign (May–Jul) 11194:Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) 11145: 10926: 10768: 10666:Second siege of Wadi Deif 10661:Kafr Zita chemical attack 10626:Daraa offensive (Feb–May) 10584: 10497:Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl 10440: 10246: 10233:Idlib Governorate clashes 10218:Daraa Governorate clashes 10186:Jabal al-Zawiya operation 10117: 10047: 10043: 10030: 10001: 9930: 9909: 9873: 9842: 9766: 9762: 9751: 9680: 9655: 9589: 9585: 9574: 9553:General Union of Peasants 9540: 9445: 9385: 9362:National Consensus Forces 9339: 9332: 9265: 9214: 9210: 9195: 9175:Revolutionary Youth Union 9167: 9136: 9129: 9108: 9082: 9010: 8932: 8921: 8917: 8902: 8887: 8777: 8737: 8730: 8675: 8650: 8643: 8627: 8392: 8187: 8180: 8049: 8003: 7981: 7960: 7933: 7886: 7879: 7838: 7806: 7785: 7778: 7774: 7763: 7677: 7616: 7595: 7564: 7560: 7545: 7519: 7462: 7425: 7330: 7271: 7211: 7144: 7062:Black September in Jordan 7054: 6953: 6897: 6794: 6738: 6692: 6569: 6506: 6455: 6377: 6354:William Appleman Williams 6299:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 6081: 6053: 6002: 5934: 5927: 5861: 5726: 5651: 5581: 5574: 5483: 5430: 5362: 5075: 4814:Bangladesh Liberation War 4804:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 4719: 4691:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 4679:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 4342: 4117:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 4094: 3804: 3742: 3689: 3638: 3622: 3561:. Brookings Institution. 3365:Kienle, Eberhard (1991). 2229:10.1080/00263200008701312 1829:Popular Resistance Forces 1267:After the success of the 1155: 1142: 1129: 1119: 1109: 1071: 1050: 1029: 1008: 987: 966: 950: 929: 913: 892: 871: 850: 829: 808: 713:November 1963 coup d'état 569: 559: 549: 539: 529: 368: 363: 195: 147: 103:after failed coup attempt 55: 36: 28: 23: 13387:1952 Egyptian revolution 12518:Khalid ibn al-Walid Army 12462:Kurdistan Workers' Party 12406:Women's Protection Units 12378:Kurdish National Council 11827:Israel and Golan Heights 11698:Battle of Qamishli (Apr) 11540:Battle of Baghuz Fawqani 11299:Quneitra offensive (Jun) 11254:April Turkish airstrikes 11229:Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) 11062:Southern Aleppo campaign 11005:Battle of Qamishli (Apr) 10898:Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) 10868:Quneitra offensive (Jun) 10798:Southern Syria Offensive 10432:Talbiseh bakery massacre 10383:First siege of Wadi Deif 10373:Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz 10270:January al-Midan bombing 10002:Agreements and dialogues 9983:Syrian Democratic Forces 9503:Socialist Unionist Party 9473:Libyan National Movement 9299:Arabic Toilers' Movement 9203:Associated organizations 9063:National Security Bureau 9011:Syrian-dominated faction 8439:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan 8374:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi 8224:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed 7924:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed 7839:Syrian-dominated faction 7535:Syrian-dominated faction 7164:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 7159:1980 Turkish coup d'état 6978:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 6910:1953 Iranian coup d'état 6905:1952 Egyptian revolution 6633:1919 Egyptian revolution 6616:Mount Lebanon starvation 5129:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4964:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4934:1978 Somali coup attempt 4894:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 4859:1973 Chilean coup d'état 4684:Revolutionary Government 4578:South African Border War 4370:1960 Turkish coup d'état 4287:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 4142:1953 Iranian coup d'état 4122:1952 Egyptian revolution 3506:Tucker, Spencer (2010). 2570:Mullenbach, Mark (ed.). 2106:Mullenbach, Mark (ed.). 2093: 1968:Party-to-party relations 1444:In the aftermath of the 1305:policies adopted in the 571:Baath Party (pro-Syrian) 47:, Chief of Staff of the 14114:Military coups in Syria 14040:Palestinian nationalism 13959:Flag of the Arab Revolt 13452:1966 Syrian coup d'état 13432:1963 Syrian coup d'état 13412:1961 Syrian coup d'état 12996:International reactions 12981:Human rights violations 12472:Sinjar Resistance Units 12431:Syriac Military Council 12421:Army of Revolutionaries 12356:of North and East Syria 12216:Syrian National Council 12070:Arab Socialist Movement 11991:Operation Spring Shield 11932:Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) 11912:Lebanese border clashes 11806:Northern border clashes 11767:Northwest clashes (Dec) 11747:Jabal al-Bishrī clashes 11649:Kafr-Takharim airstrike 11498:Northern border clashes 11219:March Damascus bombings 11184:Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) 11137:Palmyra offensive (Dec) 11015:Palmyra offensive (Mar) 10848:Palmyra offensive (May) 10693:Battle of Tabqa Airbase 10688:Eastern Syria offensive 10571:Battle of al-Yaarubiyah 9478:National Covenant Party 9282:Arab Socialist Movement 8933:Iraqi-dominated faction 8859:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji 8549:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham 8234:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash 8204:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun 7807:Iraqi-dominated faction 7727:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge 7717:Union of Arab Republics 7669:1966 Syrian coup d'état 7644:1963 Syrian coup d'état 7624:1954 Syrian coup d'état 7582:Arab Socialist Movement 7526:Iraqi-dominated faction 7393:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 7241:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 7236:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 7046:1966 Syrian coup d'état 6973:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 6814:Allied invasion of Iraq 6761:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 6684:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 5334:Fall of the Berlin Wall 5279:People Power Revolution 5264:Central American crisis 5204:1986 Black Sea incident 4854:1973 Afghan coup d'état 4752:Western Sahara conflict 4563:1966 Syrian coup d'état 4486:1963 Syrian coup d'état 4429:Portuguese Colonial War 4392:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 4157:1954 Syrian coup d'état 4034:Annexation of Hyderabad 3977:1947–1949 Palestine war 3443:Oxford University Press 3321:Middle East Record 1968 3292:Curtis, Michel (1971). 2022:Abdul Karim al-Shaikhly 1821:Muhammad Rabah al-Tawil 1709:Iraqi regional branches 1521:, Ba'athist leader and 1469:Syrian Regional Command 1269:1963 Syrian coup d'état 773:Intervention in Lebanon 561:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi) 377:1966 Syrian coup d'état 292:Vice President of Syria 246:Prime Minister of Syria 130:Power-struggle between 124:condemned to death via 51:, who launched the coup 24:1966 Syrian coup d'état 13467:1969 Libyan revolution 13345:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 13173:Syrian detainee report 13059:UN supervision mission 13049:Friends of Syria Group 12971:Damaged heritage sites 12373:Democratic Union Party 12325:Jordanian intervention 12246:Syrian Patriotic Group 12075:Syrian Communist Party 11986:2020 Balyun airstrikes 11841:February 2018 incident 11488:Qamishli clashes (Sep) 11403:Operation Olive Branch 11244:Shayrat missile strike 11077:Aleppo summer campaign 11067:Battle of al-Rai (Aug) 10980:February Homs bombings 10838:Battle of Yarmouk Camp 10828:Second Battle of Idlib 10541:Khan al-Assal massacre 10504:Ghouta chemical attack 9886:Early insurgency phase 9508:Syrian Communist Party 9314:Palestinian Arab Front 8844:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 8824:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 8814:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 8764:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi 8569:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 8544:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 8479:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 8384:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi 8319:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi 8264:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 8219:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah 7919:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 7824:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 7338:2011 Bahraini uprising 7322:South Yemen insurgency 7203:Abu Nidal's executions 7188:1986 Damascus bombings 6967:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 6819:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6589:Middle Eastern theatre 5628:Neoclassical economics 5139:Gulf of Sidra incident 4696:1969 Libyan revolution 4387:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4172:1954 Geneva Conference 3932:Turkish straits crisis 3927:Corfu Channel incident 3466:Transaction Publishers 3437:Pipes, Daniel (1992). 3302:Transaction Publishers 2572:"Syria (1946–present)" 2217:Middle Eastern Studies 2108:"Syria (1946–present)" 2014:Iraqi Regional Command 1988: 1978:Vice President of Iraq 1948: 1920: 1885: 1759: 1545:, and a Saudi member, 1526: 1430:exploitation of labour 1335:Syrian Communist Party 801:Regional organisations 653:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 487:Consolidation of power 196:Commanders and leaders 186:Syrian Regional Branch 14139:Socialist revolutions 14025:Jordanian nationalism 13759:Arab Islamic Republic 13754:Arab Higher Committee 13631:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 13611:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 13422:North Yemen civil war 13355:Arab–Israeli conflict 13178:Syrian media coverage 13054:Kofi Annan peace plan 12477:Êzîdxan Women's Units 12426:SDF military councils 12156:military intervention 12129:Hezbollah involvement 12084:Military and militias 11927:North Lebanon clashes 11688:Missile strikes (Jan) 11575:Missile strikes (Aug) 11493:Missile strikes (Sep) 11438:Missile strikes (Apr) 11433:Douma chemical attack 11284:Daraa offensive (Jun) 10975:Al-Shaddadi offensive 10913:Tishrin Dam offensive 10793:Daraa Offensive (Jan) 10788:Air Force An-26 crash 10730:Daraa offensive (Oct) 10614:Deir ez-Zor offensive 10480:Battle of Raqqa (Mar) 10280:First Battle of Idlib 10104:Human rights in Syria 9978:Kurdish Area in Syria 9794:Background and causes 9324:Sudanese Ba'ath Party 8839:Muhammad Mustafa Mero 8789:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 8564:Muhammad Mustafa Mero 8359:Nayef Shindakh Thamer 8112:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 7973:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei 7608:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 7178:South Yemen civil war 7077:Shatt al-Arab clashes 7002:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 6991:North Yemen civil war 6940:1958 Iraqi revolution 6867:1948 Arab–Israeli War 6861:Arab–Israeli conflict 6730:Sheikh Said rebellion 6594:Battle of Robat Karim 6478:Russia–NATO relations 6359:Jonathan Reed Winkler 5643:Democratic capitalism 5638:Supply-side economics 5606:American conservatism 5405:Breakup of Yugoslavia 5294:Bougainville conflict 5209:South Yemen civil war 5144:Martial law in Poland 5007:Nicaraguan Revolution 4982:Dirty War (Argentina) 4789:1971 JVP insurrection 4603:Years of Lead (Italy) 4481:North Yemen civil war 4399:Berlin Crisis of 1961 4375:Albanian–Soviet split 4307:1959 Tibetan uprising 4272:Syrian Crisis of 1957 4127:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 3987:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3325:John Wiley & Sons 3157:Human rights in Syria 2780:Keegan, John (1983). 2634:The Truth About Syria 2066:Syrian Crisis of 1957 1975: 1937: 1930:Intra-Ba'athist split 1903: 1880: 1850:, intensification of 1833:Abd al-Karim al-Jundi 1746: 1732:military Ba'ath Party 1677:Further information: 1551:Iraqi Regional Branch 1517: 1412:in Syria. Under this 1378:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 1307:6th National Congress 1157:Sudanese Ba'ath Party 768:Corrective Revolution 608:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 412:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 364:Casualties and losses 358:Syrian Army Commander 341:Syrian Army Commander 242:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 14060:Tunisian nationalism 14030:Lebanese nationalism 13990:Egyptian nationalism 13985:Algerian nationalism 13889:United Arab Republic 13764:Arab Liberation Army 13744:Arab Ba'ath Movement 13601:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 13086:Geneva II conference 13044:Arab League monitors 13021:Spillover in Lebanon 12930:2018 local elections 12895:2011 local elections 12675:Fahd Jassem al-Freij 12436:Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa 12262:Syrian National Army 12236:Syrian Support Group 11762:Operation Claw-Sword 11737:Battle of al-Hasakah 11483:As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) 11324:Hama offensive (Sep) 11174:January Azaz bombing 11087:5 September bombings 10858:Tell Abyad offensive 10656:Battle of Al-Malihah 10556:Battle of Tell Abyad 10551:Battle of Ras al-Ayn 10302:May Battle of Rastan 10099:Damascus Declaration 9943:Russian intervention 9901:Syrian peace process 9891:2012–2013 escalation 9874:Phases and processes 9814:Inter-rebel conflict 9799:Syrian peace process 9418:National Union Front 8749:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8707:Abdul Halim Khaddam 8662:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8514:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi 8459:Fahd Jassem al-Freij 8329:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi 8254:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8107:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 7909:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 7880:Regional Secretaries 7577:Arab Ba'ath Movement 7317:Fatah–Hamas conflict 7253:Operation Desert Fox 7226:1991 Iraqi uprisings 7220:Gulf War (1990–1991) 7131:Grand Mosque seizure 7109:Yemenite War of 1979 7067:Yemenite War of 1972 7007:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 6997:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 6751:Ahmed Barzani revolt 6662:Turkish–Armenian War 5899:Non-Aligned Movement 5521:Peaceful coexistence 5475:North Borneo dispute 5390:German reunification 5385:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 5083:Salvadoran Civil War 5032:Grand Mosque seizure 5027:Yemenite War of 1979 4919:Mozambican Civil War 4874:Carnation Revolution 4829:Yemenite War of 1972 4767:1970 Polish protests 4598:1967 Hong Kong riots 4573:Argentine Revolution 4523:Guatemalan Civil War 4451:Cuban Missile Crisis 4365:Bay of Pigs Invasion 4237:1956 Poznań protests 4215:Geneva Summit (1955) 3817:Hukbalahap Rebellion 3796:Non-Aligned Movement 2010:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 1954:new National Command 1942:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 1867:Counter-coup attempt 1841:Minister of Interior 1633:Abd al-Ghani Ibrahim 1590:Presidential Council 1410:socialist revolution 1281:United Arab Republic 638:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 541:Arab Ba'ath Movement 381:Syrian Arab Republic 14050:Sahrawi nationalism 13407:1959 Mosul uprising 13340:Great Syrian Revolt 12976:Foreign involvement 12855:Abdurrahman Mustafa 12810:Yassin al-Haj Saleh 12775:Abdul Halim Khaddam 12287:Army of Free Tribes 12255:Opposition militias 12146:Russian involvement 12134:Iranian involvement 12091:Syrian Armed Forces 11870:Operation al-Shabah 11836:March 2017 incident 11555:Tell Rifaat clashes 11371:Beit Jinn offensive 11364:Abu Kamal offensive 11304:Idlib clashes (Jul) 11274:East Hama offensive 10995:Battle of Tel Abyad 10735:Al-Safira offensive 10725:Homs school bombing 10514:Battle of al-Qusayr 10509:Al-Qusayr offensive 10312:Battle of al-Haffah 10285:Battle of al-Qusayr 10161:May Talkalakh siege 10069:Corrective Movement 9948:Turkish involvement 9938:Russian involvement 9541:Other organizations 9483:Popular Unity Party 9333:Political alliances 8864:Wael Nader al-Halqi 8731:Heads of government 8574:Abdul Qadir Qaddura 8529:Abdul Halim Khaddam 8499:Mohammad al-Hussein 8484:Wael Nader al-Halqi 8324:Taha Yassin Ramadan 8314:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan 8304:Ali Hassan al-Majid 8289:Latif Nassif Jassim 7779:General Secretaries 7712:Corrective Movement 7634:1959 Mosul uprising 7465:This list includes 7433:2021 Beirut clashes 7293:2004 Qamishli riots 7170:Turkey–PKK conflict 7126:1979 Qatif Uprising 6945:1959 Mosul uprising 6935:1958 Lebanon crisis 6882:1973 Yom Kippur War 6853:Iran crisis of 1946 6841:Al-Wathbah uprising 6831:1943 Barzani revolt 6725:Great Syrian Revolt 6705:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 6628:Simko Shikak revolt 6344:Alex von Tunzelmann 6334:Vladimir Tismăneanu 6259:Thomas J. McCormick 6254:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 6154:Robert Hugh Ferrell 6017:Crusade for Freedom 5814:Illiberal democracy 5698:Ho Chi Minh Thought 5501:Eisenhower Doctrine 5354:Peaceful Revolution 5349:Romanian Revolution 5329:Revolutions of 1989 5314:1988 Polish strikes 5224:Operation INFEKTION 5219:1987 Lieyu massacre 5124:Eritrean Civil Wars 5107:Peruvian Revolution 5057:1979 Herat uprising 5047:Sino-Vietnamese War 5012:Uganda–Tanzania War 4992:Egyptian–Libyan War 4959:Third Indochina War 4954:Sino-Albanian split 4944:Ethiopian Civil War 4844:Eritrean Civil Wars 4784:Ping-pong diplomacy 4757:Cambodian Civil War 4583:Korean DMZ Conflict 4568:Cultural Revolution 4538:Dominican Civil War 4516:Tlatelolco massacre 4302:1959 Mosul uprising 4292:1958 Lebanon crisis 4019:Al-Wathbah uprising 3942:First Indochina War 3912:Iran crisis of 1946 2967:, pp. 205–206. 2935:, pp. 204–205. 2724:, pp. 104–105. 2076:Corrective Movement 2048:Corrective Movement 1786:Syrian armed forces 1485:Minister of Defence 1382:"classic" Ba'athism 464:coup d'etat of 1970 444:Syrian Ba'ath party 276:Minister of Defence 63:21–23 February 1966 14055:Syrian nationalism 14035:Libyan nationalism 13995:Greater Mauritania 13911:The Arab Awakening 13894:United Arab States 13869:Rejectionist Front 13676:Gamal Abdel Nasser 13487:Yemeni unification 13477:Lebanese Civil War 13457:17 July Revolution 13427:Ramadan Revolution 13402:14 July Revolution 12795:Ali Mahmoud Othman 12241:Adopt a Revolution 12204:National Coalition 12196:Interim government 11796:Damascus airstrike 11703:US airstrike (Jun) 11693:US airstrike (Feb) 11659:Deir ez-Zor ambush 11600:Qah missile strike 11478:As-Suwayda attacks 11473:Southern offensive 11314:Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) 11224:Al-Jinah airstrike 10990:Khanasir offensive 10710:Quneitra offensive 10470:Damascus offensive 10465:Battle of Shadadeh 10327:Battle of Damascus 10317:Al-Qubeir massacre 10295:Battle of Taftanaz 10206:Battle of Zabadani 9433:Rejectionist Front 8829:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 8804:Nureddin al-Atassi 8692:Nureddin al-Atassi 8524:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 8429:Nureddin al-Atassi 8339:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 8239:Salih Mahdi Ammash 8209:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil 8162:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 8092:Nureddin al-Atassi 8026:Nureddin al-Atassi 7904:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 7856:Abdullah al-Ahmar 7846:Nureddin al-Atassi 7742:De-Ba'athification 7685:17 July Revolution 7639:Ramadan Revolution 7629:14 July Revolution 7114:Iranian Revolution 7083:Lebanese Civil War 7029:1948 Palestine war 6776:1935 Yazidi revolt 6667:Franco-Turkish War 6498:Russian Revolution 6294:Mary Elise Sarotte 6279:William B. Pickett 6204:Patrick J. Hearden 6184:Gabriel Gorodetsky 6179:Timothy Garton Ash 6164:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 5759:Ethnic nationalism 5511:Hallstein Doctrine 5395:Yemeni unification 5184:1985 Geneva Summit 5149:Casamance conflict 5052:New Jewel Movement 5037:Iranian Revolution 5022:Chadian–Libyan War 4969:Cambodian conflict 4949:Lebanese Civil War 4939:Western Sahara War 4914:June 1976 protests 4909:Cambodian genocide 4674:17 July Revolution 4628:Nigerian Civil War 4543:Rhodesian Bush War 4528:Colombian conflict 4471:Ramadan Revolution 4210:Bandung Conference 4086:Operation Valuable 3967:Partition of India 2456:, pp. 99–100. 2247:– via JSTOR. 1994:17 July Revolution 1989: 1949: 1886: 1825:Minister of Labour 1801:Nureddin al-Atassi 1760: 1739:The new government 1705:Salah al-Din Bitar 1527: 1523:President of Syria 1473:military committee 1398:Military Committee 1394:freedom of thought 1319:socialist policies 1285:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1115:1960–1962/63 743:De-Ba'athification 718:17 July Revolution 708:Ramadan Revolution 446:into a militarist 393:Military Committee 261:President of Syria 14104:Conflicts in 1966 14086: 14085: 14015:Iraqi nationalism 13706:Constantin Zureiq 13556:Abdul Rahman Arif 13536:Butrus al-Bustani 13222: 13221: 13200: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13153:Exclusive mandate 13130:War crimes trials 13101:2016 Geneva talks 12868: 12867: 12860:Fadlallah al-Haji 12815:Bouthaina Shaaban 12598: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12485: 12484: 12416:Al-Sanadid Forces 12411:Anti-Terror Units 12348: 12347: 12181: 12180: 12096:Syrian Resistance 12052:Politics of Syria 12024: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12016: 12015: 11791:Al-Sukhnah attack 11752:Jarqli airstrikes 11634:COVID-19 pandemic 11590:November bombings 11408:Battle of Khasham 11354:Mayadin offensive 11339:Battle of Harasta 11209:Palmyra offensive 10893:Al-Hawl offensive 10853:Qamishli bombings 10651:Latakia Offensive 10609:Battle of Markada 10422:Battle of Darayya 10398:Battle of Darayya 10322:Battle of Tremseh 10141:Syrian Revolution 10074:Islamist uprising 10026: 10025: 10022: 10021: 9881:Syrian revolution 9824:Cities and towns 9711: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9570: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9446:Political parties 9441: 9440: 9319:Socialist Lebanon 9191: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9078: 9077: 8924:Regional branches 8898: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8883: 8882: 8854:Riyad Farid Hijab 8819:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi 8726: 8725: 8712: 8639: 8638: 8589:Hikmat al-Shihabi 8404:Abdullah al-Ahmar 8369:Hardan al-Tikriti 8299:Adnan Khayr Allah 8294:Rashid Taan Kazim 8229:Salah Omar al-Ali 8072:Abdullah al-Ahmar 8045: 8044: 7875: 7874: 7861: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7477: 7476: 6700:Franco-Syrian War 6657:Greco-Turkish War 6645:Anglo-Turkish War 6611:Assyrian genocide 6606:Armenian genocide 6577:Italo-Turkish War 6529: 6528: 6516:List of conflicts 6364:Rudolph Winnacker 6309:Giles Scott-Smith 6284:Ronald E. Powaski 6239:Melvyn P. Leffler 6169:John Lewis Gaddis 6144:Robert D. English 6109:Warren H. Carroll 6099:Michael Beschloss 6068:Nuclear arms race 6049: 6048: 5955:Neues Deutschland 5857: 5856: 5839:White nationalism 5809:Liberal democracy 5546:Ulbricht Doctrine 5536:Brezhnev Doctrine 5344:Velvet Revolution 5088:Soviet–Afghan War 4904:Angolan Civil War 4701:Goulash Communism 4558:ASEAN Declaration 4511:Mexican Dirty War 4409:Annexation of Goa 4360:1960 U-2 incident 4334:Sino-Soviet split 4312:Laotian Civil War 4152:Bricker Amendment 4132:Mau Mau rebellion 4076:Malayan Emergency 4064:Chinese Civil War 4024:Tito–Stalin split 3878:Division of Korea 3702: 3701: 3694:Politics of Syria 3547:978-0-691-12169-7 3530:Watenpaugh, Keith 3521:978-1-85109-947-4 3498:978-1-86064-622-5 3475:978-0-7065-1266-3 3452:978-0-19-506022-5 3429:978-0-520-06976-3 3399:978-1-885942-41-8 3357:978-0-415-26779-3 3311:978-0-87855-500-0 3284:978-1-85043-828-1 2916:978-1-78453-797-5 2891:978-1-78453-797-5 2866:978-1-78453-797-5 2841:978-1-78453-115-7 2816:978-1-78453-115-7 2643:978-1-4039-8273-5 2398:, pp. 96–97. 2343:978-1-78453-115-7 2322:, pp. 47–48. 2287:, pp. 46–47. 2172:, pp. 44–45. 2027:Iraqi nationalist 1985:President of Iraq 1697:military committe 1570:leader of Syria. 1446:1964 riot in Hama 1414:form of socialism 1390:freedom of speech 1265: 1264: 1168: 1167: 1121:Socialist Lebanon 1092: 1091: 763:1966 coup d'états 582: 581: 373: 372: 359: 342: 326: 310: 293: 277: 262: 247: 232: 217: 172:Syrian government 143: 142: 88:Establishment of 14146: 14076: 14075: 13949:Eagle of Saladin 13656:Amin al-Husseini 13621:Faisal I of Iraq 13591:Sultan al-Atrash 13586:Mansur al-Atrash 13561:Abdul Salam Arif 13370:War of Attrition 13256:Arab nationalism 13249: 13242: 13235: 13226: 13225: 13212: 13211: 12986:Humanitarian aid 12966:Chemical weapons 12961:Cities and towns 12885: 12884: 12874: 12873: 12830:Fadwa Souleimane 12820:Abdulbaset Sieda 12800:Ibrahim Qashoush 12790:Ali Habib Mahmud 12700:Hamza al-Khateeb 12695:Kamal al-Labwani 12685:Haitham al-Maleh 12680:Suheil al-Hassan 12618:Ammar Abdulhamid 12604: 12603: 12577:Malhama Tactical 12562:Caucasus Emirate 12496: 12495: 12361: 12360: 12267:Free Syrian Army 12192: 12191: 12048: 12047: 12041: 12040: 12030: 12029: 11823: 11822: 11780: 11726: 11672: 11654:Ayn Issa clashes 11623: 11511: 11384: 11309:Central campaign 11204:Qaboun offensive 11150: 11127:Battle of al-Bab 11050:Manbij offensive 10931: 10773: 10636:Al-Otaiba ambush 10589: 10460:Battle of Safira 10445: 10415:Halfaya massacre 10366:Darayya massacre 10349:Siege of Base 46 10344:Battle of Anadan 10339:Battle of Aleppo 10275:Battle of Rastan 10251: 10223:Battle of Rastan 10191:Siege of Latakia 10156:Siege of Baniyas 10122: 10079:Latakia protests 10045: 10044: 10032: 10031: 9784:Syrian civil war 9764: 9763: 9753: 9752: 9745:Syrian civil war 9738: 9731: 9724: 9715: 9714: 9607:Arab nationalism 9597:Anti-imperialism 9587: 9586: 9576: 9575: 9357:March 8 Alliance 9337: 9336: 9269: 9268:Breakaway groups 9212: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9196: 9134: 9133: 8960:Regional Command 8930: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8903: 8834:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi 8781: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8708: 8679: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8584:Farouk al-Sharaa 8579:Hammouda Sabbagh 8469:Ibrahim al-Hadid 8449:Mahdi Dakhlallah 8434:Shibli al-Aysami 8396: 8244:Hussein Al-Awadi 8214:Saad Abdul-Majid 8191: 8185: 8184: 8132:Akram al-Hawrani 8102:Shibli al-Aysami 8097:Mansur al-Atrash 8059: 8058:National Command 8053: 8016:Shibli al-Aysami 7884: 7883: 7857: 7829:Salah Al-Mukhtar 7783: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7765: 7764: 7747:Syrian civil war 7654:Ar-Rashid revolt 7562: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7546: 7536: 7527: 7513: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7481: 7480: 7439:Israel–Hamas war 7366:Syrian civil war 7349:Sinai insurgency 7310:2006 Lebanon War 6985:Dhofar Rebellion 6920:Cyprus Emergency 6915:Jebel Akhdar War 6887:1982 Lebanon War 6877:1967 Six-Day War 6786:Dersim rebellion 6746:Ararat rebellion 6650:Al-Jazeera Front 6556: 6549: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6274:David S. Painter 6199:John Earl Haynes 6129:Nicholas J. Cull 6114:Adrian Cioroianu 6094:Thomas A. Bailey 6041:Voice of America 5932: 5931: 5844:White separatism 5824:Social democracy 5819:Guided democracy 5799:Authoritarianism 5749:Ultranationalism 5739:Anti-imperialism 5666:Marxism–Leninism 5579: 5578: 5566:Kinmen Agreement 5531:Johnson Doctrine 5516:Kennedy Doctrine 5432:Frozen conflicts 5415:1991 August Coup 5304:Afghan Civil War 5199:Reykjavík Summit 5194:Somali Rebellion 5134:Ugandan Bush War 5112:Gdańsk Agreement 4633:Protests of 1968 4613:War of Attrition 4322:Cuban Revolution 4258:We will bury you 4225:Cyprus Emergency 4205:Kashmir Princess 4195:Jebel Akhdar War 4044:Western betrayal 3729: 3722: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3551: 3525: 3502: 3479: 3456: 3433: 3417: 3403: 3384: 3361: 3346:(1st ed.). 3338: 3315: 3299: 3288: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3222: 3216: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3024: 3018: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2936: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2777: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2696: 2690: 2677: 2671: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2505: 2499: 2480: 2474: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2420: 2414: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2348: 2347: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2249: 2248: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2173: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2103: 2081:Syrian civil war 2002:Shibli al-Aysami 1926:regime in 1967. 1799:Jadid appointed 1772:Jubran Majdalani 1768:Mansur al-Atrash 1726:of the original 1724:National Command 1691:of the original 1689:National Command 1598:Mansur al-Atrash 1594:Shibli al-Aysami 1543:Jibran Majdalani 1525:during 1963-1966 1465:National Command 1454:private property 1402:Marxism–Leninism 1344:The majority of 1339:one-party system 1331:Akram al-Hawrani 1257: 1250: 1243: 1229: 1227:Socialism portal 1222: 1184:Arab nationalism 1164: 1151: 1138: 1107: 1106: 806: 805: 788:Syrian civil war 578: 527: 526: 514: 491: 490: 454:of the original 452:National Command 397:Regional Command 385:National Command 357: 351: 350: 349: 340: 334: 333: 332: 324: 318: 317: 316: 308: 303: 302: 301: 291: 288:Shibli al-Aysami 286: 285: 284: 275: 270: 269: 268: 260: 255: 254: 253: 245: 240: 239: 238: 230: 225: 224: 223: 213: 208: 207: 206: 184: 183: 182: 162:National Command 160: 159: 158: 108:Syrian dominated 57: 56: 49:Syrian Arab Army 41: 21: 20: 14154: 14153: 14149: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14089: 14088: 14087: 14082: 14064: 14000:Greater Morocco 13973: 13969:Pan-Arab colors 13964:Hawk of Quraish 13930: 13898: 13749:Arab Federation 13710: 13696:Abdullah Rimawi 13671:Mostéfa Merarda 13626:Muammar Gaddafi 13606:Ahmed Ben Bella 13581:Jamal al-Atassi 13571:Bashar al-Assad 13522: 13491: 13472:Black September 13350:Anglo-Iraqi War 13294: 13258: 13253: 13223: 13218: 13192: 13141: 13125: 13030: 12944: 12879: 12864: 12845:Razan Zaitouneh 12750:Burhan Ghalioun 12725:Ammar al-Qurabi 12633:al-Assad family 12623:Ali al-Abdallah 12609: 12586: 12572:Junud al-Makhdi 12567:Ajnad al-Kavkaz 12537: 12481: 12445: 12387: 12365:DFNS Government 12355: 12344: 12320:US intervention 12312:Foreign support 12306: 12250: 12177: 12139:Liwa Fatemiyoun 12121:Foreign support 12115: 12106:al-Quds Brigade 12079: 12035: 12012: 11995: 11936: 11917:Battle of Sidon 11897: 11879: 11850: 11810: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11279:Battle of Raqqa 11234:Battle of Tabqa 11159: 11155: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11107:Dabiq offensive 11055:Tokhar massacre 10940: 10936: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10863:Kobanî massacre 10823:Idlib Offensive 10818:Battle of Bosra 10778: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10720:Siege of Kobanî 10676:Battle of Arsal 10641:Idlib offensive 10621:Battle of Morek 10594: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10487:Daraa offensive 10450: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10388:Battle of Harem 10260: 10256: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10211:Battle of Douma 10131: 10127: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10084:Damascus Spring 10039: 10018: 9997: 9993:U.S. task force 9988:Rojava conflict 9926: 9905: 9869: 9838: 9758: 9747: 9742: 9712: 9699: 9695:Pan-Arab colors 9689:Arḍ ul-Furātayn 9676: 9651: 9581: 9562: 9536: 9437: 9381: 9328: 9287:Damascus branch 9267: 9261: 9232:Free Iraqi Army 9222:Al-Abud Network 9206: 9202: 9179: 9163: 9149:Fedayeen Saddam 9144:Ba'ath Brigades 9125: 9104: 9095:Sawt al-Jamahir 9074: 9053:Central Command 9006: 8923: 8913: 8909: 8890: 8879: 8779: 8773: 8739: 8722: 8717:Bashar al-Assad 8697:Ahmad al-Khatib 8677: 8671: 8652: 8635: 8623: 8594:Hammud al-Shufi 8559:Zuhair Masharqa 8554:Ibrahim Makhous 8539:Ahmad al-Khatib 8504:Hisham Ikhtiyar 8424:Rifaat al-Assad 8414:Bashar al-Assad 8394: 8388: 8354:Talib El-Shibib 8269:Saadoun Ghaidan 8189: 8176: 8172:Khaled Yashruti 8167:Talib El-Shibib 8157:Abdullah Rimawi 8122:Wahib al-Ghanim 8082:Bashar al-Assad 8057: 8051: 8041: 8036:Bashar al-Assad 8011:Hammud al-Shufi 7999: 7977: 7956: 7941:Abdullah Rimawi 7929: 7899:Talib El-Shibib 7871: 7866:Bashar al-Assad 7834: 7802: 7770: 7751: 7673: 7612: 7591: 7556: 7552: 7541: 7534: 7525: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7478: 7473: 7471: 7458: 7421: 7343:Egyptian Crisis 7326: 7267: 7207: 7140: 7050: 7039:Second Intifada 6949: 6893: 6790: 6756:Simele massacre 6734: 6715:Adwan Rebellion 6688: 6565: 6560: 6530: 6525: 6502: 6493:Second Cold War 6451: 6379: 6373: 6349:Odd Arne Westad 6339:Patrick Vaughan 6324:Athan Theoharis 6304:Ellen Schrecker 6289:Yakov M. Rabkin 6264:Timothy Naftali 6209:Tvrtko Jakovina 6194:Jussi Hanhimäki 6077: 6055: 6045: 6023:Paix et Liberté 5998: 5942:Active measures 5923: 5853: 5834:White supremacy 5794:Totalitarianism 5722: 5647: 5570: 5556:Reagan Doctrine 5551:Carter Doctrine 5491:Truman Doctrine 5479: 5426: 5358: 5253:Soviet reaction 5164:Ndogboyosoi War 5071: 5042:Saur Revolution 4869:1973 oil crisis 4834:Munich massacre 4742:Alcora Exercise 4737:Black September 4715: 4461:Sino-Indian War 4355:Simba rebellion 4338: 4182:Capture of the 4090: 4029:Berlin Blockade 3962:May 1947 crises 3952:Truman Doctrine 3917:Greek Civil War 3906:Blacklist Forty 3873:Gouzenko Affair 3860:Cursed soldiers 3812:Morgenthau Plan 3800: 3738: 3733: 3703: 3698: 3685: 3634: 3618: 3612: 3582: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3548: 3522: 3510:. Vol. 1. 3499: 3476: 3453: 3430: 3400: 3381: 3358: 3335: 3323:. Vol. 4. 3312: 3285: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3027: 3019: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2971: 2965:Rabinovich 1972 2963: 2956: 2950:Rabinovich 1972 2948: 2939: 2933:Rabinovich 1972 2931: 2924: 2917: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2778: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2699: 2691: 2680: 2672: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2630: 2626: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2568: 2564: 2543:(3): 180, 181. 2533: 2529: 2521: 2508: 2500: 2483: 2475: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2423: 2415: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2351: 2344: 2330: 2326: 2320:Hinnebusch 2001 2318: 2314: 2308:Hinnebusch 2001 2306: 2291: 2285:Hinnebusch 2001 2283: 2279: 2273:Hinnebusch 2001 2271: 2252: 2209: 2205: 2199:Hinnebusch 2001 2197: 2176: 2170:Hinnebusch 2001 2168: 2159: 2153:Hinnebusch 2001 2151: 2144: 2138:Rabinovich 1972 2136: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2057: 1970: 1939: 1932: 1875: 1869: 1861:Soviet military 1741: 1720:Munif al-Razzaz 1681: 1675: 1670: 1642:Rifaat al-Assad 1576: 1555:Munif al-Razzaz 1481: 1450:civil liberties 1370: 1311:command economy 1292:Syrian military 1261: 1232: 1225: 1220:Politics portal 1218: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1178: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1149: 1136: 1125:1965–1970 1104: 1102:Splinter groups 1094: 1093: 1088: 1067: 1046: 1025: 1004: 983: 962: 946: 925: 909: 888: 867: 846: 825: 803: 793: 792: 752: 706: 697: 689: 688: 685: 667: 659: 658: 657: 648:Bashar al-Assad 618:Wahib al-Ghanim 613:Abdullah Rimawi 592: 584: 583: 576: 565:1968–2003 555:1947–1966 545:1940–1947 535:1940–1947 524: 489: 484: 416:Munif al-Razzaz 356: 347: 345: 343: 339: 330: 328: 327: 323: 314: 312: 311: 307: 299: 297: 290: 282: 280: 278: 274: 266: 264: 263: 259: 251: 249: 248: 244: 236: 234: 233: 229: 227:Munif al-Razzaz 221: 219: 218: 212: 204: 202: 180: 178: 156: 154: 112:Iraqi dominated 75: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14152: 14142: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14084: 14083: 14081: 14080: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13981: 13979: 13978:Related topics 13975: 13974: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13940: 13938: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13928: 13921: 13914: 13906: 13904: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13844:Islamic Legion 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13734:Al-Mourabitoun 13731: 13726: 13720: 13718: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13703: 13701:Hamdeen Sabahi 13698: 13693: 13691:Fuad al-Rikabi 13688: 13683: 13681:Adnan Pachachi 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13651:Saddam Hussein 13648: 13643: 13641:Sati' al-Husri 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13576:Hafez al-Assad 13573: 13568: 13566:Zaki al-Arsuzi 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13532: 13530: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13499: 13497: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13447:Aden Emergency 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13392:Iraqi Intifada 13389: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13377: 13375:Yom Kippur War 13372: 13367: 13362: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13325: 13320: 13319: 13318: 13308: 13302: 13300: 13296: 13295: 13293: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13270:Arab socialism 13266: 13264: 13260: 13259: 13252: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13229: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13216: 13205: 13202: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13149: 13147: 13146:Related topics 13143: 13142: 13140: 13139: 13133: 13131: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13076:39th G8 summit 13073: 13068: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13051: 13046: 13040: 13038: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12889: 12881: 12880: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12785:Bassma Kodmani 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12755:Razan Ghazzawi 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12705:Tal al-Mallohi 12702: 12697: 12692: 12690:Moaz al-Khatib 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12670:Anwar al-Bunni 12667: 12662: 12661: 12660: 12658:Hafez Makhlouf 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12630: 12628:Adnan al-Aroor 12625: 12620: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12552:Tahrir al-Sham 12548: 12546: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12504: 12502: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12397: 12395: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12369: 12367: 12358: 12350: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12316: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12258: 12256: 12252: 12251: 12249: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12200: 12198: 12189: 12183: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12131: 12125: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12087: 12085: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12045: 12037: 12036: 12026: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11947: 11945: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11908: 11906: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11889: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11865:Akashat ambush 11861: 11859: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11832: 11830: 11820: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11787: 11785: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11733: 11731: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11679: 11677: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11630: 11628: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11535:Manbij bombing 11532: 11526: 11524: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11249:Aleppo bombing 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11165: 11163: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11122:Raqqa campaign 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10946: 10944: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10784: 10782: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10705:Hama Offensive 10702: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10685: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10646:Battle of Hosn 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10600: 10598: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10531:Hatla massacre 10528: 10526:Hama offensive 10523: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10506: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10489: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10456: 10454: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10410:Hama offensive 10407: 10405:Aqrab massacre 10402: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10358: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10346: 10336: 10335: 10334: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10307:Houla massacre 10304: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10266: 10264: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10151:Siege of Daraa 10148: 10143: 10137: 10135: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10089:Qamishli riots 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10055: 10053: 10041: 10040: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9913: 9911: 9910:World reaction 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9770: 9768: 9767:Main overviews 9760: 9759: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9718: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9697: 9692: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9667: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9612:Arab socialism 9609: 9604: 9599: 9593: 9591: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9544: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9343: 9341: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9279: 9273: 9271: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9242:Jeish Muhammad 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9218: 9216: 9208: 9207: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9112: 9110: 9109:Popular fronts 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8936: 8934: 8927: 8915: 8914: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8874:Hussein Arnous 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8809:Hafez al-Assad 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8785: 8783: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8759:Sa'dun Hammadi 8756: 8754:Saddam Hussein 8751: 8745: 8743: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8714: 8704: 8702:Hafez al-Assad 8699: 8694: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8667:Saddam Hussein 8664: 8658: 8656: 8645: 8644:Heads of state 8641: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8609:Muhammad Umran 8606: 8604:Hasan Turkmani 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8419:Hafez al-Assad 8416: 8411: 8409:Hussein Arnous 8406: 8400: 8398: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8334:Fuad al-Rikabi 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8284:Saddam Hussein 8281: 8276: 8274:Sa'dun Hammadi 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8152:Fuad al-Rikabi 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8087:Hafez al-Assad 8084: 8079: 8077:Zaki al-Arsuzi 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8033: 8031:Hafez al-Assad 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8007: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7951:Akram al-Homsi 7948: 7943: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7921: 7916: 7914:Saddam Hussein 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7894:Fuad al-Rikabi 7890: 7888: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7863: 7853: 7851:Hafez al-Assad 7848: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7826: 7821: 7819:Saddam Hussein 7816: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7780: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7737:Iraqi conflict 7734: 7732:Faith Campaign 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7692: 7690:Ba'athist Iraq 7687: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7664:1964 Hama riot 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7558: 7557: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7530: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7453:Red Sea crisis 7449: 7442: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7352: 7340: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7198:Mecca massacre 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7161: 7156: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7034:First Intifada 7031: 7019: 7017:1964 Hama riot 7014: 7012:Aden Emergency 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6843: 6838: 6836:Al-Waziri coup 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6536: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6319:Timothy Snyder 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6249:Vojtech Mastny 6246: 6244:Geir Lundestad 6241: 6236: 6234:Walter Laqueur 6231: 6229:Walter LaFeber 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6159:André Fontaine 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6089:Gar Alperovitz 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5829:Third-Worldism 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5618:Libertarianism 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5598: 5596:Chicago school 5593: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5541:Nixon Doctrine 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5484:Foreign policy 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5269:Operation RYAN 5266: 5261: 5256: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5174:Able Archer 83 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4924:Oromo conflict 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4864:Yom Kippur War 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4496:Aden Emergency 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4414:Papua conflict 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4319: 4317:Kitchen Debate 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4277:Sputnik crisis 4274: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4247:Polish October 4244: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4147:Pact of Madrid 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4102:Bamboo Curtain 4098: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3901: 3893: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3842: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3581: 3580: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3526: 3520: 3503: 3497: 3480: 3474: 3457: 3451: 3434: 3428: 3408:Seale, Patrick 3404: 3398: 3392:. Cune Press. 3385: 3379: 3362: 3356: 3339: 3333: 3316: 3310: 3289: 3283: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3242: 3223: 3208: 3206:, p. 140. 3196: 3184: 3172: 3165: 3147: 3140: 3122: 3110: 3108:, p. 147. 3095: 3093:, p. 138. 3083: 3071: 3054: 3052:, p. 347. 3042: 3025: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2984:, p. 735. 2969: 2954: 2952:, p. 205. 2937: 2922: 2915: 2897: 2890: 2872: 2865: 2847: 2840: 2822: 2815: 2797: 2790: 2767: 2765:, p. 107. 2755: 2753:, p. 106. 2743: 2741:, p. 105. 2726: 2714: 2712:, p. 104. 2697: 2695:, p. 103. 2678: 2676:, p. 158. 2661: 2649: 2642: 2624: 2589: 2562: 2527: 2525:, p. 102. 2506: 2504:, p. 101. 2481: 2479:, p. 100. 2458: 2446: 2421: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2349: 2342: 2324: 2312: 2289: 2277: 2250: 2223:(2): 157–158. 2203: 2174: 2157: 2142: 2125: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2056: 2053: 2034:Zaki al-Arsuzi 1981:Saddam Hussein 1969: 1966: 1931: 1928: 1888:Druze officer 1868: 1865: 1831:, and Colonel 1823:was appointed 1811:was appointed 1809:Brahim Makhous 1805:Yusuf Zu'ayyin 1740: 1737: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1586:Prime Minister 1575: 1572: 1500:Hafez al-Assad 1488:Muhammad Umran 1480: 1479:Power struggle 1477: 1439:Leninist party 1418:state planning 1369: 1366: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1245: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189:Arab socialism 1186: 1180: 1179: 1177:Related topics 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1003: 1002: 997: 991: 989: 985: 984: 982: 981: 976: 970: 968: 964: 963: 961: 960: 954: 952: 948: 947: 945: 944: 939: 933: 931: 927: 926: 924: 923: 917: 915: 911: 910: 908: 907: 902: 896: 894: 890: 889: 887: 886: 881: 875: 873: 869: 868: 866: 865: 860: 854: 852: 848: 847: 845: 844: 839: 833: 831: 827: 826: 824: 823: 818: 812: 810: 804: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 756: 749:Baathist Syria 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 703:Ba'athist Iraq 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 681: 679: 674: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 656: 655: 650: 645: 643:Saddam Hussein 640: 635: 633:Hafez al-Assad 630: 625: 623:Fuad al-Rikabi 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 598:Zaki al-Arsuzi 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 580: 579: 573: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 525: 520: 519: 516: 515: 507: 506: 500: 499: 488: 485: 483: 480: 476:Ba'athist Iraq 468:Hafez al-Assad 371: 370: 366: 365: 361: 360: 321:Hafez al-Assad 294: 272:Muhammad Umran 198: 197: 193: 192: 176: 175: 174: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139: 138: 136:Hafez al-Assad 128: 115: 104: 97: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 69: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14151: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14109:1966 in Syria 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14079: 14071: 14070: 14067: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14010:Greater Yemen 14008: 14006: 14005:Greater Syria 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13976: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13937: 13933: 13927: 13926: 13922: 13920: 13919: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13901: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13717: 13716:Organizations 13713: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13636:George Habash 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13616:Izzat Darwaza 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13551:Yasser Arafat 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13533: 13531: 13529: 13528:Personalities 13525: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13503:Arab identity 13501: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13417:Arab Cold War 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13357: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13301: 13297: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13250: 13245: 13243: 13238: 13236: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13215: 13207: 13206: 13203: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13150: 13148: 13144: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13037: 13036:Peace process 13033: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12947: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12875: 12871: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12840:Yaser Tabbara 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12805:Dawoud Rajiha 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12760:Ghassan Hitto 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12730:Suheir Atassi 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12710:Fida al-Sayed 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12665:Riad al-Asaad 12663: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12653:Rami Makhlouf 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12612: 12605: 12601: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12500:Islamic State 12497: 12494: 12492: 12488: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12390: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12351: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12309: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12277:Army of Glory 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12031: 12027: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11882: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11708:Daraa clashes 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11639:Afrin bombing 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11611: 11610:US airstrikes 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11565:June bombings 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10631:Maan massacre 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10546:Adra massacre 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10337: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10181:Siege of Homs 10179: 10177: 10176:Siege of Hama 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10029: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9809:Belligerents 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9739: 9734: 9732: 9727: 9725: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9632:Republicanism 9630: 9628: 9627:Progressivism 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580:Miscellaneous 9577: 9573: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9247:Rejectionists 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9194: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8901: 8889:* = incumbent 8886: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8799:Yusuf Zuayyin 8797: 8795: 8794:Amin al-Hafiz 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8687:Amin al-Hafiz 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8619:Yusuf Zuayyin 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8599:Mustafa Tlass 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8519:Sami al-Jundi 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8474:Amin al-Hafiz 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464:Marwan Habash 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364:Khamis Sirhan 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8279:Qusay Hussein 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Zuheir Mohsen 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8127:Amin al-Hafiz 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8021:Amin al-Hafiz 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7762: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7505: 7500: 7498: 7493: 7491: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7470: 7468: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7406:Yemeni crisis 7404: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7153:Iran–Iraq War 7150: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104:NDF Rebellion 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6677:United States 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:War on terror 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378:Espionage and 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6329:Andrew Thorpe 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6224:Gabriel Kolko 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:Fred Halliday 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6174:Lloyd Gardner 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6134:Norman Davies 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119:John Costello 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054:Technological 6052: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935:Pro-communist 5933: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862:Organizations 5860: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676:Eurocommunism 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5506:Domino theory 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:South Ossetia 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:8888 Uprising 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5189:Iran–Iraq War 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5154:Falklands War 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:NDF Rebellion 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997:German Autumn 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4884:Metapolitefsi 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4645:Prague Spring 4643: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Al-Wadiah War 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588:12-3 incident 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:Domino theory 4165: 4163: 4162:Petrov Affair 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4039:Madiun Affair 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3999:Marshall Plan 3997: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3748:United States 3745: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3656:December 1949 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3380:1-85043-192-2 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3334:0-470-21611-5 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3252:, p. 42. 3251: 3246: 3240:, p. 40. 3239: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3221:, p. 39. 3220: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3200: 3194:, p. 89. 3193: 3188: 3182:, p. 30. 3181: 3176: 3168: 3166:0-929692-69-1 3162: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3141:0-520-06976-5 3137: 3133: 3126: 3120:, p. 27. 3119: 3114: 3107: 3106:Sluglett 2001 3102: 3100: 3092: 3087: 3081:, p. 38. 3080: 3075: 3069:, p. 37. 3068: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3051: 3050:Moubayed 2006 3046: 3040:, p. 35. 3039: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3023:, p. 31. 3022: 3017: 3015: 3008:, p. 15. 3007: 3002: 2996:, p. 34. 2995: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2793: 2791:0-8103-1515-7 2787: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2659:, p. 88. 2658: 2653: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2455: 2450: 2444:, p. 99. 2443: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2419:, p. 97. 2418: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2392: 2386:, p. 95. 2385: 2380: 2374:, p. 96. 2373: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2310:, p. 47. 2309: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2281: 2275:, p. 46. 2274: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2201:, p. 45. 2200: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2155:, p. 44. 2154: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911:Hafiz al-Asad 1908: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Ahmed Suidani 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1754: 1753:Ahmad al-Meer 1750: 1749:Mustafa Tlass 1745: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:neo-Ba'athism 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1679:Neo-Ba'athism 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1637:Golan Heights 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:Ahmed Suidani 1613: 1611: 1610:Husayn Mulhim 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1520: 1519:Amin al-Hafiz 1516: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1504:rank-and-file 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426:foreign trade 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346:Sunni Muslims 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:upper classes 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299:Amin al-Hafiz 1295: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1174: 1173: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 990: 986: 980: 977: 975: 972: 971: 969: 965: 959: 956: 955: 953: 949: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 932: 928: 922: 919: 918: 916: 912: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 895: 891: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 874: 870: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 853: 849: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 832: 828: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 811: 807: 802: 797: 796: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 760: 757: 755: 751: 750: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 723:Iran–Iraq War 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 705: 704: 700: 699: 693: 692: 684: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 663: 662: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 588: 587: 574: 572: 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 552: 548: 544: 542: 538: 534: 532: 528: 523: 522:Organisations 518: 517: 513: 509: 508: 505: 502: 501: 497: 493: 492: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 448:neo-Ba'athist 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 420:Neo-Ba'athist 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 367: 362: 355: 344: 338: 322: 306: 295: 289: 279: 273: 258: 257:Amin al-Hafiz 243: 228: 216: 211: 200: 199: 194: 191: 187: 177: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 163: 152: 151: 146: 137: 133: 129: 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 105: 102: 99:Execution of 98: 95: 94:neo-Ba'athist 91: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 74: 70: 67: 66: 62: 59: 58: 54: 50: 46: 40: 35: 32: 31:Arab Cold War 27: 22: 19: 14045:Pan-Islamism 13923: 13916: 13909: 13809:Ba'ath Party 13686:Ameen Rihani 13546:Jassem Alwan 13541:Michel Aflaq 13451: 13397:Algerian War 13323:Iraqi Revolt 13096:Vienna talks 12770:Randa Kassis 12745:Farid Ghadry 12720:Khaled Khoja 12715:Riad al-Turk 12523:Liwa al-Aqsa 12393:SDF militias 12335:Saudi Arabia 12161:Wagner Group 12034:Belligerents 11816: 11777: 11723: 11669: 11620: 11585:Barisha raid 11508: 11381: 11147: 10928: 10770: 10586: 10442: 10248: 10119: 10063: 10049: 9687: 9669: 9662: 9602:Anti-Zionism 9215:Armed groups 9159:Popular Army 9137:Paramilitary 8910:Organization 8709: 8444:Muhsen Bilal 8147:Munif Razzaz 8067:Michel Aflaq 7989:Isam al-Qadi 7946:Munif Razzaz 7858: 7814:Michel Aflaq 7798:Munif Razzaz 7793:Michel Aflaq 7668: 7603:Michel Aflaq 7565:Predecessors 7532: 7523: 7464: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7411: 7410: 7398: 7391: 7372: 7364: 7363: 7354: 7347: 7302: 7285: 7278: 7246: 7218: 7168: 7151: 7081: 7045: 7021: 6989: 6965: 6859: 6845: 6803:World War II 6801: 6637: 6581: 6488:Brinkmanship 6380:intelligence 6269:Marius Oprea 6219:Harvey Klehr 6149:Herbert Feis 6139:Willem Drees 6104:Archie Brown 6021: 6009: 5991: 5981:Trybuna Ludu 5979: 5972: 5968:Radio Moscow 5960: 5953: 5946: 5774:Anti-Zionism 5690: 5613:Keynesianism 5601:Conservatism 5465:Transnistria 5445:China-Taiwan 5102:Gera Demands 4975: 4776: 4651: 4562: 4456:El Porteñazo 4350:Congo Crisis 4265: 4200:Algerian War 4183: 4059:Western Bloc 4054:Eastern Bloc 4049:Iron Curtain 3905: 3897: 3889: 3866: 3846: 3838: 3755:Soviet Union 3753: 3746: 3680: 3671:1962 attempt 3572:. Retrieved 3557: 3533: 3507: 3484: 3461: 3438: 3413: 3389: 3366: 3343: 3320: 3295: 3270: 3267:Ayubi, Nazih 3259:Bibliography 3245: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3156: 3150: 3131: 3125: 3113: 3086: 3074: 3045: 3001: 2989: 2906: 2900: 2881: 2875: 2856: 2850: 2831: 2825: 2806: 2800: 2782:World Armies 2781: 2758: 2746: 2717: 2652: 2633: 2627: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2580:. Retrieved 2575: 2565: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2449: 2391: 2379: 2333: 2327: 2315: 2280: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2116:. Retrieved 2111: 2101: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2018: 1990: 1962: 1950: 1946:Michel Aflaq 1921: 1904: 1887: 1857:Soviet Union 1852:totalitarian 1848:state terror 1845: 1798: 1782: 1775: 1764:Mezze prison 1761: 1728:Ba'ath Party 1713: 1701:Michel Aflaq 1693:Ba'ath party 1682: 1614: 1581:Mustafa Tlas 1577: 1565: 1558: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1496:middle class 1482: 1458: 1443: 1374:Michel Aflaq 1371: 1343: 1337:opposed the 1296: 1289: 1266: 762: 761: / 747: 733:UN sanctions 701: 603:Michel Aflaq 551:Ba'ath Party 472:Assad regime 456:Ba'ath party 441: 408:Michel Aflaq 405: 376: 374: 354:Mustafa Tlas 296: 214: 210:Michel Aflaq 201: 190:Ba'ath Party 166:Ba'ath Party 153: 148:Belligerents 125: 29:Part of the 18: 13739:Arab Ba'ath 13661:Salah Jadid 13518:Arabization 13365:Six-Day War 13360:Suez Crisis 13306:Arab Revolt 13285:Pan-Arabism 13168:Syria Files 12850:Rami Jarrah 12780:Michel Kilo 12765:Salim Idris 12740:Aref Dalila 12513:Dokumacılar 12302:Grey Wolves 11801:Hama attack 9647:Vanguardism 9622:Pan-Arabism 9252:Snake Party 9038:South Yemen 8869:Imad Khamis 8614:Salim Yasin 8534:Imad Khamis 8509:Salah Jadid 8494:Hilal Hilal 8489:Salim Hatum 8454:Ahmad Diyab 8379:Tahir Yahya 8137:Salah Jadid 8117:Elias Farah 7994:Rakad Salem 7968:Assem Qanso 7572:Arab Ba'ath 7467:World War I 6925:Suez Crisis 6872:Suez Crisis 6601:Arab Revolt 6583:World War I 6314:Shen Zhihua 6124:Michael Cox 6056:competition 6003:Pro-Western 5993:Soviet Life 5919:Safari Club 5889:Warsaw Pact 5744:Nationalism 5734:Imperialism 5633:Reaganomics 5496:Containment 5289:Perestroika 4778:Realpolitik 4608:Six-Day War 4593:Greek junta 4404:Berlin Wall 4252:Suez Crisis 4220:Vietnam War 4107:McCarthyism 3922:Baruch Plan 3867:Unthinkable 3827:Dekemvriana 3766:Warsaw Pact 3651:August 1949 3639:Coup d'état 3489:I.B. Tauris 3371:I.B. Tauris 3275:I.B. Tauris 3250:Kienle 1991 3238:Kienle 1991 3219:Kienle 1991 3180:Tucker 2010 3091:Curtis 1971 3079:Kienle 1991 3067:Kienle 1991 3038:Kienle 1991 3021:Kienle 1991 3006:Kienle 1991 2994:Kienle 1991 2982:Dishon 1973 2039:in absentia 2006:Elias Farah 1907:Salah Jadid 1895:Salah Jadid 1890:Salim Hatum 1873:Salim Hatum 1839:and later, 1757:Salah Jadid 1662:Deir ez-Zor 1646:Mahmud Musa 1625:Salim Hatum 1621:Izzad Jadid 1547:Ali Ghannam 1509:bourgeoisie 1492:Salah Jadid 1461:bourgeoisie 1199:Pan-Arabism 1161:2002– 1148:1970– 1135:1966– 628:Salah Jadid 575:1966– 531:Arab Ba'ath 460:Salah Jadid 433:Deir ez-Zor 401:Salah Jadid 337:Salim Hatum 305:Salah Jadid 132:Salah Jadid 101:Salim Hatum 90:Salah Jadid 45:Salah Jadid 14093:Categories 13903:Literature 13596:Tariq Aziz 13513:Arab world 13508:Arab Union 13437:Dhofar War 12956:Casualties 12545:and allies 12533:Liwa Dawud 12187:Opposition 12000:Elsewhere: 10740:Idlib Raid 10050:Background 9896:Ceasefires 9656:Literature 9642:Secularism 9530:in Lebanon 9083:Newspapers 9028:Mauritania 8982:Mauritania 8849:Adel Safar 8249:Tariq Aziz 7859:(de facto) 7769:Leadership 7678:Post-split 6082:Historians 6073:Space Race 5974:Rudé právo 5928:Propaganda 5784:Neo-Nazism 5754:Chauvinism 5708:Trotskyism 5623:Monetarism 5591:Liberalism 5583:Capitalism 5575:Ideologies 5526:Ostpolitik 5249:Solidarity 5214:Toyota War 5117:Solidarity 4974:Operation 4929:Ogaden War 4618:Dhofar War 4506:Shifta War 4264:Operation 4112:Korean War 3904:Operation 3896:Operation 3888:Operation 3865:Operation 3845:Operation 3837:Operation 3646:March 1949 3623:Revolution 3568:0815735561 3204:Ayubi 1996 3192:Helms 1984 3118:Seale 1990 2763:Seale 1990 2751:Seale 1990 2739:Seale 1990 2722:Seale 1990 2710:Seale 1990 2693:Seale 1990 2674:Pipes 1992 2657:Seale 1990 2605:(3): 180. 2523:Seale 1990 2502:Seale 1990 2477:Seale 1990 2454:Seale 1990 2442:Seale 1990 2417:Seale 1990 2396:Seale 1990 2384:Seale 1990 2372:Seale 1990 2089:References 1998:Arab unity 1958:Arab world 1924:neo-Ba'ath 1871:See also: 1685:militarist 1623:and Major 1619:, Colonel 1606:Naji Jamil 1537:ex officio 1434:capitalism 1406:Arab world 1327:secularist 1273:Nasserites 967:Mauritania 666:Literature 482:Background 369:400 killed 319:Maj. Gen. 96:government 14119:Ba'athism 13936:Symbolism 13280:Nasserism 13275:Ba'athism 13001:Massacres 12888:Elections 12825:Riad Seif 12491:Islamists 11817:Spillover 10064:1966 coup 10059:1963 coup 9819:Spillover 9789:Timeline 9757:Overviews 9681:Symbolism 9637:Saddamism 9617:Ba'athism 9100:Al-Thawra 9090:Al-Ba'ath 9033:Palestine 8987:Palestine 8710:(interim) 7982:Palestine 7786:Pre-split 7707:Arab Belt 7617:Pre-split 6369:Ken Young 6214:Tony Judt 6063:Arms race 6036:Red Scare 5904:NN States 5849:Apartheid 5804:Autocracy 5713:Stalinism 5681:Guevarism 5671:Castroism 5661:Communism 5653:Socialism 5179:Star Wars 4772:Koza riot 3898:Beleaguer 3890:Masterdom 3348:Routledge 2619:159345006 2582:12 August 2557:159345006 2245:144922816 2118:12 August 1668:Aftermath 1362:Isma'ilis 1350:alienated 1303:socialist 1204:Saddamism 1194:Nasserism 1084:pro-Syria 1063:pro-Syria 1042:pro-Syria 1021:pro-Syria 1000:pro-Syria 988:Palestine 979:pro-Syria 942:pro-Syria 905:pro-Syria 884:pro-Syria 863:pro-Syria 842:pro-Syria 821:pro-Syria 504:Ba'athism 352:Lt. Col. 14078:Category 14020:Islamism 13729:Al-Fatat 13496:Concepts 13263:Ideology 13214:Category 13006:Refugees 12543:al-Qaeda 10037:Timeline 9590:Ideology 9393:Ahd Bloc 7596:Founders 7280:Iraq War 6521:Timeline 6511:Category 6456:See also 5948:Izvestia 5789:Islamism 5686:Hoxhaism 5561:Rollback 5440:Abkhazia 5380:Gulf War 5284:Glasnost 4654:incident 4424:Sand War 4282:Ifni War 3791:Rio Pact 3736:Cold War 3532:(2006). 3512:ABC-CLIO 3410:(1990). 3269:(1996). 2055:See also 1777:Le Monde 1574:The coup 1567:de facto 1420:and the 1354:Alawites 1329:nature. 1079:pro-Iraq 1058:pro-Iraq 1037:pro-Iraq 1016:pro-Iraq 995:pro-Iraq 974:pro-Iraq 958:pro-Iraq 937:pro-Iraq 921:pro-Iraq 900:pro-Iraq 879:pro-Iraq 858:pro-Iraq 837:pro-Iraq 816:pro-Iraq 738:Iraq War 728:Gulf War 496:a series 494:Part of 429:Damascus 395:and the 126:absentia 114:factions 68:Location 43:General 13724:Al-Awda 13299:History 12878:Related 12450:Support 12101:PFLP-GC 11903:Lebanon 11783:Jan-Dec 11729:Jan–Dec 11675:Jan–Dec 11626:Jan–Dec 11522:Sep–Dec 11518:May–Aug 11514:Jan–Apr 11395:Sep–Dec 11391:May–Aug 11387:Jan–Apr 11161:Sep–Dec 11157:May–Aug 11153:Jan–Apr 10942:Sep–Dec 10938:May–Aug 10934:Jan–Apr 10780:Aug–Dec 10776:Jan–Jul 10596:Aug–Dec 10592:Jan–Jul 10452:May–Dec 10448:Jan–Apr 10262:Sep–Dec 10258:May–Aug 10254:Jan–Apr 10133:Sep–Dec 10129:May–Aug 10125:Jan–Apr 9518:Unified 9513:Bakdash 9340:Current 9304:Al-Awda 9058:History 9023:Lebanon 8997:Tunisia 8972:Lebanon 8945:Bahrain 8940:Algeria 8055:of the 8052:Members 7961:Lebanon 7700:Members 7553:History 6672:Revolts 6011:Amerika 5894:Comecon 5779:Fascism 5769:Zionism 5718:Titoism 5259:Contras 4727:Détente 4004:Comecon 3574:12 June 2237:4284075 1658:Latakia 1560:de jure 1432:, that 1275:in the 1163:present 1150:present 1137:present 1051:Tunisia 930:Lebanon 830:Bahrain 809:Algeria 696:History 577:present 437:Latakia 387:of the 188:of the 164:of the 12949:Issues 12648:Rifaat 12638:Bashar 12608:People 12340:Turkey 12009:(Iran) 11942:Turkey 9779:Rojava 9386:Former 9018:Jordan 8967:Jordan 7934:Jordan 5962:Pravda 5764:Racism 5703:Maoism 5455:Kosovo 4976:Condor 4652:Pueblo 4638:May 68 4266:Gladio 4184:Tuapse 3847:Jungle 3839:Priboi 3565: 3544: 3518: 3495: 3472: 3449: 3426: 3396: 3377: 3354: 3331: 3308: 3281: 3163: 3138: 2913: 2888: 2863: 2838: 2813: 2788: 2640: 2617: 2555: 2340: 2243: 2235: 1915:Syrian 1899:Jordan 1755:, and 1654:Aleppo 1490:, and 1360:, and 1358:Druzes 1321:. The 914:Kuwait 893:Jordan 591:People 435:, and 425:Aleppo 414:, and 80:Result 13824:Fatah 12643:Maher 12330:Qatar 12044:Syria 9774:Syria 9488:Sawab 9168:Youth 9130:Wings 9070:Yemen 9048:Syria 9043:Sudan 9002:Yemen 8992:Sudan 8977:Libya 8950:Egypt 8780:Syria 8678:Syria 8628:Yemen 8395:Syria 8004:Syria 7426:2020s 7331:2010s 7272:2000s 7212:1990s 7145:1980s 7055:1970s 6954:1960s 6898:1950s 6795:1940s 6739:1930s 6693:1920s 6570:1910s 6447:Stasi 5914:SAARC 5909:ASEAN 5874:SEATO 5727:Other 5692:Juche 5450:Korea 5363:1990s 5076:1980s 4720:1970s 4343:1960s 4095:1950s 3805:1940s 3786:NEATO 3781:SEATO 3771:ANZUS 3616:Syria 2615:S2CID 2553:S2CID 2241:S2CID 2233:JSTOR 2094:Notes 1882:Druze 1072:Yemen 1030:Syria 1009:Sudan 951:Libya 851:Egypt 335:Maj. 122:Bitar 118:Aflaq 73:Syria 11856:Iraq 11778:2023 11724:2022 11670:2021 11621:2020 11509:2019 11382:2018 11148:2017 10929:2016 10771:2015 10587:2014 10443:2013 10249:2012 10120:2011 8955:Iraq 8740:Iraq 8653:Iraq 8190:Iraq 7887:Iraq 5987:TASS 5879:METO 5869:NATO 5095:and 5093:1980 4650:USS 3776:METO 3761:NATO 3681:1966 3676:1963 3666:1961 3661:1954 3630:1970 3576:2020 3563:ISBN 3542:ISBN 3516:ISBN 3493:ISBN 3470:ISBN 3447:ISBN 3424:ISBN 3394:ISBN 3375:ISBN 3352:ISBN 3329:ISBN 3306:ISBN 3279:ISBN 3161:ISBN 3136:ISBN 2911:ISBN 2886:ISBN 2861:ISBN 2836:ISBN 2811:ISBN 2786:ISBN 2638:ISBN 2584:2013 2338:ISBN 2120:2013 2004:and 1944:and 1909:and 1703:and 1660:and 1650:Hama 1629:ruse 1592:and 1452:and 1424:and 1392:and 872:Iraq 759:1963 474:and 375:The 134:and 120:and 110:and 60:Date 6442:KGB 6437:MVD 6422:MI6 6417:MI5 6412:CIA 5884:EEC 2607:doi 2545:doi 2225:doi 1843:. 92:'s 14095:: 3540:. 3536:. 3514:. 3491:. 3487:. 3468:. 3464:. 3445:. 3441:. 3422:. 3418:. 3373:. 3369:. 3350:. 3327:. 3304:. 3300:. 3277:. 3273:. 3226:^ 3211:^ 3098:^ 3057:^ 3028:^ 3013:^ 2972:^ 2957:^ 2940:^ 2925:^ 2770:^ 2729:^ 2700:^ 2681:^ 2664:^ 2613:. 2601:. 2574:. 2551:. 2539:. 2509:^ 2484:^ 2461:^ 2424:^ 2403:^ 2352:^ 2292:^ 2253:^ 2239:. 2231:. 2221:36 2219:. 2215:. 2177:^ 2160:^ 2145:^ 2128:^ 2110:. 2029:. 1863:. 1796:. 1770:, 1608:, 1441:. 1376:, 1356:, 498:on 431:, 427:, 410:, 403:. 13248:e 13241:t 13234:v 11944:: 11905:: 11858:: 11829:: 9737:e 9730:t 9723:v 8876:* 8719:* 8038:* 7996:* 7953:* 7926:* 7868:* 7831:* 7503:e 7496:t 7489:v 6555:e 6548:t 6541:v 5255:) 5251:( 4260:" 4256:" 4233:" 4229:" 3728:e 3721:t 3714:v 3607:e 3600:t 3593:v 3578:. 3550:. 3524:. 3501:. 3478:. 3455:. 3432:. 3402:. 3383:. 3360:. 3337:. 3314:. 3287:. 3169:. 3144:. 2919:. 2894:. 2869:. 2844:. 2819:. 2794:. 2646:. 2621:. 2609:: 2603:3 2586:. 2559:. 2547:: 2541:3 2346:. 2227:: 2140:. 2122:. 1256:e 1249:t 1242:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

1966 Syrian coup d'état

Index