1968 Democratic National Convention protests

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participating in non-traditional activities that would not conceivably affect the decision-making process in the convention hall, unlike a "straight" protest with picket lines, marches, and rallies which could conceivably convince delegates of mass support for a program. On a Wednesday night, networks moved their coverage away from the Amphitheater where the delegates were voting on the nomination, to a "pitched battle" in front of the

1008: 910: 564: 59: 872:, citing intelligence reports of potential violence, put the 12,000 members of the Chicago Police Department on twelve-hour shifts, while the U.S. Army placed 6,000 troops in position to protect the city during the convention and nearly 6,000 members of the National Guard were sent to the city, with an additional 5,000 National Guard on alert, bolstered by up to 1,000 1143: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1147: 1366:, and demonstrators chanted "join us" softly. Five hours later, police officers raided a party organized by McCarthy workers in the Hilton hotel, and beat them viciously. According to the McCarthy workers, all telephones on their floor had been disconnected a half hour before, and they had no way to call for help. 1654: 1391:

all responded with investigations of the violence. Within days, the Daley administration issued the first report, blaming the violence on "outside agitators", described as "revolutionaries" who came to Chicago "for the avowed purpose of a hostile confrontation with law enforcement". The Department of

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Hoffman declared that the police had stopped the music festival, and proceeded to conduct a workshop on dispersal tactics to avoid arrest by police. As the next police shift came on duty, they were informed of the tense situation in the park. Due to the number, frequency, diverseness, and exposure of

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The Yippies took a radical approach to the Democratic National Convention. They wrote articles, published fliers, made speeches and held rallies and demonstrations, to announce that they were coming to Chicago. Threats were made that nails would be thrown from overpasses to block roads; cars would be

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The trial "illuminated the deepening schisms in a country torn apart by the Vietnam War, tectonic cultural shifts and attempts by the Nixon Administration to quash peaceful antiwar dissent and protest". The trial, the defendants, and their attorneys gained much publicity and were depicted during and

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owner insisted that Yippie stop using his electrical outlets to run the amplification equipment, confusion ensued. While Rubin and other Yippies tried to make frantic deals to get the sound back on, Hoffman used the confusion to try to bring in the flatbed truck. A deal was struck allowing the truck

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barred any reentrance to Lincoln Park, SDS leaders organized several hundred protesters to march through the streets chanting things such as "Peace Now". When the crowd stopped at Wells and North Avenue, blocking the intersection, a police contingent arrived and cleared the crowd. Eleven people were

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The City also believed that having large numbers of white protesters marching through the black ghettos with a heavy police or National Guard escort would inflame the ghettos and set off rioting. Therefore, the City categorically denied any permit that included parks in or march routes through black

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All of the defendants were charged with and acquitted of conspiracy; Davis, Dellinger, Hayden, Hoffman, and Rubin were charged with and convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot; Froines and Weiner were charged with teaching demonstrators how to construct incendiary devices and

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in his hotel suite. Police pushed protesters through plate-glass windows, then pursued them inside and beat them as they sprawled on the broken glass. 100 protesters and 119 police officers were treated for injuries, and 600 protesters were arrested. Television cameras recorded the police brutality

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Initially, when the police reached the edge of the park, they maintained their skirmish line. However, when a squad was ordered to 'clear' Clark Street to keep traffic flowing, the police lost control. A running battle began. Yippie Jerry Rubin told a friend, "This is fantastic and it's only Sunday

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Both MOBE and Yippie needed permits from the city to hold their respective events. The City had several reasons for denying permits to MOBE and Yippie and thus stalled issuing permits. The City was worried about a black rebellion, independent of the white protesters, during the convention. To avoid

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to create a plan to use the Guard effectively. It would be called up at the beginning of the convention, but held in reserve at strategically placed armories or collection points such as Soldier Field. With the Guard in place at their armories, the CPD could request and receive assistance quickly.

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MOBE recognized and supported all tactics from marching to civil disobedience. MOBE's main aim was to get the largest turnouts at its functions. David Dellinger, MOBE chairman, believed that "the tendency to intensify militancy without organizing wide political support self-defeating. But so the

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At 9 p.m., police formed a skirmish line around the park bathrooms. This drew a crowd of spectators who heckled the police. The crowd rapidly grew until the police charged into the crowd swinging their batons, scattering the crowd. At 11 p.m., the police pushed the protesters out of the

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for Johnson, but as one observer noted, due to poor planning "it turned out that no one had made any plans to actually do anything. We just milled around and began to fill up the intersection. Two squad cars pulled up and the cops got out and told us to keep moving ... but they were pretty gentle

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In suspected trouble areas, police patrols were heavy. Further away from the center patrols were less frequent. This allowed the police to shift easily and quickly to control a problem without leaving an area unguarded. While maintaining a public image of total enforcement of all city, state, and

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One of the Yippies' main tactics was to use street theatre to create an experience that drew the attention of mainstream America. Yippie activities were used to put across the message that the average American didn't have control over the political process. They tried to show this by purposefully

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For Chicago, MOBE originally planned for two large-scale marches and an end-of-convention rally at Soldier Field. The goal was originally a massive show of force outside the International Amphitheatre. MOBE also planned to have workshops and movement centers distributed in 10 parks throughout the

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To the surprise of the news media, and many of the people who had witnessed the Chicago "police riot", the general public did not take their side. "Polls taken immediately after the convention showed that the majority of Americans — 56 percent — sympathized with the police, not with the bloodied

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To satisfy manpower requirements, the City put the force on 12-hour shifts, instead of the normal 8-hour shifts. This gave police commanders approximately 50% more field officers to deal with disturbances. Two-thirds of the officers would continue with the normal police duties with the remaining

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In the early morning hours of August 28, 5,000 protesters had congregated in front of the Conrad Hilton hotel, which served as the convention headquarters, and across the street in Grant Park. At 2:15 a.m., Mayor Daley ordered 800 national guardsmen of the 33rd military police battalion to

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On Sunday, MOBE had scheduled a 'Meet the Delegates' march and picket. At 2 p.m. there were between 200 and 300 picketers marching across the street from the Conrad Hilton, and another 500 marching south through the Loop chanting, "Hey, Hey LBJ, how many kids did you kill today". After the

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The week's violence began with the shooting of Dean Johnson by Chicago police officers. Dean Johnson, age 17, and another boy were stopped on the sidewalk by the officers for a curfew violation early on the morning of Thursday, August 22. When Johnson drew and fired a pistol at police (the gun

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When protesters at Grant Park eventually attempted to cross Michigan Avenue and storm the Conrad Hilton hotel, a 17-minute melee ensued, later known as "The Battle of Michigan Avenue." Reporters broadcast footage of the melee on television, along with footage from the floor of the convention.

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seeking it to force Chicago to issue permits for a rally in Soldier Field or Grant Park. Judge Lynch, Daley's former law partner, heard the case, and summarily dismissed the request, citing that the city could deny permits on the basis of protecting "public comfort, convenience, and welfare".

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group was hung on the wall, bearing the words, "Up Against the Wall Mother Fucker" in red. Police stood by watching the crowds. As the "Yip-In" progressed, relations between the police and Yippies became strained. Two people climbed a large clock and removed the hands; the police responded by

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Although Chicago authorities and the media had anticipated 100,000 anti-war protesters to converge on Chicago during the week of the 1968 Democratic National Convention, an estimated 9,000 to 10,000 protesters arrived in the city on August 22–23 to participate in the demonstrations. As the

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One aftereffect of this "backlash" was soul-searching by the "media class" who "spent the next few years" in "almost reverent" examination of the white working class/middle class, mostly non-coastal strata of population dubbed "the silent majority" (by soon-to-be-president

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ordering Bobby Seale to be bound, gagged, and chained to a chair, for refusing to obey the Judge's contempt citations. Abbie Hoffman standing up and blowing the jury a kiss after his name was mentioned, and later wrestling with a deputy marshal who was trying to remove a

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David Stahl gave eight rules for Yippie to follow, including submitting detailed plans and requirements, following all city, state, and federal ordinances, and toning down the rhetoric. The Yippies refused, so the City felt justified in denying Yippie their permits.

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At 10:30 p.m., the Yippies had built a bonfire near the southern area of Lincoln Park, and armed police soon confronted them. As protesters generally agreed not to attempt to stay in Lincoln Park after the curfew but to take the protest to the streets, poet

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flag Hoffman had brought into the courtroom; Abbie Hoffman and Rubin wearing judicial robes to court, and removing them on the judge's orders to reveal blue policeman's uniforms underneath, then throwing the robes on the ground and stepping on them.

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and the convention would be stormed. However, none of these threats came to fruition. Nonetheless, city officials in Chicago prepared for all possible threats. A vilification campaign led by Chicago authorities worked in favor of the Yippies' plan.

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Another argument the City used to deny permits was that the permits asked the City to set aside local and state ordinances. A city ordinance closed the city parks at 11 p.m., although this was not strictly enforced. In a letter to Yippie,

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reported that 10 times as many people had written to them disapproving of their coverage of the events as had written in approval. Dailey himself received "scores of letters", praising him and especially attacking the press and demonstrators.

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to be parked nearby, but not in, the park. The crowd gathered around and on the truck did not realize an agreement had been reached and thought the truck was being sent away. The crowd surged around the truck, pinning in the police officers.

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On May 11, 1972, the panel dismissed some contempt charges against the lawyers, and reversed all of the other contempt convictions for retrial with a different judge. On November 21, 1972, all of the criminal convictions were reversed by a

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to avoid a mass arrest situation. Once the marchers had reached Grant Park, there was a brief rally where Davis and Hayden claimed the day a success and then went to Lincoln Park where the Festival of Life music festival was beginning.

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in Grant Park that afternoon, a march was joined by delegates and McCarthy supporters but was stopped at 18th Street and Michigan Avenue by the National Guard. Arrests were followed by tear gas and mace, while marchers chanted

1434:, headed the team of over 200 members, who interviewed more than 1,400 witnesses and studied FBI reports and film of the confrontations. The report was released on December 1, 1968, characterized the convention violence as a " 1103: 1218: 1255:

and in the armory building awaiting these very instructions. Donning battle gear, the guardsmen proceeded to Michigan Avenue and positioned themselves between the Conrad Hilton hotel and the protesters in Grant Park.

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At 6 a.m. on Saturday, August 24, continuous surveillance began in Lincoln Park. On previous nights, the police had cleared Lincoln Park at 11 p.m. and maintained a significant presence during the day.

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demonstration. The idea of having a free music festival in Chicago was suggested to defuse political tension. Over the next week, the Youth International Party took shape. Its members, known as "Yippies" politicized

2911:. A Report submitted by Daniel Walker, Director of the Chicago Study Team, to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Introduction by Max Frankel. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1968. pp. 1, 10–11 1642: 1446:

The American national news media, whose correspondents had been among the victims of police brutality at the convention, were at the forefront of criticism of the Chicago police. According to journalist

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While this stand-off occurred at Grant Park, 200 Chicago policemen used tear gas and dump trucks as improvised tanks to disperse protesters at Lincoln Park. Among these protesters were 50 members of the

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Reporters estimated the crowd at 9,000 anti-war demonstrators, while police estimated 7,000 persons. The police violence extended to encompass protesters, bystanders, reporters and photographers, while

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attempted to hold a women-only picket at the Hilton Hotel, the main delegate hotel. Despite plans for buses from around the country to bring hundreds of picketers, only 60 or so women showed up.

1964: 884:, the number of officers patrolling during the daytime was doubled, but the majority of the officers assigned to the Lincoln Park area were held in reserve, ready to respond to any disturbance. 5418: 778:

at the mayor's office until the Mayor would negotiate on permits. In the end, an agreement was made on staging, electricity, police presence, bathrooms, and other necessities for running a

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to try to keep their constituents calm and peaceful. Some of the militant black leaders were encouraged to leave town during the convention to avoid being implicated in any violence.

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Club swinging wedges of police moved into the middle of an estimated 9,000 anti-war protesters massed in Grant Park... The crowd... estimated by police at 7,000 persons...

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in Chicago, Illinois. The protests lasted approximately seven days, from August 23 to August 29, 1968, and drew an estimated 7,000 to 10,000 anti-war protesters in total.

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acquitted of those charges. While the jury deliberated on the verdict for the remaining defendants, Judge Hoffman convicted all the defendants—and their attorneys

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Rights in Conflict: The Violent Confrontation of Demonstrators and Police in the Streets of Chicago During the Week of the Democratic National Convention of 1968

294: 1430:, announced that the commission would investigate the violence at the Chicago convention and report its findings to President Lyndon Johnson. A Chicago lawyer, 1735: 1606: 542:

During the evening of August 28, 1968, with the police riot occurring on Michigan Avenue in front of the Democratic party's convention headquarters and the

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after the trial in a variety of art forms, including film, music, and theater. Indignity, theater and hijinks during the event included presiding Judge

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The vanguard of 300,000 members of militant protest groups have begun to converge on this city... City officials... are planning for more than 100,000.

1761: 438: 287: 3148: 3039: 666:. MOBE was run by a small executive board that set up a general framework for mass demonstrations, sent out invitations to the over 500 groups on its 5423: 2234: 1757: 1403:'s report, a list of 152 officers wounded in Wednesday's melee was presented. Their wounds ranged from an officer's split fingernail to an officer's 1095:, and five other Yippies were arrested. The remaining Yippies proceeded to the police headquarters at 11th and State streets to protest the arrests. 5448: 1601:—on a total of 159 counts of criminal contempt, and sentenced them to jail sentences ranging from less than three months to more than four years. 1451:: "In a rare moment of collective courage, the editors of all the nation's major newspapers telegrammed a strong protest to Mayor Daley." National 1242:

statue, leading to violent skirmishes with police in Grant Park. Police hauled a young man down and arrested him, breaking his arm in the process.

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arrested on charges of disorderly conduct, and several police vehicles were stoned before the crowd dispersed into the normal Saturday nightlife.

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Seven police officers were charged with assault and one police officer was charged with perjury, all were acquitted or had their case dismissed.

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and riot techniques. During the convention itself, Police Academy instructors were with the reserve forces, giving last-minute reminders.

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repeatedly denounced the various anti-Vietnam War protest groups mobilizing for protest and announced "Law and order will be maintained".

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the threats made by the protesters, the police were concerned about facing protesters armed with unknown weapons and unknown intentions.

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were roughed up by security; both these events were broadcast live on television. Humphrey won the presidential nomination that night.

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in this town." Protesters, journalists, photographers, and bystanders were clubbed and beaten by the police. Order was not restored in

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trouble, the City used its influence with black community organizations such as The Woodlawn Organization, the Black Consortium, and

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announced to the nation on the evening news that "'the news profession in this city is now under assault by the Chicago police'."

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federal laws, the Narcotics division was quietly reassigned to regular fieldwork, curtailing anti-drug operations during the DNC.

758:", with live music. The event was used to promote peace, love and harmony, and as a trial run for Chicago. The black banner of an 4970: 4931: 4343: 3845: 5392: 5075: 4218: 4133: 1415:(MCHR) stated that most of the approximately 500 people treated in the streets suffered from minor injuries and the effects of 1384: 492:, began planning demonstrations in response to the Democratic National Convention and the impending presidential nomination of 2077: 5493: 4483: 3689: 3604: 3576: 3452: 3125: 2974: 2643: 2312: 678:

city, many in predominantly black areas, to allow demonstrators and participating groups to follow their particular focuses.

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third available for special assignment. In the Amphitheatre, the City concentrated 500 officers filling various roles. In

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who, speaking from the podium, denounced the use of "Gestapo tactics on the streets of Chicago" in his speech nominating

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This demonstration took place on August 10, 1968 as Chicago was preparing to host the Democratic National Convention.

1047: 949: 652: 603: 500:. Chicago authorities attempted to prevent the protests from occurring but were unsuccessful, and the city promised " 123: 1083:

On Friday, August 23, Jerry Rubin and 50 Yippies attempted to formally nominate the Yippie candidate for president,

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protester across Michigan Avenue on August 28, 1968, during the Democratic National Convention as the crowd chants "

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More than 100,000 antiwar demonstrators had been promised by the administration opponents. About 10,000 showed up.

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At the convention, several Democratic delegates made statements against Mayor Daley and the CPD, such as Senator

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misfired), police officers returned fire, hitting Johnson three times. The Yippies and SDS hastily organized a

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who was tried separately) — and eight police officers. The jury delivered a verdict on February 18, 1970.

774:. To obtain the permits and aid from New York City officials necessary for the event, Yippies performed a 5350: 5315: 5136: 4963: 4686: 4585: 4406: 4073: 4065: 3838: 3681: 3596: 3568: 3474: 2635: 2304: 2119: 1343: 1290: 1238: 1224: 782:. Police milled in the crowd giving considerable leeway to the proceedings which led to a peaceable day. 547: 481: 71: 3620:

Miami and the Siege of Chicago: An Informal History of the Republican and Democratic Conventions of 1968

3014:"Protests and Blaming the Media. Sound Familiar? That Was During the '68 Democratic National Convention" 2267:"The whole world is watching: How the 1968 Chicago 'police riot' shocked America and divided the nation" 1965:"'A Party That Had Lost Its mind': In 1968, Democrats held one of history's most disastrous conventions" 842:

Chicago's security forces prepared for the protests during the convention. Besides the standard gun and

4630: 4373: 4211: 4181: 4124: 3358: 2438: 2841:." Report prepared by Raymond F. Simon, corporation counsel, City of Chicago, Sept. 6, 1968, pp. 49–50 1396:

asked the U.S. attorney in Chicago to investigate possible civil rights violations by Chicago police.

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led 250 protesters out of the park at 11 p.m. and towards North Avenue. While 75 policemen and 4

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On March 20, 1969, several months after the convention (and after a new more conservative president,

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Stien, David Lewis. Living the Revolution; Yippie in Chicago. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1969

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hotel, television networks broadcast live as the anti-war protesters began the now-iconic chant: "

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Justice report, however, found no grounds for prosecution of demonstrators, and Attorney General

1018: 920: 843: 779: 574: 528: 418: 154: 3700: 2742: 1727:, a 1969 fictional movie using real footage of the Chicago Convention demonstrations as backdrop 5433: 5269: 5179: 5149: 5035: 5005: 4956: 4821: 4503: 3831: 3085: 1359: 1351: 1116: 1066:

demonstrators arrived in the city, 23,000 police and National Guardsmen assembled in response.

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In preparation for the Chicago convention, the Yippies held the "Yip-In", and the "Yip-Out" at

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line, ordered the people to disperse, and then started forcing their way through the crowd.

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Subversive Involvement in Disruption of 1968 Democratic Party National Convention, Part 2

1969: 1850: 1328: 1304:. The hard line taken by the City was also seen on the convention floor itself. In 1968, 674:

tendency to draw way from militancy into milder and more conventional forms of protest."

643:. In early 1968, the National Mobilization Committee opened a Chicago office directed by 423: 1185:

to be brought in as a stage, fearing Yippies would use it to incite the crowd. When the

5204: 5085: 4919: 4903: 4881: 4765: 4580: 4267: 4033: 3659: 3549: 2989: 2929: 2174: 1465: 1448: 1312:; barbed-wire, checkpoints, the whole bit". Inside the convention, journalists such as 1084: 385: 159: 2629: 2298: 1504:

was in office), a federal grand jury announced the indictments of eight demonstrators—

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symbols above their heads, asking soldiers to join in. They never did. Phil Ochs sang

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The Strategy of Confrontation: Chicago and the Democratic National Convention – 1968

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of the left eye. Although the precise number of injured protesters is unknown, Dr.

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park. Most protesters left the park and congregated nearby, taunting the police.

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American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley – His Battle for Chicago and the Nation

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American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley – His Battle for Chicago and the Nation

1888: 1087:, a 150-pound pig that they had transported to the Civic Center plaza in an old 5050: 4864: 4645: 4498: 3983: 3930: 3419: 3383: 1879: 1746: 1633: 1629: 1578: 1541: 1305: 1261: 1124: 859: 808: 787: 736: 723: 543: 4226: 3716: 3467: 2669: 2543: 2497: 2112: 1800: 5407: 5264: 5249: 5214: 4998: 4760: 4615: 4575: 4508: 4452: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3888: 3854: 3614: 2766:"What happened in Chicago in 1968, and why is everyone talking about it now?" 1924: 1883: 1844: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1521: 1501: 1479: 1408: 1252: 1182: 1088: 751: 711: 433: 400: 309: 196: 3787:

Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention

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Battleground Chicago: the Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention

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Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention

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groups, as well as supporters of anti-war Democratic presidential candidate

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No One Was Killed: The Chicago Democratic National Convention, August 1968

3112:

The Great Conspiracy Trial; An Essay on Law, Liberty, and the Constitution

651:, who were leading political organizers at the time and former leaders of 5387: 5310: 4321: 4088: 4023: 3963: 3898: 3893: 3790: 3586: 3492: 2390: 1723: 1533: 1525: 1435: 1203: 855: 755: 715: 663: 536: 463: 335: 200: 824: 5340: 4295: 4038: 3988: 3903: 3883: 3663: 3633: 3553: 3017: 2679:(Wednesday ed.). Chicago, Illinois. August 28, 1968. pp. 1, 9 1529: 1517: 1317: 1174: 1128: 1032: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 934: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 648: 588: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 208: 5115: 3803:

which depicts protests during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

1874: 1872: 718:, and a few friends engaged in conversation at Hoffman's apartment on 5325: 4752: 4028: 3938: 3354: 2603: 2235:"The Whole World Watched: 50 Years After the 1968 Chicago Convention" 1554: 1546: 1495: 1092: 876:

and military intelligence officers, and 1,000 Secret Service agents.

759: 508: 478: 3655: 3634:"TV's 1968: War, Politics, and Violence on the Network Evening News" 3545: 1007: 909: 563: 5345: 4948: 4744: 4546: 4488: 3810: 2700:"Abraham A. Ribicoff, 87; Senator Known for Role at '68 Convention" 1869: 1854:(Thursday ed.). San Antonio, Texas. August 29, 1968. p. 4 1452: 1416: 1281: 764: 662:

that included groups who were opposed to American participation in

27:

Anti-Vietnam War protests and resulting police brutality in Chicago

3773:

No One Was Killed: The Democratic National Convention, August 1968

2909:

Rights in Conflict. Convention Week in Chicago, August 25–29, 1968

2631:

No One Was Killed: The Democratic National Convention, August 1968

2507:(Saturday ed.). Chicago, Illinois. August 24, 1968. p. 6 1765: 1553:

Over 100 witnesses were called by the defense, including singers

1071: 710:

was one of the major groups in the organization of the protests.

531:, and other law enforcement agencies were later described by the 3823: 3744: 3186:. Drawing Justice: Political Activists on Trial. Washington, D.C 2553:(Sunday ed.). Chicago, Illinois. August 25, 1968. p. 8 1707:

People in Lincoln Park during the convention, being recorded by

1346:" and retreated to Grant Park. In the park, demonstrators sang " 5330: 5224: 4447: 3564:

When the News Broke: Chicago 1968 and the Polarizing of America

1758:

2024 Democratic National Convention#Protests and demonstrations

775: 732: 58: 52:

and political violence in the United States during the Cold War

3295:"Contempt Specifications Concerning Attorney William Kunstler" 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2094:

Source: Congress, House, Committee on Un-American Activities,

1107:

A speaker with a megaphone addresses a crowd of protesters in

3527:"On Riots and Riot Commissions: Civil Disorders in the 1960s" 3265:"The Chicago Eight Trial: Excerpts from the Trial Transcript" 1308:

described the convention hall as "exactly like approaching a

5419:

1968 Democratic Party (United States) presidential campaigns

1428:

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence

1389:

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence

1245: 533:

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence

507:

Despite the small size of the protests, many demonstrators,

3814: 2894:"The Chicago Seven: 1960s Radicalism in the Federal Courts" 2887: 2885: 2883: 2824:"The Chicago Seven: 1960s Radicalism in the Federal Courts" 2652: 2528: 2484: 2046:"The Chicago Seven: 1960s Radicalism in the Federal Courts" 1264:. By this time, protesters were joined on 28 August by the 1251:

confront them. The national guardsmen had been billeted at

1165:

police arrival, those who were picketing moved into nearby

722:, 1967. They discussed the events of the year, such as the 5081:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

4442:

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

4228:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1772:

regarding the United States's support for Israel amid the

527:

during the convention. The actions by Chicago police, the

4626: