1000:, read out a list of grievances as he accused the House of Saud of being corrupt and degenerate as he listed by name a number of Saudi princes who were engaged in dubious business dealings and/or who drank alcohol. The Saudi Army recaptured the Grand Mosque and the surviving "renegades" as the rebels were labelled were executed. Likewise, the perception that that most of the wealth being generated by the now higher price of oil was being stolen by a corrupt Shah along with the unfulfilled promises of the "Great Civilization" project played a major role in causing the Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979 that toppled the Shah and led to the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in February 1979. In Algeria, the "oil shock" led to the establishment of a welfare state where none had existed previously. The lower oil prices of the 1980s along with cutbacks and the belief that the FLN regime was corrupt helped cause the riots of October 1988 against the FLN regime that killed at least 500 people. The riots were largely caused by the fact that the low oil prices had forced the Algerian state to end many of its more generous social policies between 1986 and 1988, leading to an unemployment rate of 30% by 1988 along with the knowledge that the FLN regime had stolen millions. In the aftermath of the October riots, President Chadli Bendjedid began a transition to democracy. The first free elections in Algeria in January 1992 were won by the Islamist FIS, which led to a military coup and an outbreak of civil war that was to kill hundreds of thousands.
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rise of a rebellious youth culture as it was very easy to be hedonist and/or in rebellion against traditional values in a time of unprecedented affluence and prosperity. Lacey wrote about the impact of the Arab oil embargo of 1973–74 that for people in the West life suddenly become "slower, darker and chiller" as gasoline was rationed, the lights were turned off in Times Square, the "gas guzzler" automobiles suddenly stopped selling, speed limits became common and restrictions were placed on weekend driving in a bid to conserve fuel. As the
American automobile industry specialized in producing heavy "gas guzzler" vehicles, there was an immediate shift on the part of consumers to the lighter and more fuel efficient vehicles produced by the Japanese and West German automobile industries, sending the American automobile industry into decline. The years from 1945 to 1973 had been a period of unprecedented prosperity in the West, a "long summer" that many believed would never end, and its abrupt end in 1973 as the oil embargo which increased the price of oil by 400% within a matter of days threw the world's economy into a sharp recession with unemployment mounting and inflation raging came as a profound shock. The end of what the French called the
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by the "sanctions busters" such as Iran increased after the embargo, which threw the
Rhodesian economy into recession. Despite the United Nations sanctions, Rhodesia was a major exporter of chrome, steel and tobacco with the United States exempting "strategical" Rhodesian products such as chrome from the sanctions. The global recession of 1973-1975 proved more effective than the United Nations in ending the global demand for Rhodesian products, which made the Rhodesian recession especially severe. Unlike South Africa, which had a sizable and long-standing white population, the white population of Rhodesia was much smaller and more recent. Rhodesia depended considerably more than South Africa on white immigration to provide enough soldiers for its army while most of the Rhodesian whites had only arrived in the 1950s and did not have very deep roots in the country. The "white flight" caused by the recession put the Rhodesian Army at a major disadvantage in its war against the black guerrillas. The war costed the Rhodesian government one million Rhodesian dollars per day by 1975, and the costs of the war threatened to bankrupt Rhodesia. In 1979, Rhodesia signed the Lancaster House Agreement, which led to majority rule in 1980.
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only to conspicuous consumption and greed as they lost interest in Islam. Lacey wrote: "The spiritual dangers of easy affluence distressed him more. His simple gesture of piety and honor seemed to have opened a
Pandora's Box that threatened to turn his realm into a parody of all he held dear". In the last two of years of his life, Faisal fell into depression over the way his subjects had been seduced into a consumerist lifestyle, becoming lost in a sense of "melancholia". Faisal's son, Crown Prince Mohammad told Lacey in 1981: "The profligacy, the greed, he felt he could not stem it. He become so bound up in his work, there was almost nothing private of him left". A sign of the changed values was that despite the total ban on alcohol in Saudi Arabia that drinking along with drug use become common with the younger members of the House of Saud. James Akins, the American ambassador in Riyadh reported; "the sky over Riyadh is black with vultures with new get-richer-quicker plans under their wings". In 1974, property prices in Riyadh doubled on a weekly basis for the entire year as the prosperity led to a real estate speculation bubble that was often compared to the Klondike gold rush of 1898–1899. At the Red Sea port of
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673:, on the other hand, has said that the embargo "remade the international economy". Lacey wrote: "King Faisal's momentous oil embargo of 20 October 1973 did not achieve a single one of its stated objectives. The ceasefire which the USA and the USSR together imposed two days later upon Israel, Syria and Egypt would have been imposed in any case; Israel ended the October war, thanks to US aid, better equipped militarily than she had ever been before, and Faisal's ambition to shrink Israel back inside her pre-1949 boundaries remains unfulfilled to this day. Nor did the withholding of the 638,500 barrels of oil which the Saudi Arabia had been selling to America every day for the first 10 months of 1973 ever come, in itself, to jeopardizing the power or diverting the policies of the United States, since it accounted for less than 4 percent of America's daily 17 million barrel consumption. It was the interaction which Faisal's embargo had with other forces that made it so decisive. Arab politics had an immediate multiplier effect".
654:"The United States used to stand up to aggression-you did that in World War Two and in 1956 during the Suez War. If the United States had done the same after 1967, we would not have witnessed the this deterioration... Before the Jewish State was established, there existed nothing to harm good relations between Arabs and Jews. There were many Jews in Arab countries. When the Jews were persecuted in Spain, Arabs protected them. When the Romans drove the Jews out, Arabs protected them. At Yalta, it was Stalin who said there had to be a Jewish state...Israel is advancing Communist objectives...Among those of the Jewish faith there are those who embrace Zionism...Most of the immigration to Israel is from the Soviet Union...They want to establish a Communist base right in the Middle East...And now, all over the world, the Jews are putting themselves into positions of authority". On February 22, 1974, King Faisal chaired the second summit of Islamic states in
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The other
European states did not rally in defense of the Dutch who were left to fend for themselves and instead reached bilateral deals with Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran. Faced with a recession, there was a tendency within the EEC nations to turn inwards away from European integration. The price rises had a much greater impact in Europe than the embargo. The crisis retarded the movement towards European economic integration which had been gathering pace ever since the EEC (now the European Union) had been founded in 1957. The German historian Jens-Uwe Wunderlich wrote that in 1973 attempts to finish off the European common market came to a "complete standstill" in 1973 and it was not until 1977 that movement towards creating the common market resumed. As the EEC's customs union had made it impossible to raise tariffs against other EEC members, there was a tendency, especially pronounced in France and the United Kingdom, for governments to subside "
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25% of the world's oil, but only 4% of the oil used in the United States in 1973 came from the kingdom. However, Saudi Arabia plays an over-sized role within the Arab world, and as a Beirut oil consultant noted in 1974: "If Saudi Arabia moves from A to B, then every other oil producer must move at least as far, if not to C." In 1973, about 25% of the oil used in the United States came from Arab countries. The mere shortage of oil caused by the Arab oil embargo within the United States forced prices to raise, which in turn led prices to rise everywhere all over the world as oil producers that had not joined the embargo such as Iran, Venezuela, Libya and Iraq demanded higher prices in Japan and Europe as an initiative to ship oil to those places instead of the United States, thus settling off a worldwide inflationary spiral. The only
European nations subject to the oil embargo were the Netherlands (because the Dutch Foreign Minister
588:, visited Washington together with the foreign ministers of Algeria, Kuwait and Morocco to warn that there was a real possibility of an oil embargo being imposed. Saqqaf complained to King Faisal that Nixon seemed more interested in a dispute about "a burglary" (i.e. the Watergate scandal) than about the October War. During a press conference, an American reporter mocked the threat, contemptuously saying the Saudis "could drink their oil", leading Saqqaf to reply in anger "All right, we will!". Joined by the foreign ministers of Algeria, Kuwait and Morocco, Saqqaf met with Nixon in the Oval Office who promised him that the United States would mediate a settlement to the war that would be "peaceful, just and honorable" to both sides. Saqqaf reported to King Faisal that Nixon told him that he ended the Vietnam war on an honorable basis and now intended to end the October war in the same manner.
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nationalization of all the assets of all
Western oil companies in the Middle East. The news about the war on October 16 was grim from the Arab viewpoint with the Syrians steadily being pushed back while Israelis had opened an counter-offensive against the Egyptians and crossed the Great Bitter Lake. The Saudi delegation led by Yemani, supported by the Algerian delegation, fought hard against the Iraqi and Libyan demands for an embargo as Yemani maintained that forcing through an increase in the price of oil was the best way to influence the United States. Hammadi and the rest of the Iraqi delegation left in a huff as Yemani had won over the majority of the delegations to the Saudi viewpoint. The statement issued after midnight at the Sheraton Hotel was handwritten and reflecting the tense talk had several paragraphs crossed out while other paragraphs were written in by different hands.
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for a massive investment in the nuclear industry. Nixon seems to have assumed that nuclear energy was economical, and was encouraged by the faddish enthusiasm of many officials who more on the basis of faith than rationality saw nuclear energy as the technology of the future. By the late 1960s, a lively environmentalist movement had emerged in the United States, and the
Project Independence nuclear program was the subject of much debate in both the media and Congress. The ensuing debates revealed that many of the claims made for nuclear power vast underestimated the true costs of nuclear reactors. Equally problematic was the troublesome issue of where to safety store the spent nuclear rods that emitted a toxic level of radioactivity for centuries afterward in an cost-effective manner. The issue of the spent nuclear rods was especially difficult because in a classic case of
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raises as Lacey noted that "competing desperately for dwindling supplies, consumers showed themselves willing to pay unparalleled money for their oil". Saudi Arabia had 25% of the world's oil reserves and the embargo imposed on the United States led to shortages of oil in the United States, which set an inflationary spiral as the new high prices for oil in the
American market led to sharp increases of the price of oil in nations not subjected to the embargo. When the Iranian state oil company held an auction on December 16, 1973, bids for some $ 17 US dollars per barrel of oil were made. In late December 1973, OPEC held a conference in Vienna when it was announced the price for a barrel of oil was to from $ 5 US dollars per barrel to $ 11.65 US dollars per barrel. Faisal was opposed to the price increase, which was largely the work of the Iranian delegation.
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Saudi Arabia pumped out oil in massive quantities to lower the price as a way of hurting Iran's economy. The low price of oil also hurt Iraq's economy, which forced Iraq to borrow massive sums of money, putting Iraq deeply into debt; by contrast, Iran refused to borrow any money because of its refusal to pay interest on any loans and paid the costs of the war direct from the sale of its oil. Iran's revenue from the sale of oil went from $ 20 billion US dollars per year in 1982 to $ 5 billion US dollars per year by 1988, which pushed Iran to the verge of bankruptcy and forced Iran to finally make peace with Iraq later in 1988. During the war, the
Iranian delegation at OPEC tried very hard to have the group cut production to raise prices, but were blocked by the other delegations led by the Saudi delegation, who insisted on more oil production.
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States as the
Americans simply imported more oil from nations that were not part of the embargo such as Iran, but the 400% increase in the price of oil caused by the embargo did damage the American economy. A number of nations such as Venezuela, Nigeria, Iran and Iraq increased their oil production during the embargo, but just sold their oil at a higher price. The leader who pushed the most for higher oil prices was the Shah of Iran, and the Italian historian Giuliano Garavini has argued that the leader most responsible for the West's economic problems during the "oil shock" was not King Faisal, but rather the Shah. Some of the nations that were classified as "friendly" to the Arab viewpoint in regards to the Arab-Israeli dispute such as France and Belgium were the ones who suffered the most from the worldwide inflation caused by the embargo.
1069:, communities proved very unwilling to accept a storage place for the inevitable by-product of nuclear power, the spent nuclear rods, with the demand being made that the government find some other community to store the rods. Many of the nuclear reactors ordered in 1973 were cancelled due to the horrendous cost overruns while over 100 nuclear plants were shut down as uneconomical over the next 10 years. Unlike nations that tried to use nuclear power as a way for "energy independence" such as France and Sweden, the United States had substantial reserves of its own oil, which weakened the case for nuclear power in the ensuring debates. By 1989, only 18% of American energy came from nuclear power plants, which was a faction of what Project Independence had envisioned in 1973.
487:, later admitted that he was so engrossed with the Paris peace talks to end the Vietnam war that he and others in Washington missed the significance of the Egyptian-Saudi alliance. At the same time that Sadat moved closer to Saudi Arabia, he also wanted a rapprochement with the United States and to move Egypt away from its alliance with the Soviet Union. In 1971, the US had information that the Arab states were willing to implement another embargo. In July 1972, Sadat expelled all 16,000 of the Soviet military personnel in Egypt in a signal that he wanted better relations with the United States. Kissinger was taken completely by surprise by Sadat's move, saying: "Why has he done me this favor? Why didn't he demand all sorts of concessions first?"
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nation that saw itself as the leader of all black Africa. Much of the oil wealth in Nigeria was stolen by corrupt politicians. However, at least some of Nigeria's new oil wealth went to rebuild the areas devastated by the civil war of 1967-1970 and to address the complaints that too much of Nigeria's oil wealth went to the federal government in Lagos instead of the people. In Iran, the Shah who was aware by 1974 that he had developed the cancer that was to ultimately kill him in 1980 pushed very strongly for his "Great Civilization" for rapid modernization not the least because he wanted to see the "Great Civilization" before his death, which explained his grandiose announcements. The new wealth generated by the "oil shock" allowed for Chairman
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million worth of arms requested sent a request to Congress for some $ 2.2 billion worth of arms to Israel, which was promptly approved. Nixon, whose administration was being badly battered by the Watergate scandal, felt that a bold foreign policy move might resuscitate his administration. Nixon later boasted in his memoirs that the U.S. Air Force flew more sorties to Israel in October 1973 than it had during the Berlin Airlift of 1948–49, flying in a gargantuan quantity of arms, though he also admitted that by the time the arms lift had begun, the Israelis had already "turned the tide of battle" in their favor, making the arms lift irrelevant to the outcome of the war. In an interview with the British historian
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worth of American weapons, and instead received an unsolicited $ 2.2 billion worth of weapons, which he perceived as a sign of the pro-Israeli slant of American foreign policy. Faisal also felt insulted that Nixon had just promised Saqqaf a "honorable" peace the day before he submitted the request to Congress for some $ 2.2 billion worth of arms for Israel, which he saw as an act of duplicity on Nixon's part. Faisal had been opposed to a total embargo and only agreed to the 5% cut on October 17 under pressure from other Arab states. Faisal felt his efforts on behalf the United States were not being appreciated in Washington, which increased his fury at Nixon.
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1194:, it became common by the summer of 1974 to see ARVN soldiers and their families begging in the streets for food. In December 1974, the North Vietnamese PAVN (People's Army of Vietnam) launched an offensive in the Central Highlands, which far more successful than expected as the ARVN, which was suffering from low morale, put up a feeble resistance. On March 1, 1975, the PAVN launched a major offensive that saw them quickly overrun the Central Highlands and by March 25, 1975, Hue had fallen. Following their victory in the Central Highlands, the North Vietnamese launched the "Ho Chi Minh Campaign" that saw Saigon fall on April 30, 1975.
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960:, which thus had a budget that exceeded that of many Third World nations. On November 8, 1973, Kissinger became the first Secretary of State to meet with a Saudi leader since 1953 as he met King Faisal to ask him to end the embargo. Within two week of the embargo being launched, all of the foreign ministers of the nations of the European Economic Community (now the European Union) met in a conference to issue a statement calling for Israel "to end the territorial occupation which has maintained since the conflict of 1967". On December 11, 1973, the Japanese Foreign Minister
992:, there were so many ships queuing up laden with cement for the construction boom in Saudi Arabia that construction contractors hired helicopters to fly the cement in, twenty bags per flight. A number of families engaged in the Saudi construction industry such as the Juffali, Alireza, al-Khasshoggi and the bin Laden families all become very wealthy as a result of the construction boom. The period after the oil shock of 1973-1974 is still fondly remembered in Saudi Arabia as the "age of abundance" where nearly everyone had a significant increase in their standard of living.
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oil embargo on Britain and France during the Suez War of 1956 was not considered an important precedent. The CEOs of four of America's oil companies had after speaking to Faisal arrived in Washington in May 1973 with the warning that Faisal was considerably tougher, more intelligent and more ruthless than his half-brother Saud whom he had deposed in 1964, and his threats were serious. Kissinger declined to meet the four CEOs. In an assessment done by Kissinger and his staff about the Middle East in the summer of 1973, the repeated statements by Sadat about waging
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companies continued to lease the oil concessions in Algeria until 1971). The low price of oil internationally compensated to a certain extent for the higher price of oil caused by the devaluation. The devalued franc ensured that the dramatic price increases caused by the "oil shock" hit the French economy especially hard in 1973. The UK, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway banned flying, driving and boating on Sundays. Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil. The Netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity.
38:
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1680:—a major turning point in Cold War geopolitics -, turning the Persian Gulf states towards the US for security guarantees against Soviet military action, also coming at a time marked by increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence to various US-allied nations. Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances to manage both external and internal threats, including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues. Both states were competing for preeminence in the
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was self-sufficient in) as a substitute source of energy, which gave the coal miners union immense leverage over the government to press for higher wages for the coal miners. Heath offered the coal miners a 7% wage increase, which was rejected as insufficient by the miners who went on strike. Through not subjected to the embargo, the UK nonetheless faced an energy crisis of its own—a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the defeat of Heath's Conservative government in
538:. The war began during the height of the Watergate scandal and Nixon largely let Kissinger manage foreign policy as he was distracted by the scandal. On 8 October 1973, Faisal told two Egyptian envoys: "You have made us all proud. In the past we could not lift our heads up. Now we can". Faisal promised to give to Egypt a quality of aid worth $ 200 million US dollars to assist with the war effort, and stated he was willing to use the "oil weapon" if necessary to support Egypt. Kissinger promised the Israeli Prime Minister
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ordered an immediate 20% cut in oil use and electric power to Japan's major industries, and cutbacks in leisure automobile usage. Economist predicted the growth rate would plunge from 5% annually down to zero or even negative territory. Inflation hit 9%. Seeking to take advantage of the crisis, Japanese business called on the government to relax its controls on air pollution and water pollution. The government refused. Moscow tried to take advantage by promising energy assistance if Japan renounced its claim to the
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50:
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and ammunition sent to Israel. The Arab concept of the "peace of the brave" (i.e. a victorious leader being magnanimous to his defeated opponents) meant there was a possibility that Sadat at least would make peace with Israel provided that the war ended in such a way that Egypt was not perceived to be defeated. Likewise, Kissinger regarded Meir as being rather arrogant and believed that an armistice that ended the war in a manner that was not an unambiguous Israeli victory would make her more humble.
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1157:. Tokyo refused. Instead it made $ 3.3 billion of dollars in loans to the Arab states and called on Israel to step back. Japan's defensive strategy was explained to Kissinger when he met with top leaders in Tokyo in November 1973. In the long run Japan never wavered in its determination to maintain very strong close ties to the United States, while in self-defense briefly providing the Arab powers with the rhetoric they demanded in return for resuming oil shipments in early 1974.
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the Syrian offensive in the Golan Heights and were pushing back the Syrians back towards Damascus, but along the Suez canal, there was heavy fighting with the Egyptians holding their own. Yamani stated in a 1981 interview: "The king still wanted to give America a chance to stay out of the fighting. So we agreed to cut back production by just 5 percent per month. A full embargo, we agreed, was something we would implement only if we felt that things were absolutely hopeless".
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645:, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. Kissinger publicly threatened "countermeasures" in a Nov 21st, 1973 press conference if the embargo was not lifted, and the Saudis responded with threatening further oil cuts and to burn their oil fields if the US military invaded. After the CIA confirmed these threats, Kissinger gave up military intervention and decided that dealing with Israel's troop withdrawals and settled on diplomatic solutions to the oil embargo.
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2460:
1768:
1374:, ending the federal 55 mph speed limit which allowed states to restore their prior maximum speed limit. Year-round daylight saving time was implemented from January 6, 1974, to October 27, 1975, with a break between October 27, 1974, and February 23, 1975, when the country observed standard time. Parents complained that it forced many children to travel to school before sunrise. The prior rules were restored in 1976.
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with the effects of inflation considered the price of oil in real terms got progressively lower and lower throughout the decade with Americans paying less for oil in 1969 than they had in 1959. Even after a price for a barrel of oil rose to $ 2.00 in 1971, adjusted for inflation, people in the Western nations were paying less for oil in 1971 than they had in 1958. The extremely low price of oil served as the basis for the "
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rapid operation to seize oilfields in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and possibly Abu Dhabi if military action was decided upon. Although the Soviet response to such an act would likely not involve force, intelligence warned "the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources, and would result in the 'total alienation' of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World."
936:, which often also distributed funds to violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. The 400% increase in the world oil prices led to extravagant promises being made by the leaders of oil-producing nations. The Shah of Iran told his subjects in a speech in December 1973 that he was launching "Great Civilization" project that would make Iran into a First World nation by the 1990s; President
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146:) to nearly US$ 12 per barrel ($ 75/m) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or "shock", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the "first oil shock" vis-à-vis the "second oil shock" that was the
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noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement "asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state.
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658:(which, unlike the first summit that Faisal had chaired in 1969, was not boycotted by Iraq and Syria) where he was acclaimed as a conquering hero who humiliated and humbled the West by wrecking its economy. The prime minister of Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, opened the conference by stating: "The armies of Pakistan are the armies of Islam. We shall enter Jerusalem as brothers-in-arms!"
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closest advisers, Abdullah ibn Abdul Rahman and Rashad Pharaon. The king called Yamani at about 8 pm, and told him he was needed at the Riyassa Palace immediately. Yamani told the king: "The TV news goes out at nine. If you make a decision now, we can get it announced at once". The king replied "Write this down" and announced he was placing a total embargo on the United States.
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exaggerated accounts appeared in Western newspapers speaking of "one hundred flights per day". At this point, both Nixon and Kissinger began to see the October War more in terms of the Cold War rather than Middle Eastern politics, both seeing the Soviet arms lifts to Egypt and Syria as a Soviet power play that required an American answer. On October 12, 1973, US president
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sappers attacked and destroyed the petroleum depot of Nha Be, further depleting fuel sources. By the summer of 1974, the U.S. embassy in Saigon reported that morale in the ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) had fallen to dangerously low levels and it was uncertain how much more longer South Vietnam would last. As inflation eroded the value of the South Vietnamese
1106:(EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo. By contrast Britain and France received almost uninterrupted supplies. That was their reward for refusing to allow the US to use their airfields and stopping arms and supplies to both the Arabs and the Israelis. The other six EEC nations faced partial cutbacks. The UK had traditionally been an ally of Israel, and
907:"long summer" of prosperity in 1973-1974 played a major role in the pessimistic mood that characterized the culture of the rest of the 1970s. In 1975, a report to Congress from the Federal Energy Administration estimated that the embargo of 1973-1974 had caused about 500,000 Americans to lose their jobs and caused a GNP loss between $ 10 billion-$ 20 billion.
442:, Saudi Arabia had traditionally been the strongest supporter of separating oil from politics. The Saudis were wary of the tactic due to the availability of oil from non-Arab oil producing countries, and in the decades leading up to the crisis, the region's conservative monarchies had grown dependent on Western support to ensure their continued survival as
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Israel. More importantly, Saudi Arabia had billions of dollars invested in Western banks, and the massive bout of inflation set off by the oil embargo was a threat to this fortune as inflation eroded the value of the money, giving Faisal a vested interest in helping to contain the damage he himself inflicted on the economies of the West.
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industries. Investment shifted to electronics. Japanese auto makers also benefited from the crisis. The jump in gasoline prices helped their small, fuel-efficient models to gain market share from the "gas-guzzling" Detroit competition. This triggered a drop in American sales of American brands that lasted into the 1980s.
483:, forming an alliance between the most populous Arab state and the wealthiest Arab state. Unlike the secularist Nasser, Sadat was a pious Muslim and he had a strong personal rapport with King Faisal, who was an equally pious Muslim. The man largely in charge of American foreign policy, the National Security Adviser,
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and technology realities. He wrote that instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation, Congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful.
1122:" with selected corporations receiving grants and tax breaks as a response to the crisis. In particular, the "oil shock" increased the appeal of nuclear energy as a way to achieve "energy independence" from the turbulent Middle East. Starting in March 1974 with the "Energy Plan" introduced by the premier
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all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s. By 1985, the average American vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon, compared to 13.5 in 1970. The improvements stayed, even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $ 12 from 1974 to 1979. Sales
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was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a British intelligence estimate of US intentions, which concluded that America "might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the U.S. and its allies were at the mercy of a small group of unreasonable countries", and that they would prefer a
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The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels. According to Peter Grossman, American energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market
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as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office, a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo. Simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing. In other
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Three of the nations targeted by the embargo were located in southern Africa or had colonies there. Portugal which ruled the colonies of Angola, Portuguese Guiana (modern Guinea-Bissau), and Portuguese East Africa (modern Mozambique) had fighting colonial wars in all of its African colonies since the
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The effects of the embargo were immediate. OPEC forced oil companies to increase payments drastically. The price of oil quadrupled by 1974 from US$ 3 to nearly US$ 12 per 42 gallon barrel ($ 75 per cubic meter), equivalent in 2018 dollars to a price rise from $ 17 to $ 61 per barrel. Saudi Arabia had
603:
Saudi Arabia only consented to the embargo after Nixon's promise of $ 2.2 billion in military aid to Israel. On the afternoon of October 19, 1973, Faisal was in his office when he learned about the United States sending $ 2.2 billion worth of weapons to Israel, and discussed the issue with two of his
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calling for a "land for peace" deal if an armistice was signed with Egypt and Syria gaining some territory in the Sinai and the Golan Heights respectively. Nixon had ordered an arms lift to Israel on 12 October 1973, but Kissinger used the excuse of bureaucratic delays to limit the amount of weapons
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Western Europe began switching from pro-Israel to more pro-Arab policies. This change strained the Western alliance. The US, which imported only 12% of its oil from the Middle East (compared with 80% for the Europeans and over 90% for Japan), remained staunchly committed to Israel. The percentage of
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warned that because of the "oil shock" that the British economy was going into recession and the British people should expect economic austerity. The need to avoid importing the now more expensive oil to help manage the balance-of-payments led the Heath government to turn towards coal (which Britain
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The "oil shock" provided considerable impetus to the American nuclear industry as a way to achieve "energy independence" from the Middle East. On 7 November 1973, Nixon in an address to Congress called for Project Independence to make the United States self-sufficient in energy by 1980, which called
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The wealth and corruption generated by the oil shock led to a fundamentalist backlash in Saudi Arabia. On 20 November 1979, Islam's most holiest shrine, the Grand Mosque of Mecca, was seized by a group of fanatics who proclaimed themselves to be the followers of the Mahdi (a messianic figure said to
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running a famous headline in late 1973 saying "The Future will be subject to Delay". Kurt Waldheim, the secretary-general of the United Nations in an address to the General Assembly complained about "the note of helplessness and fatalism creeping into world affairs". The sudden and abrupt end of the
648:
On November 7, 1973, Kissinger flew to Riyadh to meet King Faisal and ask him to end the oil embargo in exchange for promising to be "evenhanded" with the Arab-Israeli dispute. As the plane carrying him prepared to land in Riyadh, Kissinger was clearly nervous at the prospect of negotiating with the
550:
As both Syria and Egypt lost much equipment during the fighting, the Soviet Union began to fly new equipment in starting on October 12, and the Soviet flights to Syria and Egypt were recorded by the British radar stations in Cyprus. Though the Soviets were flying in an average of 60 flights per day,
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on oil in 1971 as demand for oil was increasing and production was declining, which increased dependence on foreign oil imports as consumption was bolstered by low prices. In 1973, Nixon announced the end of the quota system. Between 1970 and 1973 US imports of crude oil had nearly doubled, reaching
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and gross weights averaging 4,500 pounds (2,041 kg) were no longer made. The automakers had begun phasing out the traditional front engine/rear-wheel drive layout in compact cars in favor of lighter front engine/front-wheel drive designs. A higher percentage of cars offered more efficient
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exacerbated the crisis in the US. The system limited the price of "old oil" (that which had already been discovered) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment. Predictably, old oil was withdrawn from the market, creating greater scarcity. The rule also
1231:
Even worse hit than South Africa was Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe), where oil was already expensive as the white supremacist government of Rhodesia had been under United Nations sanctions since 1965, and thus the smugglers who sold Rhodesia oil charged a premium for their services. The premium charged
1214:
The British historian Rob Skinner wrote the embargo had a "significant impact" on the South African economy. The inflationary rise in commodity prices increased the input costs of South African manufacturing, making South African manufactured goods uncompetitive on the world market. The rise in the
1134:
The North Sea oil fields, which were discovered in 1969, did not start to be exploited until 1975, making the United Kingdom entirely dependent upon imported oil in 1973. The way that world oil prices quadrupled in late 1973 had a very adverse impact on the British economy,. In a series of speeches
1019:
Control of oil became known as the "oil weapon". It came in the form of an embargo and production cutbacks from the Arab states. The weapon was aimed at the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Japan and the Netherlands. These target governments perceived that the intent was to push them towards a
897:
The Arab oil embargo ended the long period of prosperity in the West that had begun in 1945, throwing the world's economy into the steepest economic contraction since the Great Depression. The "long summer" of prosperity in the post-war years had made possible the "swinging sixties" and the related
504:
on April 19, 1973, warned that King Faisal was considering an oil embargo. At the time, the general feeling in Washington was the Saudis were bluffing and nothing would come of their threat to impose an oil embargo. The fact that Faisal's ineffectual half brother King Saud had imposed a cripplingly
406:
After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967, the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year. Until the oil shock, the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities. OPEC ministers had not developed
1668:
The oil shock disrupted the status quo relationships between Arab countries and the US and USSR. At the time, Egypt, Syria and Iraq were allied with the USSR, while Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Iran (plus Israel) aligned with the US. Vacillations in alignment often resulted in greater support from the
1117:
The EEC was unable to achieve a common policy during the first month of the embargo. It issued a statement on November 6, after the embargo and price rises had begun. It was widely viewed as pro-Arab, supporting the Franco-British line on the war. OPEC duly lifted its embargo from all EEC members.
1077:
that had traditionally been featured in anti-Jewish cartoons were applied to the Arab sheiks as a way to illustrate their supposed greed. American public opinion did not see the use of the "oil weapon" as due to politics, and tended to explain the embargo as only due to the excessive greed of King
987:
Saudi Arabia experienced an upsurge of prosperity and affluence after the oil embargo whose consequences horrified King Faisal. Faisal who was devoted to a harsh puritanical strain of Sunni Islam known in the West as Wahhabism was appalled by the way that his subjects became materialistic, devoted
889:
was strongly pro-Israeli) and Portugal (in a support of show for the independence movements in Portugal's African colonies), but the shortage of oil in the United States led to sharp price rises in all of the European nations. The embargo itself did not cause much economic difficulty in the United
676:
Because every Arab state except for Iraq and Libya joined the oil embargo, oil exports from the Middle East to the West were down by 60%-70% by November 1973. Japan and the nations of western Europe imported some 75% of their oil from the Near East, and the embargo led to immediate and sharp price
640:
suggested to Kissinger that the USA invade Saudi Arabia and another Arab countries and seize their oil fields. Kissinger stated in a private state department meeting that it's “ridiculous that the civilized world is held up by 8 million savages... Can’t we overthrow one of the sheikhs just to show
599:
The arms lift enraged King Faisal of Saudi Arabia and he retaliated on October 20, 1973, by placing a total embargo on oil shipments to the United States, to be joined by all of the other oil-producing Arab states except Iraq and Libya. Faisal was angry that Israel had only asked for $ 850 million
567:
losses, after the Soviet Union began sending arms to Syria and Egypt. The first American weapons to Israel arrived only on 15 October 1973, and despite Nixon's orders the number of American planes flying into Tel Aviv were initially limited. After the first week of the war, the Israelis had halted
490:
Sadat expected as a reward that the United States would respond by pressuring Israel to return the Sinai to Egypt, but after his anti-Soviet move prompted no response from the United States, by November 1972 Sadat moved again closer to the Soviet Union, buying a massive amount of Soviet arms for a
291:
In 1970, American oil production peaked and the United States began to import more and more oil as oil imports rose by 52% between 1969 and 1972. By 1972, 83% of the American oil imports came from the Middle East. Throughout the 1960s, the price for a barrel of oil remained at $ 1.80, meaning that
1328:
America had controlled the price of natural gas since the 1950s. With the inflation of the 1970s, the price was too low to encourage the search for new reserves. America's natural gas reserves dwindled from 237 trillion in 1974 to 203 trillion in 1978. The price controls were not changed, despite
1098:
The embargo was not uniform across Western Europe. In 1969, France devalued the franc. The devalued franc made exports more expensive for French consumers, which encouraged them to buy French, while making French more cheaper abroad. France was entirely dependent upon imported oil (through French
653:
in terms of stubbornness as the king accused the United States of being biased in favor of Israel, going on in a long rant about the balefulness of "Jewish Communists" in Russia and Israel, and despite all of Kissinger's efforts to charm him, refused to end the oil embargo. Faisal told Kissinger:
607:
The embargo was accompanied by gradual monthly production cuts—by December, production had been cut to 25% of September levels. This contributed to a global recession and increased tension between the United States and several of its European allies, who faulted the US for provoking an embargo by
571:
At an OPEC summit at the Sheraton Hotel in Kuwait City on October 16, 1973, it was announced the price of oil would go from $ 3.01 U.S. dollars per barrel to $ 5.12 per barrel. After agreeing to the price increase, the Iranian delegation left Kuwait City as the Shah of Iran was only interested in
509:
against Israel were dismissed as empty talk while the warnings from King Faisal were likewise regarded as inconsequential. In September 1973, Nixon fired Rogers as Secretary of State and replaced him with Kissinger. Kissinger was later to state he had not been given enough time to know the Middle
2298:
of 1980–1988, the stated war aim of Iran was to overthrow the Baath regime in Iraq and then overthrow the House of Saud in Saudi Arabia. As a consequence, Saudi Arabia and the other Arab Gulf states leaned in a very pro-Iraqi neutrality during the war. As a part of its policy of supporting Iraq,
2285:
OPEC soon lost its preeminent position, and in 1981, its production was surpassed by that of other countries. Additionally, its own member nations were divided. Saudi Arabia, trying to recover market share, increased production, pushing prices down, shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost
1219:
to increase in value, which caused further problems for South African manufacturing. The strategy pursued by the National Party government since 1948 of sponsoring the industrialization of South Africa was derailed by the "oil shock" with what Skinner described as "important social and political
1189:
admitted in a TV interview that the government was being "overwhelmed" by the inflation caused by the oil shock, while an American businessman living in Saigon stated after the oil shock that attempting to make money in South Vietnam was "like making love to a corpse". In December 1973, Vietcong
1060:
rose 43% from 38.5¢ in May 1973 to 55.1¢ in June 1974. State governments asked citizens not to put up Christmas lights. Oregon banned Christmas and commercial lighting altogether. Politicians called for a national gasoline rationing program. Nixon asked gasoline retailers to voluntarily not sell
1052:
The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries, such as automobiles. Macroeconomic problems consisted of both
948:
of Nigeria told his people that henceforward Nigeria's main problem would be "managing abundance". After the oil shock, Nigeria presented itself as the first African nation that would reach First World status and in Lagos a series of stately modernist buildings were erected as appropriate for a
3220:
Unsere Mitgliedslander werden alle notwendigen Schritte unternehmen und/oder Verhandlungen mit den Olfirmen fuhren, am Mittel und Wege zu finden, um nachteiligen Auswirkungen auf das Realeinkommen der Mitgliedslander, die sich aus den internationalen monetaren Entwicklungen per August 15, 1971
2242:
Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215 (pertaining to safety bumpers), and compacts like the 1974 Mustang I were a prelude to the DOT "downsize" revision of vehicle categories. By 1977, GM's full-sized cars reflected the crisis. By 1979, virtually all
1571:
became evident. In 2004, declassified documents revealed that the US was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973. Although no explicit plan was
1160:
To assure future oil flows, Japan added suppliers outside of the Middle East; invested in nuclear power; imposed conservation measures; and provided funding for Arab governments and the Palestinians. The crisis was a major factor in the long-run shift of Japan's economy away from oil-intensive
1152:
Japan was hard hit since it imported 90% of its oil from the Middle East. It had a stockpile good for 55 days, and another 20-day supply was en route. Facing its most serious crisis since 1945 the government ordered a 10% cut in the consumption of industrial oil and electricity. In December it
661:
Only on March 18, 1974 did the king end the oil embargo after Sadat, whom he trusted, reported to him that the United States was being more "evenhanded" and after Kissinger had promised to sell Saudi Arabia weapons that it had previously denied under the grounds that they might be used against
620:
The embargo lasted from October 1973 to March 1974. During a summit in Cairo on November 6, Kissinger asked Sadat what Faisal was like and was told: "Well, Dr. Henry, he will probably go on with you about Communism and the Jews". King Faisal's two great hatreds were Communism and Zionism as he
591:
Israel took heavy losses in men and material during the fighting against Egypt and Syria, and on October 18, 1973, Meir requested $ 850 million worth of American arms and equipment to replace its material losses. Nixon decided characteristically to act on an epic scale and instead of the $ 850
669:, concluded that the embargo was a failure because the countries that were targeted by the embargo did not change their policies on the Arab–Israeli conflict. Licklieder believed that any long term changes were caused by the OPEC increase in the posted price of oil, and not the OAPEC embargo.
1623:
Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a "nonfriendly" country to encourage it to change its
576:
demanded the "total nationalization" of all assets of American oil companies in the Middle East, the withdrawal of all Arab funds from the United States and for all Arab states to break diplomatic relations with the United States. The Libyan Oil Minister, Izz al-Din al-Mabruk, called for the
1664:
Prior to the embargo, the geo-political competition between the Soviet Union and the United States, in combination with low oil prices that hindered the necessity and feasibility of alternative energy sources, presented the Arab States with financial security, moderate economic growth, and
927:
Some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities, amid shrinking Western demand. Much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions,
893:
The crisis eased when the embargo was lifted in March 1974 after negotiations at the Washington Oil Summit, but the effects lingered throughout the 1970s. The dollar price of energy increased again the following year, amid the weakening competitive position of the dollar in world markets.
491:
war he planned to launch against Israel in 1973. For Sadat, cost was no object as the money to buy Soviet arms came from Saudi Arabia. At the same time, Faisal promised Sadat that if it should come to war, Saudi Arabia would embargo oil to the West. In April 1973, the Saudi Oil Minister
1614:
Canada shifted towards a more pro-Arab position after displeasure was expressed towards Canada's mostly neutral position. "On the other hand, after the embargo the Canadian government moved quickly indeed toward the Arab position, despite its low dependence on Middle Eastern oil".
1090:(CMEA). The inability of the USSR to meet energy demand from its allies led those "East European governments to purchase oil from Middle Eastern countries at increasing world market prices, crippling their balance of payments and accentuating their other economic shortcomings."
402:
in 1976. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased when the dollar started to float free of the old link to gold. In September 1971, OPEC issued a joint communiqué stating that from then on, they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold.
1053:
inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies, even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic. Finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to 10 years before significant production.
2127:, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981
1011:. As other OPEC nations followed suit, the cartel's income soared. Saudi Arabia undertook a series of ambitious five-year development plans. The biggest began in 1980, funded at $ 250 billion. Other cartel members also undertook major economic development programs.
915:
This price increase had a dramatic effect on oil exporting nations, for the countries of the Middle East who had long been dominated by the industrial powers were seen to have taken control of a vital commodity. The oil-exporting nations began to accumulate vast wealth.
1538:
to avoid being targeted by the boycott. Arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents. To address this, the Nixon Administration began multilateral negotiations with the combatants. They arranged for Israel to pull back from the
407:
institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions, so their real incomes lagged. The substantial price increases of 1973–1974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to former levels in terms of commodities such as gold.
2162:
a few years after the oil crisis. Mazda, Mitsubishi and Isuzu had joint partnerships with Ford, Chrysler, and GM, respectively. Later, the American makers introduced their domestic replacements (Ford Ranger, Dodge Dakota and the Chevrolet S10/GMC S-15), ending their
1506:
surprised economists and central bankers. The policy is now considered by some to have deepened and lengthened the adverse effects of the embargo. Recent research claims that in the period after 1985 the economy became more resilient to energy price increases.
2381:, whose economies had expanded in the 1970s, faced near-bankruptcy, and even Saudi Arabian economic power was significantly weakened. The divisions within OPEC made concerted action more difficult. As of 2015, OPEC has never approached its earlier dominance.
1872:
After World War II, most West European countries taxed motor fuel to limit imports, and as a result most cars made in Europe were smaller and more economical than their American counterparts. By the late 1960s, increasing incomes supported rising car sizes.
1954:
they were replacing, and attracted buyers who traditionally bought larger vehicles. Some 15 years after the oil crisis, hatchbacks dominated most European small and medium car markets, and had gained a substantial share of the large family car market.
1040:
In the US production, distribution and price disruptions "have been held responsible for recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth." Some researchers regard the 1973 "oil price shock" and the accompanying
1648:
on September 11, 1973. The response of the Nixon administration was to propose doubling arms sales. As a consequence, an opposing Latin American bloc was organized and financed in part by Venezuelan oil revenues, which quadrupled between 1970 and 1975.
1023:
The risk that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to Washington than oil. Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger's dominance.
984:. In a role-reversal, Barber and Walker paid homage to the Shah, who promised them that his nation would sell the United Kingdom 5 million tons of oil in exchange for some £100 million of British goods to aid his plans to industrialize Iran.
2290:
at nearly $ 40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $ 10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation, oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels. This "sale" price was a windfall for oil-importing nations, both developing and developed.
282:
to head a committee to review the Eisenhower-era quota program. Shultz's committee recommended that the quotas be abolished and replaced with tariffs but Nixon decided to keep the quotas due to vigorous political opposition. Nixon imposed a
1554:
had negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula. The promise of a negotiated settlement between Israel and Syria was enough to convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in March 1974. and again during the
475:, a game where skill and persistence was rewarded, but was best won by sudden gambles, making an analogy between how he played backgammon and conducted his diplomacy. Under Nasser, Egypt and Saudi Arabia had engaged what was known as the
2392:
249:
By 1969, American domestic output of oil was peaking and could not keep pace with increasing demand from vehicles. The U.S. was importing 350 million barrels (56 million cubic metres) per year by the late 1950s, mostly from
495:
visited Washington to meet Kissinger and told him that King Faisal was becoming more and more unhappy with the United States, saying he wanted America to pressure Israel to return all the lands captured in the Six Day War of 1967.
1072:
The "oil shock" led to anti-Arab feelings becoming common. Cartoons published in American newspapers during the "oil shock" depicted Arabs as disgusting, ugly, obese, corrupt and greedy. In the cartoons, the long hooked Semitic
1265:. Scarcity was addressed by rationing (as in many countries). Motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973. A sign of the change caused by the crisis was that in 1974 the
7183:
Silverwood, James (2021). "Competition and Credit Control, Monetary Performance, and the Perception of Macroeconomic Failure: The Heath Government and the Road to Brexit". In Roe-Crines, Andrew S.; Heppell, Timothy (eds.).
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Over the long term, the oil embargo changed the nature of policy in the West towards increased exploration, alternative energy research, energy conservation and more restrictive monetary policy to better fight inflation.
1501:
Western central banks decided to sharply cut interest rates to encourage growth, deciding that inflation was a secondary concern. Although this was the orthodox macroeconomic prescription at the time, the resulting
2238:
Economical imports succeeded alongside heavy, expensive vehicles. In 1976, Toyota sold 346,920 cars (average weight around 2,100 lbs), while Cadillac sold 309,139 cars (average weight around 5,000 lbs).
1514:
mechanism was created, through which OPEC surplus funds were channeled through the capital markets to the West to finance the current account deficits. The functioning of this mechanism required the relaxation of
270:
in the early 1970s. The cheapness of oil compared with coal led to the decline of the coal industry. In 1951, 51% of America's energy came from coal, and by 1973, only 19% of America's industry was coal-based.
499:
In a later interview, Yamani accused Kissinger of not taking his warning seriously, saying all he did was to ask him not to speak anymore of this threat. Angry at Kissinger, Yamani in an interview with the
1144:. The new Labour government told the British to heat only one room in their houses over the winter. The Labour government of Harold Wilson settled the strike by giving the coal miners a 35% pay increase.
1603:
With the embargo in place, many developed countries altered their policies regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict. These included the UK, which refused to allow the United States to use British bases and
1298:
In some states, a three-color flag system was used to denote gasoline availability at service stations—green for unrationed availability, yellow for restricted/rationed sales and red for out of stock.
542:
the United States would replace its losses in equipment after the war, but sought initially to delay arm shipments to Israel as he believed it would improve the odds of making peace along the lines of
12460:
2323:
and Siberia became profitable. Cooperation changed into a far more adversarial relationship as the USSR increased its production. By 1980, the Soviet Union had become the world's largest producer.
6008:
784:
October 17 – OAPEC oil ministers agree to use oil to influence the West's support of Israel. They recommended an embargo against non-complying states and mandated export cuts.
1656:" under which nations within the global South would receive a greater share of benefits derived from the exploitation of southern resources and greater control over their self-development.
1746:
socialist and relatively secularist republican dictatorship of Iraq, the latter of which is a majority Shiite Muslim Arab nation which was ruled by a Sunni Muslim Arab minority before the
1397:
using the tagline "Don't Be Fuelish". Many newspapers carried advertisements featuring cut-outs that could be attached to light switches, reading "Last Out, Lights Out: Don't Be Fuelish".
1269:
oil company (which had once been part of the Standard Oil company) replaced the General Motors corporation to be the largest corporation in the world as measured by gross sales revenues.
6345:
1450:
8826:
381:, signed on February 14, the posted price of oil was increased and, due to a decline in the value of the US dollar relative to gold, certain anti-inflationary measures were enacted.
11030:
343:
controlled 86% of the oil produced by OPEC countries, but by 1970 the rise of "independent oil companies" had decreased their share to 77%. The entry of three new oil producers—
258:. Because of transportation costs and tariffs, it never purchased much oil from the Middle East. In 1973, US production had declined to 16% of global output. Eisenhower imposed
2377:
When reduced demand and increased production glutted the world market in the mid-1980s, oil prices plummeted and the cartel lost its unity. Mexico (a non-member), Nigeria, and
6180:
1915:
Buyers looking for larger cars were increasingly drawn to medium-sized hatchbacks. Virtually unknown in Europe in 1973, by the end of the decade they were gradually replacing
1313:
Rationing led to violent incidents, when truck drivers chose to strike for two days in December 1973 over the limited supplies that Simon had allocated for their industry. In
10161:
6703:. Data resources series ; v. 3. Amsterdam ; New York : New York: North-Holland Pub. Co. ; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier/North Holland.
1567:
America's Cold War policies suffered a major blow from the embargo. They had focused on China and the Soviet Union, but the latent challenge to US hegemony coming from the
928:
particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as
4475:
431:
in 1967, but despite continued Egyptian and Syrian enmity against Israel, the embargo lasted only a few months. Most scholars agree that the 1967 embargo was ineffective.
3618:
1061:
gasoline on Saturday nights or Sundays; 90% of gas station owners complied, which produced long lines of motorists wanting to fill up their cars while they still could.
923:
An American at a service station reads about the gasoline rationing system in an afternoon newspaper; a sign in the background states that no gasoline is available. 1974
191:
1876:
The oil crisis pushed West European car buyers away from larger, less economical cars. The most notable result of this transition was the rise in popularity of compact
1481:
Israel was one of the few countries unaffected by the embargo, since it could extract sufficient oil from the Sinai. But to supplement Israel's over-taxed power grid,
1203:
1960s with Angola being the first to rise up in 1961. Angola is rich in oil, which protected Portugal from the worse of the embargo. But the economic stability of the
4011:
2131:, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.
6301:
2215:, and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s. The only full-size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the
6680:
Byrne, Christopher; Randall, Nick; Theakson, Keven (2021). "Edward Heath: Leadership Competence and Capability". In Roe-Crines, Andrew S.; Heppell, Timothy (eds.).
1990:
achieved no more than 15 highway miles per gallon. In the 15 years prior to the 1973 oil crisis, gasoline prices in the U.S. had lagged well behind inflation.
665:
Since Israeli forces did not withdraw to the 1949 Armistice Line, the majority of scholars believe that the embargo was a failure. Roy Licklieder, in his 1988 book
241:
requested $ 2.2 billion to support Israel's war effort. Nevertheless, the embargo lasted only until January 1974, though the price of oil remained high afterwards.
471:, a man who believed in the diplomacy of surprise, in engaging in sudden moves to upset the diplomatic equilibrium. Sadat liked to say that his favourite game was
370:
joined OPEC. OPEC was generally regarded as ineffective until political turbulence in Libya and Iraq strengthened their position in 1970. Additionally, increasing
736:
Night of October 8 – Israel goes on full nuclear alert. Kissinger is notified on the morning of October 9. United States begins to resupply Israel.
446:
gained traction. On the other hand, Algeria, Iraq and Libya had strongly supported the use of oil as a weapon in the conflict. Arab newspapers like the Egyptian
2170:
An increase in imported cars into North America forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales. The
1534:
The crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from
10926:
9012:
880:
Oil prices in USD, 1861–2015 (1861–1944 averaged US crude oil, 1945–1983 Arabian Light, 1984–2015 Brent). Red line adjusted for inflation, blue not adjusted.
6116:
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8443:
5639:
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384:
Because of a severe drain on U.S. gold reserves, leading to higher inflation and lack of confidence in the strength of the dollar, President Nixon issued
11771:
7366:
6532:
6018:
2111:
Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the
7106:
787:
October 19 – Nixon requests Congress to appropriate $ 2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel, which triggers a collective Arab response.
13230:
8491:
1600:
US oil which comes from the nations bordering the Persian Gulf remained steady over the decades, with a figure of a little more than 10% in 2008.
435:
71:
5487:
956:
The oil embargo led a sudden interest in the Palestinian issue. Between 1973 and 1981, Saudi Arabia donated a sum worth $ 1 billion US dollars to the
13215:
94:
launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967
596:
in 1981, Kissinger later admitted about the arms lift to Israel: "I made a mistake. In retrospect it was not the best considered decision we made".
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7107:"Öl und Geopolitik. Die Ölkrisen der 1970er Jahre und der Kalte Krieg [Oil and Geopolitics: The Oil Crises of the 1970s and the Cold War]"
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to maintain high consumption, but had underestimated the extent to which conservation and other sources of supply would eventually reduce demand.
1173:, a dictatorship. The state led a push for coal as an energy source, even though there were reservations about its adverse environmental effects.
580:
On October 17, Arab oil producers cut production by 5% and instituted an oil embargo against Israel's allies: the United States, the Netherlands,
7990:
1535:
10232:
7741:
7550:
6580:
6222:"A/RES/S-6/3201 – Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements"
2326:
Part of the decline in prices and economic and geopolitical power of OPEC came from the move to alternative energy sources. OPEC had relied on
608:
providing what many viewed as unconditional assistance to Israel. OAPEC demanded a complete Israeli withdrawal from all territories beyond the
543:
6996:
Licklider, Roy (1988). "The Power of Oil: The Arab Oil Weapon and the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, and the United States".
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1211:
regime in April 1974 and led to the restoration of democracy. Portugal granted independence to all of its colonies except for Macau in 1975.
13295:
13177:
13116:
13079:
12913:
5693:
1371:
1141:
4866:
13237:
12776:
10439:
10313:
10222:
3600:
378:
288:
6.2 million barrels per day in 1973. Until 1973, an abundance of oil supply had kept the market price of oil lower than the posted price.
10921:
10916:
10901:
10896:
10444:
10196:
9083:
4356:
1355:
1078:
Faisal and the other Arab leaders, hence the use of the hooked Semitic nose in the cartoons as a sort of shorthand for insatiable greed.
1020:
more pro-Arab position. Production was eventually cut by 25%. However, the affected countries did not undertake dramatic policy changes.
415:
Arab oil producing countries had attempted to use oil as leverage to influence political events on two prior occasions—the first was the
255:
6172:
3207:
1126:, the French state made a massive investment in nuclear energy and by the 1990s 80% of all of France's energy came from nuclear plants.
621:
believed that the Soviet Union and Israel were plotting together against Islam. When King Faisal was shown a translation into Arabic of
13342:
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13021:
12920:
11841:
10866:
10186:
6033:
2579:
837:
February 12–14 – Progress in Arab-Israeli disengagement triggers discussion of oil strategy among the heads of state of
814:
December 9 – Arab oil ministers agree to another five percent production cut for non-friendly countries in January 1974.
6510:
5883:
13028:
12871:
12504:
10275:
4113:
1351:
690:
203:
6081:
2424:
1864:
The oil crisis sent a signal to the auto industry globally, which changed many aspects of production and usage for decades to come.
964:
flew in to Riyadh to meet King Faisal for "talks on improving bilateral relations". Shortly afterwards, the French foreign minister
13322:
13185:
13102:
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Kuiken, Jonathan (March 1, 2015). "Striking the Balance: Intervention versus Non-intervention in Britain's Oil Policy, 1957–1970".
1970:
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revealed Schlesinger had told him that "it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force." British Prime Minister
293:
5937:
1684:
and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries. By 1979, Saudi arms purchases from the US exceeded five times Israel's.
13259:
12878:
12131:
12052:
11233:
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8307:
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Corporate law and economic stagnation: how shareholder value and short-termism contribute to the decline of the Western economies
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immediately proclaims an embargo on oil exports to the US. Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil-producing states follow the next day.
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arrived to sign an agreement that provided oil for France for the next twenty years. On January 24, 1974, as the Shah of Iran,
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Rüdiger Graf (2012). "Making Use of the "Oil Weapon": Western Industrialized Countries and Arab Petropolitics in 197–-1974".
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East as he settled into the State Department's office at Foggy Bottom as Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on October 6, 1973.
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four-cylinder engines. Domestic auto makers also began offering more fuel efficient diesel powered passenger cars as well.
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The oil crisis contributed to the poor state of the Indian economy and played a role in Indira Gandhi's decision to impose
1003:
OPEC-member states raised the prospect of nationalization of oil company holdings. Most notably, Saudi Arabia nationalized
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Sherbiny, Naiem A.; Tessler, Mark A. (1976). "3. Arab Oil Production Policies in the Context of International Conflicts".
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Concerns over economic domination from increased Soviet oil production turned into fears of military aggression after the
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The Soviet Union was not a beneficiary of the oil crisis. The crisis prompted the USSR to raise energy prices within the
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Editorial Note: this conflicts with the 70% price increase to $ 5.11, noted by a cited reference, in the section above.
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stern Wahhabi Faisal who had a marked dislike of Jews. Kissinger discovered that King Faisal was a worthy companion to
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17:
7444:. Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani, former oil minister of Saudi Arabia, gives his personal account of the 1973 energy crisis.
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In the United States in 1974, seven of the 15 top Fortune 500 companies were oil companies, falling to four in 2014.
1427:
957:
419:
in 1956 when the United Kingdom, France and Israel invaded Egypt. During the conflict the Syrians sabotaged both the
336:
of oil, but the posted price of oil remained consistently higher than the market price of oil between 1961 and 1972.
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1306:
700:
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392:". This action made the dollar inconvertible to gold directly, except on the open market, and was soon dubbed the
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Erika Tominaga, "Japan's Middle East Policy, 1972–1974: Resources Diplomacy, Pro-American Policy, and New Left."
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1652:
A year after the start of the embargo, the UN's nonaligned bloc passed a resolution demanding the creation of a "
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8563:
8450:
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7437:
6811:
Ikenberry, G. John (1986). "The irony of state strength: comparative responses to the oil shocks in the 1970s".
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as the mainstay of this sector. Between 1973 and 1980, medium-sized hatchbacks were launched across Europe: the
827:
January 18 – Israel signs a withdrawal agreement to pull back to the east side of the Suez Canal.
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2940:
Euclid A. Rose (2004). "OPEC's Dominance of the Global Oil Market: The Rise of the World's Dependency on Oil".
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ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full
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2010:
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March 17 – Arab oil ministers, with the exception of Libya, announce the end of the US embargo.
722:
and secretly negotiate an accord whereby the Arabs will use the "oil weapon" as part of the military conflict.
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of 1976 was at least in part caused by anger at the high unemployment rate in black South African community.
996:
appear at the dawn of every Muslim century to strike down the enemies of Islam). The leader of the uprising,
340:
180:
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8322:
8245:
7916:
2736:
Little, Douglas (2009). "2. Opening the Door: Business, Diplomacy, and America's Stake in Middle East Oil".
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Paust, Jordan J. & Blaustein, Albert P. (1974). "The Arab Oil Weapon—A Threat to International Peace".
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became president of Egypt in 1970, he dismissed Soviet specialists in Egypt and reoriented towards the US.
1207:
regime was damaged by the worldwide inflation, which help cause the Carnation Revolution which toppled the
531:
1979:
was a 400-cubic inch (6.5 liter) V8. The wheelbase of this car was 121.5 inches (3,090 mm), and
1975:
Before the energy crisis, large, heavy, and powerful cars were popular. By 1971, the standard engine in a
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8193:
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7228:. London Oxford New York New Delhi Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
2196:
2128:
1400:
Although not regulated by the new legislation, auto racing groups voluntarily began conserving. In 1974,
1103:
424:
6848:
A. Johnson, Ronald (1980). "The impact of rising oil prices on the major foreign industrial countries".
1295:) to buy gas only on odd-numbered days of the month, while others could buy only on even-numbered days.
1215:
price of gold as a hedge against inflation (South Africa has the world's largest gold mines) caused the
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The drop in prices presented a serious problem for oil-exporting countries in northern Europe and the
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May 31 – Diplomacy by Kissinger produces a disengagement agreement on the Syrian front.
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6684:. Palgrave studies in political leadership. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 317–354.
3163:
Murphy, Edward E.; Perez-Lopez, Jorge F. (1975). "Trends in U.S. export prices and OPEC oil prices".
2761:
Pelletiere, Stephen C. (2001). "4. The OPEC Revolution and the Clashes Between Iraq and the Cartel".
2499:
2358:. Heavily populated, impoverished countries, whose economies were largely dependent on oil—including
1739:
1573:
1430:
to help low-income homeowners and renters reduce their demand for heating and cooling through better
953:
of Algeria to become a global leader, courted by elites in both the First World and the Third World.
797:
November 5 – Arab producers announce a 25% output cut. A further 5% cut is threatened.
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609:
439:
172:
12416:
7188:. Palgrave studies in political leadership. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 87–114.
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3985:
3158:
For a discussion about the impact of inflation on the purchasing power of oil revenues in the 1970s
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12541:
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The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East
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the Saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of
937:
750:, a strategic airlift to provide replacement weapons and supplies to Israel. This followed similar
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5701:
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December 25 – Arab oil ministers cancel the January output cut. Saudi oil minister
374:
influence provided oil producing countries with alternative means of transporting oil to markets.
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Gas stations abandoned during the crisis were sometimes used for other purposes. This station at
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650:
629:
and therefore talked to anyone who would listen about what he had learned, despite the fact that
61:
7996:
2243:"full-size" American cars had shrunk, featuring smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions.
1281:
reported that in the last week of February 1974, 20% of American gasoline stations had no fuel.
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99:
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David S. Painter (2014). "Oil and Geopolitics: The Oil Crises of the 1970s and the Cold War".
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October 9, 1973, conversation (6:10–6:35 pm) between Israeli Ambassador to the United States
3191:
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2554:
Smith, Charles D. (2006), Palestine and the Arab–Israeli Conflict, New York: Bedford, p. 329.
2514:
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Graph of oil prices from 1861 to 2015, showing a sharp increase in 1973 and again during the
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October 8–10 – OPEC negotiations with major oil companies to revise the 1971
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The revolution before the revolution: late authoritarianism and student protest in Portugal
6514:
6265:"The Soviet-Afghan War at Forty: The "Shocks of '79" and the Coming of the Second Cold War"
4973:
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2520:
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2120:
1928:
1880:. The only notable small hatchbacks built in Western Europe before the oil crisis were the
1696:
1382:
1249:
Oregon gasoline dealers displayed signs explaining the flag policy in the winter of 1973–74
844:
March 5 – Israel withdraws the last of its troops from the west side of the
831:
399:
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8:
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2374:—did not prepare for a market reversal that left them in sometimes desperate situations.
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How we got here: the 70's, the decade that brought you modern life (for better or worse)
4977:
1519:
in oil-importing economies. It marked the beginning of an exponential growth of Western
1114:, reversed this policy in 1970, calling for Israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders.
139:
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11992:
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6627:. Economic theory, econometrics, and mathematical economics. New York: Academic Press.
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3193:Österreichische Schule für Anleger: Austrian Investing zwischen Inflation und Deflation
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for heat. A newspaper headline before her tells of the community's lack of heating oil.
1258:
1119:
997:
438:(OAPEC) supported the use of oil as a weapon to influence the political outcome of the
151:
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9953:
9782:
7264:
Stern, Roger J. (May 9, 2016). "Oil Scarcity Ideology in US Foreign Policy, 1908–97".
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187:, also known as the Second Arab–Israeli war, was sparked by Israel's southern port of
37:
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European and East Asian Regionalism: Critical Junctures and Historical Turning Points
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American hegemony and world oil: the industry, the state system and the world economy
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2014:
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Muslim majority, which explains the current hostility between Saudi Arabia and Iran.
1576:
1510:
The price shock created large current account deficits in oil-importing economies. A
1386:
1008:
886:
818:
637:
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on foreign oil that would stay in place between 1959 and 1973. Critics called it the
10247:
9918:
7334:
6385:"Designing Cars of the 1970s: Freedoms Lost". Collectible Automobile. February 2008.
6149:
Far Eastern Economic Review, v. 84, Apr–Jun 1974, p. 8, Review Publishing, 1974
5985:
5001:
4909:
3883:
1754:, because these two oil-rich Arab nations share a long land border with each other.
427:, which disrupted the supply of oil to Western Europe. The second instance was when
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3400:
3299:
3092:
3088:
3045:
Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies
3018:
Alnasrawi, Abbas (2002). "1. The International Context of the Iraqi Oil Industry".
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2474:
2232:
2220:
2192:
2175:
1987:
1936:
1920:
1905:
1645:
1641:
1516:
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710:
August 23, 1973 – In preparation for the Yom Kippur War, Saudi King
7277:
6277:
George C. Wilson "U.S. Military Sales To Saudis 5 Times Total For Israelis",
4985:
3404:
584:, South Africa, and Portugal. On October 17–19, 1973, the Saudi Foreign Minister,
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12853:
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7163:
7142:
7064:
6719:
5941:
5909:
4167:"Gas Pinch Eases as Embargo Ends— 8 Arab Nations to Resume Oil Exports to U.S.".
3604:
3239:
2838:
The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975–2005
2800:
Price-Smith, Andrew T. (2015). "1. The History of Oil in International Affairs".
2762:
2212:
2116:
1944:
1892:. By the end of the decade, the market had expanded with the introduction of the
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1540:
1520:
1482:
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1262:
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484:
385:
214:
195:
147:
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2307:
The embargo encouraged new venues for energy exploration, including Alaska, the
1909:
1423:(CAFE) standards that required improved fuel economy for cars and light trucks.
902:("Glorious Thirty" ) led to a mood of widespread pessimism in the West with the
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Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France
6794:
Sanction dilemmas: some implications of economic sanctions against South Africa
6484:
6159:
5772:
Richardson, Julia; Nordhaus, Robert (1995). "The National Energy Act of 1978".
3290:
Daoudi, M. S.; Dajani, M. S. (January 1984). "The 1967 Oil Embargo Revisited".
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1998:
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1154:
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977:
824:
January 7–9, 1974 – OPEC decides to freeze prices until April 1.
585:
222:
115:
83:
6824:
6663:
The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflict since 1945
4263:
1993:
The crisis reduced the demand for large cars. Japanese imports, primarily the
1393:
The crisis prompted a call to conserve energy, most notably a campaign by the
876:
355:—meant that by 1970, 81 oil companies were doing business in the Middle East.
49:
13311:
12431:
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6665:(1. American ed.). New York: Vintage Books, a Division of Random House.
6576:
5169:
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3875:
3867:
3807:
3589:
3412:
3311:
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3043:
Stein, Judith (2010). "OPEC and the Trade Unionism of the Developing World".
3004:
2961:
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2204:
2200:
2151:
1994:
1704:
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raise posted prices by 17% to $ 3.65 per barrel and announce production cuts.
670:
552:
527:
476:
284:
279:
275:
238:
188:
119:
7144:
United States Foreign Oil Policy Since World War I: For Profits and Security
6765:
5811:
Ian R. Bartky, and Elizabeth Harrison, "Standard and daylight-saving time."
2663:"Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt (Sinai II) | UN Peacemaker"
1707:
region of Saudi Arabia in December of the same year, which was known as the
1703:
extremists during November 1979, and a Shiite Muslim revolt in the oil rich
1110:'s government supported the Israelis during the Six-Day War. His successor,
944:
project intended to make Venezuela into a First World nation; and President
12760:
12511:
12312:
11883:
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9533:
9360:
8861:
8109:
7959:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7514:
6909:
6013:
5443:"Late Acceleration: The Indian Emergency and the Early 1970s Energy Crisis"
5322:
Slavin, Barbara; Freudenheim, Milt; Rhoden, William C. (January 24, 1982).
4993:
4772:(#3). The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 68, No. 3: 410–439 .
3899:
3593:
3119:"Black Gold The End of Bretton Woods and the Oil-Price Shocks of the 1970s"
2509:
2355:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2026:
2022:
1951:
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to airlift resupplies to Israel, along with the rest of the members of the
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135:
131:
7344:
6881:
6646:(1. publ ed.). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
6221:
5458:
5145:
2996:
2764:
Iraq and the International Oil System: Why America Went to War in the Gulf
1471:
13014:
12471:
12070:
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11675:
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11368:
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7979:
7866:
7681:
7586:
7525:
6469:
Dusko Doder "Soviet Production of Gas, Oil Set Records Over 6 Months" in
5870:
Corvette Racing: The Complete Competition History from Sebring to Le Mans
5161:
2604:
2339:
2320:
2312:
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2002:
1964:
1940:
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312:
conference on September 14, 1960. The five founding members of OPEC were
210:
184:
176:
143:
111:
95:
75:
6891:
6513:. US Energy Information Administration. January 10, 2006. Archived from
5785:
4832:
3937:
3145:
2717:
11725:
11592:
11582:
11348:
11186:
11092:
9832:
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7017:
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6179:(United Arab Emirates), January 21, 2009, . Retrieved August 16, 2009.
4901:
4785:
3851:"Britain, the Transatlantic Alliance, and the Arab-Israeli War of 1973"
3815:
3319:
2969:
2802:
Oil, Illiberalism, and War: An Analysis of Energy and US Foreign Policy
2171:
2124:
2101:
2073:
2038:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1932:
1924:
1792: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1266:
973:
845:
800:
November 23 – The Arab embargo is extended to Portugal,
726:
725:
October 6 – Egypt and Syria attack Israeli positions on
539:
472:
199:
8486:
5442:
2738:
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945
11720:
11451:
11398:
11343:
11333:
11243:
11191:
11127:
11122:
11117:
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9973:
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9795:
9608:
9563:
9472:
9440:
9420:
9412:
8741:
8531:
3850:
3389:"The First Oil Shock? Nixon, Congress, and the 1973 Petroleum Crisis"
2378:
2308:
2105:
2065:
2061:
2034:
1885:
1877:
1459:
1455:
1438:
929:
770:
695:
For further details see the "Energy crisis" series by Facts on File.
642:
443:
363:
313:
7009:
5798:
Robert E. King, and Cass R. Sunstein, "Doing Without Speed Limits."
5272:
4885:
4867:"The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis"
4777:
3799:
3303:
2953:
1767:
11862:
11819:
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11695:
11690:
11670:
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11441:
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10603:
9707:
9548:
9445:
9320:
9139:
9043:
8183:
8041:
7495:
4962:
Hirsch, Robert L. (1987). "Impending United States Energy Crisis".
2316:
2191:
products) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis. The
2188:
2069:
1889:
1747:
1715:
is a near-absolute monarchy, an Arabic speaking country, and has a
1692:
1322:
1066:
1057:
801:
581:
564:
454:
448:
267:
202:
belonging to French and British investors. As a result of the war,
127:
8827:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
6561:. Protest, culture and society. New York ; Oxford: Berghahn.
3079:
Peelo, Victor (October 9, 1975). "Behind the U.S.–OPEC Conflict".
1950:
These cars were considerably more economical than the traditional
1738:
and largely Sunni Muslim Saudi Arabians were somewhat wary of the
1321:, non-striking truckers were shot at by striking truckers, and in
563:
to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel in order to replace its
204:
the Suez Canal was closed for several months between 1956 and 1957
11383:
11373:
11253:
11248:
11163:
9653:
9538:
9528:
9477:
9018:
7763:
6777:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
2459:
2367:
2363:
2343:
2042:
1700:
1475:
1087:
838:
811:
authorizing price, production, allocation and marketing controls.
352:
344:
309:
234:
6405:
6403:
5638:. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. November 1975.
464:
had historically been supportive of the use of oil as a weapon.
11700:
11587:
11572:
11562:
11522:
11436:
9721:
9523:
9462:
8397:
6981:(1. American ed.). New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
6721:
Government Versus Trade Unionism in British Politics Since 1968
4468:"How Saudi Wahhabism Is the Fountainhead of Islamist Terrorism"
2442:
The price of oil during the embargo. The graph is based on the
2359:
1724:
1604:
1401:
1377:
1004:
989:
774:
751:
740:
719:
703:
commences as a result of inflation pressure and the collapsing
655:
329:
103:
79:
4812:
3335:
Arab oil: impact on the Arab countries and global implications
3190:
Taghizadegan, Rahim; Stöferle, Ronald; Stöferle, Mark (2014).
919:
857:
December 1974 – The U.S. stock market recovers.
11482:
11456:
11426:
11388:
11328:
11323:
11318:
10206:
10162:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
9668:
9451:
7530:
7339:(1 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge.
7029:. Dovenschmidt monographs. The Hague: Eleven Internat. Publ.
6400:
6324:
Saudi Arabia and Iraq: Oil, Religion, and an Enduring Rivalry
6034:"How Resilient Is the Modern Economy to Energy Price Shocks?"
5600:
5598:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5511:
5509:
4745:
2371:
1716:
1637:
788:
778:
467:
In 1970, President Nasser of Egypt died and was succeeded by
367:
359:
348:
230:
107:
91:
87:
6374:. (Oregon). Associated Press. February 24, 1974. p. 6A.
6203:
6201:
5229:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5146:"The Soviet Union, CMEA, and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s"
5120:
5118:
5116:
3189:
932:, throughout the world, via religious charities such as the
266:
policy. Some scholars believe the policy contributed to the
11710:
11650:
11403:
10881:
9746:
9628:
7520:
7464:
6396:"GM's full-sized cars". Collectible Automobile. March 2008.
4432:
4430:
4231:
4229:
3968:
3966:
3768:
3766:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3524:
3522:
3520:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
1720:
1437:
By 1980, domestic luxury cars with a 130-inch (3.3 m)
1318:
766:
762:
325:
317:
305:
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5595:
5583:
5566:
5556:
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4495:
4493:
4393:
4391:
3112:
3110:
11542:
11408:
11181:
10201:
10181:
10176:
6886:. Vol. 1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
6531:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. June 14, 2016.
6424:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6198:
6186:
5910:"Residential and Low-Income Electric Customer Protection"
5533:
5217:
5184:
5113:
5040:
5038:
5008:
4943:
4931:
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4685:
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4649:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4330:
332:. OPEC was organized after the oil companies slashed the
308:(OPEC), was founded by five oil producing countries at a
7249:. A Facts on File publication. New York: Facts on File.
7226:
Modern South Africa in world history: beyond imperialism
6606:
Holy war: the Crusades and their impact on today's world
4697:
4608:
4596:
4565:
4427:
4415:
4226:
4175:
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4082:
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3763:
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3478:
3466:
3439:
3427:
2914:
2706:
Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung
2286:
producers. The world price, which had peaked during the
2033:
that were more fuel efficient than the typical American
1632:
The oil embargo was announced roughly one month after a
746:
October 12 – The United States initiates
11171:
7186:
Policies and politics under Prime Minister Edward Heath
7087:
Oil and world power : background to the oil crisis
7025:
Masouros, Pavlos E. (2013). Masouros, Pavlos E. (ed.).
6796:. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies .
6682:
Policies and politics under Prime Minister Edward Heath
6389:
6162:, p. 16, Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1974
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5676:
5674:
5672:
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2418:
Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972
1336:
296:" of prosperity and mass affluence that began in 1945.
7147:(2. ed.). Montréal: McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
6415:
5488:"Vietnam Casualty Resolution: Top U.S. Peace Priority"
5303:
5291:
5241:
5101:
5074:
5062:
5035:
4371:
3607:
George Washington University National Security Archive
1350:
of 55 mph (89 km/h) was imposed through the
12168:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
7066:
Oil and gas : crises and controversies 1961-2000
6701:
The great recession, with a postscript on stagflation
6608:(2nd Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books.
6173:"Obama, Gulf Oil and the Myth of America's Addiction"
5979:
4673:
4637:
3505:
2691:"Oil Shock of 1973–74 | Federal Reserve History"
976:, he was met by the British Chancellor of Exchequer,
213:
of 1967 included an Israeli invasion of the Egyptian
11772:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
7371:(1. Free Press ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.
7046:
The Gulf War: its origins, history, and consequences
6921:. Global history of the present. London: Zed Books
6679:
5746:
5669:
5657:
5610:
5341:
5278:
5205:
5086:
5020:
4620:
4577:
4553:
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4241:
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4187:
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3944:
3822:
3742:
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3680:
3656:
3633:
3570:
3551:
3534:
3490:
3451:
3351:
3020:
Iraq's Burdens: Oil, Sanctions, and Underdevelopment
2890:
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power
2854:
2455:
2446:, price of oil, and so overstates prices at the end.
1277:
states, lines at gasoline stations were common. The
794:
October 26 – The Yom Kippur War ends.
7368:
The Prize: the epic quest for oil, money, and power
7069:. Brentwood, England : Multi-Science Pub. Co.
6342:"10 ways the 1973 oil embargo changed the industry"
6254:(New York: Pearson Longman, 2004), pp. 184–191, 197
2041:. Japanese imports became mass-market leaders with
1695:, a reality which would quickly be revealed in the
1325:, trucks of non-strikers were attacked with bombs.
1056:The average US retail price of a gallon of regular
1007:in 1980 under the leadership of Saudi oil minister
830:February 11 – Kissinger unveils the
134:. In March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the
74:(OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total
6775:The rise and fall of OPEC in the twentieth century
6743:
6302:"Iran and Saudi Arabia's 'Hate-Hate' Relationship"
5771:
4039:"How Henry Kissinger Bungled the Arab Oil Embargo"
3849:
3790:"A Political Evaluation of the Arab Oil Embargo".
3238:Ahrari, Mohammed E. (2015). "5. The Oil Embargo".
2831:
2562:
2560:
2346:-blended gasoline all reduced the demand for oil.
910:
436:Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
72:Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
7090:. Harmondsworth ; Baltimore : Penguin.
6960:1979: the year that shaped the modern Middle East
5884:"Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards"
3162:
2045:construction and front-wheel drive, which became
1665:disproportionate international bargaining power.
641:that we can do it?” They formed a plan to invade
102:, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were
13309:
10147:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
6919:Algeria since 1989: between terror and democracy
5633:"Oil Price Controls: A Counterproductive Effort"
2703:
8584:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
7991:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
5928:
3332:
2557:
1536:United States foreign policy in the Middle East
1235:
1049:to have a persistent effect on the US economy.
625:, he instantly believed in the authenticity of
410:
7449:Why Oil Prices Go Up: The Past: We Pushed Them
6865:(2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
6582:The king of oil: the secret lives of Marc Rich
5982:"Brazil's Ethanol Program – An Insider's View"
5476:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 205.
4763:
2939:
2302:
544:United Nations Security Council Resolution 242
244:
233:countries cut production of oil and placed an
13296:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
11835:
10307:
7480:
7458:US Energy Information Administration (1998).
7043:
6409:
5956:U.S. Energy Policy and the Pursuit of Failure
5264:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSilverwood2020 (
4831:Barsky, Robert B. & Kilian, Lutz (2004).
4353:"Significant Events in U.S.–Libyan Relations"
4264:"Energy Crisis (1970s) – Facts & Summary"
2887:Yergin, Daniel (1991). "29. The Oil Weapon".
2542:"Crude Oil Prices – 70 Year Historical Chart"
1445:
1358:began in 1975, and in 1977 the cabinet-level
1291:having an odd number as the last digit (or a
1081:
807:November 27 – Nixon signs the
572:higher oil prices. The Oil Minister of Iraq,
513:
306:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
10223:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
7774:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
6138:America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1975
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4830:
4347:
4345:
3915:
3289:
3196:(in German). FinanzBuch Verlag. p. 87.
2649:"The 8 Year Long Blockage of the Suez Canal"
2134:Compact trucks were introduced, such as the
2072:were successful. Detroit responded with the
2017:(a captive import from Chrysler sold as the
1197:
821:promises a ten percent OPEC production rise.
398:, leading eventually to the collapse of the
9084:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
6791:
6750:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
6158:The New Tensions in Japan, Martin Collick,
6031:
5959:. Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
5604:
5589:
5577:
5324:"The World; British Miners Settle for Less"
4858:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3116:
2799:
1723:since 1979 is an Islamist theocracy with a
1474:" (pro-alcohol) project in 1975 that mixed
1419:was passed, leading to the creation of the
1129:
1093:
623:The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
615:
11842:
11828:
10314:
10300:
10187:United States involvement in regime change
7742:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
7487:
7473:
7332:
7297:. Turning points series. London: Longman.
7182:
7161:
6935:
6847:
6483:Anderson, Patrick L. (November 13, 1997).
5440:
5259:
5235:
5223:
5199:
4833:"Oil and the Macroeconomy since the 1970s"
4355:. 2001-2009.state.gov. September 2, 2008.
4336:
3047:. Yale University Press. pp. 74–100.
2882:
2880:
2760:
1730:Before the Iranian Revolution the usually
1529:
1470:The Brazilian government implemented its "
1176:
1027:
479:, but Sadat got along very well with King
237:on oil exports to the United States after
122:. This list was later expanded to include
13117:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
7396:
6995:
6810:
6625:Economic policy and the great stagflation
6603:
6556:
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4766:The American Journal of International Law
4751:
4342:
3393:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa
3267:Pipelines: Flowing Oil and Crude Politics
3264:
3017:
2829:
2731:
2729:
2727:
1852:Learn how and when to remove this message
1366:of 1978. On November 28, 1995, President
1352:Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
138:had risen by nearly 300%: from US$ 3 per
7460:25th Anniversary of the 1973 Oil Embargo
7202:
7024:
6916:
6772:
6698:
6485:"Approx. PED of Various Products (U.S.)"
6482:
6068:
5952:
5855:The Transformation – A Palo Alto Dreamer
5143:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4409:
4397:
4382:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3592:, Henry Kissinger, Brent Scowcroft, and
3226:
3074:
3072:
1971:Automotive industry in the United States
1750:, and how that affected the Saudis' own
1719:Muslim majority, while Persian speaking
1449:
1376:
1300:
1261:. The rule had been intended to promote
1244:
1031:
918:
875:
162:
78:against the countries who had supported
11234:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
8313:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
7223:
7140:
7104:
6941:American presidents and the Middle East
6792:Hermele, Kenneth; Odén, Bertil (1988).
6717:
6641:
6622:
6232:from the original on September 28, 2011
6032:Dhawan, Rajeev; Jeske, Karsten (2006).
6006:
5980:Milton Briquet Bastos (June 20, 2007).
5973:
5560:
5309:
5297:
4012:"U.S. Mulled Seizing Oil Fields In '73"
3911:
3909:
2877:
2833:"1. The Energy Crisis Begins 1970–1975"
2697:
2187:of large sedans for most makes (except
1581:British Ambassador to the United States
1493:now used in over 90% of Israeli homes.
1404:reduced all race distances by 10%; the
1181:The oil shock destroyed the economy of
667:Political Power and the Arab Oil Weapon
633:had been exposed as a forgery in 1921.
526:and Syria launched an offensive in the
518:On October 6, 1973, Egypt attacked the
388:11615 on August 15, 1971, closing the "
14:
13310:
13022:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
12792:South American economic crisis of 2002
12689:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
11108:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
10867:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
10321:
10157:Russian espionage in the United States
8429:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
7436:Morgan, Oliver; Islam, Faisal (2001).
7361:
7318:. New York : St. Martin's Press.
7315:Oil diplomacy in the twentieth century
7044:Bulloch, John; Morris, Harvey (1989).
6879:
6860:
6660:
6575:
6535:from the original on December 22, 2015
6428:
6339:
6109:"The Time America Almost Invaded OPEC"
5645:from the original on December 12, 2009
5527:
5515:
5471:
5436:
5434:
5247:
5107:
5095:
5080:
5068:
5056:
5044:
5029:
4961:
4864:
4478:from the original on February 27, 2019
4036:
3847:
3841:
3237:
3210:from the original on December 30, 2016
3117:Hammes, David; Wills, Douglas (2005).
2982:
2976:
2886:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2735:
2724:
2223:. Slightly smaller models such as the
1757:
1346:To help reduce consumption, in 1974 a
1305:Gasoline ration stamps printed by the
1045:as the first discrete event since the
429:war broke out between Egypt and Israel
278:became president in 1969, he assigned
219:closing the Suez Canal for eight years
13073:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
13029:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
12505:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
11823:
10295:
10152:Soviet espionage in the United States
8308:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
8087:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
7752:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
7468:
7404:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
7263:
7242:
7083:
7062:
6976:
6957:
6340:Treece, James B. (October 11, 2013).
6299:
6140:, p. 280, Walter LaFeber, Wiley, 1975
5694:"Gas Fever: Happiness Is a Full Tank"
4691:
4679:
4667:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4614:
4602:
4590:
4571:
4559:
4453:
4436:
4421:
4250:
4235:
4220:
4193:
4181:
4154:
4142:
4100:
4088:
3972:
3957:
3835:
3778:
3772:
3757:
3736:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3616:
3576:
3564:
3545:
3528:
3511:
3499:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3445:
3433:
3386:
3374:
3081:Challenge: The U.S. Economy in Action
3078:
3069:
3042:
2927:
2871:
2793:
2599:
2597:
2342:, home heating from natural gas, and
2096:. American Motors sold its homegrown
1627:
1135:in December 1973, the Prime Minister
1088:Council on Mutual Economic Assistance
691:1970–1979 world oil market chronology
268:decline of domestic US oil production
13103:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
12956:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
12949:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
12914:2000s U.S. housing market correction
12754:1998–2002 Argentine great depression
11849:
11239:China National Petroleum Corporation
10228:Soviet Union–United States relations
8579:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
7311:
7292:
6738:
6456:"World: Saudis Edge U.S. on Oil" in
6252:The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars
6219:
6106:
5759:
5680:
5663:
5619:
5415:S.N. Fukai, "Japan's energy policy"
5347:
5211:
5014:
4840:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
4465:
4307:The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry
4030:
3978:
3906:
2933:
2384:
1790:adding citations to reliable sources
1761:
1337:Conservation and reduction in demand
13260:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
13095:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
13088:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
12461:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
12364:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
12053:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
10192:Soviet involvement in regime change
7427:35 Years After the Arab Oil Embargo
7162:Rybczynski, T. M. (June 18, 1976).
6585:(1. paperback ed.). New York:
6348:from the original on August 4, 2019
6300:Rubin, Michael (October 11, 2011).
6119:from the original on April 11, 2016
6000:
5774:Natural Resources & Environment
5730:. February 25, 1974. Archived from
5700:. February 18, 1974. Archived from
5431:
4290:Energy crisis, 1969–1973. Volume I.
4118:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
4056:
4004:
2818:
2781:from the original on March 19, 2013
1678:1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
1478:with gasoline for automotive fuel.
972:, was coming off the ski slopes of
940:of Venezuela likewise launched his
173:conflict between Arabs and Israelis
43:Price of oil adjusted for inflation
24:
13066:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
12970:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
12942:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
12935:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
12630:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
12125:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
11299:National Iranian South Oil Company
11015:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
10233:Soviet Union–United States summits
7707:1947 Polish parliamentary election
7592:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
7390:
7246:Energy crisis, [1969-1979]
6962:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
6491:from the original on July 21, 2011
6368:"Gas prices catch up to inflation"
6220:Assembly, United Nations General.
5867:
5852:
5279:Byrne, Randall & Theakson 2020
4270:from the original on June 24, 2016
4114:"SECOND ISLAMIC SUMMIT CONFERENCE"
3617:Boyne, Walter J. (December 1998).
2840:. Texas A&M University Press.
2594:
2582:from the original on March 6, 2014
2349:
2274:
1958:
1572:mentioned, a conversation between
1562:
1417:Energy Policy and Conservation Act
1341:
1333:'s repeated requests to Congress.
1164:
1147:
809:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act
699:January 1973 – The
25:
13394:
13343:History of the petroleum industry
13253:2023 United States banking crisis
13059:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
12747:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
12711:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
12637:Japanese asset price bubble crash
12578:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
12328:Australian banking crisis of 1893
12132:Dutch Republic financial collapse
11767:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
11656:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
11309:Oil & Gas Development Company
8994:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
8929:United States invasion of Grenada
8199:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
8140:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
7419:
7206:Middle East Oil Crises Since 1973
5419:(April 1988) 87#528, pp. 169–175.
4466:Butt, Yousaf (January 20, 2015).
4359:from the original on May 22, 2013
4064:"140. Memorandum of Conversation"
3986:"247. Memorandum of Conversation"
3890:from the original on July 2, 2018
3848:Hughes, Geraint (June 11, 2008).
2615:from the original on June 9, 2007
1867:
1428:Weatherization Assistance Program
958:Palestine Liberation Organization
12110:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
11804:
11803:
9069:United States invasion of Panama
8919:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
8559:1971 Turkish military memorandum
8522:Communist insurgency in Thailand
8492:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
8424:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
8251:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
8179:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
7697:Restatement of Policy on Germany
6521:
6503:
6476:
6463:
6450:
6441:
6378:
6333:
6328:United States Institute of Peace
6316:
6293:
6284:
6271:
6257:
6244:
6213:
6165:
6152:
6143:
6131:
6107:Peck, Michael (April 10, 2014).
6100:
6074:
6025:
6007:Sandler, Neal (March 26, 2008).
5984:. Energy Tribune. Archived from
5946:
5902:
5876:
5861:
5846:
5818:
5805:
5792:
5765:
5716:
5686:
5625:
5480:
5465:
5422:
5409:
5396:
5387:
5378:
5365:
5353:
5315:
5137:
4955:
4824:
4757:
4037:Alamer, Sultan (April 8, 2024).
3930:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01014.x
3244:. University Press of Kentucky.
2740:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
2458:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2391:
2264:Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue
2251:lineup for 1982 (except for the
1766:
1654:New International Economic Order
1489:, developed the prototype for a
1385:, Washington, was turned into a
1372:National Highway Designation Act
1307:Bureau of Engraving and Printing
1240:
841:, Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia.
834:plan for US energy independence.
636:Initially, Secretary of Defense
48:
36:
13323:1973 in international relations
12835:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
12161:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
11314:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
9789:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9170:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
9099:Fall of the inner German border
8999:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
8649:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
8639:Spanish transition to democracy
8599:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
8226:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
7732:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
7613:Occupation of the Baltic states
7165:The Economics of the Oil Crisis
6998:International Studies Quarterly
6550:
6041:Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
6009:"At the Zenith of Solar Energy"
5888:US Department of Transportation
4459:
4321:
4312:
4299:
4282:
4256:
4160:
4106:
3610:
3582:
3380:
3326:
3283:
3258:
3183:
3152:
3036:
3011:
2830:Beaubouef, Bruce Andre (2007).
2754:
2605:"The price of oil – in context"
2269:
1777:needs additional citations for
1496:
1279:American Automobile Association
1142:February 1974 general elections
911:Impact on oil exporting nations
98:. In an effort that was led by
13216:Chinese property sector crisis
13124:2015–2016 stock market selloff
13052:August 2011 stock markets fall
12963:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
12660:1990s Swedish financial crisis
12409:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
11782:Society of Petroleum Engineers
11553:Port Harcourt Refining Company
11219:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
8569:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
8204:Mozambican War of Independence
7643:Indonesian National Revolution
7126:10.12759/HSR.39.2014.4.186-208
6718:Dorfman, Gerald Allen (1979).
5830:. January 1975. Archived from
5441:Chatterjee, Elizabeth (2024).
4305:See also Marius S. Vassiliou,
4171:. March 20, 1974. p. I-5.
3093:10.1080/05775132.1975.11470142
2767:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2683:
2669:
2655:
2641:
2627:
2548:
2534:
2430:US oil production and imports.
2235:and various others sold well.
1986:1972 road test of the similar
1659:
1426:In 1976, Congress created the
1421:Corporate Average Fuel Economy
754:moves to supply the Arab side.
379:Tehran Price Agreement of 1971
13:
1:
13289:List of sovereign debt crises
13231:2022 Russian financial crisis
12928:2008 Latvian financial crisis
12921:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
12799:Stock market downturn of 2002
12740:1998 Russian financial crisis
12593:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
10728:Production sharing agreements
10167:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
9182:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
9135:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
8857:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
8822:Seven Days to the River Rhine
8554:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
7841:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
7769:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
7333:Wunderlich, Jens-Uwe (2020).
7278:10.1080/09636412.2016.1171967
5827:Ad Council – Don't be Fuelish
5472:Cooper, Andrew Scott (2011).
5393:Kissinger, 1982, pp. 741–746.
4986:10.1126/science.235.4795.1467
3405:10.1080/21520844.2021.1886501
2528:
1669:respective superpowers. When
1362:was created, followed by the
1014:
684:
434:Although some members of the
169:declared independence in 1948
157:
82:at any point during the 1973
12991:Greek government-debt crisis
12828:2004 Argentine energy crisis
12785:2001 Turkish economic crisis
12674:1990s Armenian energy crisis
12667:1990s Finnish banking crisis
12528:1976 British currency crisis
12498:1973–1974 stock market crash
11762:Canadian petroleum companies
11757:American Petroleum Institute
11294:National Iranian Oil Company
11279:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
9160:Fall of communism in Albania
9130:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
9079:Polish Round Table Agreement
8419:1968 Polish political crisis
8236:Eritrean War of Independence
8002:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
7897:East German uprising of 1953
7829:Chinese Communist Revolution
7494:
7141:Randall, Stephen J. (2005).
6084:. April 2014. Archived from
3292:Journal of Palestine Studies
2568:"OPEC Oil Embargo 1973–1974"
1644:toppled socialist president
1348:national maximum speed limit
1236:Price controls and rationing
1185:. A spokesman for President
757:October 16 –
701:1973–1974 stock market crash
411:Countdown to the October War
7:
13373:Presidency of Richard Nixon
13147:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
12813:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
12806:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
12726:1997 Asian financial crisis
12653:1991 Indian economic crisis
12645:Rhode Island banking crisis
12615:Cameroonian economic crisis
12401:Early Soviet hyperinflation
12014:Crisis of the Third Century
11777:International Energy Agency
10762:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
9034:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
8762:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
8507:Corrective Movement (Syria)
8471:New People's Army rebellion
8466:Sino-Soviet border conflict
8194:Angolan War of Independence
8057:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
7937:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
7582:Jamaican political conflict
7438:Saudi dove in the oil slick
7203:Shwadran, Benjamin (2019).
6917:Le Sueur, James D. (2010).
6773:Garavini, Giuliano (2019).
5362:(Groiler, 1974) pp 316–320.
5150:Journal of Cold War Studies
3856:Journal of Cold War Studies
3269:. I.B. Tauris. p. 66.
2451:
2303:Oil sources diversification
2154:. Mitsubishi rebranded its
2129:voluntary export restraints
1356:Strategic Petroleum Reserve
1257:discouraged development of
1104:European Economic Community
1102:Of the nine members of the
980:, and the Trade Secretary,
245:American production decline
64:oil price history 1946–2022
10:
13399:
13353:Natural resource conflicts
13178:Sri Lankan economic crisis
13036:Energy crisis in Venezuela
13015:2009 Dubai debt standstill
12865:2007–2008 financial crisis
12520:Latin American debt crisis
12283:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
11364:PTT Public Company Limited
10965:East Midlands Oil Province
10950:List of natural gas fields
10550:Integrated asset modelling
9230:Sino-Indian border dispute
9059:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
8989:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
8747:1976 Argentine coup d'état
8659:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
8609:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
8293:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
8261:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
7950:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
7717:Asian Relations Conference
7431:Journal of Energy Security
7114:Historical Social Research
7105:Painter, David S. (2014).
6813:International Organization
6724:. Stanford: Hoover Press.
6529:"OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet"
6511:"OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet"
6447:Yergin (1991) pp. 619–625.
6175:, New America Foundation,
5940:February 15, 2012, at the
5447:American Historical Review
5428:Yergin (1991) pp. 654–655.
5404:Diplomacy & Statecraft
5360:The Americana Annual: 1974
5144:De Groot, Michael (2020).
4068:US Office of the Historian
3990:US Office of the Historian
3265:Kandiyoti, Rafael (2012).
3221:ergeben, entgegenzuwirken.
2278:
2113:Toyota Corona Mark II
1968:
1962:
1446:Alternative energy sources
1082:Impact of the Soviet Union
1043:1973–74 stock market crash
865:
861:
688:
229:and opened again in 1975.
217:, which resulted in Egypt
13269:
13246:2022 stock market decline
13238:Pakistani economic crisis
13224:2021–2023 inflation surge
13170:Lebanese liquidity crisis
13139:Venezuelan hyperinflation
13131:Brexit stock market crash
13080:Venezuela economic crisis
13002:
12852:
12842:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
12552:
12470:
12441:
12425:Wall Street Crash of 1929
12388:
12265:2nd Industrial Revolution
12263:
12199:
12099:1st Industrial Revolution
12097:
12024:
12002:
11857:
11799:
11749:
11736:Weatherford International
11615:
11465:
11417:
11269:Iraq National Oil Company
11205:
11162:
11147:
11138:
11023:
10940:
10822:
10708:
10602:
10530:
10473:
10432:
10425:
10347:
10329:
10266:
10215:
10137:
10114:William Appleman Williams
10059:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
9841:
9813:
9762:
9694:
9687:
9621:
9486:
9411:
9341:
9334:
9243:
9190:
9122:
8835:
8574:Bangladesh Liberation War
8564:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
8479:
8451:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
8439:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
8102:
7877:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
7854:
7564:
7502:
7243:Sobel, Lester A. (1974).
6943:. Durham: Duke Univ. Pr.
6880:Jasper, James M. (1990).
6825:10.1017/S0020818300004495
6623:Blinder, Alan S. (1979).
6604:Armstrong, Karen (2001).
6410:Bulloch & Morris 1989
2500:2022 global energy crisis
1752:relations with the Iraqis
1574:U.S. Secretary of Defense
1198:Impact on southern Africa
1036:Gas stealers beware, 1974
530:, both of which had been
13318:1973 in economic history
12907:Subprime mortgage crisis
12570:Brazilian hyperinflation
12542:Brazilian hyperinflation
12379:Financial crisis of 1914
12087:Mississippi bubble crash
8889:1980 Turkish coup d'état
8724:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
8694:1978 Somali coup attempt
8654:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
8619:1973 Chilean coup d'état
8444:Revolutionary Government
8338:South African Border War
8130:1960 Turkish coup d'état
8047:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
7902:1953 Iranian coup d'état
7882:1952 Egyptian revolution
7447:Oppenheim, V.H. (1976).
7386:; very detailed coverage
7084:Odell, Peter R. (1974).
7063:Odell, Peter R. (2001).
6958:Lesch, David W. (2001).
6861:Karnow, Stanley (1983).
6850:Federal Reserve Bulletin
6661:Brogan, Patrick (1990).
6557:Accornero, Guya (2016).
6281:October 11, 1979, p. A24
5953:Grossman, Peter (2013).
5914:The LIHEAP Clearinghouse
5384:Licklider, 1988, p. 220.
5375:(1974) pp. 201–212, 245.
4852:10.1257/0895330042632708
4309:(Scarecrow press, 2009).
3868:10.1162/jcws.2008.10.2.3
3794:(#28): 23–25. May 1974.
2572:U.S. Department of State
1687:In the wake of the 1979
1634:right-wing military coup
1618:
1130:Impact on United Kingdom
1094:Impact on Western Europe
616:Effectiveness of embargo
13282:List of economic crises
13200:2020 stock market crash
13193:Financial market impact
13162:Turkish economic crisis
12777:9/11 stock market crash
12733:October 1997 mini-crash
12704:1994 bond market crisis
12696:Yugoslav hyperinflation
12607:Savings and loan crisis
12208:European potato failure
11787:World Petroleum Council
11661:China Oilfield Services
10718:Petroleum fiscal regime
10417:Western Canadian Select
10412:West Texas Intermediate
9094:Fall of the Berlin Wall
9039:People Power Revolution
9024:Central American crisis
8964:1986 Black Sea incident
8614:1973 Afghan coup d'état
8512:Western Sahara conflict
8323:1966 Syrian coup d'état
8246:1963 Syrian coup d'état
8189:Portuguese Colonial War
8152:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
7917:1954 Syrian coup d'état
7794:Annexation of Hyderabad
7737:1947–1949 Palestine war
6699:Eckstein, Otto (1978).
6642:Bromley, Simon (1991).
6473:August 14, 1980, p. A24
6326:", January 1, 2006, in
5935:The 1970s Energy Crisis
5605:Hermele & Odén 1988
5590:Hermele & Odén 1988
5578:Hermele & Odén 1988
4865:Perron, Pierre (1989).
4266:. The History Channel.
3241:OPEC: The Failing Giant
2576:Office of the Historian
2150:), and the Isuzu-built
1594:
1547:. By January 18, 1974,
1530:International relations
1487:Israel's solar industry
1177:Impact on South Vietnam
1028:Impact on United States
714:and Egyptian president
299:
62:West Texas Intermediate
27:OAPEC petroleum embargo
13275:List of banking crises
13044:Syrian economic crisis
12977:Blue Monday Crash 2009
12586:Chilean crisis of 1982
12417:Shōwa financial crisis
12223:Highland Potato Famine
12079:South Sea bubble crash
11870:Commodity price shocks
11264:Indian Oil Corporation
10750:Submersible pump (ESP)
10695:Underbalanced drilling
10516:of gasoline and diesel
9388:Neoclassical economics
8899:Gulf of Sidra incident
8456:1969 Libyan revolution
8147:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
7932:1954 Geneva Conference
7692:Turkish straits crisis
7687:Corfu Channel incident
6977:Lacey, Robert (1981).
6460:January 3, 1980, p. D2
6306:CNN Security Clearance
6290:Yergin, (1991) p. 701.
4292:(Facts on File, 1974)
3603:June 17, 2014, at the
3387:Cohen, Jordan (2021).
3126:The Independent Review
2893:. Simon and Schuster.
2485:1970s commodities boom
2404:adjusted for inflation
2332:Electricity generation
1921:Chrysler/Simca Horizon
1463:
1390:
1310:
1287:allowed vehicles with
1250:
1220:consequences" for the
1037:
934:al-Haramain Foundation
924:
881:
748:Operation Nickel Grass
557:Operation Nickel Grass
481:Faisal of Saudi Arabia
421:Trans-Arabian Pipeline
192:being blocked by Egypt
150:, brought upon by the
100:Faisal of Saudi Arabia
55:Price of oil (nominal)
13328:Arab–Israeli conflict
12600:Black Saturday (1983)
12454:Kennedy Slide of 1962
12026:Commercial revolution
11641:Cameron International
11083:Petrodollar recycling
11066:fossil fuel phase-out
10629:Differential sticking
10582:Reflection seismology
10555:Petroleum engineering
10397:OPEC Reference Basket
10238:Russia–NATO relations
10119:Jonathan Reed Winkler
9403:Democratic capitalism
9398:Supply-side economics
9366:American conservatism
9165:Breakup of Yugoslavia
9054:Bougainville conflict
8969:South Yemen civil war
8904:Martial law in Poland
8767:Nicaraguan Revolution
8742:Dirty War (Argentina)
8549:1971 JVP insurrection
8363:Years of Lead (Italy)
8241:North Yemen civil war
8159:Berlin Crisis of 1961
8135:Albanian–Soviet split
8067:1959 Tibetan uprising
8032:Syrian Crisis of 1957
7887:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
7747:1948 Arab–Israeli War
7345:10.4324/9781003096719
7224:Skinner, Rob (2017).
7209:. London: Routledge.
6372:Eugene Register-Guard
6312:on February 10, 2017.
6113:The National Interest
5724:"Spotty Local Starts"
5704:on September 22, 2010
5406:28.4 (2017): 674–701.
4972:(#4795): 1467–1473 .
4318:Yergin (1991) p. 597.
2997:10.3366/brw.2015.0165
2985:Britain and the World
2515:Petrodollar recycling
2402:. The orange line is
2319:. Exploration in the
2279:Further information:
2229:Chevrolet Monte Carlo
2031:four cylinder engines
1549:US Secretary of State
1512:petrodollar recycling
1453:
1412:race were cancelled.
1380:
1354:. Development of the
1309:in 1974, but not used
1304:
1272:In 1973, Nixon named
1248:
1035:
970:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
922:
879:
866:Further information:
743:price agreement fail.
731:1973 Arab–Israeli War
689:Further information:
610:1949 Armistice border
440:Arab–Israeli conflict
425:Iraq–Baniyas pipeline
264:"drain America first"
163:Arab-Israeli conflict
70:In October 1973, the
13154:Ghana banking crisis
12984:European debt crisis
12769:Dot-com bubble crash
12681:Cuban Special Period
12140:Copper Panic of 1789
12045:The Great Debasement
12037:Great Bullion Famine
11538:Occidental Petroleum
10852:1990 oil price shock
10678:Shale oil extraction
10651:Drilling engineering
10634:Directional drilling
10560:Reservoir simulation
9659:Non-Aligned Movement
9281:Peaceful coexistence
9235:North Borneo dispute
9150:German reunification
9145:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
8843:Salvadoran Civil War
8792:Grand Mosque seizure
8787:Yemenite War of 1979
8679:Mozambican Civil War
8634:Carnation Revolution
8589:Yemenite War of 1972
8527:1970 Polish protests
8358:1967 Hong Kong riots
8333:Argentine Revolution
8283:Guatemalan Civil War
8211:Cuban Missile Crisis
8125:Bay of Pigs Invasion
7997:1956 Poznań protests
7975:Geneva Summit (1955)
7577:Hukbalahap Rebellion
7556:Non-Aligned Movement
7312:Venn, Fiona (1986).
7293:Venn, Fiona (2002).
6267:. December 23, 2019.
6226:www.un-documents.net
5834:on February 11, 2010
5815:240.5 (1979): 46–53.
5162:10.1162/jcws_a_00964
5017:, pp. 313, 318.
4821:, pp. 217, 219.
3165:Monthly Labor Review
2490:1990 oil price shock
2039:six cylinder engines
1927:(Strada in the UK),
1786:improve this article
1740:pro-Soviet relations
1697:Grand Mosque seizure
1360:Department of Energy
1293:vanity license plate
1259:alternative energies
832:Project Independence
400:Bretton Woods system
86:, which began after
13363:Petroleum economics
13110:2015 Nepal blockade
12820:2000s energy crisis
12718:Mexican peso crisis
12623:Black Monday (1987)
12483:1970s energy crisis
12443:Post–WWII expansion
12117:Bengal bubble crash
11912:Financial contagion
11686:Naftiran Intertrade
11631:Amec Foster Wheeler
11558:Reliance Industries
11447:Naftiran Intertrade
11259:Hindustan Petroleum
10857:2000s energy crisis
10104:Alex von Tunzelmann
10094:Vladimir Tismăneanu
10019:Thomas J. McCormick
10014:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
9914:Robert Hugh Ferrell
9777:Crusade for Freedom
9574:Illiberal democracy
9458:Ho Chi Minh Thought
9261:Eisenhower Doctrine
9114:Peaceful Revolution
9109:Romanian Revolution
9089:Revolutions of 1989
9074:1988 Polish strikes
8984:Operation INFEKTION
8979:1987 Lieyu massacre
8884:Eritrean Civil Wars
8867:Peruvian Revolution
8817:1979 Herat uprising
8807:Sino-Vietnamese War
8772:Uganda–Tanzania War
8752:Egyptian–Libyan War
8719:Third Indochina War
8714:Sino-Albanian split
8704:Ethiopian Civil War
8604:Eritrean Civil Wars
8544:Ping-pong diplomacy
8517:Cambodian Civil War
8343:Korean DMZ Conflict
8328:Cultural Revolution
8298:Dominican Civil War
8276:Tlatelolco massacre
8062:1959 Mosul uprising
8052:1958 Lebanon crisis
7779:Al-Wathbah uprising
7702:First Indochina War
7672:Iran crisis of 1946
7425:Hakes, Jay (2008).
7048:. London: Methuen.
6892:10.2307/j.ctt7zv8c6
6517:on January 7, 2008.
6050:on October 19, 2012
6021:on January 1, 2009.
5813:Scientific American
5734:on February 4, 2013
5530:, pp. 664–665.
5518:, pp. 660–661.
5459:10.1093/ahr/rhae068
4978:1987Sci...235.1467H
4919:on October 15, 2012
4754:, pp. 205–226.
4694:, pp. 485–490.
4670:, pp. 478–479.
4658:, pp. 481–482.
4617:, pp. 425–426.
4605:, pp. 423–424.
4574:, pp. 415–416.
4439:, pp. 416–417.
4424:, pp. 414–416.
4238:, pp. 413–414.
4184:, pp. 420–421.
4145:, pp. 419–420.
4124:on October 14, 2006
4091:, pp. 418–419.
4070:. history.state.gov
3992:. history.state.gov
3975:, pp. 385–386.
3775:, pp. 411–412.
3739:, pp. 410–411.
3710:, pp. 406=407.
3677:, pp. 405–406.
3531:, pp. 408–409.
3487:, pp. 401–402.
3475:, pp. 400–401.
3448:, pp. 398–399.
3436:, pp. 393–394.
3022:. Greenwood Press.
2942:Middle East Journal
2930:, pp. 414–415.
2635:"The 1956 Suez War"
2505:Hubbert peak theory
2495:2000s energy crisis
2480:1970s energy crisis
2209:Lincoln Continental
2178:from Chrysler, the
2058:Volkswagen Fastback
1904:in Great Britain),
1758:Automobile industry
1709:1979 Qatif Uprising
1410:12 Hours of Sebring
1406:24 Hours of Daytona
1395:Advertising Council
1364:National Energy Act
938:Carlos Andrés Pérez
872:1973–1975 recession
358:In the early 1960s
13368:Petroleum politics
12372:Panic of 1910–1911
12216:Great Irish Famine
12154:Panic of 1796–1797
11993:Stock market crash
11533:Marathon Petroleum
10955:List of oil fields
10565:Reservoir modeling
10323:Petroleum industry
10258:Russian Revolution
10054:Mary Elise Sarotte
10039:William B. Pickett
9964:Patrick J. Hearden
9944:Gabriel Gorodetsky
9939:Timothy Garton Ash
9924:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
9519:Ethnic nationalism
9271:Hallstein Doctrine
9155:Yemeni unification
8944:1985 Geneva Summit
8909:Casamance conflict
8812:New Jewel Movement
8797:Iranian Revolution
8782:Chadian–Libyan War
8729:Cambodian conflict
8709:Lebanese Civil War
8699:Western Sahara War
8674:June 1976 protests
8669:Cambodian genocide
8434:17 July Revolution
8388:Nigerian Civil War
8303:Rhodesian Bush War
8288:Colombian conflict
8231:Ramadan Revolution
7970:Bandung Conference
7846:Operation Valuable
7727:Partition of India
6937:Lenczowski, George
6863:Vietnam: a history
6587:St. Martin's Press
6322:Joseph McMillan, "
6250:Ritchie Ovendale,
6082:"2014 Fortune 500"
5916:. February 2, 1998
5328:The New York Times
5059:, p. 107-109.
4043:New Lines Magazine
4018:. January 26, 2024
3918:Diplomatic History
3629:on March 31, 2012.
3623:Air Force Magazine
2400:1979 energy crisis
2328:price inelasticity
2288:1979 energy crisis
2260:Plymouth Gran Fury
2225:Oldsmobile Cutlass
2184:Chevrolet Chevette
2142:, followed by the
2047:de facto standards
1689:Iranian Revolution
1628:Nonaligned nations
1609:European Community
1557:1979 energy crisis
1491:solar water heater
1464:
1391:
1311:
1285:Odd–even rationing
1251:
1120:national champions
1038:
998:Juhayman al-Otaybi
925:
882:
532:occupied by Israel
167:Ever since Israel
152:Iranian Revolution
18:1973 energy crisis
13305:
13304:
13186:COVID-19 pandemic
12071:Tulip mania crash
12062:Kipper und Wipper
12039:(c. 1400–c. 1500)
11817:
11816:
11795:
11794:
11681:Nabors Industries
11611:
11610:
10809:Well intervention
10784:Petroleum product
10683:Ljungström method
10587:Seismic inversion
10572:Petroleum geology
10526:
10525:
10289:
10288:
10276:List of conflicts
10124:Rudolph Winnacker
10069:Giles Scott-Smith
10044:Ronald E. Powaski
9999:Melvyn P. Leffler
9929:John Lewis Gaddis
9904:Robert D. English
9869:Warren H. Carroll
9859:Michael Beschloss
9828:Nuclear arms race
9809:
9808:
9715:Neues Deutschland
9617:
9616:
9599:White nationalism
9569:Liberal democracy
9306:Ulbricht Doctrine
9296:Brezhnev Doctrine
9104:Velvet Revolution
8848:Soviet–Afghan War
8664:Angolan Civil War
8461:Goulash Communism
8318:ASEAN Declaration
8271:Mexican Dirty War
8169:Annexation of Goa
8120:1960 U-2 incident
8094:Sino-Soviet split
8072:Laotian Civil War
7912:Bricker Amendment
7892:Mau Mau rebellion
7836:Malayan Emergency
7824:Chinese Civil War
7784:Tito–Stalin split
7638:Division of Korea
7411:978-0-7181-2115-0
7402:Years of upheaval
7378:978-0-671-79932-8
7354:978-1-003-09671-9
7325:978-0-312-58307-1
7304:978-0-582-30809-1
7256:978-0-87196-278-2
7235:978-1-4411-6476-6
7216:978-0-429-71787-1
7195:978-3-030-53673-2
7175:978-1-349-02810-8
7154:978-0-7735-2922-9
7097:978-0-14-021169-6
7076:978-0-906522-13-4
7055:978-0-413-61370-7
7036:978-94-90947-82-8
6988:978-0-15-147260-4
6969:978-0-8133-3942-9
6950:978-0-8223-0972-7
6928:978-1-84277-725-1
6901:978-1-4008-6143-9
6872:978-0-14-026547-7
6803:978-91-7106-286-4
6784:978-0-19-883283-6
6757:978-0-465-04195-4
6731:978-0-8179-7243-1
6710:978-0-444-85204-5
6691:978-3-030-53673-2
6672:978-0-679-72033-1
6653:978-0-271-00746-5
6634:978-0-12-106160-9
6615:978-0-385-72140-0
6596:978-0-312-57074-3
6568:978-1-78533-114-5
6071:, pp. 60–62.
4288:Lester A. Sobel,
4169:Los Angeles Times
3344:978-0-275-55810-9
3276:978-1-84885-839-8
3251:978-0-8131-5665-1
3029:978-0-313-32459-8
2847:978-1-60344-464-4
2811:978-0-262-02906-3
2804:. The MIT Press.
2774:978-0-275-94562-6
2747:978-0-8078-7761-6
2521:Energy Crisis '74
2444:nominal, not real
2385:Graphs and charts
2249:front-wheel drive
2217:Chevrolet Bel Air
2054:Volkswagen Beetle
2052:From Europe, the
2015:Mitsubishi Galant
1977:Chevrolet Caprice
1862:
1861:
1854:
1836:
1801:"1973 oil crisis"
1577:James Schlesinger
1009:Ahmed Zaki Yamani
951:Houari Boumédiène
942:Le Gran Venezuela
900:Trente Glorieuses
887:Max van der Stoel
819:Ahmed Zaki Yamani
804:and South Africa.
638:James Schlesinger
561:strategic airlift
493:Ahmed Zaki Yamani
16:(Redirected from
13390:
13298:
13291:
13284:
13277:
13262:
13255:
13248:
13241:
13233:
13226:
13219:
13209:
13202:
13195:
13188:
13181:
13173:
13165:
13157:
13149:
13142:
13134:
13126:
13119:
13112:
13105:
13098:
13090:
13083:
13075:
13068:
13061:
13054:
13047:
13039:
13031:
13024:
13017:
12993:
12986:
12979:
12972:
12965:
12958:
12951:
12944:
12937:
12930:
12923:
12916:
12909:
12902:
12895:
12888:
12881:
12874:
12867:
12845:
12837:
12830:
12823:
12815:
12808:
12801:
12794:
12787:
12780:
12772:
12764:
12756:
12749:
12742:
12735:
12728:
12721:
12713:
12706:
12699:
12691:
12684:
12676:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12640:
12632:
12625:
12618:
12610:
12602:
12595:
12588:
12581:
12573:
12559:Great Regression
12554:Great Moderation
12545:
12537:
12530:
12523:
12515:
12507:
12500:
12493:
12486:
12463:
12456:
12434:
12427:
12420:
12412:
12404:
12381:
12374:
12367:
12359:
12352:
12345:
12338:
12330:
12323:
12316:
12308:
12300:
12292:
12285:
12278:
12256:
12248:
12241:
12234:
12225:
12218:
12211:
12192:
12185:
12178:
12171:
12163:
12156:
12149:
12142:
12135:
12127:
12120:
12112:
12090:
12082:
12074:
12066:
12056:
12048:
12040:
12017:
11995:
11988:
11981:
11972:
11965:
11958:
11951:
11944:
11942:Liquidity crisis
11937:
11930:
11921:
11919:Social contagion
11914:
11907:
11900:
11893:
11886:
11879:
11872:
11865:
11851:Financial crises
11844:
11837:
11830:
11821:
11820:
11807:
11806:
11508:Hess Corporation
11229:Bharat Petroleum
11160:
11159:
11145:
11144:
10832:1967 Oil Embargo
10668:Lost circulation
10506:Posted oil price
10430:
10429:
10387:Isthmus-34 Light
10316:
10309:
10302:
10293:
10292:
10034:David S. Painter
9959:John Earl Haynes
9889:Nicholas J. Cull
9874:Adrian Cioroianu
9854:Thomas A. Bailey
9801:Voice of America
9692:
9691:
9604:White separatism
9584:Social democracy
9579:Guided democracy
9559:Authoritarianism
9509:Ultranationalism
9499:Anti-imperialism
9426:Marxism–Leninism
9339:
9338:
9326:Kinmen Agreement
9291:Johnson Doctrine
9276:Kennedy Doctrine
9192:Frozen conflicts
9175:1991 August Coup
9064:Afghan Civil War
8959:Reykjavík Summit
8954:Somali Rebellion
8894:Ugandan Bush War
8872:Gdańsk Agreement
8393:Protests of 1968
8373:War of Attrition
8082:Cuban Revolution
8018:We will bury you
7985:Cyprus Emergency
7965:Kashmir Princess
7955:Jebel Akhdar War
7804:Western betrayal
7489:
7482:
7475:
7466:
7465:
7415:
7398:Kissinger, Henry
7382:
7358:
7329:
7308:
7289:
7266:Security Studies
7260:
7239:
7220:
7199:
7179:
7158:
7137:
7111:
7101:
7080:
7059:
7040:
7021:
6992:
6973:
6954:
6932:
6913:
6876:
6857:
6844:
6807:
6788:
6769:
6749:
6735:
6714:
6695:
6676:
6657:
6638:
6619:
6600:
6572:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6487:. Mackinac.org.
6480:
6474:
6467:
6461:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6426:
6413:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6337:
6331:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6308:. Archived from
6297:
6291:
6288:
6282:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6183:August 21, 2009.
6169:
6163:
6156:
6150:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6049:
6043:. Archived from
6038:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6017:. Archived from
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5988:on July 10, 2011
5977:
5971:
5970:
5950:
5944:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5822:
5816:
5809:
5803:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5644:
5637:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5608:
5602:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5564:
5558:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5494:on July 25, 2022
5490:. Archived from
5484:
5478:
5477:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5438:
5429:
5426:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5376:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5238:, p. 93-94.
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5182:
5181:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5122:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5033:
5027:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4912:. Archived from
4880:(6): 1361–1401.
4871:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4846:(#4): 115–134 .
4837:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4718:, p. 31-32.
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4440:
4434:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4386:
4380:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4349:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4239:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4120:. Archived from
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3961:
3955:
3942:
3941:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3787:
3776:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3740:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3631:
3630:
3625:. Archived from
3614:
3608:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3549:
3543:
3532:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3349:
3348:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2852:
2851:
2835:
2827:
2816:
2815:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2651:. April 7, 2021.
2645:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2564:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2475:1967 Oil Embargo
2468:
2463:
2462:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2395:
2233:Ford Thunderbird
2221:Ford Galaxie 500
2193:Cadillac DeVille
2176:Plymouth Horizon
2090:Plymouth Valiant
2025:, and later the
1988:Chevrolet Impala
1985:
1906:Chrysler Sunbeam
1882:Peugeot 104
1857:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1794:
1770:
1762:
1646:Salvador Allende
1642:Augusto Pinochet
1517:capital controls
1485:, the father of
1274:William E. Simon
1187:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
1047:Great Depression
534:during the 1967
514:The "oil weapon"
225:, the canal was
221:. Following the
52:
40:
21:
13398:
13397:
13393:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13388:
13387:
13308:
13307:
13306:
13301:
13294:
13287:
13280:
13273:
13265:
13258:
13251:
13244:
13236:
13229:
13222:
13214:
13205:
13198:
13191:
13184:
13176:
13168:
13160:
13152:
13145:
13137:
13129:
13122:
13115:
13108:
13101:
13093:
13086:
13078:
13071:
13064:
13057:
13050:
13042:
13034:
13027:
13020:
13013:
13006:
13004:Information Age
12998:
12989:
12982:
12975:
12968:
12961:
12954:
12947:
12940:
12933:
12926:
12919:
12912:
12905:
12898:
12891:
12884:
12877:
12870:
12863:
12856:
12854:Great Recession
12848:
12840:
12833:
12826:
12818:
12811:
12804:
12797:
12790:
12783:
12775:
12767:
12759:
12752:
12745:
12738:
12731:
12724:
12716:
12709:
12702:
12694:
12687:
12679:
12672:
12665:
12658:
12651:
12643:
12635:
12628:
12621:
12613:
12605:
12598:
12591:
12584:
12576:
12568:
12561:
12557:
12548:
12540:
12535:1979 oil crisis
12533:
12526:
12518:
12510:
12503:
12496:
12491:1973 oil crisis
12489:
12481:
12474:
12472:Great Inflation
12466:
12459:
12452:
12445:
12437:
12430:
12423:
12415:
12407:
12399:
12392:
12390:Interwar period
12384:
12377:
12370:
12362:
12355:
12348:
12341:
12333:
12326:
12319:
12311:
12303:
12295:
12288:
12281:
12274:
12267:
12259:
12251:
12244:
12237:
12230:
12221:
12214:
12206:
12195:
12188:
12181:
12174:
12166:
12159:
12152:
12145:
12138:
12130:
12123:
12115:
12108:
12101:
12093:
12085:
12077:
12069:
12059:
12051:
12043:
12035:
12028:
12020:
12012:
11998:
11991:
11984:
11977:
11968:
11961:
11954:
11947:
11940:
11933:
11926:
11917:
11910:
11903:
11896:
11891:Currency crisis
11889:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11861:
11853:
11848:
11818:
11813:
11791:
11745:
11741:John Wood Group
11731:Valaris Limited
11624:
11621:
11618:
11607:
11473:APA Corporation
11461:
11413:
11212:
11209:
11201:
11156:
11153:
11150:
11140:
11134:
11035:Classification
11019:
10942:
10936:
10872:Nationalization
10842:1979 oil crisis
10837:1973 oil crisis
10818:
10804:Water injection
10772:Steam injection
10767:Gas reinjection
10735:Artificial lift
10704:
10646:Drill stem test
10598:
10522:
10469:
10421:
10343:
10325:
10320:
10290:
10285:
10262:
10253:Second Cold War
10211:
10139:
10133:
10109:Odd Arne Westad
10099:Patrick Vaughan
10084:Athan Theoharis
10064:Ellen Schrecker
10049:Yakov M. Rabkin
10024:Timothy Naftali
9969:Tvrtko Jakovina
9954:Jussi Hanhimäki
9837:
9815:
9805:
9783:Paix et Liberté
9758:
9702:Active measures
9683:
9613:
9594:White supremacy
9554:Totalitarianism
9482:
9407:
9330:
9316:Reagan Doctrine
9311:Carter Doctrine
9251:Truman Doctrine
9239:
9186:
9118:
9013:Soviet reaction
8924:Ndogboyosoi War
8831:
8802:Saur Revolution
8629:1973 oil crisis
8594:Munich massacre
8502:Alcora Exercise
8497:Black September
8475:
8221:Sino-Indian War
8115:Simba rebellion
8098:
7942:Capture of the
7850:
7789:Berlin Blockade
7722:May 1947 crises
7712:Truman Doctrine
7677:Greek Civil War
7666:Blacklist Forty
7633:Gouzenko Affair
7620:Cursed soldiers
7572:Morgenthau Plan
7560:
7498:
7493:
7422:
7412:
7393:
7391:Primary sources
7379:
7355:
7326:
7305:
7257:
7236:
7217:
7196:
7176:
7155:
7109:
7098:
7077:
7056:
7037:
7010:10.2307/2600627
6989:
6970:
6951:
6929:
6902:
6873:
6804:
6785:
6758:
6732:
6711:
6692:
6673:
6654:
6635:
6616:
6597:
6569:
6553:
6548:
6538:
6536:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6481:
6477:
6471:Washington Post
6468:
6464:
6458:Washington Post
6455:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6427:
6416:
6408:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6338:
6334:
6321:
6317:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6279:Washington Post
6276:
6272:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6218:
6214:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6171:Afshin Molavi,
6170:
6166:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6036:
6030:
6026:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5951:
5947:
5942:Wayback Machine
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5868:Kimble, David.
5866:
5862:
5851:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5810:
5806:
5802:79 (1999): 155.
5797:
5793:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5707:
5705:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5679:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5618:
5611:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5576:
5567:
5559:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5514:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5470:
5466:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5417:Current History
5414:
5410:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5320:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5260:Silverwood 2020
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5236:Wunderlich 2020
5234:
5230:
5224:Wunderlich 2020
5222:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5200:Wunderlich 2020
5198:
5185:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5094:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5036:
5028:
5021:
5013:
5009:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4886:10.2307/1913712
4869:
4863:
4859:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4778:10.2307/2200513
4762:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4589:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4491:
4481:
4479:
4472:Huffington Post
4464:
4460:
4452:
4443:
4435:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4337:Lenczowski 1990
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4304:
4300:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4016:Washington Post
4010:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3945:
3924:(#1): 185–208.
3914:
3907:
3893:
3891:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3823:
3800:10.2307/3011294
3789:
3788:
3779:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3634:
3615:
3611:
3605:Wayback Machine
3587:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3552:
3544:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3514:, p. 4021.
3510:
3506:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3352:
3345:
3331:
3327:
3304:10.2307/2536897
3288:
3284:
3277:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3236:
3227:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3188:
3184:
3157:
3153:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3077:
3070:
3055:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3016:
3012:
2981:
2977:
2954:10.3751/58.3.15
2948:(#3): 424–443.
2938:
2934:
2926:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2819:
2812:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2734:
2725:
2712:(#4): 186–208.
2702:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2679:. June 5, 2023.
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2431:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2407:
2396:
2387:
2352:
2350:Economic impact
2305:
2283:
2277:
2275:Decline of OPEC
2272:
2213:Mercury Marquis
2117:Toyota Cressida
2094:Plymouth Volaré
2007:Datsun 510
1983:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1945:Volkswagen Golf
1937:Volvo 340 / 360
1933:Renault 14
1929:Ford Escort MK3
1870:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1795:
1793:
1783:
1771:
1760:
1662:
1640:led by General
1630:
1621:
1597:
1565:
1552:Henry Kissinger
1541:Sinai Peninsula
1532:
1521:capital markets
1499:
1483:Harry Zvi Tabor
1448:
1344:
1339:
1263:oil exploration
1243:
1238:
1226:Soweto uprising
1200:
1179:
1167:
1165:Impact on India
1150:
1148:Impact on Japan
1132:
1096:
1084:
1030:
1017:
962:Masayoshi Ōhira
913:
904:Financial Times
874:
864:
729:, starting the
705:monetary system
693:
687:
618:
524:Sinai Peninsula
516:
502:Washington Post
485:Henry Kissinger
413:
386:Executive Order
302:
247:
227:cleared in 1974
215:Sinai Peninsula
165:
160:
148:1979 oil crisis
68:
67:
66:
65:
58:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13396:
13386:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13303:
13302:
13300:
13299:
13292:
13285:
13278:
13270:
13267:
13266:
13264:
13263:
13256:
13249:
13242:
13240:(2022–present)
13234:
13227:
13220:
13218:(2020–present)
13212:
13211:
13210:
13203:
13196:
13182:
13180:(2019–present)
13174:
13172:(2019–present)
13166:
13164:(2018–present)
13158:
13150:
13143:
13135:
13127:
13120:
13113:
13106:
13099:
13091:
13084:
13082:(2013–present)
13076:
13069:
13062:
13055:
13048:
13046:(2011–present)
13040:
13038:(2010–present)
13032:
13025:
13018:
13010:
13008:
13007:(2009–present)
13000:
12999:
12997:
12996:
12995:
12994:
12987:
12980:
12973:
12966:
12959:
12952:
12945:
12938:
12931:
12924:
12917:
12910:
12903:
12896:
12889:
12882:
12875:
12872:September 2008
12860:
12858:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12846:
12844:(2007–present)
12838:
12831:
12824:
12816:
12809:
12802:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12773:
12765:
12757:
12750:
12743:
12736:
12729:
12722:
12714:
12707:
12700:
12692:
12685:
12677:
12670:
12663:
12656:
12649:
12641:
12633:
12626:
12619:
12611:
12603:
12596:
12589:
12582:
12574:
12565:
12563:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12546:
12538:
12531:
12524:
12516:
12508:
12501:
12494:
12487:
12478:
12476:
12468:
12467:
12465:
12464:
12457:
12449:
12447:
12439:
12438:
12436:
12435:
12428:
12421:
12413:
12405:
12396:
12394:
12386:
12385:
12383:
12382:
12375:
12368:
12360:
12353:
12346:
12339:
12331:
12324:
12317:
12309:
12301:
12293:
12286:
12279:
12271:
12269:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12257:
12249:
12242:
12235:
12228:
12227:
12226:
12219:
12203:
12201:
12197:
12196:
12194:
12193:
12186:
12179:
12172:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12136:
12134:(c. 1780–1795)
12128:
12121:
12113:
12105:
12103:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12091:
12083:
12075:
12067:
12057:
12055:(c. 1600–1760)
12049:
12041:
12032:
12030:
12022:
12021:
12019:
12018:
12009:
12007:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11996:
11989:
11982:
11975:
11974:
11973:
11966:
11959:
11952:
11938:
11935:Hyperinflation
11931:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11908:
11901:
11894:
11887:
11880:
11873:
11866:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11847:
11846:
11839:
11832:
11824:
11815:
11814:
11812:
11811:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11793:
11792:
11790:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11753:
11751:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11627:
11625:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11609:
11608:
11606:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11578:Surgutneftegas
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11498:Eneos Holdings
11495:
11490:
11488:ConocoPhillips
11485:
11480:
11478:Cenovus Energy
11475:
11469:
11467:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11423:
11421:
11419:Energy trading
11415:
11414:
11412:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11215:
11213:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11168:
11166:
11157:
11148:
11142:
11136:
11135:
11133:
11132:
11131:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11105:
11103:Swing producer
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11074:
11073:
11068:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11041:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10975:Gulf of Mexico
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10946:
10944:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10862:2010s oil glut
10859:
10854:
10849:
10847:1980s oil glut
10844:
10839:
10834:
10828:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10769:
10759:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10732:
10731:
10730:
10725:
10714:
10712:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10686:
10685:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10656:Drilling fluid
10653:
10648:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10631:
10626:
10625:
10624:
10614:
10608:
10606:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10596:
10594:Seismic source
10591:
10590:
10589:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10536:
10534:
10528:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10477:
10475:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10436:
10434:
10427:
10423:
10422:
10420:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10392:Japan Cocktail
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10353:
10351:
10345:
10344:
10342:
10341:
10339:Primary energy
10336:
10330:
10327:
10326:
10319:
10318:
10311:
10304:
10296:
10287:
10286:
10284:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10267:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10143:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10079:Timothy Snyder
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10009:Vojtech Mastny
10006:
10004:Geir Lundestad
10001:
9996:
9994:Walter Laqueur
9991:
9989:Walter LaFeber
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9919:André Fontaine
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9849:Gar Alperovitz
9845:
9843:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9819:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9798:
9792:
9791:
9786:
9779:
9774:
9766:
9764:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9756:
9749:
9744:
9737:
9730:
9725:
9718:
9711:
9704:
9698:
9696:
9689:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9625:
9623:
9619:
9618:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9589:Third-Worldism
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9490:
9488:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9417:
9415:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9378:Libertarianism
9375:
9370:
9369:
9368:
9358:
9356:Chicago school
9353:
9347:
9345:
9336:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9301:Nixon Doctrine
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9247:
9245:
9244:Foreign policy
9241:
9240:
9238:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9196:
9194:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9126:
9124:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9029:Operation RYAN
9026:
9021:
9016:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8934:Able Archer 83
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8850:
8845:
8839:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8684:Oromo conflict
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8624:Yom Kippur War
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8407:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8279:
8278:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8256:Aden Emergency
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8174:Papua conflict
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8096:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8079:
8077:Kitchen Debate
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8037:Sputnik crisis
8034:
8029:
8021:
8014:
8009:
8007:Polish October
8004:
7999:
7994:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7907:Pact of Madrid
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7862:Bamboo Curtain
7858:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7661:
7653:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7622:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7602:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7511:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7492:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7456:
7453:Foreign Policy
7445:
7434:
7421:
7420:External links
7418:
7417:
7416:
7410:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7377:
7363:Yergin, Daniel
7359:
7353:
7330:
7324:
7309:
7303:
7295:The oil crisis
7290:
7272:(2): 214–257.
7261:
7255:
7240:
7234:
7221:
7215:
7200:
7194:
7180:
7174:
7159:
7153:
7138:
7102:
7096:
7081:
7075:
7060:
7054:
7041:
7035:
7022:
7004:(2): 205–226.
6993:
6987:
6974:
6968:
6955:
6949:
6933:
6927:
6914:
6900:
6877:
6871:
6858:
6856:(10): 817–824.
6845:
6819:(1): 105–137.
6808:
6802:
6789:
6783:
6770:
6756:
6736:
6730:
6715:
6709:
6696:
6690:
6677:
6671:
6658:
6652:
6639:
6633:
6620:
6614:
6601:
6595:
6577:Ammann, Daniel
6573:
6567:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6520:
6502:
6475:
6462:
6449:
6440:
6431:, p. 252.
6414:
6412:, p. 163.
6399:
6388:
6377:
6359:
6332:
6315:
6292:
6283:
6270:
6256:
6243:
6212:
6210:, p. 214.
6208:Licklider 1988
6197:
6195:, p. 216.
6193:Licklider 1988
6185:
6164:
6160:Richard Storry
6151:
6142:
6130:
6099:
6088:on May 3, 2016
6073:
6061:
6024:
5999:
5972:
5966:978-1107005174
5965:
5945:
5927:
5901:
5890:. May 21, 2010
5875:
5860:
5853:Horton, Jane.
5845:
5817:
5804:
5791:
5764:
5762:, p. 321.
5745:
5715:
5685:
5683:, p. 320.
5668:
5666:, p. 312.
5656:
5624:
5622:, p. 313.
5609:
5594:
5582:
5565:
5563:, p. 117.
5544:
5542:, p. 120.
5540:Accornero 2016
5532:
5520:
5505:
5479:
5464:
5453:(2): 429–466.
5430:
5421:
5408:
5395:
5386:
5377:
5364:
5352:
5350:, p. 319.
5340:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5281:, p. 335.
5271:
5262:, p. 106.
5252:
5250:, p. 3-4.
5240:
5228:
5216:
5214:, p. 318.
5204:
5183:
5136:
5127:, p. 525.
5125:Armstrong 1991
5112:
5110:, p. 101.
5100:
5085:
5083:, p. 219.
5073:
5071:, p. 108.
5061:
5049:
5047:, p. 115.
5034:
5019:
5007:
4954:
4952:, p. 109.
4950:Ikenberry 1986
4942:
4940:, p. 107.
4938:Ikenberry 1986
4930:
4857:
4823:
4819:Licklider 1988
4811:
4809:, p. 217.
4807:Licklider 1988
4799:
4756:
4752:Licklider 1988
4744:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4706:, p. 287.
4696:
4684:
4682:, p. 482.
4672:
4660:
4648:
4646:, p. 507.
4636:
4634:, p. 422.
4619:
4607:
4595:
4593:, p. 423.
4576:
4564:
4562:, p. 446.
4552:
4550:, p. 250.
4540:
4538:, p. 225.
4528:
4526:, p. 168.
4516:
4514:, p. 187.
4504:
4502:, p. 281.
4489:
4458:
4456:, p. 416.
4441:
4426:
4414:
4412:, p. 221.
4402:
4400:, p. 219.
4387:
4370:
4341:
4339:, p. 130.
4329:
4320:
4311:
4298:
4281:
4255:
4253:, p. 414.
4240:
4225:
4223:, p. 413.
4198:
4196:, p. 421.
4186:
4174:
4159:
4157:, p. 419.
4147:
4135:
4105:
4103:, p. 418.
4093:
4081:
4055:
4029:
4003:
3977:
3962:
3960:, p. 417.
3943:
3905:
3840:
3838:, p. 412.
3821:
3777:
3762:
3760:, p. 411.
3741:
3724:
3722:, p. 407.
3712:
3700:
3698:, p. 406.
3679:
3667:
3665:, p. 405.
3655:
3653:, p. 410.
3632:
3619:"Nickel Grass"
3609:
3581:
3579:, p. 409.
3569:
3567:, p. 408.
3550:
3548:, p. 404.
3533:
3516:
3504:
3502:, p. 402.
3489:
3477:
3465:
3463:, p. 399.
3450:
3438:
3426:
3379:
3377:, p. 393.
3350:
3343:
3325:
3282:
3275:
3257:
3250:
3225:
3203:978-3862485949
3202:
3182:
3151:
3132:(4): 501–511.
3106:
3068:
3054:978-0300118186
3053:
3035:
3028:
3010:
2975:
2932:
2913:
2900:978-0671502485
2899:
2876:
2874:, p. 415.
2853:
2846:
2817:
2810:
2792:
2773:
2753:
2746:
2723:
2696:
2682:
2668:
2654:
2640:
2626:
2593:
2556:
2547:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2351:
2348:
2304:
2301:
2281:1980s oil glut
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2256:Dodge Diplomat
2165:captive import
2121:Mazda 616
2086:Chevrolet Nova
2082:Chevrolet Vega
2062:Renault 8
1999:Toyota Corolla
1960:
1957:
1902:Vauxhall Astra
1886:Renault 5
1869:
1868:Western Europe
1866:
1860:
1859:
1774:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1736:anti-communist
1661:
1658:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1596:
1593:
1564:
1561:
1531:
1528:
1498:
1495:
1447:
1444:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1289:license plates
1254:Price controls
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1199:
1196:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1155:Kurile Islands
1149:
1146:
1131:
1128:
1124:Pierre Messmer
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1029:
1026:
1016:
1013:
978:Anthony Barber
912:
909:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
842:
835:
828:
825:
822:
815:
812:
805:
798:
795:
792:
785:
782:
755:
744:
737:
734:
723:
708:
686:
683:
617:
614:
586:Omar Al Saqqaf
574:Sa'dun Hammadi
515:
512:
412:
409:
301:
298:
246:
243:
223:Yom Kippur War
164:
161:
159:
156:
116:United Kingdom
84:Yom Kippur War
60:
59:
54:
47:
46:
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13395:
13384:
13383:Energy crises
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13338:Gold standard
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13315:
13313:
13297:
13293:
13290:
13286:
13283:
13279:
13276:
13272:
13271:
13268:
13261:
13257:
13254:
13250:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13232:
13228:
13225:
13221:
13217:
13213:
13208:
13204:
13201:
13197:
13194:
13190:
13189:
13187:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13163:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13125:
13121:
13118:
13114:
13111:
13107:
13104:
13100:
13096:
13092:
13089:
13085:
13081:
13077:
13074:
13070:
13067:
13063:
13060:
13056:
13053:
13049:
13045:
13041:
13037:
13033:
13030:
13026:
13023:
13019:
13016:
13012:
13011:
13009:
13005:
13001:
12992:
12988:
12985:
12981:
12978:
12974:
12971:
12967:
12964:
12960:
12957:
12953:
12950:
12946:
12943:
12939:
12936:
12932:
12929:
12925:
12922:
12918:
12915:
12911:
12908:
12904:
12901:
12897:
12894:
12893:December 2008
12890:
12887:
12886:November 2008
12883:
12880:
12876:
12873:
12869:
12868:
12866:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12855:
12851:
12843:
12839:
12836:
12832:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12817:
12814:
12810:
12807:
12803:
12800:
12796:
12793:
12789:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12755:
12751:
12748:
12744:
12741:
12737:
12734:
12730:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12712:
12708:
12705:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12675:
12671:
12668:
12664:
12661:
12657:
12654:
12650:
12646:
12642:
12638:
12634:
12631:
12627:
12624:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12604:
12601:
12597:
12594:
12590:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12567:
12566:
12564:
12560:
12555:
12551:
12543:
12539:
12536:
12532:
12529:
12525:
12521:
12517:
12513:
12509:
12506:
12502:
12499:
12495:
12492:
12488:
12484:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12462:
12458:
12455:
12451:
12450:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12433:
12432:Panic of 1930
12429:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12397:
12395:
12391:
12387:
12380:
12376:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12361:
12358:
12357:Panic of 1907
12354:
12351:
12350:Panic of 1901
12347:
12344:
12343:Panic of 1896
12340:
12336:
12332:
12329:
12325:
12322:
12321:Panic of 1893
12318:
12314:
12310:
12306:
12305:Baring crisis
12302:
12298:
12297:Arendal crash
12294:
12291:
12290:Panic of 1884
12287:
12284:
12280:
12277:
12276:Panic of 1873
12273:
12272:
12270:
12266:
12262:
12254:
12250:
12247:
12246:Panic of 1866
12243:
12240:
12239:Panic of 1857
12236:
12233:
12232:Panic of 1847
12229:
12224:
12220:
12217:
12213:
12212:
12209:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12198:
12191:
12190:Panic of 1837
12187:
12184:
12183:Panic of 1825
12180:
12177:
12176:Panic of 1819
12173:
12169:
12165:
12162:
12158:
12155:
12151:
12148:
12147:Panic of 1792
12144:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12129:
12126:
12122:
12118:
12114:
12111:
12107:
12106:
12104:
12100:
12096:
12088:
12084:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12063:
12058:
12054:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12034:
12033:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12015:
12011:
12010:
12008:
12006:
12001:
11994:
11990:
11987:
11986:Social crisis
11983:
11980:
11979:Minsky moment
11976:
11971:
11967:
11964:
11960:
11957:
11953:
11950:
11946:
11945:
11943:
11939:
11936:
11932:
11929:
11925:
11920:
11916:
11915:
11913:
11909:
11906:
11905:Energy crisis
11902:
11899:
11895:
11892:
11888:
11885:
11881:
11878:
11877:Credit crunch
11874:
11871:
11867:
11864:
11860:
11859:
11856:
11852:
11845:
11840:
11838:
11833:
11831:
11826:
11825:
11822:
11810:
11802:
11801:
11798:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11752:
11748:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11614:
11604:
11603:Valero Energy
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11568:Suncor Energy
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11464:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11416:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11204:
11198:
11197:TotalEnergies
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11158:
11155:
11146:
11143:
11141:organisations
11139:Companies and
11137:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11110:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11078:Petrocurrency
11076:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11051:Oil shale gas
11049:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11031:Abbreviations
11029:
11028:
11026:
11022:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10990:Permian Basin
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10927:United States
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10887:Seven Sisters
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10821:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10764:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10737:
10736:
10733:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10720:
10719:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10711:
10707:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10623:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10605:
10601:
10595:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10540:Core sampling
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10529:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10472:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10431:
10428:
10424:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10377:Indian Basket
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10346:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10331:
10328:
10324:
10317:
10312:
10310:
10305:
10303:
10298:
10297:
10294:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10265:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10243:War on terror
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10138:Espionage and
10136:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10089:Andrew Thorpe
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9984:Gabriel Kolko
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9949:Fred Halliday
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9934:Lloyd Gardner
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9894:Norman Davies
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9879:John Costello
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9814:Technological
9812:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9793:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9772:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9742:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9699:
9697:
9695:Pro-communist
9693:
9690:
9686:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:Organizations
9620:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9453:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9436:Eurocommunism
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9340:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9266:Domino theory
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9242:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9220:South Ossetia
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9183:
9180:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9004:8888 Uprising
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8949:Iran–Iraq War
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8914:Falklands War
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8834:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8777:NDF Rebellion
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8757:German Autumn
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8737:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8644:Metapolitefsi
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8408:
8406:
8405:Prague Spring
8403:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8383:Al-Wadiah War
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8348:12-3 incident
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8095:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7927:Domino theory
7925:
7923:
7922:Petrov Affair
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7799:Madiun Affair
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7759:Marshall Plan
7757:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7508:United States
7505:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7490:
7485:
7483:
7478:
7476:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7413:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7317:
7316:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7241:
7237:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7120:(4): 186208.
7119:
7115:
7108:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6980:
6975:
6971:
6965:
6961:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6795:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6626:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6490:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6466:
6459:
6453:
6444:
6436:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6392:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6287:
6280:
6274:
6266:
6260:
6253:
6247:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6161:
6155:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6070:
6069:Masouros 2013
6065:
6054:September 17,
6046:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6003:
5987:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5931:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5871:
5864:
5856:
5849:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5808:
5801:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5780:(#1): 62–88.
5779:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5733:
5729:
5728:Time Magazine
5725:
5719:
5703:
5699:
5698:Time Magazine
5695:
5689:
5682:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5665:
5660:
5641:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5616:
5614:
5607:, p. 19.
5606:
5601:
5599:
5592:, p. 17.
5591:
5586:
5580:, p. 18.
5579:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5562:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5418:
5412:
5405:
5399:
5390:
5381:
5374:
5373:Energy Crisis
5368:
5361:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5312:, p. 95.
5311:
5306:
5300:, p. 93.
5299:
5294:
5286:
5280:
5275:
5267:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5226:, p. 94.
5225:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5202:, p. 93.
5201:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5132:
5126:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5109:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5082:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5058:
5053:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5016:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4742:, p. 53.
4741:
4740:Le Sueur 2010
4736:
4730:, p. 32.
4729:
4728:Le Sueur 2010
4724:
4717:
4716:Le Sueur 2010
4712:
4705:
4704:Garavini 2019
4700:
4693:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4548:Garavini 2019
4544:
4537:
4536:Garavini 2019
4532:
4525:
4524:Garavini 2019
4520:
4513:
4512:Garavini 2019
4508:
4501:
4500:Garavini 2019
4496:
4494:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4410:Garavini 2019
4406:
4399:
4398:Garavini 2019
4394:
4392:
4385:, p. 58.
4384:
4383:Shwadran 2019
4379:
4377:
4375:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:MERIP Reports
3786:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3590:Simcha Dinitz
3585:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:(#2): 65–90.
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:(#4): 49–54.
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:j.ctt5vkxqd.8
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2677:"Six-Day War"
2672:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2466:Energy portal
2461:
2456:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:nuclear power
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2321:Caspian Basin
2318:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2297:
2296:Iran-Iraq war
2292:
2289:
2282:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:Oldsmobile 98
2202:
2201:Buick Electra
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:Chevrolet LUV
2149:
2146:(sold as the
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:Ford Maverick
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:Renault LeCar
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:Toyota Corona
1991:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1959:United States
1956:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:(sold as the
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:Fiat 127
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1845:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803: –
1802:
1798:
1797:Find sources:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1775:This section
1773:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
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1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
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1666:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1563:United States
1560:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:Golan Heights
1542:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1454:A woman uses
1452:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:In 1975, the
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:United States
1334:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1241:United States
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:South Vietnam
1174:
1172:
1171:The Emergency
1162:
1158:
1156:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:Harold Wilson
1105:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
993:
991:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Michel Jobert
963:
959:
954:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
921:
917:
908:
905:
901:
895:
891:
888:
878:
873:
869:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
786:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
735:
732:
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
697:
696:
692:
682:
678:
674:
672:
671:Daniel Yergin
668:
663:
659:
657:
652:
646:
644:
639:
634:
632:
631:The Protocols
628:
627:The Protocols
624:
613:
611:
605:
601:
597:
595:
589:
587:
583:
578:
575:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:Richard Nixon
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Golan Heights
525:
521:
511:
508:
503:
497:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
477:Arab Cold War
474:
470:
465:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
408:
404:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:Seven Sisters
339:In 1963, the
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
289:
286:
285:price ceiling
281:
280:George Shultz
277:
276:Richard Nixon
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
242:
240:
239:Richard Nixon
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
194:, which also
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:United States
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
63:
51:
39:
30:
19:
12879:October 2008
12761:Samba effect
12617:(1987–2000s)
12512:Steel crisis
12490:
12335:Black Monday
12313:Encilhamento
12253:Black Friday
12060:
12016:(235–284 CE)
11884:Credit cycle
11706:Schlumberger
11636:Baker Hughes
11528:Marathon Oil
11518:Imperial Oil
11513:Husky Energy
11503:Galp Energia
11493:Devon Energy
11379:Saudi Aramco
11359:Petrovietnam
11304:NNPC Limited
11208:National oil
11088:Petrofiction
11056:Orphan wells
11024:Other topics
10995:Persian Gulf
10922:Saudi Arabia
10892:Standard Oil
10836:
10700:Well logging
10577:Petrophysics
10248:Brinkmanship
10140:intelligence
10029:Marius Oprea
9979:Harvey Klehr
9909:Herbert Feis
9899:Willem Drees
9864:Archie Brown
9781:
9769:
9751:
9741:Trybuna Ludu
9739:
9732:
9728:Radio Moscow
9720:
9713:
9706:
9534:Anti-Zionism
9450:
9373:Keynesianism
9361:Conservatism
9225:Transnistria
9205:China-Taiwan
8862:Gera Demands
8735:
8628:
8536:
8411:
8216:El Porteñazo
8110:Congo Crisis
8025:
7960:Algerian War
7943:
7819:Western Bloc
7814:Eastern Bloc
7809:Iron Curtain
7665:
7657:
7649:
7626:
7606:
7598:
7515:Soviet Union
7513:
7506:
7452:
7442:The Guardian
7441:
7430:
7401:
7367:
7335:
7314:
7294:
7269:
7265:
7245:
7225:
7205:
7185:
7168:. Springer.
7164:
7143:
7117:
7113:
7086:
7065:
7045:
7026:
7001:
6997:
6978:
6959:
6940:
6918:
6882:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6816:
6812:
6793:
6774:
6745:
6720:
6700:
6681:
6662:
6643:
6624:
6605:
6581:
6558:
6551:Bibliography
6537:. Retrieved
6523:
6515:the original
6505:
6495:September 3,
6493:. Retrieved
6478:
6470:
6465:
6457:
6452:
6443:
6391:
6380:
6371:
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6335:
6327:
6318:
6310:the original
6305:
6295:
6286:
6278:
6273:
6259:
6251:
6246:
6234:. Retrieved
6225:
6215:
6188:
6177:The National
6176:
6167:
6154:
6145:
6137:
6133:
6121:. Retrieved
6112:
6102:
6090:. Retrieved
6086:the original
6076:
6064:
6052:. Retrieved
6045:the original
6040:
6027:
6019:the original
6014:BusinessWeek
6012:
6002:
5990:. Retrieved
5986:the original
5975:
5955:
5948:
5930:
5918:. Retrieved
5913:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5887:
5878:
5869:
5863:
5854:
5848:
5836:. Retrieved
5832:the original
5826:
5820:
5812:
5807:
5799:
5794:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5736:. Retrieved
5732:the original
5727:
5718:
5706:. Retrieved
5702:the original
5697:
5688:
5659:
5647:. Retrieved
5627:
5585:
5561:Skinner 2017
5535:
5523:
5496:. Retrieved
5492:the original
5482:
5473:
5467:
5450:
5446:
5424:
5416:
5411:
5403:
5398:
5389:
5380:
5372:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5343:
5331:. Retrieved
5327:
5317:
5310:Dorfman 1979
5305:
5298:Dorfman 1979
5293:
5274:
5255:
5243:
5231:
5219:
5207:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5103:
5098:, p. 4.
5076:
5064:
5052:
5032:, p. 3.
5010:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4945:
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4914:the original
4877:
4874:Econometrica
4873:
4860:
4843:
4839:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4610:
4598:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4480:. Retrieved
4471:
4461:
4417:
4405:
4361:. Retrieved
4332:
4323:
4314:
4306:
4301:
4289:
4284:
4272:. Retrieved
4258:
4189:
4177:
4168:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:. Retrieved
4122:the original
4117:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4067:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4042:
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4015:
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3921:
3917:
3900:Project MUSE
3898:– via
3892:. Retrieved
3862:(#2): 3–40.
3859:
3855:
3843:
3791:
3715:
3703:
3670:
3658:
3627:the original
3622:
3612:
3594:Peter Rodman
3584:
3572:
3507:
3480:
3468:
3441:
3429:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3334:
3328:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3266:
3260:
3240:
3219:
3212:. Retrieved
3192:
3185:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3129:
3125:
3084:
3080:
3044:
3038:
3019:
3013:
2991:(#1): 5–26.
2988:
2984:
2978:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2906:September 6,
2904:. Retrieved
2889:
2837:
2801:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2763:
2756:
2737:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2685:
2671:
2657:
2643:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2608:
2584:. Retrieved
2550:
2536:
2510:Supply shock
2376:
2356:Persian Gulf
2353:
2325:
2306:
2293:
2284:
2270:Consequences
2241:
2237:
2169:
2148:Ford Courier
2140:Datsun Truck
2136:Toyota Hilux
2133:
2110:
2051:
2027:Honda Accord
1992:
1980:
1974:
1949:
1914:
1910:Citroën Visa
1875:
1871:
1863:
1848:
1842:October 2017
1839:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1796:
1784:Please help
1779:verification
1776:
1742:held by the
1732:pro-American
1729:
1713:Saudi Arabia
1699:in Mecca by
1686:
1682:Persian Gulf
1675:
1667:
1663:
1651:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1602:
1598:
1588:Edward Heath
1566:
1533:
1525:
1509:
1500:
1497:Macroeconomy
1480:
1469:
1465:
1436:
1425:
1414:
1399:
1392:
1368:Bill Clinton
1345:
1327:
1315:Pennsylvania
1312:
1297:
1283:
1271:
1252:
1230:
1224:regime. The
1221:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1191:
1180:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1137:Edward Heath
1133:
1116:
1101:
1097:
1085:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1022:
1018:
1002:
994:
986:
982:Peter Walker
955:
946:Yakubu Gowon
941:
926:
914:
903:
899:
896:
892:
883:
759:Saudi Arabia
694:
679:
675:
666:
664:
660:
647:
635:
630:
626:
622:
619:
606:
602:
598:
594:Robert Lacey
590:
579:
570:
549:
520:Bar Lev Line
517:
506:
501:
498:
489:
466:
459:
453:
447:
433:
414:
405:
393:
383:
376:
357:
338:
334:posted price
322:Saudi Arabia
303:
290:
273:
248:
208:
196:nationalized
181:several wars
179:, including
166:
136:price of oil
132:South Africa
69:
29:
13156:(2017–2018)
13141:(2016–2022)
13097:(2014–2022)
12857:(2007–2009)
12822:(2003–2008)
12771:(2000–2004)
12720:(1994–1996)
12698:(1992–1994)
12683:(1991–2000)
12647:(1990–1992)
12639:(1990–1992)
12609:(1986–1995)
12572:(1982–1994)
12562:(1982–2007)
12544:(1980–1982)
12522:(1975–1982)
12514:(1973–1982)
12485:(1973–1980)
12475:(1973–1982)
12446:(1945–1973)
12411:(1921–1923)
12403:(1917–1924)
12393:(1918–1939)
12315:(1890–1893)
12268:(1870–1914)
12210:(1845–1856)
12170:(1815–1816)
12119:(1769–1784)
12102:(1760–1840)
12065:(1621–1623)
12047:(1544–1551)
12029:(1000–1760)
11928:Flash crash
11898:Debt crisis
11676:Halliburton
11548:Phillips 66
11369:QatarEnergy
11339:Petrobangla
11274:KazMunayGas
11164:Supermajors
11113:heavy crude
11000:Prudhoe Bay
10980:Niger Delta
10960:Caspian Sea
10723:Concessions
10673:Measurement
10639:Geosteering
10622:Squeeze job
10532:Exploration
10481:Consumption
10440:Consumption
10433:Natural gas
10362:Bonny Light
10074:Shen Zhihua
9884:Michael Cox
9816:competition
9763:Pro-Western
9753:Soviet Life
9679:Safari Club
9649:Warsaw Pact
9504:Nationalism
9494:Imperialism
9393:Reaganomics
9256:Containment
9049:Perestroika
8538:Realpolitik
8368:Six-Day War
8353:Greek junta
8164:Berlin Wall
8012:Suez Crisis
7980:Vietnam War
7867:McCarthyism
7682:Baruch Plan
7627:Unthinkable
7587:Dekemvriana
7526:Warsaw Pact
6979:The Kingdom
6910:j.ctt7zv8c6
6740:Frum, David
6429:Brogan 1989
5528:Karnow 1983
5516:Karnow 1983
5248:Jasper 1990
5156:(4): 4–30.
5108:Jasper 1990
5096:Jasper 1990
5081:Jasper 1990
5069:Jasper 1990
5057:Jasper 1990
5045:Jasper 1990
5030:Jasper 1990
4923:February 3,
4128:October 31,
3337:. Praeger.
2340:natural gas
2313:Caspian Sea
2294:During the
2180:Ford Fiesta
2144:Mazda Truck
2011:Honda Civic
2003:Datsun B210
1981:Motor Trend
1965:Malaise era
1941:Opel Kadett
1898:Opel Kadett
1894:Ford Fiesta
1671:Anwar Sadat
1660:Arab states
1584:Lord Cromer
1569:Third World
1504:stagflation
1370:signed the
1331:Gerald Ford
1209:Estado Novo
1205:Estado Novo
868:Nixon shock
716:Anwar Sadat
555:authorized
536:Six-Day War
469:Anwar Sadat
452:, Lebanese
417:Suez Crisis
395:Nixon Shock
390:gold window
294:long summer
211:Six-Day War
185:Suez Crisis
177:Middle East
112:Netherlands
96:Six-Day War
76:oil embargo
13312:Categories
11949:Accounting
11726:Transocean
11593:Tullow Oil
11583:TechnipFMC
11349:PetroChina
11187:ExxonMobil
11093:Shale band
10970:East Texas
10943:and fields
10757:Downstream
10710:Production
10617:Completion
10545:Geophysics
10486:Production
10445:Production
10382:Indonesian
10357:Argus Sour
10349:Benchmarks
9842:Historians
9833:Space Race
9734:Rudé právo
9688:Propaganda
9544:Neo-Nazism
9514:Chauvinism
9468:Trotskyism
9383:Monetarism
9351:Liberalism
9343:Capitalism
9335:Ideologies
9286:Ostpolitik
9009:Solidarity
8974:Toyota War
8877:Solidarity
8734:Operation
8689:Ogaden War
8378:Dhofar War
8266:Shifta War
8024:Operation
7872:Korean War
7664:Operation
7656:Operation
7648:Operation
7625:Operation
7605:Operation
7597:Operation
6539:August 25,
6092:August 25,
5992:August 14,
5838:August 23,
5800:BUL Review
4692:Lacey 1981
4680:Lacey 1981
4668:Lacey 1981
4656:Lacey 1981
4644:Lacey 1981
4632:Lacey 1981
4615:Lacey 1981
4603:Lacey 1981
4591:Lacey 1981
4572:Lacey 1981
4560:Lacey 1981
4454:Lacey 1981
4437:Lacey 1981
4422:Lacey 1981
4251:Lacey 1981
4236:Lacey 1981
4221:Lacey 1981
4194:Lacey 1981
4182:Lacey 1981
4155:Lacey 1981
4143:Lacey 1981
4101:Lacey 1981
4089:Lacey 1981
3973:Lacey 1981
3958:Lacey 1981
3836:Lacey 1981
3773:Lacey 1981
3758:Lacey 1981
3737:Lacey 1981
3720:Lacey 1981
3708:Lacey 1981
3696:Lacey 1981
3675:Lacey 1981
3663:Lacey 1981
3651:Lacey 1981
3598:Transcript
3577:Lacey 1981
3565:Lacey 1981
3546:Lacey 1981
3529:Lacey 1981
3512:Lacey 1981
3500:Lacey 1981
3485:Lacey 1981
3473:Lacey 1981
3461:Lacey 1981
3446:Lacey 1981
3434:Lacey 1981
3375:Lacey 1981
3171:(11): 36.
2928:Lacey 1981
2872:Lacey 1981
2586:August 30,
2529:References
2315:, and the
2172:Dodge Omni
2160:Dodge D-50
2125:Datsun 810
2074:Ford Pinto
2070:Fiat Brava
2068:, and the
2019:Dodge Colt
1969:See also:
1963:See also:
1925:Fiat Ritmo
1878:hatchbacks
1812:newspapers
1432:insulation
1329:president
1015:Oil weapon
974:St. Moritz
846:Suez Canal
727:Yom Kippur
685:Chronology
651:Lê Đức Thọ
540:Golda Meir
473:backgammon
458:and Iraqi
377:Under the
200:Suez Canal
171:there was
158:Background
118:, and the
13348:Inflation
13333:Embargoes
13207:Recession
12200:1840–1870
11721:TC Energy
11622:companies
11452:Trafigura
11399:Sonatrach
11344:Petrobras
11334:Pertamina
11244:Ecopetrol
11210:companies
11154:companies
11152:petroleum
11128:tight oil
11123:oil shale
11118:oil sands
11098:Shale gas
11039:sweet oil
11010:Venezuela
10985:North Sea
10941:Provinces
10932:Venezuela
10779:Midstream
10474:Petroleum
10334:Petroleum
10129:Ken Young
9974:Tony Judt
9823:Arms race
9796:Red Scare
9664:NN States
9609:Apartheid
9564:Autocracy
9473:Stalinism
9441:Guevarism
9431:Castroism
9421:Communism
9413:Socialism
8939:Star Wars
8532:Koza riot
7658:Beleaguer
7650:Masterdom
7286:0963-6412
7134:0172-6404
6841:154574932
6833:0020-8183
6123:April 10,
5760:Frum 2000
5681:Frum 2000
5664:Frum 2000
5620:Frum 2000
5348:Frum 2000
5333:April 20,
5212:Frum 2000
5178:229320279
5170:1520-3972
5015:Frum 2000
4894:0012-9682
4794:143275445
4363:August 7,
3876:1531-3298
3808:0047-7265
3421:232272500
3413:2152-0844
3399:: 49–68.
3312:0377-919X
3177:0098-1818
3138:1086-1653
3101:0577-5132
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2962:0026-3141
2379:Venezuela
2309:North Sea
2266:sedans).
2197:Fleetwood
2023:Subaru DL
1744:Ba'athist
1472:Proálcool
1460:fireplace
1439:wheelbase
1222:apartheid
1112:Ted Heath
930:Wahhabism
771:Abu Dhabi
643:Abu Dhabi
461:Al-Thawra
444:Nasserism
364:Indonesia
314:Venezuela
252:Venezuela
13378:Scarcity
13358:Peak oil
11863:Bank run
11809:Category
11716:Subsea 7
11696:Petrofac
11691:NOV Inc.
11671:GE Power
11666:Enbridge
11620:services
11442:Mercuria
11432:Glencore
11394:Sonangol
11354:Petronas
11289:Naftogaz
11061:Peak oil
11044:sour oil
10799:Upstream
10794:Refining
10789:Pipeline
10745:Pumpjack
10740:Gas lift
10661:invasion
10604:Drilling
10491:Reserves
10450:Reserves
10281:Timeline
10271:Category
10216:See also
9708:Izvestia
9549:Islamism
9446:Hoxhaism
9321:Rollback
9200:Abkhazia
9140:Gulf War
9044:Glasnost
8414:incident
8184:Sand War
8042:Ifni War
7551:Rio Pact
7496:Cold War
7400:(1982).
7365:(1991).
6939:(1990).
6766:42792139
6742:(2000).
6579:(2009).
6533:Archived
6489:Archived
6352:June 25,
6346:Archived
6230:Archived
6181:Archived
6117:Archived
5938:Archived
5920:March 1,
5894:March 1,
5786:40923435
5640:Archived
5498:July 25,
5002:32464021
4994:17775008
4910:59443781
4482:June 25,
4476:Archived
4357:Archived
4274:June 25,
4268:Archived
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3888:Archived
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3601:Archived
3214:June 20,
3208:Archived
3146:24562081
2785:June 21,
2779:Archived
2718:24145533
2613:Archived
2609:CBC News
2580:Archived
2452:See also
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2245:Chrysler
2189:Chrysler
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2167:policy.
2138:and the
2108:models.
2092:and the
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1748:Iraq War
1693:Islamism
1543:and the
1408:and the
1383:Potlatch
1323:Arkansas
1067:NIMBYism
1058:gasoline
802:Rhodesia
718:meet in
582:Rhodesia
565:materiel
455:An-Nahar
449:Al-Ahram
423:and the
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11963:Funding
11956:Capital
11384:Sinopec
11374:Rosneft
11254:Gazprom
11249:Equinor
11177:Chevron
10824:History
10690:Tracers
10612:Blowout
10501:Exports
10496:Imports
10460:Exports
10455:Imports
9771:Amerika
9654:Comecon
9539:Fascism
9529:Zionism
9478:Titoism
9019:Contras
8487:Détente
7764:Comecon
7018:2600627
6236:May 29,
5738:June 7,
5708:June 7,
5649:June 7,
5371:Sobel,
4974:Bibcode
4965:Science
4902:1913712
4786:2200513
4074:May 22,
4048:May 22,
4022:May 22,
3996:May 22,
3894:July 2,
3816:3011294
3320:2536897
2970:4330033
2619:May 29,
2368:Algeria
2364:Nigeria
2344:ethanol
2158:as the
2098:Gremlin
2043:unibody
2021:), the
1952:saloons
1826:scholar
1705:Al-Hasa
1701:Wahhabi
1476:ethanol
1387:revival
862:Effects
839:Algeria
522:in the
353:Nigeria
345:Algeria
310:Baghdad
235:embargo
175:in the
13133:(2016)
12779:(2001)
12763:(1999)
12580:(1982)
12419:(1927)
12366:(1910)
12337:(1894)
12307:(1890)
12299:(1886)
12255:(1869)
12089:(1720)
12081:(1720)
12073:(1637)
11970:Market
11750:Others
11701:Saipem
11598:Tüpraş
11588:TNK-BP
11573:Sunoco
11563:Repsol
11523:Lukoil
11466:Others
11437:Gunvor
11071:timing
11005:Russia
10917:Norway
10902:France
10897:Canada
9722:Pravda
9524:Racism
9463:Maoism
9215:Kosovo
8736:Condor
8412:Pueblo
8398:May 68
8026:Gladio
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7607:Jungle
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1984:'s
1943:, and
1917:sedans
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720:Riyadh
712:Faisal
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142:($ 19/
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130:, and
114:, the
110:, the
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80:Israel
11617:Major
11483:Cepsa
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11389:SOCAR
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11319:Orlen
11284:Lotos
11224:ANCAP
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10511:Price
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7110:(PDF)
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6048:(PDF)
6037:(PDF)
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5643:(PDF)
5636:(PDF)
5174:S2CID
4998:S2CID
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4906:S2CID
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3316:JSTOR
3142:JSTOR
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2966:JSTOR
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6563:ISBN
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6125:2016
6094:2016
6056:2012
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5961:ISBN
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5896:2021
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5651:2010
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5335:2010
5285:help
5266:help
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4990:PMID
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3998:2024
3896:2018
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3804:ISSN
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10182:MI6
10177:MI5
10172:CIA
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