1195:("hauling", the practice of trucking PRI supporters to rallies to cheer its candidates in exchange for gifts of some kind), saying that the attendees "are not ‘hauled’, they are ‘transported’ by the Party's own men and forces", adding that "All organized truck drivers in Mexico are part of the PRI and it is a tradition for them to take their vehicles to transport people to public events". He further justified in his autobiography that there was "no reason not to facilitate, for example, to our peasants, transportation to public meetings, who concur, after all, to communicate with a System that governs them, through understandable acts in which they participate, see, hear, learn, express themselves and even, are distracted with trips and companies. The Party can, the Party must."
912:
1124:
885:). He had little political experience - having previously been a law teacher and later working as a government bureaucrat-, but he had the particular advantage of being a childhood friend of President Echeverría, to whom he owed his government career, including his arrival at the Secretariat of Finance in 1973. López Portillo was not initially considered a serious contender for the PRI's presidential candidacy, as he didn't seem to have the support of any of the PRI's sectors for his bid, and he was relatively ignored by reporters and other politicians in comparison to the aforementioned contenders.
2702:
226:
1204:
2484:
1116:
897:
95:
3545:
713:
27:
1087:
chosen one to succeed him as
President, interpreting Echeverría's comment as referring to the PRI delegations that would visit his house to congratulate him on his nomination, and so he decided to buy the land that was behind the garden so as to enlarge it. However, he would later discover that he had misinterpreted Echeverría's comment, and that he wasn't his chosen candidate.
893:(IMOP) carried out, for the first time in Mexican politics, an opinion poll to reveal the public's perceptions of the contenders and their chances to obtain the PRI presidential candidacy in 1976 and succeed Echeverría. 2,730 people were asked to choose which contender, in their opinion, better fit the following criteria:
1102:
Echeverría would later state that he chose López
Portillo to succeed him because, as President, "I was aware that the country's main problem was the financial one", which should be faced by his Secretary of Finance, "who had shared with me the attacks of a reactionary and obtuse private sector, which
1160:
These factors led to López
Portillo effectively running unopposed. His campaign echoed this "unanimous" support for him, and his slogan was "La solución somos todos" ("All of us are the solution"). López Portillo later joked that, due to running without opposition, it would have been enough for "his
1086:
Muñoz Ledo would later recall that during this period, he received a visit from
President Echeverría. During the meeting at Muñoz Ledo's house, Echeverría went to the garden and commented that it was "too small to receive delegations". Muñoz Ledo understood the phrase as meaning that he would be the
1090:
In June 1975, Echeverría privately told López
Portillo that he would be his successor, and on 5 October he was officially nominated by the PRI as its presidential candidate for the 1976 elections. The aforementioned Muñoz Ledo was then appointed both President of the PRI's National Executive
1152:
as their presidential candidate. At the time, however, this party had no official registry and was not allowed to participate in elections, so Campa's candidacy was not officially recognized and he didn't have access to the media. He had to run as a
1168:
for some time, but upon being nominated by the PRI as its presidential candidate, the two of them were persuaded by PRI advisers to reunite and to maintain the appearance of a solid marriage, so as to not alienate the largely conservative,
919:
was not initially considered a serious contender for the PRI presidential candidacy by the media nor by other politicians. He was ultimately chosen by
Echeverría as his successor, to the surprise of the general public and the political
3783:
2932:
Although the results ensured the PRI remained in power, the lack of opposition to José López
Portillo raised concerns about the lack of legitimacy of the Mexican political system. As a result, an
1141:
At the time, the opposition party PAN was going through internal conflicts and, for the first time upon its foundation, was unable to nominate a candidate for the 1976 presidential elections.
2921:
tried to kidnap
Margarita López Portillo, sister of the president elect; the attempt failed and the Liga's leader, David Jiménez Sarmiento, was killed by security forces during the incident.
3898:
3868:
907:
to succeed him, but he maintained considerable power after being appointed as
President of the PRI's National Executive Committee and General Coordinator of López Portillo's campaign.
3798:
3793:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3763:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4071:
4066:
4061:
849:). He was noted for his large government experience at his relatively young age, having had a meteoric rise in the PRI ranks. He was reported to have the support of the
783:
Before the electoral reform of 1977, only four political parties were allowed to participate in the elections: the ruling
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the
3164:
775:
won 195 of the 237 seats, as well as winning all 64 seats in the Senate election. Voter turnout was 65% in the Senate election and 62% in the Chamber election.
833:
had been Secretaries of the Interior immediately prior to receiving the presidential nomination. Moya Palencia was also reported to have the support of the
798:
The campaign and the elections took place during a tense period: the economic crisis, the leftist guerrilla uprisings in some parts of the country and the
3511:
2474:. Although he ran in coalition with the PRI and therefore was not an opposition senator, he was the first Senator not to come from the PRI since 1929.
2940:
for the Congressional and Senate elections in order to ensure better representation of opposition parties – something extremely difficult under the
3470:
1358:
424:
750:
4232:
3533:
4253:
2791:
2573:
1276:
1180:
recorded a jingle for the López Portillo campaign, titled "¿Dónde estás, José?" ("Where are you, José"?). Other entertainers such as
788:
622:
385:
4268:
4258:
4227:
882:
862:
846:
3315:
3294:
1138:
The PPS and the PARM supported López Portillo's candidacy, as they had traditionally done with previous candidates for the PRI.
4217:
4207:
694:
462:
866:
723:
2987:
676:
672:
439:
2944:
system that had been in force. However, the PRI retained its position as the dominant party, retaining the presidency until
4197:
4111:
3190:
1354:
659:
654:
531:
527:
3388:
1036:
4278:
4273:
3541:
771:
was the only candidate in the presidential election, and was elected unopposed. In the Chamber of Deputies election, the
553:
3268:
4053:
3665:
3595:
3585:
629:
610:
571:
4263:
4038:
4028:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3988:
3978:
3968:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3928:
3918:
3908:
3503:
3363:
3225:
3148:
3094:
3055:
2728:
2510:
1246:
903:
was one of the main contenders for the PRI presidential candidacy. He was ultimately not the one chosen by President
772:
561:
522:
518:
514:
510:
195:
177:
123:
3071:
Guzmán García, Rodolfo (8 February 1975). "Una computadora está indicando al candidato ideal para la Presidencia".
2770:
2552:
2467:
1362:
1261:
850:
784:
743:
402:
346:
336:
4202:
3526:
2918:
586:
393:
253:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
3389:"DIARIO DE LOS DEBATES DE LA CAMARA DE SENADORES DEL CONGRESO DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS (26 Agosto 1976)"
2949:
2749:
2531:
792:
591:
566:
4043:
4033:
4023:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3973:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3768:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
2953:
505:
501:
497:
493:
76:
71:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4126:
3441:
539:
415:
351:
295:
239:
2450:
997:
2937:
822:
736:
647:
596:
300:
3111:
2463:
1049:
858:
3519:
470:
1091:
Committee as well as General Coordinator of López Portillo's campaign, while López Portillo appointed
4222:
4212:
3255:
Los partidos políticos y las elecciones en México: del partido hegemónico a los gobiernos divididos
1349:
1241:
1059:
953:
916:
878:
768:
634:
617:
581:
191:
108:
3414:
1145:
1131:
1092:
684:
428:
290:
2959:
These have been the last Mexican presidential elections in which a candidate has run unopposed.
4086:
4081:
4076:
307:
261:
247:
1329:
1185:
961:
900:
842:
2924:
In the end, López Portillo took office as scheduled on December 1 without further incidents.
2917:
against his own candidate, López Portillo, to perpetuate himself in power. On August 13, the
911:
699:
377:
369:
266:
2913:
There were many rumours that outgoing president Luis Echeverría was planning to carry out a
1123:
830:
576:
8:
3557:
3549:
2941:
1463:
945:
818:
483:
454:
328:
320:
185:
166:
2199:
3755:
1154:
869:
as well as his tenure as Secretary of Agrarian Reform solidified his leadership of the
799:
280:
216:
2103:
904:
826:
803:
173:
3499:
3359:
3221:
3144:
3090:
3051:
2983:
1559:
356:
285:
2914:
1181:
1149:
1127:
2933:
2701:
802:
the government took against them, were some of many issues that outgoing President
689:
406:
1783:
1431:
1170:
2471:
1399:
1104:
663:
865:). Close to President Echeverría, his previous experience as President of the
4247:
2975:
1208:
1165:
814:
Some of the PRI contenders for the party's 1976 presidential candidacy were:
717:
275:
1943:
825:). He was initially perceived as the natural candidate to succeed President
2071:
834:
2039:
1847:
2945:
1687:
795:(PAN), which was practically the only real opposition party at the time.
225:
2263:
1719:
1177:
1115:
3446:
2483:
2359:
896:
94:
3442:"Secuestro fallido contra la hermana del presidente electo de México"
3087:
Sucesiones, Destapes y Elecciones Presidenciales 1916-1988 (Vol. III)
2391:
1203:
3496:
La transición inconclusa : treinta años de elecciones en México
2327:
2295:
1751:
1591:
1495:
2231:
2135:
1911:
1879:
1815:
1655:
1527:
915:
A childhood friend of President Echeverría, Secretary of Finance
870:
3544:
3191:"Muñoz Ledo ya dirigió al PRI y ahora busca hacerlo con Morena"
2167:
2007:
1975:
1623:
809:
764:
3242:
La transición inconclusa: treinta años de elecciones en México
3138:
3045:
3416:
Presencia de la oposición en los órganos de elección popular
3218:
Mis Tiempos: Biografía y testimonio político (Parte primera)
1188:
performed on an LP issued by the López Portillo campaign.
3356:
Mis Tiempos. Biografía y testimonio político. Primer tomo
806:
faced and which jeopardised the power of the ruling PRI.
3295:"100 años de propaganda electoral mexicana en un museo"
1191:
In his campaign, López Portillo defended the infamous
1097:
Instituto de Estudios Políticos, Económicos y Sociales
3413:
De Remes, Alain; Martínez, Jaqueline; Varela, Carlo.
927:
IMOP Poll regarding the 1976 presidential succession
2980:
Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I
1043:
1032:
3358:(First ed.). Fernández Editores. p. 416.
3134:
3132:
3027:
La reforma electoral y el cambio político en México
3412:
837:and most of the State Governors for his candidacy.
3344:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2004, p. 56
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
940:The candidate most to the establishment's liking
4245:
3129:
1164:López Portillo had been separated from his wife
161:
3353:
3215:
3032:
3527:
3422:. Instituto Belisario Domínguez. pp. 2–3
3139:Ramos, Martinez & Ramírez. (March 1988).
3070:
3046:Ramos, Martinez & Ramírez. (March 1988).
2936:law was enacted in 1977, introducing partial
873:sector, which supported his presidential bid.
744:
3109:
1161:mother's vote for him" to win the election.
829:, given that Echeverría and his predecessor
810:Nomination of the PRI presidential candidate
3534:
3520:
3347:
3141:Salinas de Gortari: Candidato de la crisis
3048:Salinas de Gortari: Candidato de la crisis
751:
737:
3342:Opening Mexico: The Making of a Democracy
3316:"México, 100 años de propaganda política"
2792:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
2574:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
1277:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
1157:, as he would not appear in the ballots.
789:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
386:LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress
3050:. Plaza y Valdés Editores. p. 140.
2927:
1202:
1122:
1114:
939:
936:
931:
910:
895:
3143:. Plaza y Valdés Editores. p. 88.
3110:Riva Palacio, Raymundo (28 July 2013).
4246:
3468:
3089:. El Universal. 1993. pp. 54–56.
2690:
2448:
1107:in their eagerness to break me down".
1068:
463:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
3515:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2708:
2670:
2657:
2644:
2631:
2490:
2470:was elected Senator for the state of
1373:
1316:
1224:
891:Instituto Mexicano de Opinión Pública
1130:ran as a write-in candidate for the
3550:Elections and referendums in Mexico
3220:. Fernández Editores. p. 404.
13:
3340:Preston, Julia and Samuel Dillon,
3266:
3165:"Mensaje al pueblo en su protesta"
2389:
2357:
2325:
2293:
2261:
2229:
2197:
2165:
2133:
2101:
2069:
2037:
2005:
1973:
1941:
1909:
1877:
1845:
1813:
1781:
1749:
1717:
1685:
1653:
1621:
1589:
1557:
1525:
1493:
1461:
1429:
1397:
14:
4290:
3292:
2969:
2729:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2511:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1247:Institutional Revolutionary Party
773:Institutional Revolutionary Party
4254:Presidential elections in Mexico
3543:
2700:
2482:
1119:López Portillo campaign buttons.
867:National Peasants' Confederation
851:Confederation of Mexican Workers
711:
224:
93:
25:
4269:Legislative elections in Mexico
4259:1976 elections in North America
3488:
3462:
3434:
3406:
3381:
3372:
3334:
3308:
3286:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3209:
3183:
3157:
2919:Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre
763:General elections were held in
3103:
3079:
3064:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2992:
853:in his bid for the presidency.
582:National Regeneration Movement
1:
3469:Riding, Alan (13 June 1976).
3354:López Portillo, José (1988).
3216:López Portillo, José (1988).
2962:
778:
673:Diplomatic missions of Mexico
19:1976 Mexican general election
3450:(in Spanish). 13 August 1976
3269:"Un consejo para La Gaviota"
2908:
1215:
1207:López Portillo and his wife
863:Secretary of Agrarian Reform
540:Instituto Nacional Electoral
7:
2938:proportional representation
1338:
1110:
1095:as director of the party's
655:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
562:Institutional Revolutionary
440:Federal electoral districts
337:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
10:
4295:
4279:July 1976 events in Mexico
4274:Single-candidate elections
1198:
791:(PARM) and the right-wing
471:Federal Electoral Tribunal
4190:
4052:
3754:
3556:
2901:
2897:
2889:Registered voters/turnout
2884:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2828:
2812:Non-registered candidates
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2699:
2683:
2679:
2671:Registered voters/turnout
2666:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2610:
2594:Non-registered candidates
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2481:
2458:
1370:
1367:
1348:
1345:
1327:
1317:Registered voters/turnout
1312:
1301:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1227:
937:The most viable candidate
926:
823:Secretary of the Interior
206:
159:
85:
67:
60:
54:
35:
23:
4264:1976 elections in Mexico
3471:"Mexico elects a symbol"
2464:Jorge Cruickshank García
1368:Unregistered candidates
1060:Luis Enrique Bracamontes
1050:Carlos Gálvez Betancourt
859:Augusto Gómez Villanueva
611:Administrative divisions
425:President of the Chamber
2771:Popular Socialist Party
2553:Popular Socialist Party
2468:Popular Socialist Party
1262:Popular Socialist Party
1146:Mexican Communist Party
1144:On the other hand, the
1132:Mexican Communist Party
1093:Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma
785:Popular Socialist Party
429:Marcela Guerra Castillo
403:President of the Senate
3558:Presidential elections
3378:López Portillo, p. 417
1212:
1135:
1120:
1105:place its funds abroad
1025:Hugo Cervantes del Río
1013:Hugo Cervantes del Río
998:Hugo Cervantes del Río
921:
908:
490:Recent major elections
395:Senate of the Republic
347:List of heads of state
248:Constitution of Mexico
3756:Legislative elections
3171:. AEE. 6 October 1975
2950:National Action Party
2928:Legitimacy in dispute
2750:National Action Party
2532:National Action Party
1206:
1176:Popular Cuban singer
1126:
1118:
914:
899:
889:In October 1974, the
793:National Action Party
572:Democratic Revolution
378:Congress of the Union
62:Presidential election
3112:"El eterno Porfirio"
1103:did not hesitate to
1037:Carlos Hank González
883:Secretary of Finance
3494:G.T. Silvia (2001)
3197:. 18 September 2020
2942:first-past-the-post
2863:Invalid/blank votes
2696:
2691:Chamber of Deputies
2645:Invalid/blank votes
2478:
1464:Baja California Sur
1350:José López Portillo
1242:José López Portillo
1221:
1186:María Elena Velasco
1019:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
1005:Mario Moya Palencia
991:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
983:José López Portillo
977:Mario Moya Palencia
971:José López Portillo
962:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
954:José López Portillo
946:Mario Moya Palencia
933:Preferred candidate
917:José López Portillo
901:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
879:José López Portillo
843:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
819:Mario Moya Palencia
769:José López Portillo
417:Chamber of Deputies
329:President of Mexico
192:José López Portillo
109:José López Portillo
20:
3475:The New York Times
3025:Córdova, L (2003)
2695:
2477:
1220:
1213:
1155:write-in candidate
1136:
1121:
922:
909:
847:Secretary of Labor
831:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
630:State legislatures
592:Citizens' Movement
352:Federal government
296:Capital punishment
240:Federal government
217:Politics of Mexico
132:Popular vote
18:
4241:
4240:
3320:Publímetro México
2988:978-0-19-928357-6
2906:
2905:
2688:
2687:
2456:
2455:
1336:
1335:
1084:
1083:
761:
760:
718:Mexico portal
695:Visa requirements
648:Foreign relations
554:Political parties
301:Life imprisonment
210:
209:
202:
201:
155:
154:
56:
50:
49:
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3312:
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3301:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3267:Ajenjo, Manuel.
3264:
3258:
3253:Uziel, C (2010)
3251:
3245:
3240:Gómez, S (2001)
3238:
3232:
3231:
3213:
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3206:
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3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2973:
2934:electoral reform
2704:
2697:
2694:
2486:
2479:
2476:
1688:Federal District
1343:
1342:
1222:
1219:
1072:: October 1974.
924:
923:
767:on 4 July 1976.
753:
746:
739:
716:
715:
714:
407:Ana Lilia Rivera
228:
212:
211:
162:
97:
87:
86:
55:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
21:
17:
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4237:
4186:
4054:State elections
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3261:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3137:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3044:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2952:was elected in
2930:
2911:
2693:
2461:
2200:State of Mexico
2104:San Luis Potosí
1432:Baja California
1352:
1341:
1218:
1201:
1113:
827:Luis Echeverría
812:
804:Luis Echeverría
781:
757:
728:
724:Other countries
712:
710:
705:
704:
685:Nationality law
681:
669:
657:
650:
640:
639:
613:
603:
602:
601:
587:Ecologist Green
567:National Action
556:
546:
545:
526:Gubernatorial:
525:
508:
491:
486:
476:
475:
457:
447:
446:
434:
427:
412:
405:
390:
372:
362:
361:
343:
339:
323:
313:
312:
251:
242:
219:
194:
189:
176:
174:Luis Echeverría
171:
169:before election
160:
81:
80:
74:
63:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3487:
3461:
3433:
3405:
3380:
3371:
3364:
3346:
3333:
3307:
3293:Ramos, Dulce.
3285:
3259:
3246:
3233:
3226:
3208:
3182:
3156:
3149:
3128:
3102:
3095:
3078:
3063:
3056:
3031:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2929:
2926:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:Source: Nohlen
2899:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:Source: Nohlen
2681:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Aguascalientes
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:Personal votes
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1200:
1197:
1182:Enrique Guzmán
1150:Valentín Campa
1128:Valentín Campa
1112:
1109:
1082:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
959:
956:
951:
948:
942:
941:
938:
935:
929:
928:
920:establishment.
887:
886:
875:
874:
855:
854:
839:
838:
811:
808:
780:
777:
759:
758:
756:
755:
748:
741:
733:
730:
729:
727:
726:
720:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
680:
679:
668:
667:
664:Marcelo Ebrard
651:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
635:Municipalities
632:
627:
626:
625:
614:
609:
608:
605:
604:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
557:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
535:
534:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
467:
466:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
433:
432:
421:
420:
411:
410:
399:
398:
389:
388:
382:
381:
373:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
349:
342:
341:
333:
332:
324:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
272:
271:
270:
269:
258:
257:
243:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
221:
220:
215:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
181:
157:
156:
153:
152:
150:
145:
141:
140:
138:
133:
129:
128:
126:
121:
117:
116:
114:
112:
105:
101:
100:
98:
91:
83:
82:
75:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
45:
40:
33:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4291:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3505:
3504:968-12-1042-5
3501:
3497:
3491:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3375:
3367:
3365:968-416-832-2
3361:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3296:
3289:
3274:
3273:El Economista
3270:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3227:968-416-832-2
3223:
3219:
3212:
3196:
3195:Grupo Milenio
3192:
3186:
3170:
3169:El Informador
3166:
3160:
3152:
3150:968-856-128-2
3146:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3117:
3116:Informador.mx
3113:
3106:
3098:
3096:968-6243-24-0
3092:
3088:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3057:968-856-128-2
3053:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:Dieter Nohlen
2972:
2968:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
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1209:Carmen Romano
1205:
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1166:Carmen Romano
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541:
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512:
509:Legislative:
507:
503:
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495:
489:
488:
485:
480:
479:
472:
469:
468:
465:
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84:
79: →
78:
73:
70:←
66:
59:
53:
46:
44:
41:
39:
38:
34:
22:
16:
3963:
3705:
3495:
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3474:
3464:
3452:. Retrieved
3445:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3415:
3408:
3396:. Retrieved
3394:. p. 17
3383:
3374:
3355:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3322:. March 2012
3319:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3217:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3194:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3168:
3159:
3140:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:
3105:
3086:
3081:
3073:El Universal
3072:
3066:
3047:
3026:
3021:
3016:Nohlen, p454
3012:
3007:Nohlen, p470
3003:
2998:Nohlen, p469
2994:
2979:
2971:
2958:
2931:
2923:
2912:
2462:
2401:
2396:
2369:
2364:
2337:
2332:
2305:
2300:
2273:
2268:
2241:
2236:
2209:
2204:
2177:
2172:
2145:
2140:
2113:
2108:
2081:
2076:
2072:Quintana Roo
2049:
2044:
2017:
2012:
1985:
1980:
1953:
1948:
1921:
1916:
1889:
1884:
1857:
1852:
1825:
1820:
1793:
1788:
1761:
1756:
1729:
1724:
1697:
1692:
1665:
1660:
1633:
1628:
1601:
1596:
1569:
1564:
1537:
1532:
1505:
1500:
1473:
1468:
1441:
1436:
1409:
1404:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1163:
1159:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
932:
890:
888:
813:
797:
782:
762:
597:New Alliance
538:
461:
416:
394:
376:
327:
308:Gun politics
262:Human rights
246:
190:
183:
172:
165:
147:
135:
107:
42:
15:
4191:Referendums
2946:Vicente Fox
2915:coup d'état
2876:Total votes
2850:Valid votes
2658:Total votes
2632:Valid votes
2444:17,606,872
2426:16,462,930
1371:Null votes
1074:Sample size
787:(PPS), the
700:Visa policy
577:Labor Party
370:Legislature
291:Nationality
267:LGBT rights
144:Percentage
43:4 July 1976
4248:Categories
3454:14 October
3426:11 October
3398:11 October
3278:15 January
2963:References
2892:25,913,066
2879:16,068,911
2853:15,158,480
2832:15,158,480
2733:12,868,104
2674:25,913,066
2661:16,728,003
2635:15,320,531
2614:15,320,531
2515:13,406,825
2354:1,351,879
2264:Tamaulipas
2226:1,483,249
1944:Nuevo León
1842:1,079,294
1720:Guanajuato
1714:2,790,359
1320:25,913,066
1305:16,727,993
1251:15,435,321
1178:Celia Cruz
1173:populace.
1148:nominated
905:Echeverría
779:Background
136:16,727,993
3201:1 January
3175:1 January
3121:1 January
2909:Aftermath
2754:1,358,403
2648:1,407,472
2536:1,245,406
2466:from the
2392:Zacatecas
2333:1,331,085
2205:1,341,791
2040:Querétaro
1848:Michoacán
1821:1,012,985
1693:2,210,573
1560:Chihuahua
1225:Candidate
1216:President
1099:(IEPES).
800:Dirty War
677:in Mexico
623:Governors
492:General:
484:Elections
455:Judiciary
321:Executive
186:President
167:President
2449:Source:
2438:931,870
2432:212,064
2418:300,985
2386:360,272
2328:Veracruz
2322:202,968
2296:Tlaxcala
2290:464,525
2258:286,642
2220:118,628
2194:517,000
2162:300,720
2130:507,267
2066:220,585
2034:788,346
2002:762,809
1970:372,177
1938:211,976
1906:221,550
1874:762,166
1810:538,987
1778:698,603
1752:Guerrero
1746:827,187
1708:458,744
1702:121,042
1682:346,140
1618:517,675
1592:Coahuila
1586:452,223
1554:483,261
1522:139,576
1496:Campeche
1458:344,402
1426:109,825
1339:By state
1332:, Nohlen
1328:Source:
1171:catholic
1111:Campaign
1076:: 2730.
690:Passport
660:Minister
409:(MORENA)
340:(MORENA)
281:Abortion
184:Elected
104:Nominee
3480:27 June
3447:El País
3326:17 July
3300:17 July
2982:, p453
2978:(2005)
2948:of the
2866:910,431
2796:403,274
2775:479,228
2578:188,788
2557:438,850
2429:93.50%
2397:296,683
2380:26,114
2365:333,602
2360:Yucatán
2348:16,032
2319:0.004%
2313:0.007%
2301:202,943
2284:15,767
2269:446,189
2237:285,421
2232:Tabasco
2214:22,830
2173:514,678
2141:294,511
2136:Sinaloa
2109:495,863
2098:50,140
2045:214,137
2028:30,528
2013:752,416
1981:760,754
1964:15,946
1958:20,757
1949:335,474
1917:205,738
1912:Nayarit
1900:14,825
1885:204,312
1880:Morelos
1868:15,507
1853:745,111
1836:58,360
1816:Jalisco
1804:17,193
1789:520,027
1784:Hidalgo
1757:689,829
1740:15,022
1725:810,619
1711:16.44%
1661:341,960
1656:Durango
1650:64,726
1597:516,436
1583:10.40%
1580:47,073
1565:403,350
1533:481,092
1528:Chiapas
1501:139,050
1490:49,358
1452:27,893
1437:314,950
1405:102,968
1294:303,972
1281:339,922
1266:648,778
1211:voting.
1199:Results
1193:acarreo
871:peasant
357:Cabinet
254:history
90:
3502:
3498:, p35
3362:
3257:, p143
3244:, p113
3224:
3147:
3093:
3054:
3029:, p656
2986:
2882:100.00
2835:100.00
2815:49,471
2664:100.00
2617:100.00
2597:40,662
2472:Oaxaca
2459:Senate
2441:5.29%
2435:1.20%
2423:Total
2415:0.93%
2412:2,826
2409:0.49%
2406:1,476
2402:98.57%
2383:7.24%
2377:0.15%
2370:92.59%
2351:1.18%
2345:0.35%
2342:4,762
2338:98.46%
2306:99.98%
2287:3.39%
2281:0.55%
2278:2,569
2274:96.05%
2255:0.27%
2249:0.14%
2242:99.57%
2223:7.99%
2217:1.53%
2210:90.46%
2191:0.33%
2188:1,725
2185:0.11%
2178:99.55%
2168:Sonora
2159:1.54%
2156:4,650
2153:0.51%
2150:1,559
2146:97.93%
2127:1.50%
2124:7,615
2121:0.74%
2118:3,789
2114:97.75%
2095:2.31%
2092:1,163
2089:0.03%
2082:97.64%
2077:48,960
2063:2.53%
2060:5,601
2057:0.38%
2050:97.07%
2031:3.87%
2025:0.68%
2022:5,402
2018:95.44%
2008:Puebla
1999:0.06%
1993:0.20%
1990:1,581
1986:99.73%
1976:Oaxaca
1967:4.28%
1961:5.77%
1954:90.13%
1935:2.63%
1932:5,589
1929:0.30%
1922:97.05%
1903:6.69%
1897:1.08%
1894:2,413
1890:92.21%
1871:2.03%
1865:0.20%
1862:1,548
1858:97.76%
1839:5.40%
1833:0.73%
1830:7,949
1826:93.85%
1807:3.18%
1801:0.32%
1798:1,767
1794:96.48%
1775:1.02%
1772:7,189
1769:0.22%
1766:1,585
1762:98.74%
1743:1.81%
1737:0.18%
1734:1,546
1730:97.99%
1705:4.33%
1698:79.22%
1679:0.96%
1676:3,330
1673:0.24%
1666:98.79%
1647:2.11%
1644:1,371
1641:0.59%
1634:97.29%
1629:62,973
1624:Colima
1615:0.06%
1609:0.17%
1602:99.76%
1577:0.39%
1574:1,800
1570:89.19%
1551:0.40%
1548:1,978
1545:0.03%
1538:99.55%
1519:0.32%
1513:0.04%
1506:99.62%
1487:5.46%
1484:2,699
1481:0.40%
1474:94.12%
1469:46,458
1455:8.09%
1449:0.45%
1446:1,559
1442:91.44%
1423:5.87%
1420:6,451
1417:0.36%
1410:93.75%
1391:Votes
1385:Votes
1379:Votes
1374:Total
1346:State
1308:100.00
1078:Source
1028:15.7%
1008:19.8%
986:28.2%
966:37.3%
765:Mexico
618:States
504:, and
120:Party
3420:(PDF)
3392:(PDF)
2895:62.01
2856:94.33
2829:Total
2736:84.89
2718:Seats
2712:Votes
2709:Party
2677:64.55
2638:91.59
2611:Total
2518:87.51
2500:Seats
2494:Votes
2491:Party
1330:INEGI
1302:Total
1254:92.27
1231:Votes
1228:Party
1064:1.6%
1054:2.0%
1041:14.6%
1022:25.6%
1016:14.8%
1002:27.4%
994:20.6%
980:29.3%
974:23.2%
958:34.1%
950:41.4%
431:(PRI)
286:Labor
4233:2022
4228:2021
4223:1999
4218:1998
4213:1995
4208:1867
4203:1863
4198:1854
4182:2024
4177:2023
4172:2022
4167:2021
4162:2020
4157:2019
4152:2018
4147:2017
4142:2016
4137:2015
4132:2014
4127:2013
4122:2012
4117:2011
4112:2010
4107:2009
4102:2008
4097:2007
4092:2006
4087:2005
4082:2004
4077:2003
4072:2002
4067:2001
4062:2000
4044:2024
4039:2021
4034:2018
4029:2015
4024:2012
4019:2009
4014:2006
4009:2003
4004:2000
3999:1997
3994:1994
3989:1991
3984:1988
3979:1985
3974:1982
3969:1979
3964:1976
3959:1973
3954:1970
3949:1967
3944:1964
3939:1961
3934:1958
3929:1955
3924:1952
3919:1949
3914:1946
3909:1943
3904:1940
3899:1937
3894:1934
3889:1928
3884:1924
3879:1920
3874:1917
3869:1912
3864:1910
3859:1904
3854:1900
3849:1896
3844:1892
3839:1888
3834:1884
3829:1880
3824:1876
3819:1871
3814:1867
3809:1861
3804:1857
3799:1853
3794:1850
3789:1848
3784:1842
3779:1837
3774:1833
3769:1828
3764:1824
3746:2024
3741:2018
3736:2012
3731:2006
3726:2000
3721:1994
3716:1988
3711:1982
3706:1976
3701:1970
3696:1964
3691:1958
3686:1952
3681:1946
3676:1940
3671:1934
3666:1929
3661:1928
3656:1924
3651:1920
3646:1917
3641:1911
3636:1910
3631:1904
3626:1900
3621:1896
3616:1892
3611:1888
3606:1884
3601:1880
3596:1877
3591:1876
3586:1872
3581:1871
3576:1867
3571:1861
3566:1857
3500:ISBN
3482:2020
3456:2017
3428:2021
3400:2021
3360:ISBN
3328:2020
3302:2020
3280:2022
3222:ISBN
3203:2022
3177:2022
3145:ISBN
3123:2022
3091:ISBN
3052:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2954:2000
2869:5.67
2818:0.33
2799:2.66
2778:3.16
2757:8.96
2651:8.41
2600:0.27
2581:1.23
2560:2.86
2539:8.13
2451:CEDE
2374:556
2252:796
2246:425
2182:597
2054:847
1996:474
1926:649
1670:850
1638:382
1612:312
1606:927
1542:191
1516:460
1478:201
1414:406
1359:PARM
1297:1.82
1284:2.03
1269:3.88
1184:and
1070:Date
835:Army
532:2021
530:and
528:2010
523:2021
521:and
519:2015
515:2009
511:2003
506:2024
502:2018
498:2012
494:2006
148:100%
77:1982
72:1970
2838:237
2739:195
2721:+/–
2503:+/–
2310:16
2086:17
1510:66
1363:PPS
1355:PRI
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276:Law
196:PRI
178:PRI
124:PRI
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3114:.
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2841:+6
2805:+3
2802:10
2784:+2
2781:12
2763:–5
2760:20
2742:+6
2620:64
2566:+1
2521:63
2316:9
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