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1976 Mexican general election

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1195:("hauling", the practice of trucking PRI supporters to rallies to cheer its candidates in exchange for gifts of some kind), saying that the attendees "are not ‘hauled’, they are ‘transported’ by the Party's own men and forces", adding that "All organized truck drivers in Mexico are part of the PRI and it is a tradition for them to take their vehicles to transport people to public events". He further justified in his autobiography that there was "no reason not to facilitate, for example, to our peasants, transportation to public meetings, who concur, after all, to communicate with a System that governs them, through understandable acts in which they participate, see, hear, learn, express themselves and even, are distracted with trips and companies. The Party can, the Party must." 912: 1124: 885:). He had little political experience - having previously been a law teacher and later working as a government bureaucrat-, but he had the particular advantage of being a childhood friend of President Echeverría, to whom he owed his government career, including his arrival at the Secretariat of Finance in 1973. López Portillo was not initially considered a serious contender for the PRI's presidential candidacy, as he didn't seem to have the support of any of the PRI's sectors for his bid, and he was relatively ignored by reporters and other politicians in comparison to the aforementioned contenders. 2702: 226: 1204: 2484: 1116: 897: 95: 3545: 713: 27: 1087:
chosen one to succeed him as President, interpreting Echeverría's comment as referring to the PRI delegations that would visit his house to congratulate him on his nomination, and so he decided to buy the land that was behind the garden so as to enlarge it. However, he would later discover that he had misinterpreted Echeverría's comment, and that he wasn't his chosen candidate.
893:(IMOP) carried out, for the first time in Mexican politics, an opinion poll to reveal the public's perceptions of the contenders and their chances to obtain the PRI presidential candidacy in 1976 and succeed Echeverría. 2,730 people were asked to choose which contender, in their opinion, better fit the following criteria: 1102:
Echeverría would later state that he chose López Portillo to succeed him because, as President, "I was aware that the country's main problem was the financial one", which should be faced by his Secretary of Finance, "who had shared with me the attacks of a reactionary and obtuse private sector, which
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These factors led to López Portillo effectively running unopposed. His campaign echoed this "unanimous" support for him, and his slogan was "La solución somos todos" ("All of us are the solution"). López Portillo later joked that, due to running without opposition, it would have been enough for "his
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Muñoz Ledo would later recall that during this period, he received a visit from President Echeverría. During the meeting at Muñoz Ledo's house, Echeverría went to the garden and commented that it was "too small to receive delegations". Muñoz Ledo understood the phrase as meaning that he would be the
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In June 1975, Echeverría privately told López Portillo that he would be his successor, and on 5 October he was officially nominated by the PRI as its presidential candidate for the 1976 elections. The aforementioned Muñoz Ledo was then appointed both President of the PRI's National Executive
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as their presidential candidate. At the time, however, this party had no official registry and was not allowed to participate in elections, so Campa's candidacy was not officially recognized and he didn't have access to the media. He had to run as a
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for some time, but upon being nominated by the PRI as its presidential candidate, the two of them were persuaded by PRI advisers to reunite and to maintain the appearance of a solid marriage, so as to not alienate the largely conservative,
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was not initially considered a serious contender for the PRI presidential candidacy by the media nor by other politicians. He was ultimately chosen by Echeverría as his successor, to the surprise of the general public and the political
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Although the results ensured the PRI remained in power, the lack of opposition to José López Portillo raised concerns about the lack of legitimacy of the Mexican political system. As a result, an
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At the time, the opposition party PAN was going through internal conflicts and, for the first time upon its foundation, was unable to nominate a candidate for the 1976 presidential elections.
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tried to kidnap Margarita López Portillo, sister of the president elect; the attempt failed and the Liga's leader, David Jiménez Sarmiento, was killed by security forces during the incident.
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to succeed him, but he maintained considerable power after being appointed as President of the PRI's National Executive Committee and General Coordinator of López Portillo's campaign.
3798: 3793: 3788: 3778: 3773: 3763: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4121: 4116: 4071: 4066: 4061: 849:). He was noted for his large government experience at his relatively young age, having had a meteoric rise in the PRI ranks. He was reported to have the support of the 783:
Before the electoral reform of 1977, only four political parties were allowed to participate in the elections: the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the
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won 195 of the 237 seats, as well as winning all 64 seats in the Senate election. Voter turnout was 65% in the Senate election and 62% in the Chamber election.
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had been Secretaries of the Interior immediately prior to receiving the presidential nomination. Moya Palencia was also reported to have the support of the
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The campaign and the elections took place during a tense period: the economic crisis, the leftist guerrilla uprisings in some parts of the country and the
3511: 2474:. Although he ran in coalition with the PRI and therefore was not an opposition senator, he was the first Senator not to come from the PRI since 1929. 2940:
for the Congressional and Senate elections in order to ensure better representation of opposition parties – something extremely difficult under the
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recorded a jingle for the López Portillo campaign, titled "¿Dónde estás, José?" ("Where are you, José"?). Other entertainers such as
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The PPS and the PARM supported López Portillo's candidacy, as they had traditionally done with previous candidates for the PRI.
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system that had been in force. However, the PRI retained its position as the dominant party, retaining the presidency until
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was the only candidate in the presidential election, and was elected unopposed. In the Chamber of Deputies election, the
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was one of the main contenders for the PRI presidential candidacy. He was ultimately not the one chosen by President
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Guzmán García, Rodolfo (8 February 1975). "Una computadora está indicando al candidato ideal para la Presidencia".
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Committee as well as General Coordinator of López Portillo's campaign, while López Portillo appointed
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Los partidos políticos y las elecciones en México: del partido hegemónico a los gobiernos divididos
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These have been the last Mexican presidential elections in which a candidate has run unopposed.
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In the end, López Portillo took office as scheduled on December 1 without further incidents.
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against his own candidate, López Portillo, to perpetuate himself in power. On August 13, the
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There were many rumours that outgoing president Luis Echeverría was planning to carry out a
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as well as his tenure as Secretary of Agrarian Reform solidified his leadership of the
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the government took against them, were some of many issues that outgoing President
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Some of the PRI contenders for the party's 1976 presidential candidacy were:
717: 275: 1943: 825:). He was initially perceived as the natural candidate to succeed President 2071: 834: 2039: 1847: 2945: 1687: 795:(PAN), which was practically the only real opposition party at the time. 225: 2263: 1719: 1177: 1115: 3446: 2483: 2359: 896: 94: 3442:"Secuestro fallido contra la hermana del presidente electo de México" 3087:
Sucesiones, Destapes y Elecciones Presidenciales 1916-1988 (Vol. III)
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La transición inconclusa : treinta años de elecciones en México
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A childhood friend of President Echeverría, Secretary of Finance
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La transición inconclusa: treinta años de elecciones en México
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Presencia de la oposición en los órganos de elección popular
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Mis Tiempos: Biografía y testimonio político (Parte primera)
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performed on an LP issued by the López Portillo campaign.
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Mis Tiempos. Biografía y testimonio político. Primer tomo
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faced and which jeopardised the power of the ruling PRI.
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In his campaign, López Portillo defended the infamous
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Instituto de Estudios Políticos, Económicos y Sociales
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De Remes, Alain; Martínez, Jaqueline; Varela, Carlo.
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IMOP Poll regarding the 1976 presidential succession
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Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I
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La reforma electoral y el cambio político en México
3412: 837:and most of the State Governors for his candidacy. 3344:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2004, p. 56 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 940:The candidate most to the establishment's liking 4245: 3129: 1164:López Portillo had been separated from his wife 161: 3353: 3215: 3032: 3527: 3422:. Instituto Belisario Domínguez. pp. 2–3 3139:Ramos, Martinez & Ramírez. (March 1988). 3070: 3046:Ramos, Martinez & Ramírez. (March 1988). 2936:law was enacted in 1977, introducing partial 873:sector, which supported his presidential bid. 744: 3109: 1161:mother's vote for him" to win the election. 829:, given that Echeverría and his predecessor 810:Nomination of the PRI presidential candidate 3534: 3520: 3347: 3141:Salinas de Gortari: Candidato de la crisis 3048:Salinas de Gortari: Candidato de la crisis 751: 737: 3342:Opening Mexico: The Making of a Democracy 3316:"México, 100 años de propaganda política" 2792:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 2574:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 1277:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 1157:, as he would not appear in the ballots. 789:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 386:LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress 3050:. Plaza y Valdés Editores. p. 140. 2927: 1202: 1122: 1114: 939: 936: 931: 910: 895: 3143:. Plaza y Valdés Editores. p. 88. 3110:Riva Palacio, Raymundo (28 July 2013). 4246: 3468: 3089:. El Universal. 1993. pp. 54–56. 2690: 2448: 1107:in their eagerness to break me down". 1068: 463:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 3515: 2888: 2875: 2862: 2849: 2708: 2670: 2657: 2644: 2631: 2490: 2470:was elected Senator for the state of 1373: 1316: 1224: 891:Instituto Mexicano de Opinión Pública 1130:ran as a write-in candidate for the 3550:Elections and referendums in Mexico 3220:. Fernández Editores. p. 404. 13: 3340:Preston, Julia and Samuel Dillon, 3266: 3165:"Mensaje al pueblo en su protesta" 2389: 2357: 2325: 2293: 2261: 2229: 2197: 2165: 2133: 2101: 2069: 2037: 2005: 1973: 1941: 1909: 1877: 1845: 1813: 1781: 1749: 1717: 1685: 1653: 1621: 1589: 1557: 1525: 1493: 1461: 1429: 1397: 14: 4290: 3292: 2969: 2729:Institutional Revolutionary Party 2511:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1247:Institutional Revolutionary Party 773:Institutional Revolutionary Party 4254:Presidential elections in Mexico 3543: 2700: 2482: 1119:López Portillo campaign buttons. 867:National Peasants' Confederation 851:Confederation of Mexican Workers 711: 224: 93: 25: 4269:Legislative elections in Mexico 4259:1976 elections in North America 3488: 3462: 3434: 3406: 3381: 3372: 3334: 3308: 3286: 3260: 3247: 3234: 3209: 3183: 3157: 2919:Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre 763:General elections were held in 3103: 3079: 3064: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 853:in his bid for the presidency. 582:National Regeneration Movement 1: 3469:Riding, Alan (13 June 1976). 3354:López Portillo, José (1988). 3216:López Portillo, José (1988). 2962: 778: 673:Diplomatic missions of Mexico 19:1976 Mexican general election 3450:(in Spanish). 13 August 1976 3269:"Un consejo para La Gaviota" 2908: 1215: 1207:López Portillo and his wife 863:Secretary of Agrarian Reform 540:Instituto Nacional Electoral 7: 2938:proportional representation 1338: 1110: 1095:as director of the party's 655:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 562:Institutional Revolutionary 440:Federal electoral districts 337:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 10: 4295: 4279:July 1976 events in Mexico 4274:Single-candidate elections 1198: 791:(PARM) and the right-wing 471:Federal Electoral Tribunal 4190: 4052: 3754: 3556: 2901: 2897: 2889:Registered voters/turnout 2884: 2871: 2858: 2845: 2828: 2812:Non-registered candidates 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2699: 2683: 2679: 2671:Registered voters/turnout 2666: 2653: 2640: 2627: 2610: 2594:Non-registered candidates 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2481: 2458: 1370: 1367: 1348: 1345: 1327: 1317:Registered voters/turnout 1312: 1301: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1227: 937:The most viable candidate 926: 823:Secretary of the Interior 206: 159: 85: 67: 60: 54: 35: 23: 4264:1976 elections in Mexico 3471:"Mexico elects a symbol" 2464:Jorge Cruickshank García 1368:Unregistered candidates 1060:Luis Enrique Bracamontes 1050:Carlos Gálvez Betancourt 859:Augusto Gómez Villanueva 611:Administrative divisions 425:President of the Chamber 2771:Popular Socialist Party 2553:Popular Socialist Party 2468:Popular Socialist Party 1262:Popular Socialist Party 1146:Mexican Communist Party 1144:On the other hand, the 1132:Mexican Communist Party 1093:Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma 785:Popular Socialist Party 429:Marcela Guerra Castillo 403:President of the Senate 3558:Presidential elections 3378:López Portillo, p. 417 1212: 1135: 1120: 1105:place its funds abroad 1025:Hugo Cervantes del Río 1013:Hugo Cervantes del Río 998:Hugo Cervantes del Río 921: 908: 490:Recent major elections 395:Senate of the Republic 347:List of heads of state 248:Constitution of Mexico 3756:Legislative elections 3171:. AEE. 6 October 1975 2950:National Action Party 2928:Legitimacy in dispute 2750:National Action Party 2532:National Action Party 1206: 1176:Popular Cuban singer 1126: 1118: 914: 899: 889:In October 1974, the 793:National Action Party 572:Democratic Revolution 378:Congress of the Union 62:Presidential election 3112:"El eterno Porfirio" 1103:did not hesitate to 1037:Carlos Hank González 883:Secretary of Finance 3494:G.T. Silvia (2001) 3197:. 18 September 2020 2942:first-past-the-post 2863:Invalid/blank votes 2696: 2691:Chamber of Deputies 2645:Invalid/blank votes 2478: 1464:Baja California Sur 1350:José López Portillo 1242:José López Portillo 1221: 1186:María Elena Velasco 1019:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 1005:Mario Moya Palencia 991:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 983:José López Portillo 977:Mario Moya Palencia 971:José López Portillo 962:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 954:José López Portillo 946:Mario Moya Palencia 933:Preferred candidate 917:José López Portillo 901:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 879:José López Portillo 843:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 819:Mario Moya Palencia 769:José López Portillo 417:Chamber of Deputies 329:President of Mexico 192:José López Portillo 109:José López Portillo 20: 3475:The New York Times 3025:Córdova, L (2003) 2695: 2477: 1220: 1213: 1155:write-in candidate 1136: 1121: 922: 909: 847:Secretary of Labor 831:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 630:State legislatures 592:Citizens' Movement 352:Federal government 296:Capital punishment 240:Federal government 217:Politics of Mexico 132:Popular vote 18: 4241: 4240: 3320:Publímetro México 2988:978-0-19-928357-6 2906: 2905: 2688: 2687: 2456: 2455: 1336: 1335: 1084: 1083: 761: 760: 718:Mexico portal 695:Visa requirements 648:Foreign relations 554:Political parties 301:Life imprisonment 210: 209: 202: 201: 155: 154: 56: 50: 49: 4286: 3548: 3547: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3267:Ajenjo, Manuel. 3264: 3258: 3253:Uziel, C (2010) 3251: 3245: 3240:Gómez, S (2001) 3238: 3232: 3231: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3043: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2973: 2934:electoral reform 2704: 2697: 2694: 2486: 2479: 2476: 1688:Federal District 1343: 1342: 1222: 1219: 1072:: October 1974. 924: 923: 767:on 4 July 1976. 753: 746: 739: 716: 715: 714: 407:Ana Lilia Rivera 228: 212: 211: 162: 97: 87: 86: 55: 37: 36: 30: 29: 28: 21: 17: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4186: 4054:State elections 4048: 3750: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3510: 3509: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3137: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3044: 3033: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2952:was elected in 2930: 2911: 2693: 2461: 2200:State of Mexico 2104:San Luis Potosí 1432:Baja California 1352: 1341: 1218: 1201: 1113: 827:Luis Echeverría 812: 804:Luis Echeverría 781: 757: 728: 724:Other countries 712: 710: 705: 704: 685:Nationality law 681: 669: 657: 650: 640: 639: 613: 603: 602: 601: 587:Ecologist Green 567:National Action 556: 546: 545: 526:Gubernatorial: 525: 508: 491: 486: 476: 475: 457: 447: 446: 434: 427: 412: 405: 390: 372: 362: 361: 343: 339: 323: 313: 312: 251: 242: 219: 194: 189: 176: 174:Luis Echeverría 171: 169:before election 160: 81: 80: 74: 63: 31: 26: 24: 12: 11: 5: 4292: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 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2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1400:Aguascalientes 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1347: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291:Personal votes 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1217: 1214: 1200: 1197: 1182:Enrique Guzmán 1150:Valentín Campa 1128:Valentín Campa 1112: 1109: 1082: 1081: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 995: 992: 988: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 968: 967: 964: 959: 956: 951: 948: 942: 941: 938: 935: 929: 928: 920:establishment. 887: 886: 875: 874: 855: 854: 839: 838: 811: 808: 780: 777: 759: 758: 756: 755: 748: 741: 733: 730: 729: 727: 726: 720: 707: 706: 703: 702: 697: 692: 687: 680: 679: 668: 667: 664:Marcelo Ebrard 651: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 635:Municipalities 632: 627: 626: 625: 614: 609: 608: 605: 604: 600: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 558: 557: 552: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 535: 534: 487: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 467: 466: 458: 453: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 443: 442: 433: 432: 421: 420: 411: 410: 399: 398: 389: 388: 382: 381: 373: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 342: 341: 333: 332: 324: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 305: 304: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 272: 271: 270: 269: 258: 257: 243: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 221: 220: 215: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 181: 157: 156: 153: 152: 150: 145: 141: 140: 138: 133: 129: 128: 126: 121: 117: 116: 114: 112: 105: 101: 100: 98: 91: 83: 82: 75: 69: 68: 65: 64: 61: 58: 57: 52: 51: 48: 47: 45: 40: 33: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4291: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3505: 3504:968-12-1042-5 3501: 3497: 3491: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3367: 3365:968-416-832-2 3361: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3296: 3289: 3274: 3273:El Economista 3270: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3229: 3227:968-416-832-2 3223: 3219: 3212: 3196: 3195:Grupo Milenio 3192: 3186: 3170: 3169:El Informador 3166: 3160: 3152: 3150:968-856-128-2 3146: 3142: 3135: 3133: 3117: 3116:Informador.mx 3113: 3106: 3098: 3096:968-6243-24-0 3092: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3057:968-856-128-2 3053: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976:Dieter Nohlen 2972: 2968: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2506: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1223: 1210: 1209:Carmen Romano 1205: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1166:Carmen Romano 1162: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 993: 990: 989: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 969: 965: 963: 960: 957: 955: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 934: 930: 925: 918: 913: 906: 902: 898: 894: 892: 884: 880: 877: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 857: 856: 852: 848: 844: 841: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 817: 816: 815: 807: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 776: 774: 770: 766: 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 735: 734: 732: 731: 725: 722: 721: 719: 709: 708: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 674: 671: 670: 665: 661: 656: 653: 652: 649: 644: 643: 636: 633: 631: 628: 624: 621: 620: 619: 616: 615: 612: 607: 606: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 555: 550: 549: 542: 541: 537: 536: 533: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509:Legislative: 507: 503: 499: 495: 489: 488: 485: 480: 479: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 460: 459: 456: 451: 450: 441: 438: 437: 436: 435: 430: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 414: 413: 408: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 392: 391: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 375: 374: 371: 366: 365: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 326: 325: 322: 317: 316: 309: 306: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 259: 255: 250: 249: 245: 244: 241: 236: 235: 232: 231: 227: 223: 222: 218: 214: 213: 205: 198: 197: 193: 188: 187: 182: 180: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 163: 158: 151: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 113: 111: 110: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 92: 89: 88: 84: 79: → 78: 73: 70:←  66: 59: 53: 46: 44: 41: 39: 38: 34: 22: 16: 3963: 3705: 3495: 3490: 3478:. Retrieved 3474: 3464: 3452:. Retrieved 3445: 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3415: 3408: 3396:. Retrieved 3394:. p. 17 3383: 3374: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3336: 3324:. Retrieved 3322:. March 2012 3319: 3310: 3298:. Retrieved 3288: 3276:. Retrieved 3272: 3262: 3254: 3249: 3241: 3236: 3217: 3211: 3199:. Retrieved 3194: 3185: 3173:. Retrieved 3168: 3159: 3140: 3119:. Retrieved 3115: 3105: 3086: 3081: 3073:El Universal 3072: 3066: 3047: 3026: 3021: 3016:Nohlen, p454 3012: 3007:Nohlen, p470 3003: 2998:Nohlen, p469 2994: 2979: 2971: 2958: 2931: 2923: 2912: 2462: 2401: 2396: 2369: 2364: 2337: 2332: 2305: 2300: 2273: 2268: 2241: 2236: 2209: 2204: 2177: 2172: 2145: 2140: 2113: 2108: 2081: 2076: 2072:Quintana Roo 2049: 2044: 2017: 2012: 1985: 1980: 1953: 1948: 1921: 1916: 1889: 1884: 1857: 1852: 1825: 1820: 1793: 1788: 1761: 1756: 1729: 1724: 1697: 1692: 1665: 1660: 1633: 1628: 1601: 1596: 1569: 1564: 1537: 1532: 1505: 1500: 1473: 1468: 1441: 1436: 1409: 1404: 1192: 1190: 1175: 1163: 1159: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1069: 932: 890: 888: 813: 797: 782: 762: 597:New Alliance 538: 461: 416: 394: 376: 327: 308:Gun politics 262:Human rights 246: 190: 183: 172: 165: 147: 135: 107: 42: 15: 4191:Referendums 2946:Vicente Fox 2915:coup d'état 2876:Total votes 2850:Valid votes 2658:Total votes 2632:Valid votes 2444:17,606,872 2426:16,462,930 1371:Null votes 1074:Sample size 787:(PPS), the 700:Visa policy 577:Labor Party 370:Legislature 291:Nationality 267:LGBT rights 144:Percentage 43:4 July 1976 4248:Categories 3454:14 October 3426:11 October 3398:11 October 3278:15 January 2963:References 2892:25,913,066 2879:16,068,911 2853:15,158,480 2832:15,158,480 2733:12,868,104 2674:25,913,066 2661:16,728,003 2635:15,320,531 2614:15,320,531 2515:13,406,825 2354:1,351,879 2264:Tamaulipas 2226:1,483,249 1944:Nuevo León 1842:1,079,294 1720:Guanajuato 1714:2,790,359 1320:25,913,066 1305:16,727,993 1251:15,435,321 1178:Celia Cruz 1173:populace. 1148:nominated 905:Echeverría 779:Background 136:16,727,993 3201:1 January 3175:1 January 3121:1 January 2909:Aftermath 2754:1,358,403 2648:1,407,472 2536:1,245,406 2466:from the 2392:Zacatecas 2333:1,331,085 2205:1,341,791 2040:Querétaro 1848:Michoacán 1821:1,012,985 1693:2,210,573 1560:Chihuahua 1225:Candidate 1216:President 1099:(IEPES). 800:Dirty War 677:in Mexico 623:Governors 492:General: 484:Elections 455:Judiciary 321:Executive 186:President 167:President 2449:Source: 2438:931,870 2432:212,064 2418:300,985 2386:360,272 2328:Veracruz 2322:202,968 2296:Tlaxcala 2290:464,525 2258:286,642 2220:118,628 2194:517,000 2162:300,720 2130:507,267 2066:220,585 2034:788,346 2002:762,809 1970:372,177 1938:211,976 1906:221,550 1874:762,166 1810:538,987 1778:698,603 1752:Guerrero 1746:827,187 1708:458,744 1702:121,042 1682:346,140 1618:517,675 1592:Coahuila 1586:452,223 1554:483,261 1522:139,576 1496:Campeche 1458:344,402 1426:109,825 1339:By state 1332:, Nohlen 1328:Source: 1171:catholic 1111:Campaign 1076:: 2730. 690:Passport 660:Minister 409:(MORENA) 340:(MORENA) 281:Abortion 184:Elected 104:Nominee 3480:27 June 3447:El País 3326:17 July 3300:17 July 2982:, p453 2978:(2005) 2948:of the 2866:910,431 2796:403,274 2775:479,228 2578:188,788 2557:438,850 2429:93.50% 2397:296,683 2380:26,114 2365:333,602 2360:Yucatán 2348:16,032 2319:0.004% 2313:0.007% 2301:202,943 2284:15,767 2269:446,189 2237:285,421 2232:Tabasco 2214:22,830 2173:514,678 2141:294,511 2136:Sinaloa 2109:495,863 2098:50,140 2045:214,137 2028:30,528 2013:752,416 1981:760,754 1964:15,946 1958:20,757 1949:335,474 1917:205,738 1912:Nayarit 1900:14,825 1885:204,312 1880:Morelos 1868:15,507 1853:745,111 1836:58,360 1816:Jalisco 1804:17,193 1789:520,027 1784:Hidalgo 1757:689,829 1740:15,022 1725:810,619 1711:16.44% 1661:341,960 1656:Durango 1650:64,726 1597:516,436 1583:10.40% 1580:47,073 1565:403,350 1533:481,092 1528:Chiapas 1501:139,050 1490:49,358 1452:27,893 1437:314,950 1405:102,968 1294:303,972 1281:339,922 1266:648,778 1211:voting. 1199:Results 1193:acarreo 871:peasant 357:Cabinet 254:history 90:  3502:  3498:, p35 3362:  3257:, p143 3244:, p113 3224:  3147:  3093:  3054:  3029:, p656 2986:  2882:100.00 2835:100.00 2815:49,471 2664:100.00 2617:100.00 2597:40,662 2472:Oaxaca 2459:Senate 2441:5.29% 2435:1.20% 2423:Total 2415:0.93% 2412:2,826 2409:0.49% 2406:1,476 2402:98.57% 2383:7.24% 2377:0.15% 2370:92.59% 2351:1.18% 2345:0.35% 2342:4,762 2338:98.46% 2306:99.98% 2287:3.39% 2281:0.55% 2278:2,569 2274:96.05% 2255:0.27% 2249:0.14% 2242:99.57% 2223:7.99% 2217:1.53% 2210:90.46% 2191:0.33% 2188:1,725 2185:0.11% 2178:99.55% 2168:Sonora 2159:1.54% 2156:4,650 2153:0.51% 2150:1,559 2146:97.93% 2127:1.50% 2124:7,615 2121:0.74% 2118:3,789 2114:97.75% 2095:2.31% 2092:1,163 2089:0.03% 2082:97.64% 2077:48,960 2063:2.53% 2060:5,601 2057:0.38% 2050:97.07% 2031:3.87% 2025:0.68% 2022:5,402 2018:95.44% 2008:Puebla 1999:0.06% 1993:0.20% 1990:1,581 1986:99.73% 1976:Oaxaca 1967:4.28% 1961:5.77% 1954:90.13% 1935:2.63% 1932:5,589 1929:0.30% 1922:97.05% 1903:6.69% 1897:1.08% 1894:2,413 1890:92.21% 1871:2.03% 1865:0.20% 1862:1,548 1858:97.76% 1839:5.40% 1833:0.73% 1830:7,949 1826:93.85% 1807:3.18% 1801:0.32% 1798:1,767 1794:96.48% 1775:1.02% 1772:7,189 1769:0.22% 1766:1,585 1762:98.74% 1743:1.81% 1737:0.18% 1734:1,546 1730:97.99% 1705:4.33% 1698:79.22% 1679:0.96% 1676:3,330 1673:0.24% 1666:98.79% 1647:2.11% 1644:1,371 1641:0.59% 1634:97.29% 1629:62,973 1624:Colima 1615:0.06% 1609:0.17% 1602:99.76% 1577:0.39% 1574:1,800 1570:89.19% 1551:0.40% 1548:1,978 1545:0.03% 1538:99.55% 1519:0.32% 1513:0.04% 1506:99.62% 1487:5.46% 1484:2,699 1481:0.40% 1474:94.12% 1469:46,458 1455:8.09% 1449:0.45% 1446:1,559 1442:91.44% 1423:5.87% 1420:6,451 1417:0.36% 1410:93.75% 1391:Votes 1385:Votes 1379:Votes 1374:Total 1346:State 1308:100.00 1078:Source 1028:15.7% 1008:19.8% 986:28.2% 966:37.3% 765:Mexico 618:States 504:, and 120:Party 3420:(PDF) 3392:(PDF) 2895:62.01 2856:94.33 2829:Total 2736:84.89 2718:Seats 2712:Votes 2709:Party 2677:64.55 2638:91.59 2611:Total 2518:87.51 2500:Seats 2494:Votes 2491:Party 1330:INEGI 1302:Total 1254:92.27 1231:Votes 1228:Party 1064:1.6% 1054:2.0% 1041:14.6% 1022:25.6% 1016:14.8% 1002:27.4% 994:20.6% 980:29.3% 974:23.2% 958:34.1% 950:41.4% 431:(PRI) 286:Labor 4233:2022 4228:2021 4223:1999 4218:1998 4213:1995 4208:1867 4203:1863 4198:1854 4182:2024 4177:2023 4172:2022 4167:2021 4162:2020 4157:2019 4152:2018 4147:2017 4142:2016 4137:2015 4132:2014 4127:2013 4122:2012 4117:2011 4112:2010 4107:2009 4102:2008 4097:2007 4092:2006 4087:2005 4082:2004 4077:2003 4072:2002 4067:2001 4062:2000 4044:2024 4039:2021 4034:2018 4029:2015 4024:2012 4019:2009 4014:2006 4009:2003 4004:2000 3999:1997 3994:1994 3989:1991 3984:1988 3979:1985 3974:1982 3969:1979 3964:1976 3959:1973 3954:1970 3949:1967 3944:1964 3939:1961 3934:1958 3929:1955 3924:1952 3919:1949 3914:1946 3909:1943 3904:1940 3899:1937 3894:1934 3889:1928 3884:1924 3879:1920 3874:1917 3869:1912 3864:1910 3859:1904 3854:1900 3849:1896 3844:1892 3839:1888 3834:1884 3829:1880 3824:1876 3819:1871 3814:1867 3809:1861 3804:1857 3799:1853 3794:1850 3789:1848 3784:1842 3779:1837 3774:1833 3769:1828 3764:1824 3746:2024 3741:2018 3736:2012 3731:2006 3726:2000 3721:1994 3716:1988 3711:1982 3706:1976 3701:1970 3696:1964 3691:1958 3686:1952 3681:1946 3676:1940 3671:1934 3666:1929 3661:1928 3656:1924 3651:1920 3646:1917 3641:1911 3636:1910 3631:1904 3626:1900 3621:1896 3616:1892 3611:1888 3606:1884 3601:1880 3596:1877 3591:1876 3586:1872 3581:1871 3576:1867 3571:1861 3566:1857 3500:ISBN 3482:2020 3456:2017 3428:2021 3400:2021 3360:ISBN 3328:2020 3302:2020 3280:2022 3222:ISBN 3203:2022 3177:2022 3145:ISBN 3123:2022 3091:ISBN 3052:ISBN 2984:ISBN 2954:2000 2869:5.67 2818:0.33 2799:2.66 2778:3.16 2757:8.96 2651:8.41 2600:0.27 2581:1.23 2560:2.86 2539:8.13 2451:CEDE 2374:556 2252:796 2246:425 2182:597 2054:847 1996:474 1926:649 1670:850 1638:382 1612:312 1606:927 1542:191 1516:460 1478:201 1414:406 1359:PARM 1297:1.82 1284:2.03 1269:3.88 1184:and 1070:Date 835:Army 532:2021 530:and 528:2010 523:2021 521:and 519:2015 515:2009 511:2003 506:2024 502:2018 498:2012 494:2006 148:100% 77:1982 72:1970 2838:237 2739:195 2721:+/– 2503:+/– 2310:16 2086:17 1510:66 1363:PPS 1355:PRI 1080:: 276:Law 196:PRI 178:PRI 124:PRI 4250:: 3473:. 3444:. 3318:. 3271:. 3193:. 3167:. 3131:^ 3114:. 3034:^ 2956:. 2841:+6 2805:+3 2802:10 2784:+2 2781:12 2763:–5 2760:20 2742:+6 2620:64 2566:+1 2521:63 2316:9 1394:% 1388:% 1382:% 1365:) 1361:+ 1357:+ 1044:- 675:/ 662:: 517:, 513:, 500:, 496:, 3535:e 3528:t 3521:v 3484:. 3458:. 3430:. 3402:. 3368:. 3330:. 3304:. 3282:. 3230:. 3205:. 3179:. 3153:. 3125:. 3099:. 3075:. 3060:. 2824:0 2821:0 2715:% 2623:0 2606:0 2603:0 2587:0 2584:0 2563:1 2545:0 2542:0 2524:0 2497:% 1353:( 1323:– 1234:% 1134:. 1033:- 881:( 861:( 845:( 821:( 752:e 745:t 738:v 666:) 658:( 256:) 252:(

Index

1970
1982

José López Portillo
PRI
President
Luis Echeverría
PRI
President
José López Portillo
PRI
Politics of Mexico

Federal government
Constitution of Mexico
history
Human rights
LGBT rights
Law
Abortion
Labor
Nationality
Capital punishment
Life imprisonment
Gun politics
Executive
President of Mexico
Andrés Manuel López Obrador
List of heads of state
Federal government

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