915:
1010:
1193:(estimated magnitude of ~8) is generally said to have been the deadliest earthquake disaster in history, with 830,000 deaths, based on Chinese historical records. However, a Chinese language source argues for only 530,000 deaths from the earthquake itself, with the larger number being the total reduction of population due to deaths from all causes (including exposure, disease, and famine) as well as people leaving the region due to economic collapse. Another Chinese source states (without citing any sources) that the 1556 earthquake killed only about 100,000 directly, with another 700,000 dying of disease. Depending on what basis is used, the Tangshan disaster can thus be considered as approximately one-third, one-half, or twice as deadly as the Shaanxi disaster.
1308:
1294:
545:
814:
2178:, pp. 47â48) quotes from a geocities.com webpage of "Dr. George" that is no longer available. Spignesi quotes Pararas-Carayannis as saying that, in the 1556 earthquake, "in some counties the average death toll was 60 percent of the total population", and that it was reasonable to expect a similar proportion of deaths at Tangshan since the magnitudes were similar (assuming that the intensity of ground-shaking was also similar), and "since construction standards for this rural area had not changed significantly" (
470:, about 70 km to the east-northeast ("B" on the intensity map in the next section), just south of the northeastern end of the Tangshan fault. This occurred in a zone of north-northwest striking conjugate faults that cut across the north end of the Tangshan fault. The left-lateral motion here, along with the right-lateral motion on the Tangshan fault, suggests that as the crustal blocks to the west and east are compressed together the block between these two earthquakes is being squeezed out to the south.
797:
repair, was that involving bridges. Most difficult was where soft or liquefied soil allowed the bank to slide into the river, shifting the abutments. A more frequent problem was where an approach embankment subsided, typically leaving the rails suspended from the abutment. There were numerous cases where concrete piers and abutments were damaged due to inadequate design and construction; bridges that were strengthened following the
Haicheng earthquake survived with only slight damage.
517:
524:
31:
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40:
773:) Railway (built in 1976) is a single-track Class I trunk line that runs east from the eastern outskirts of Beijing to where it meets the Beijing to Shanhaiguan line northeast of Tangshan (near the epicenter of the M 7.1 quake). All of this was built "with no consideration for earthquake resistant design", although some "earthquake resistance measures" for large and medium bridges were applied following the
1121:(about 400 km northeast of Tangshan) is regarded by seismologists as the only successful prediction of a major earthquake, although no mechanism has been proposed to explain this prediction, and no successful predictions have been achieved since. The surprisingly light death toll â initial reports were of "very few people killed", but later determined to be a modest 2,041âfor this magnitude
1096:
7.1 quake occurred ("B" on the 'shaking' map). The southern end of the
Tangshan fault (it bends slightly at Tangshan) is near Ninghe, which was also the site of a M 6.2 earthquake several hours after the main shock, and an M 6.9 quake ("C") the following November. The Tangshan fault is considered shallow, but corresponds with a deeper and younger fault with somewhat differing characteristics.
1081:, the eastâwest trending Yanshan mountain fault-fold belt (also known as the Yanshan seismic belt) marks the northern edge of the North China Craton (and of the alluvial plain). It is also the location of over half of the destructive earthquakes in Hebei province, as under the plain several fault zones (oriented parallel to the Central Orogenic Belt) terminate against the Yanshan mountains.
709:
extended about 75 km north and south of
Tangshan and 120 km east and west, from about 25 km short of Beijing to short of Qinhuangdao City (which had anomalously higher shaking), and from the Sea of Bohai in the south and southwest to just north of Zunhua. The northâsouth shortening of this zone is attributed to buttressing by the bedrock of the Yanshin mountains.
396:. In minutes, 85 percent of the buildings in Tangshan collapsed or were rendered unusable, all services failed, and most of the highway and railway bridges collapsed or were seriously damaged. The official report claimed 242,769 deaths and 164,851 serious injuries in Tangshan, but when taking into account the missing, the injured who later died and the deaths in nearby
1144:
unofficial predictions of an imminent quake, none of those had a scientific basis. The warnings that were made and precautions taken happened largely at the local level, based on general middle-term predictions, enhanced public awareness due to an educational campaign, and a series of foreshocks. It is significant that at
Tangshan there were no perceptible foreshocks.
501: strike-slip earthquake struck the northern part of the Tangshan Fault. It produced its own sequence of aftershocks that ended on 17 July 2020. The earthquake only caused minor damage to buildings in Tangshan. Its occurrence stirred a debate among scientists into whether the recent earthquakes are aftershocks of the 1976 event or are background seismicity.
1176:
geomagnetism, or isolated anomalous phenomena. They were often too broad (magnitude "of at least 4.0 in the area of
Beijing, Tianjin, Huailai, Tangshan, Bohai, and Zhangjiakou", "in a few years") to warrant large-scale societal and economic disruption. Such disruptions could be serious: a false alarm in October, 1976, issued by the
1077:. This craton (see figure) was formed approximately two billion years ago by the collision of two major crustal blocks that left a belt of uplifted mountains â the Central (China) Orogenic Belt (COB) â that crosses China approximately southwest to northeast, passing just west and north of Beijing. Just north of Zunhua another
1152:, there was a possible disagreement within the SSB on whether the next large earthquake would be in eastern China (e.g. the Beijing area) or western China, and that in May it had been concluded that no major earthquakes would occur in the BeijingâTangshan area. As it turned out, western China was hit by the magnitude 7.2
1148:
earthquake predictions and preparation that convened in
Tangshan on 14 July (two weeks before the earthquake) where Wang Chengmin is said to have warned there could be a magnitude 5+ earthquake in the TangshanâLuanxian area between 22 July and 5 August. However, in addition to the distractions of the
1130:
7.5 quake, attributed to the precautionary measures taken following a definite short-term prediction, was proclaimed as a demonstration of the superiority of China's socialist system, and incidentally a validation of the
Chinese methodologies. However, it was later determined that the most important
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to the north have filled in the ancient Sea of Bohai, with
Tangshan near where the shore was about 4,000 years ago. To the south these sediments have formed a layer of weak soils as much as three kilometers thick. At Tangshan and northward these sediments are thinner where the underlying strata crops
898:
persons dead. Some 79,000 persons were seriously injured, and some 700,000 persons suffered various degrees of injuries." Though these figures have been widely cited, it does not appear there has ever been inquiry into how they were derived, of whether they were an initial estimate (made in the first
780:
These vital arteries (and other railways and branch lines) were seriously damaged by the earthquakes, mainly in the areas of intensity IX or greater shaking. (This includes a large area around
Tangshan quake, and areas around Ninghe and Luanxian following the M 6.9 and M 7.4 aftershocks.) At the time
724:
Most of the damage to the vertical shafts occurred within the first 50 meters, where they pass through the water-bearing alluvium. In many cases the concrete liner built to keep out the water cracked (particularly where not built properly), allowing a much greater inflow of water. Coupled with damage
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The area of intensity X shaking â where only new, one-story brick buildings were merely "damaged or slightly damaged", the rest being severely damaged or worse â was 36 km long and 15 km across. In this "high intensity" zone (intensity X and XI, within the red contour on the map) 20 highway
2371:
The link between politics and earthquake prediction is well expressed by the following statement: 'This is eloquent proof that in socialist New China, under the leadership of
Chairman Mao and the Communist Party and by relying on the masses and professional seismological workers armed with Marxism â
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in southwestern China just three weeks later. On the other hand, an ongoing mass education campaign before the quake showed that the government was aware and concerned, and the prompt and massive response following the quake demonstrated the government's competence to alleviate suffering and restore
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The remarkably low death toll of the Haicheng earthquake the previous year â initially said to be fewer than 300, much later estimated at a still very modest 2,041 â had been credited to measures taken in response to an accurate and timely prediction. This was touted as demonstrating the validity of
1248:
Although unprepared, compared to other earthquake disasters Tangshan did not experience significant common secondary disasters arising from fire, tsunami, landsliding, or flooding due to blocking of rivers or breaching of dikes. A dam holding back a large reservoir just above Tangshan was seriously
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provincial government, is estimated to have disrupted the lives of 65% of the population of that province for half a year. It has also been estimated that "in the fall of 1976 about 400 million of the then total population of 930 million of China spent some nights in temporary earthquake shelters."
1134:
Tangshan was not so fortunate. Seventeen months later the 242,419 fatalities of the similarly sized Tangshan earthquake was therefore a considerable shock politically as well as seismically. While some of this greater mortality might be attributed to the exposure of a larger population, or the time
1095:
The Tangshan fault that ruptured 28 July runs right under the center of Tangshan City. One of three faults in the Changdong fault zone, it runs approximately east-northeast (ENE) about 36 km to where it terminates against the northâsouth trending fault where, just to the south, the secondary M
891:
The following January (1977) the Nationalists released a document they said had been presented at an emergency conference on relief work the previous August by the Hebei Provincial Committee of the party and the Hebei Revolutionary Committee. According to this document: "in such seriously stricken
804:
Over forty-two thousand people were mobilized to quickly effect emergency repair of the railways. The Tongxian-Tuozitou line was opened for traffic on 3 August, single track of the Beijing-Shanhaiguan line opened on 7 August, and both tracks on 10 August, albeit at restricted speeds over temporary
796:
Railway operations were further impaired by the loss of communications (including signalling) and water supply (for the steam locomotives), in both cases due mainly to collapse of buildings and loss of electrical power. However, the most serious damage, taking the most manpower and longest time to
3206:
Kolbe, Athena R.; Hutson, Royce A.; Shannon, Harry; Trzcinski, Eileen; Miles, Bart; Levitz, Naomi; Puccio, Marie; James, Leah; Roger Noel, Jean; Muggah, Robert (2010). "Mortality, crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake: a random survey of Port-au-Prince households".
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been predicted, even "famously unpredicted", and that it was not predictable due to a lack of precursory anomalous phenomena. Furthermore, an investigation 30 years later found that there was no official short-term prediction of an imminent earthquake at Haicheng, and that, though there were many
845:
News reports the next day located the quake "about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Peking and 63 miles (101 km) northeast of Tientsen" (Tianjin); i.e., "almost precisely in Tangshan". The Chinese Communist party's Central Committee also broadcast a statement that the quake "caused great
708:
The zone of intensity VII shaking â inside the dark brown contour â marks the extent of moderate damage, where many Class I structures (of weak design or construction) were damaged but only "few"âbetween 10% and 30%âwere destroyed, and only a "few" Class two buildings damaged. This ellipsoid zone
699:
Further out (to the outer orange contour), and around the city of Tianjin and a few isolated patches, intensity VIII shaking mostly affected Class I buildings (more than half destroyed), bridges, and tall brick chimneys. Railway track was also subject to bending or displacement, depending on soil
1147:
On the other hand, it is reported that several people at the State Seismological Bureau (SSB) wanted to warn of an impending earthquake somewhere in the region between Beijing and the Bohai Sea, and that this was discussed at several meetings. One of these was a week-long national conference on
720:
Mining coal is Tangshan's principal industry, and when the quake struck around 10,000 miners were underground. For the most part the mine roadways (tunnels) were not seriously damaged, but with the loss of electrical power there was no illumination (aside from headlamps), no ventilation, and no
695:
Shaking of intensity IX (or greater) occurred in a zone roughly 78 km (48 mi) long and 42 km (26 mi) (about 1800 km, inner orange contour on the map), and also around the aftershocks at Luanxian and Ninghe. In this zone most buildings classified as Class III (well-built
658:
The power (magnitude) of the Tangshan earthquake is indicated by the extent of where it was felt: up to 1,100 km (680 mi) away, across most of northeastern China, and even in Mongolia and Korea. In and around Beijing, 140 km (87 mi) from the epicenter, the shaking reached an
1163:
issue any warning, to avoid alarming the population. The next morning, at an emergency meeting he requested with the Bureau's leadership, Wang was reportedly told by Deputy Chief Cha Zhiyuan that "We are currently very busy. We will discuss it again next week." However, Cha has disputed this,
1175:
Some of the bureaucratic reticence to issue warnings and order precautionary measures likely resulted from too many predictions. These were often based on doubtful theories notorious for false alarms that earthquakes can be predicted on the basis of droughts, daily temperatures, variations in
1252:
The immediate and massive response by the government resulted in the rescue of thousands of people in the first two days (after which mortality increases rapidly), while prompt attention to the problems of clean water, food, and public health avoided the mortality due to epidemic disease and
800:
It was observed that at intensity VII and above damage to the roadbed was correlated mainly with loose soil and a high water table. Conversely, bridges and rails in Tangshan City, built on dense soil with a deep water table, were largely undamaged even though subject to intensity XI shaking.
678:
The rupture occurred under the southern part of the city, and propagated northeastward on a fault that runs through the middle of the city. The maximum intensity was "XI" (eleven) on the 12-degree Chinese scale. Nearly every building and structure in the city collapsed, wholly or partially,
842:, reporting that a "violent" earthquake, initially estimated at magnitude 8.1, had struck "in the vicinity of Peking" (Beijing). Center Director Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis was reported as saying that "if the quake hit in a populated area reports of considerable damage could be expected."
728:
Some electrical power to the mines was restored in three days, and some coal production resumed within ten days. However, de-watering, overhauling of flooded electrical equipment, and rebuilding of surface buildings and structures continued for a year and a half; the pre-earthquake level of
696:
buildings of wood, masonry, or reinforced concrete) survived, but many Class II buildings (typically old wood-frame buildings lacking a well-built frame, and quite common outside of the cities) were destroyed, while a majority of Class I buildings (built of adobe or stone) were destroyed.
650:
being shaken, with houses built of adobe or stone, wooden houses without a well-built frame, and unreinforced masonry construction being especially vulnerable. The seismic risk had been greatly underestimated and almost all buildings and structures were designed and built without seismic
781:
of the main quake there were 28 freight trains and seven passenger trains traveling on the BeijingâShanhaiguan line in the affected area; seven freight trains and two passenger trains derailed due to derangement of the rails, mostly south of Tangshan where the line was built on loose
2372:
Leninism â Mao Tze-tung thought and preserving in practice and summing up experience conscientiously, not only can signs indicating an earthquake be observed but predictions and forecasts can be made and damage can be greatly minimized by doing a good job of precautionary work'.
1131:
factor in anticipating the Haicheng earthquake was the extended series of significant foreshocks ("powerful messages from nature"), and the low casualty rate was due largely to the time of day, hitting in the early evening when most people were neither at work nor asleep.
451:.) This "occurred on a near vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault, striking N40°E", the block on the southeast side sliding about three meters to the southwest. This resulted from tectonic compression on a nearly westâeast axis. Surface rupturing occurred in five
821:
The official report claimed 242,769 deaths and 164,851 serious injuries in Tangshan, but when taken into account the "missing", the injured who later died and the deaths in nearby Beijing and Tianjin, scholars accepted at least 300,000 died, making it the deadliest
1138:
At the time, the Chinese methods of earthquake prediction mainly consisted of watching for various precursors, including foreshocks, and were celebrated for their success at Haicheng and elsewhere. Many seismologists consider the Tangshan earthquakes to have
632:
Approximate extent of different intensities of shaking (isoseismals). Heaviest damage was within the dark brown line (intensity VII and greater). Diamonds locate the two principal shocks (A and B), and the area of several M > 6 aftershocks near Ninghe
974:, "belief in earthquake prediction was made an element of ideological orthodoxy that distinguished the true party liners from right wing deviationists", and it was everyone's duty to criticize those who doubted the feasibility of earthquake prediction.
846:
losses to people's life and property". One of the first reports from Tangshan said "nearly every building in the city ... was flattened." There were several reports of 50 people killed in Beijing, a 100 miles (160 km) from the epicenter.
977:
As a backdrop to this, and of deep concern to the Chinese Communist Party, was a collectively recognized but unvoiced awareness that in traditional Chinese belief, natural disasters are considered disruptions in the natural order of "heaven"
1181:
This illustrates the classic dilemma of earthquake prediction: increasing the sensitivity to the possibility of an earthquake (i.e., reducing the failure to predict) increases the number of false alarms, which often has a significant cost.
1050:, a fold in the sedimentary strata that has brought massive deposits of coal close enough to the surface to be mined. In this area the overlying alluvium varies in thickness from several meters to around 600 m (2,000 ft).
437:
energy released by an earthquake, and earthquakes vary in how much of that energy is converted to seismic shaking. The Tangshan quake, being relatively shallow, converted much of its energy to surface shaking, and on the
4276:
Press, Frank; Bullock, Mary; Hamilton, Robert M.; Brace, William F.; Kisslinger, Carl; Bonilla, Manuel G.; Allen, Clarence C.; Sykes, Lynn R.; Raleigh, C. Barry; Knopoff, Leon; Clough, Ray W.; Hofheinz, Roy (1975),
914:
3810:
Hou, Jian-Jun; Han, Mu-Kang; Chai, Bao-Long; Han, Heng-Yue (May 1998), "Geomorphological observations of active faults in the epicentral region of the Huaxian large earthquake in 1556 in Shaanxi Province, China",
473:
A long sequence of aftershocks followed, with twelve of magnitude 6 or greater. The first of these struck just three and a half hours after the initial shock, at 7:17, at the southern end of Tangshan fault, near
1135:
of day (Haicheng was struck in the early evening, Tangshan while most people were asleep), the principal factor appeared to be the failure to take any precautionary measures: Tangshan was entirely unprepared.
486: 6.9) occurred in November near Ninghe. Most aftershocks occurred between these end points, in a zone 140 km long and about 50 km wide. Many buildings were further damaged by the aftershocks.
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normal production, drawing on resources from across the nation. This was contrasted with the hardships faced by disaster victims (especially the poor) under previous regimes, where assistance was lacking.
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888:, with about 900,000 injured. They also reported that "almost all buildings in Tangshan were leveled", and 80 percent of homes and buildings in Tianjin "suffered damage to some extent".
626:
6194:
420:
The Tangshan earthquake was composed of two main shocks. The first struck at 3:42:55 in the morning (local time), approximately 12 km under the southern part of Tangshan. The
1168:
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claiming that Wang said there would be no major earthquakes. Another account says Wang was directed to submit more information, then send a small group to observe the earthquake.
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infrastructure was severely damaged, and essential services such as electric power, water supply, and communications were entirely knocked out. This area of maximum damage â the
3844:
International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (30 May 2011), "Operational Earthquake Forecasting: State of Knowledge and Guidelines for Utilization",
3113:
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646:, and the nature of the local soil and topography, with soft soils (e.g., sediments and fill) more likely to amplify the intensity and duration of the shaking. Second, the
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2521:
4335:
Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), "Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake",
1189:
Comparison of the Tangshan death toll â officially 242,419âwith other earthquake disasters is problematical because of uncertainty in the statistics. For example, the
2653:, p. 43. The secondary quake occurred on a north oriented section of a fault in a zone that, coming from the southeast, turns north, and then gets complicated.
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1862:
1196:
The other five deadliest earthquake disasters known in history, with magnitudes ranging from 7.0 to 9.1, have had death tolls just under that of Tangshan's:
712:
Significant damage occurred beyond this in the VI zone, but (like in Beijing) affected less than 10% of the buildings, or occurred in small localized areas.
5005:
789:, and occasional stretches of loose sand. In many of these cases â and also similar cases northeast of Tangshan, and on the TongxianâTuozitou line east of
4889:
793:â the railway embankment slumped due to weak soils. In other cases the embankment held, but transverse compression of the rails caused them to buckle.
2103:, p. 1. Strengthening is primarily a matter of "joining beam ends" securely so they do not pull apart, crush together, or slip off of a support.
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was already ailing at the time of the earthquake. In the event, he died only six weeks later on September 9, 1976, ushering the downfall of the
4042:"Chapter 21: Experiencing Disasters in Two Places: China's 1976 Tangshan Earthquake and Japan's 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Radiation"
3695:
Guo, Lei; Qian, Jiawei; Zhang, Suxin; Zhou, Yi; Wang, Xiang (2022), "Seismicity and velocity structure of the 2020 Ms 5.1 Tangshan earthquake",
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that caused 830,000 deaths. Pararas-Carayannis' current web page says only that "it was fairly accurately estimated that there were at least
3909:
Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction in China: A Trip Report of the American Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction Delegation
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3577:
1471:
1442:
1438:
1419:
1415:
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only three weeks after Tangshan, showing that those arguing for the imminence of an earthquake in Western China were not entirely wrong.
5874:
5183:
4859:, vol. 2, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 625â645
4811:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 244â248
4790:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 171â183
4748:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 241â243
4597:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 747â764
4399:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 819â822
4327:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 787â791
4176:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 747â764
4155:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 231â242
3624:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 781â786
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style of construction peculiar to that region, where rooms, and entire buildings, are carved out of a thick layer of soft sediments (
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6015:
4769:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 85â98
4700:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 85â98
3742:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 24â47
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4880:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 1â23
4078:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 1â59
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1092:, making the Eastern Block unusually active seismically, accounting for six of the ten deadliest earthquakes in recorded history.
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out to form isolated hills. This underlying strata is a thick (typically 10 km) layer of mainly sedimentary strata such as
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working lifts. It is reported that most miners escaped within hours, but that some others took two weeks to reach the surface.
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683:â was approximately 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) long and from 3.5 to 5.5 km wide, centered roughly along the railway.
4915:
Chen, Yuxuan; Liu, Mian; Wang, Hui (2021), "Aftershocks and Background Seismicity in Tangshan and the Rest of North China",
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Kusky, Timothy M.; Windley, B. F.; Zhai, M.-G. (2007), Zhai, M.-G.; Windley, B. F.; Kusky, T. M.; Meng, Q. R. (eds.),
2380:, p. 7), attributing achievement of rapid progress to "the victory of our great proletarian cultural revolution.
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3050:. The initial estimates of 600,000 to 750,000 deaths were based on a faulty comparison with the Shaanxi earthquake.
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damaged but did not fail; similarly for another dam that imperiled Tianjin and some outlying districts of Beijing.
114:
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Kusky, Timothy M.; Li, Jianhai (December 2003), "Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton",
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4689:"Geomorphologic Characteristics in the BeijingâTianjinâTangshan Area and Their Relation with Tectonic Activity"
2182:, pp. 47â48). However, that premise is false: the large death toll in Shaanxi has been attributed to the
1153:
1084:
Many of these faults are ancient, but have been reactivated by the force transmitted from the collision of the
4102:
Lomnitz, Cinna; Lomnitz, Larissa (12 January 1978), "Tangshan 1976: a case history in earthquake prediction",
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about Tangshan. It was noted that though no figures were provided, they did not deny any published estimates.
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bridges and five railway bridges cross the Douhe River in Tangshan; only six survived with only minor damage.
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An isoseismal map (showing the different zones of shaking intensity) of the Tangshan earthquake can be found
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to the underground drainage system and lack of power to drive the pumps, many of the various mines flooded.
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From a Xinhua News Agency press release published in all major Chinese newspapers 13 March 1975, quoted in
1321:
823:
1794:, figure 4.23, which plots damage as a function of epicentral distance and a measure of building strength.
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5026:"Integration of Public Administration and Earthquake Science: The Best Practice Case of Qinglong County"
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830:. Unofficial estimates of the death toll varied widely, and generally lack a clear authoritative basis.
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3192:
850:
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The aftershock zone remains seismically active in the twenty-first century. Earthquakes measuring 4.5 M
47:
4135:
Malcolm, Andrew H. (2 June 1977), "Chinese Disclose That 1976 Quake Was Deadliest in Four Centuries",
3802:, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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The Big One: The Next Great California Earthquake; Understanding Why, Where, and when, It Will Happen
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There are various reports that the "official death toll was later given by the Chinese government as
849:
According to author Stephen Spignesi, a "couple of days" after the quake Dr. Pararas-Carayannis gave
4247:"The success of the prediction of Haicheng earthquake and the negligence of the Tangshan earthquake"
3999:
3790:
6048:
5980:
5815:
5800:
5740:
5705:
5700:
5675:
5645:
5604:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5484:
5444:
5318:
5303:
5298:
5283:
5268:
5126:
4895:
2779:, p. 109) mention "the Lungling and Yenyuen earthquakes, both accurately predicted". See also
1241:
1118:
774:
421:
393:
3313:
5869:
5795:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5715:
5670:
5655:
5589:
5579:
5499:
5469:
5434:
5409:
5404:
5363:
5358:
5293:
5278:
5273:
4968:
3601:. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the
3502:. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the
1368:
Also known as "Great Tangshan earthquake" in English sources, e.g. the voluminous work edited by
1218:
1206:
1190:
866:
4997:
4278:
3750:
Hammond, Allen L. (7 May 1976), "Earthquakes: An evacuation in China, a warning in California",
3512:
Chen, Yong; Tsoi, Kam-Ling; Chen, Feibi; Gao, Zhenhuan; Zou, Qijia; Chen, Zhangli, eds. (1988),
6330:
5985:
5970:
5900:
5805:
5790:
5760:
5745:
5735:
5730:
5720:
5710:
5690:
5680:
5650:
5640:
5625:
5609:
5584:
5574:
5559:
5544:
5459:
5424:
5394:
5373:
5353:
5348:
5313:
5263:
5117:
4566:
3410:
3267:
1267:
1224:
1200:
139:
128:
4718:
4672:
3114:"Joint evaluation of the international response to the Indian Ocean tsunami: Synthesis Report"
753:
and then Tangshan. From Tangshan it continues northeast and then east to Chengli, and then to
6286:
6155:
5785:
5685:
5635:
5630:
5594:
5549:
5504:
5489:
5479:
5454:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5414:
5399:
5368:
5150:
5132:
5036:
4438:
4372:
1313:
1212:
1111:
1105:
761:. This is the principal connection of Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan to the seaports, and to
106:
95:
4227:
902:
In the following June it was reported that the Chinese authorities had briefed seismologist
388:, China, at 3:42 a.m. on 28 July 1976. The maximum intensity of the earthquake was XI (
6229:
6165:
6053:
5780:
5539:
5534:
5419:
5141:
4924:
4641:
4523:
4346:
4292:
4111:
4010:
3976:
3937:
3822:
3759:
3704:
3648:
3633:
3554:
3459:
3444:
1085:
758:
4009:, Special Publications 280, vol. 280, no. 1, Geological Society, pp. 1â34,
2522:"The Death of Mao: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Birth of the New China by James Palmer"
1046:, with large deposits of coal. Tangshan is located particularly over a northeast oriented
8:
6209:
5975:
5955:
1149:
971:
938:
deaths and 164,851 serious injuries" to the Tangshan quake based on an early 1982 study.
741:(built in 1887) is a double-track Class I trunk line that runs from Beijing southeast to
642:, which depends mainly on the magnitude of the earthquake rupture, the distance from the
4928:
4875:
4854:
4806:
4785:
4764:
4743:
4695:
4645:
4592:
4527:
4392:
4350:
4322:
4296:
4209:
4171:
4148:
4115:
4073:
4046:
Japan after 3/11: Global Perspectives on the Earthquake, Tsunami, and Fukushima Meltdown
4014:
3980:
3941:
3826:
3797:
3763:
3735:
3708:
3652:
3619:
3558:
3463:
6291:
6058:
4940:
4657:
4393:"Repair of the Tangshan Municipal Water Supply System and Recovery of the Water Supply"
4186:
4026:
3873:
3720:
3661:
3475:
3232:
1074:
964:
929:
928:
people died in the quake, which reflects the official figure reported by the state-run
53:
4891:
Chinese city of Tangshan hit by magnitude 5.1 quake, stirring memories of 1976 tragedy
3988:
3834:
3445:"The July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China earthquakeâA complex sequence of intraplate events"
6350:
6214:
5893:
4987:
4972:
4944:
4832:
4820:
4661:
4558:
4491:
4446:
4421:
4193:
4049:
4030:
3953:
3912:
3877:
3775:
3724:
3679:
3542:
3527:
3517:
3479:
3427:
3224:
1531:
1477:
1034:
1030:
983:
922:
A 1988 book by several members of the Chinese State Seismological Bureau states that
680:
6083:
3236:
1858:, p. 172, and see figure 2, p. 182. An isoseismal map can be found in the
424:
was initially estimated at 8.1, subsequently recalculated to be 7.6 on the standard
6204:
6199:
6111:
5995:
4932:
4779:"Distribution and Ground Failure Intensity Distribution of the Tangshan Earthquake"
4758:"Geologic-Tectonic Background and Seismogenic Structure of the Tangshan Earthquake"
4649:
4531:
4354:
4300:
4119:
4018:
3984:
3945:
3863:
3853:
3830:
3767:
3712:
3656:
3562:
3467:
3216:
813:
790:
348:
4605:
Whitham, K.; Berry, M.J.; Heidebrecht, A.C.; Kanasewich, E.R.; Milne, W.G (1976),
4547:"Questioning about that "830 Thousand People Died" in the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake"
875:
people dead," without mentioning by whom or on what basis this estimate was made.
6173:
5054:
4984:
Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China
4626:
4407:
4188:
Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China
4041:
3949:
3771:
3673:
3220:
1866:
932:. A webpage of the Chinese Earthquake Administration dated 2009 also attributes "
762:
750:
746:
475:
3387:
3100:
749:, then turns northeast to cross the Yongdingxin River and its estuary to run to
6224:
6219:
6025:
5947:
4715:
The new name on the Tangshan earthquake memorial wall: each name is a tombstone
4462:
3716:
3189:
https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/one_year_later_haitian_earthqu.php?page=all
3163:
1089:
1018:
4653:
4000:"Tectonic evolution of the North China Block: from orogen to craton to orogen"
3196:, "Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute", 20 January 2012
1573:
638:
The damage done by an earthquake depends primarily on two factors. First, the
6314:
6093:
5010:
4836:
4562:
4337:
4283:
3928:
Kerr, Richard (2 November 1979), "Prospects for Earthquake Prediction Wane",
3736:"Occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake from the View of Fault Block Movement"
3675:
Chinese Earth-Sheltered Dwellings: Indigenous Lessons for Modern Urban Design
1279:
1262:
1078:
1017:
Tangshan lies at the northern edge of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Plain, an
903:
296:
283:
266:
253:
4358:
4304:
1013:
Tectonic elements surrounding the North China Craton on which Tangshan lies.
882:
announced that, according to their agents in China, the death toll was over
3957:
3779:
3471:
3228:
1299:
1026:
998:
838:
One of the earliest reports outside of China came on 28 July 1976 from the
667:
5060:
1553:
986:") of the current government. This view was underlined by a magnitude 6.7
963:
the Chinese methods of earthquake prediction (including inspiration from "
954:
contained the names of 246,465 victims, who were registered by relatives.
4936:
1054:
770:
754:
663:), with nearly 10% of all buildings damaged, and at least 50 fatalities.
467:
5006:"Beijing Tremors a Ghostly Reminder of Catastrophic 1976 Tangshan Quake"
6119:
5213:
4535:
3566:
994:
3285:"Death Toll of 1920 China Earthquake Higher than Previously Estimated"
2190:) that blankets the region, leaving walls of weak material similar to
1114:
has had considerable political as well as seismological significance.
30:
4960:
4210:"Southern Liaoning: Results of earthquake prediction and forecasting"
4124:
3904:
2212:
1070:
1066:
1043:
1039:
892:
areas as Tangshan municipality, and Fengnan and Feng-yun, there were
643:
4717:] (in Chinese), Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017, archived from
4022:
3858:
3590:"Outline of Prediction and Forecast of Haicheng Earthquake of M=7.3"
3443:
Butler, Rhett; Stewart, Gordon S.; Kanamori, Hiroo (February 1979),
1624:, p. 207. See figure 12 (p. 218) for an illustration. See also
1159:
At another meeting, on 26 July, there was a purported suggestion to
455:
segments extending eight kilometers through the center of Tangshan.
6147:
5916:
1047:
786:
782:
381:
4507:
Wang, Kelin; Chen, Qi-Fu; Sun, Shihong; Wang, Andong (June 2006),
3597:
Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC
3498:
Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC
2414:, Appendix E has a concise description of the Cultural Revolution.
1171:
The dilemma: an "abundance of caution" leads to many false alarms.
6137:
4674:
The Politics of Crisis Management in China [dissertation]
4604:
4007:
Mesozoic Sub-Continental Lithospheric Thinning Under Eastern Asia
3891:
3599:, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, pp. 11â19
3543:"The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Earthquake Prediction in China"
2334:
2183:
1177:
1053:
Underlying all this is the ancient bedrock of different kinds of
1022:
805:
bridges and at other places where repairs were not yet complete.
742:
497: occurred in 2012, 2016 and 2019. On 12 July 2020, a 5.1 M
401:
397:
3580:[The most deadly earthquake since the twentieth century]
3531:
3500:, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, pp. 5â11
1381:
Some early estimates varied widely, as high as 750,000. See the
1355:
Some early estimates varied widely, as high as 750,000. See the
1167:
478:("C" on the map in the section below), with a magnitude of 6.2 M
39:
6129:
5000:: English translation of an extensive Chinese report from 1986.
4486:
Stoltman, Joseph P.; Lidstone, John; Dechano, M. Lisa. (2004),
4316:"Emergency at the Baihe River Main Dam on the Miyuan Reservoir"
4149:"Lightly Damaged Bridges in the High Intensity Earthquake Zone"
3491:"General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China"
1062:
1058:
879:
659:
intensity of VI on the Chinese intensity scale (similar to the
356:
2002:, p. 1, and see figures 1 and 4, pp. 40 and 41.
1231:
Other notably deadly earthquakes in the past century include:
3514:
The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976: An Anatomy of Disaster
2191:
2187:
385:
4707:
3047:
2286:
1454:
967:") and "the superiority of our country's socialist system!"
651:
considerations. As a result, Tangshan was "mainly a city of
447:(surface magnitude) scale it also measured 7.6. (7.8 on the
5885:
3310:"Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World"
3205:
979:
4737:"Earthquake Intensity Distribution in the City of Beijing"
4219:, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 20â21, 21 March 1975
1209:(Indonesia) M 9.1, 227,898 deaths, mostly due to tsunamis.
899:
few days following the quake), or had a more solid basis.
4461:
4275:
404:, scholars accepted at least 300,000 died, making it the
5032:
4869:"Seismic Activity in Tangshan and its Surrounding Areas"
4821:"Changing China: Three Decades of Social Transformation"
4334:
3164:"Indian Ocean tsunami anniversary: Memorial events held"
2507:
2495:
2423:
2361:
4994:(hardcover alk. paper) 9780465023493 (ebk. alk. paper).
4800:"Earthquake Damage Distribution in the City of Beijing"
4485:
1843:
4228:"'Natural' Disasters as Catalysts of Political Action"
3424:
China's Elite Politics: Governance and Democratization
1430:
1428:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
5201:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
4848:"Earthquake Damage to Shafts and Roadways in Kailuan"
4627:"On civil engineering disasters and their mitigation"
4165:"The Repair and Restoration of the Kailuan Coal Mine"
3442:
1787:
1621:
4443:
Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time
4147:
Mao, Yingsheng; Liang, ZhiJiang; Cui, Fuwen (2002),
3804:. English translation of the Chinese report of 1986.
3422:
Bo, Zhiyue (2010), "Chapter 7, Sichuan Earthquake",
1289:
1271:
gives an account of the earthquake and its effects.
1029:. This plain â the northeastern corner of the great
3388:"Watch Days of Fury (1979) on the Internet Archive"
1738:
1736:
1695:
1693:
1640:
1638:
1593:
1591:
1425:
1398:
918:
Section 4C of the Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Wall
4439:"Chapter 15: The 1976 Tangshan, China, Earthquake"
4185:
4048:, University Press of Kentucky, pp. 417â431,
4044:, in Karan, Pradyumna P.; Suganuma, Unryu (eds.),
1469:
1278:(1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by
1238:(Japan) M 7.9, 142,800 deaths, mostly due to fire.
729:production was not reached until the end of 1977.
3911:, National Academy of Sciences, pp. 69â133,
3869:20.500.11820/6552f865-6e59-47f1-a5ec-b7446bfd1a82
2282:
2280:
1877:
1875:
1498:"'76 Termed Among Worst in Toll from Earthquakes"
6312:
4634:Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration
4516:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
3997:
3694:
3576:Chinese Earthquake Administration (5 May 2009),
3547:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
3452:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2721:
2719:
2633:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2594:
2345:
2343:
1754:
1733:
1690:
1635:
1588:
1001:and bringing the Cultural Revolution to an end.
878:In August the Nationalist Chinese government in
466: , struck that afternoon at 18:45:36 near
4998:Report on The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4586:"Disaster Relief After the Tangshan Earthquake"
4506:
4488:International Perspectives on Natural Disasters
3511:
2899:
2897:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2832:
2725:
2710:
2698:
2674:
2411:
2391:
2349:
2271:
1940:
1938:
1458:
982:) and may signify the loss of legitimacy (the "
655:", sitting right on top of a major fault line.
5206:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
4373:"What Ever Happened to Earthquake Prediction?"
4101:
3905:"Chapter 4: Report on the Tangshan Earthquake"
3426:, Series on Contemporary China, vol. 19,
2776:
2764:
2573:
2571:
2277:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1983:
1981:
1872:
1699:
1656:
1525:
1523:
1253:starvation that often follows such disasters.
5901:
5229:
5076:
4338:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union
4284:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union
4208:
3809:
3603:Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan
3504:Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan
3063:
2748:
2746:
2716:
2612:
2365:
2340:
1274:Footage of the incident appeared in the film
690:
458:The second main shock, with a magnitude 7.0 M
433:scale. However, that scale measures only the
5003:
4917:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
4584:Wang, Zixing; Cui, Xifu; Liu, Keren (2002),
4094:] (in Chinese), Beijing, China: ä¸ĺ˝ĺ°éĺşç礞
3789:Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, eds. (2002),
3613:"Repair and Recovery of the Douhe Reservoir"
3405:
2894:
2875:
2479:
1935:
5090:
4914:
4874:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4853:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4805:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4784:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4763:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4742:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4694:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4591:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4395:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4321:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4225:
4170:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4151:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4146:
4072:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
3738:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
3618:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
3106:
2568:
2005:
1978:
1893:
1776:
1520:
1203:(Syria) magnitude unknown, ~230,000 deaths.
1073:, etc.) that form the Eastern Block of the
371:'Great Tangshan earthquake') was a
366:
5908:
5894:
5875:China International Search and Rescue Team
5236:
5222:
5083:
5069:
4583:
4308:. The "American Seismological Delegation".
3634:"Earthquake prediction: a critical review"
3541:Chen, Qi-Fu; Wang, Kelin (November 2010),
3374:
3358:
3087:
2743:
2124:
1960:
1227:(Iran) magnitude unknown, ~200,000 deaths.
673:
482: . Another significant aftershock (M
380:7.6 earthquake that hit the region around
38:
29:
4509:"Predicting the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake"
4364:The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation.
4123:
3867:
3857:
3788:
3660:
3199:
3182:
2322:
1956:
1714:, p. 8, and see Table 4, p. 12.
1547:
1545:
1514:
1470:Pararas-Carayannis, George (March 2001).
1385:section for the various fatality figures.
1369:
1359:section for the various fatality figures.
1123:
1099:
817:A Tangshan earthquake memorial in Tianjin
648:design and construction of the structures
440:
426:
373:
225:
216:
200:
191:
6016:Tangshan New Technology Development Zone
5243:
4436:
3902:
3610:
3540:
3334:
3251:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths"
3148:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
3146:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths"
3051:
3026:, p. 2846, citing a Chinese source.
3023:
3011:
2963:
2915:
2857:
2845:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2179:
2175:
1905:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1742:
1723:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1644:
1597:
1327:List of disasters in China by death toll
1166:
1008:
913:
840:International Tsunami Information Center
812:
666:The economic loss totaled to 10 billion
406:deadliest earthquake in recorded history
4686:
4313:
4134:
3966:
3749:
3516:, Oxford: Pergamon Press, p. 153,
3346:
2686:
2590:
2562:
2259:
6313:
6271:Hebei Tangshan Foreign Language School
4825:International Journal of China Studies
4819:Yeoh, Emile Kok-Kheng (October 2010),
4406:
4370:
4226:Pelling, Mark; Dill, Kathleen (2006),
4183:
4064:
3671:
3631:
3272:Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths
2820:
2804:
2549:, pp. 84â85, and see figure 4.14.
2399:
2195:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
1999:
1542:
1256:
1221:(China) M 7.8, 200,000â273,400 deaths.
867:earthquake in Shaanxi province in 1556
5889:
5217:
5064:
4877:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4856:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4808:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4787:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4776:
4766:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4755:
4745:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4697:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4624:
4594:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4397:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4324:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4314:Qian, Denggao; Zhu, Chendong (2002),
4173:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4153:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4075:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
3799:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
3740:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
3621:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
3611:Dong, Guangjian; Wang, Yuren (2002),
3312:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from
3243:
2752:
2621:
2248:The Redlands (California) Daily Facts
2153:(Kingston), 29 July 1976, p. 32.
1917:
1881:
1855:
1844:Stoltman, Lidstone & Dechano 2004
1819:
1244:(Turkmenistan) M 7.3, 110,000 deaths.
1033:â is where sediments eroded from the
703:
4845:
4818:
4687:Xing, Jiaming; Zou, Baoshan (2002),
4670:
4544:
4390:
4244:
3927:
3843:
3370:
3282:
3075:
3035:
2951:
2808:
2737:
2519:
2467:
2463:
2439:
1972:
1944:
1110:Whether the Tangshan earthquake was
957:
5853:China Meteorological Administration
4887:
4866:
4797:
4625:Xie, Lili; Qu, Zhe (January 2018),
4085:
3886:
3733:
3632:Geller, Robert J. (December 1997),
3587:
3575:
3488:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2577:
2427:
2395:
2377:
2310:
2298:
1831:
1788:Butler, Stewart & Kanamori 1979
1765:
1727:
1726:, p. 88, and see figure 15 in
1711:
1629:
1625:
1622:Butler, Stewart & Kanamori 1979
1609:
1563:
1551:
1529:
1434:
1411:
909:
13:
5033:International Seismological Centre
4954:
4734:
4471:from the original on 21 April 2010
4371:Scholz, Christopher (March 1997),
4162:
4065:Liao, Shuqiao; Gu, Zuoqin (2002),
4039:
3888:International Seismological Centre
3662:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb06588.x
3421:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2939:
2927:
2903:
2888:
2869:
2451:
1987:
1929:
1675:, p. 89, and see figure 4.17.
415:
14:
6372:
5019:
3641:Geophysical Journal International
2589:Some say 1.8 Ga, others 2.5. See
1337:Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Park
952:Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Wall
865:deaths, based on a similar sized
661:Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
16:Mw 7.6 earthquake in Hebei, China
5863:China Earthquake Networks Center
5004:Knotts, Joey (5 December 2019).
4986:. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
4607:"Earthquake Prediction in China"
3380:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3302:
3276:
3156:
3138:
3119:. TEC. July 2006. Archived from
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3048:Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2863:
2851:
2838:
2287:Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017
1455:Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017
1306:
1292:
947:", without specifying a source.
833:
828:disasters in China by death toll
543:
529:
522:
515:
410:disasters in China by death toll
6195:Lutai Economic Development Zone
5858:China Earthquake Administration
4545:Wang, Ru-diao (February 2007),
4067:"Damage to Railway Engineering"
3969:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
3209:Medicine, Conflict and Survival
2826:
2814:
2794:
2770:
2758:
2731:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2649:, p. 23, and figure 13 in
2639:
2627:
2600:
2583:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2473:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2417:
2405:
2384:
2355:
2328:
2315:
2304:
2292:
2265:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2201:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
1993:
1966:
1950:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1809:
1797:
1781:
1770:
1759:
1748:
1717:
1705:
1678:
1666:
1650:
1615:
1603:
1382:
1375:
1356:
1219:1920 Haiyuan (Gansu) earthquake
970:With China in the midst of the
769:to Tuozitou (within modern-day
449:Chinese surface magnitude scale
313:
6034:South Xueyuan Road Subdistrict
5339:1739 YinchuanâPingluo, Ningxia
4279:"Earthquake Research in China"
3678:, University of Hawaii Press,
3588:Chu, Fung-Ming (August 1976),
2634:Kusky, Windley & Zhai 2007
2607:Kusky, Windley & Zhai 2007
2595:Kusky, Windley & Zhai 2007
2484:1976 SongpanâPingwu earthquake
2209:"The China Earthquake of 1976"
1508:
1490:
1463:
1448:
1362:
1349:
1215:M 7.0, 100,000â316,000 deaths.
361:
1:
5344:1786 Kangding-Luding, Sichuan
4671:Xiao, Yuefan (October 2013),
4551:Earthquake Research in Shanxi
4464:State Council Document No. 69
4437:Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005),
3989:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00071-3
3835:10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00112-0
3814:Journal of Structural Geology
3489:Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976),
3283:Chen, Na (21 December 2010).
2067:, pp. 20+) has pictures.
1790:, pp. 217â218. See also
1566:"ĺ幹大ĺ°é40ĺš´ďźäťćťäşĄäşşć°ĺ°ĺ¤ŠçžčżćŻäşşçĽ¸äťćŻä¸ĺ°é¸ĄćŻ"
1392:
1184:
808:
715:
511:Extent of significant shaking
6074:Liangjiatun Road Subdistrict
5915:
5530:1976 SongpanâPingwu, Sichuan
5264:1290 Chihli (Inner Mongolia)
3950:10.1126/science.206.4418.542
3772:10.1126/science.192.4239.538
3595:, in Muller, Paul M. (ed.),
3496:, in Muller, Paul M. (ed.),
3221:10.1080/13623699.2010.535279
3099:See U.S. Geological Survey,
2364:, p. 260), quoting the
2250:, 5 January 1977, p. 5.
2237:, 7 August 1976, p. 11.
2140:, 28 July 1976, page 3.
1322:List of earthquakes in China
653:unreinforced brick buildings
7:
5585:1996 Baotou, Inner Mongolia
5555:1988 LancangâGengma, Yunnan
4413:The Search for Modern China
3289:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2777:Lomnitz & Lomnitz (1978
2079:, pp. 1, 2, 15â16, 18.
1332:List of earthquakes in 1976
1285:
1236:1923 Great KantĹ earthquake
739:BeijingâShanhaiguan Railway
732:
10:
6377:
4965:The Great China Earthquake
4888:Liu, Zhen (12 July 2020),
4418:W. W. Norton & Company
4040:Li, Lisa Yinghong (2016),
3903:Jennings, Paul C. (1980),
3896:, Thatcham, United Kingdom
3717:10.1007/s10950-022-10073-0
3672:Golany, Gideon S. (1992),
3397:
3193:Columbia Journalism Review
2765:Lomnitz & Lomnitz 1978
2166:, 30 July 1976, p. 1.
1700:Lomnitz & Lomnitz 1978
1657:Lomnitz & Lomnitz 1978
1103:
1004:
851:United Press International
691:Intensity IX and VIII zone
6301:
6279:
6266:Tangshan No.1 High School
6258:
6242:
6190:Hangu Administration Zone
6182:
6164:
6146:
6128:
6110:
6102:Tangjiazhuang Subdistrict
6092:
6024:
5946:
5939:
5923:
5845:
5824:
5618:
5495:1969 Yangjiang, Guangdong
5382:
5251:
5196:
5104:
4654:10.1007/s11803-018-0420-6
4257:(2): 9â18, archived from
4245:Peng, Funan (June 2008),
2597:, p. 20 for details.
2235:Pacific Stars and Stripes
1894:Mao, Liang & Cui 2002
1777:Chen, Liu & Wang 2021
1154:Songpan-Pingwu earthquake
504:
352:
333:
312:
245:
235:
210:
185:
177:
169:
161:
153:
145:
134:
123:
112:
101:
90:
79:
71:
63:
46:
37:
28:
6346:July 1976 events in Asia
6303:This list is incomplete.
6250:Tangshan SannĂźhe Airport
6049:Yonghongqiao Subdistrict
5981:Jichang Road Subdistrict
5931:1976 Tangshan earthquake
5756:2017 Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan
5751:2017 Taxkorgan, Xinjiang
5304:1668 Tangcheng, Shandong
5053:28 November 2020 at the
4896:South China Morning Post
4710:ĺĺąąĺ°é纪忾ĺ˘ä¸çć°ĺĺďźćŻä¸Şĺĺďźé˝ćŻä¸ĺĺ˘ç˘
4709:
4237:, ISP/NSC Briefing paper
4087:
3417:, U.S. Geological Survey
3375:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
3359:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
3088:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
2791:(or Songpan) earthquake.
2398:, p. 11, quoted in
2394:, p. 781. See also
2125:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
1961:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
1865:28 November 2020 at the
1860:front matter of Volume 4
1538:. 嚿輿ĺ¸č大ĺŚĺşç礞. p. 79.
1342:
1242:1948 Ashgabat earthquake
1119:1975 Haicheng earthquake
775:1975 Haicheng earthquake
345:1976 Tangshan earthquake
58:
22:1976 Tangshan earthquake
6361:Strike-slip earthquakes
6356:1976 disasters in China
5961:Wenhua Road Subdistrict
5870:China Geological Survey
5766:2019 Changning, Sichuan
5666:2008 Panzhihua, Sichuan
5515:1975 Haicheng, Liaoning
5405:1918 Shantou, Guangdong
5334:1738 Dangjiang, Qinghai
4969:Foreign Languages Press
4867:Zhu, Chuanzhen (2002),
4490:, Springer Publishing,
4359:10.1029/EO058i005p00236
4305:10.1029/EO056i011p00838
3101:Significant Earthquakes
2325:, p. 17, footnote.
1920:, p. 180, Table 1.
1370:Housner & He (2002)
1207:2004 Sumatra earthquake
1191:1556 Shaanxi earthquake
674:Intensity XI and X zone
54:Doublet earthquake
6336:Earthquakes in Beijing
6044:Guangchang Subdistrict
5986:Hebei Road Subdistrict
5971:Dongxincun Subdistrict
5771:2020 Kashgar, Xinjiang
5741:2014 Kangding, Sichuan
5726:2014 Yingjiang, Yunnan
5701:2012 Yangzhou, Jiangsu
5661:2008 Yingjiang, Yunnan
5646:2005 Ruichang, Jiangxi
5475:1955 Kangding, Sichuan
5445:1936 Lingshan, Guangxi
5390:1902 Kashgar, Xinjiang
5329:1733 Dongchuan, Yunnan
4846:Zhao, Yucheng (2002),
4184:Palmer, James (2012),
3472:10.1785/BSSA0690010207
3268:U.S. Geological Survey
2374:
2368:, p. 20), state:
1532:"厜ĺşç解ä˝ä¸éçďźĺĺ˛č§éä¸çĺ幹大ĺ°é"
1225:856 Damghan earthquake
1201:1138 Aleppo earthquake
1172:
1100:Question of prediction
1014:
919:
818:
75:B: 1976-07-28 10:45:36
67:A: 1976-07-27 19:42:55
6287:Anti-Seismic Monument
6156:Luancheng Subdistrict
6069:Huimindao Subdistrict
6001:Guangming Subdistrict
5966:Diaoyutai Subdistrict
5796:2022 Menyuan, Qinghai
5761:2017 Jinghe, Xinjiang
5746:2015 Pishan, Xinjiang
5721:2014 Yutian, Xinjiang
5706:2012 Zhaotong, Yunnan
5641:2003 Zhaosu, Xinjiang
5605:1998 Ninglang, Yunnan
5590:1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang
5570:1995 Menglian, Yunnan
5520:1976 Longling, Yunnan
5510:1974 Zhaotong, Yunnan
5410:1920 Haiyuan, Ningxia
5374:1889 Chilik, Xinjiang
5364:1850 Xichang, Sichuan
5284:1604 Quanzhou, Fujian
5274:1536 Xichang, Sichuan
5269:1303 Hongdong, Shanxi
4798:Yao, Binghua (2002),
4777:Yang, Lihua (2002b),
4756:Yang, Lihua (2002a),
4391:Shen, Ersong (2002),
3734:Guo, Shunmin (2002),
3697:Journal of Seismology
3415:Comprehensive Catalog
2369:
2323:Housner & He 2002
2194:to support the roof (
1957:Housner & He 2002
1515:Housner & He 2002
1314:Earth sciences portal
1213:2010 Haiti earthquake
1170:
1106:Earthquake prediction
1104:Further information:
1012:
917:
853:(UPI) an estimate of
816:
408:and one of the worst
6341:Earthquakes in Hebei
6064:Qianying Subdistrict
6054:Xiaoshan Subdistrict
6006:Xiangyun Subdistrict
5991:Longdong Subdistrict
5806:2022 Luding, Sichuan
5791:2021 Luxian, Sichuan
5776:2020 Qiaojia, Yunnan
5711:2013 Lushan, Sichuan
5631:2003 Bachu, Xinjiang
5580:1996 Lijiang, Yunnan
5560:1990 Gonghe, Qinghai
5550:1985 Wuqia, Xinjiang
5525:1976 Tangshan, Hebei
5500:1970 Tonghai, Yunnan
5460:1948 Litang, Sichuan
5430:1931 Fuyun, Xinjiang
5395:1906 Manas, Xinjiang
5359:1833 Kunming, Yunnan
5299:1654 Tianshui, Gansu
5294:1626 Lingqiu, Shanxi
5245:Earthquakes in China
4937:10.1029/2020JB021395
4251:Engineering Sciences
3846:Annals of Geophysics
3335:Dong & Wang 2002
3024:Chen & Wang 2010
3012:Chen & Wang 2010
2964:Chen & Wang 2010
2916:Chen & Wang 2010
2785:Chen & Wang 2010
2362:Raleigh et al. (1977
1564:çççŽ (28 July 2016).
1552:çççŽ (28 July 2016).
1021:that stretches from
640:intensity of shaking
6321:Doublet earthquakes
6210:Caofeidian District
5976:Gangyao Subdistrict
5956:Qiaotun Subdistrict
5801:2022 Ya'an, Sichuan
5786:2021 Maduo, Qinghai
5736:2014 Jinggu, Yunnan
5731:2014 Ludian, Yunnan
5686:2010 Yushu, Qinghai
5671:2008 Damxung, Tibet
5651:2006 Yanjin, Yunnan
5575:1995 Wuding, Yunnan
5545:1985 Luquan, Yunnan
5540:1983 Heze, Shandong
5505:1973 Luhuo, Sichuan
5485:1966 Xingtai, Hebei
5480:1955 Yuzha, Sichuan
5450:1937 Heze, Shandong
5440:1933 Diexi, Sichuan
5415:1923 Renda, Sichuan
5349:1815 Pinglu, Shanxi
5324:1718 Tongwei, Gansu
5314:1695 Linfen, Shanxi
5309:1679 Beijing, Hebei
5095:Earthquakes in 1976
4929:2021JGRB..12621395C
4646:2018EEEV...17....1X
4528:2006BuSSA..96..757W
4351:1977EOSTr..58..236.
4297:1975EOSTr..56..838.
4116:1978Natur.271..109L
4015:2007GSLSP.280....1K
3981:2003JAESc..22..383K
3942:1979Sci...206..542K
3827:1998JSG....20..549H
3764:1976Sci...192..538H
3709:2022JSeis..26..359G
3653:1997GeoJI.131..425G
3559:2010BuSSA.100.2840C
3464:1979BuSSA..69..207B
3347:Qian & Zhu 2002
3316:on 1 September 2009
2767:, pp. 109â110.
2591:Kusky & Li 2003
2563:Xing & Zou 2002
2510:, pp. 259â260.
2508:Raleigh et al. 1977
2498:, pp. 258â259.
2496:Raleigh et al. 1977
2424:Raleigh et al. 1977
2366:Peking Review (1975
2335:Whitham et al. 1976
2164:The Berkshire Eagle
2136:UPI: as carried by
2065:Liao & Gu (2002
1265:'s 2010 drama film
1257:Cultural references
1150:Cultural Revolution
972:Cultural Revolution
824:earthquake in China
337:242,419 to 655,000
293: /
263: /
25:
6292:Eastern Qing tombs
6059:Wenbei Subdistrict
5716:2013 Dingxi, Gansu
5565:1994 Taiwan Strait
5535:1981 Dawu, Sichuan
5425:1927 Gulang, Gansu
5400:1913 Eshan, Yunnan
5354:1830 Cixian, Hebei
5041:authoritative data
5028:at GlobalWatch.org
4721:on 7 February 2019
4569:on 6 December 2018
4536:10.1785/0120050191
3567:10.1785/0120090314
3170:. 26 December 2014
2480:ANSS: Sichuan 1976
2215:on 6 December 2020
2115:, pp. 1â2, 8.
2113:Liao & Gu 2002
2101:Liao & Gu 2002
2089:Liao & Gu 2002
2077:Liao & Gu 2002
2053:Liao & Gu 2002
2041:Liao & Gu 2002
2029:Liao & Gu 2002
2017:Liao & Gu 2002
2000:Liao & Gu 2002
1959:, pp. 26â27;
1687:, pp. 88, 92.
1576:on 15 January 2021
1554:"ĺ幹大ĺ°éĺĺĺš´ďźĺćä¸"莰ĺż""
1504:. 24 January 1977.
1502:The New York Times
1173:
1075:North China Craton
1015:
965:Mao Zedong Thought
930:Xinhua News Agency
920:
826:and among the top
819:
704:Intensity VII zone
362:TĂĄngshÄn dĂ dĂŹzhèn
21:
6308:
6307:
6238:
6237:
6039:Youyi Subdistrict
5883:
5882:
5781:2021 Dali, Yunnan
5595:1997 Manyi, Tibet
5420:1925 Dali, Yunnan
5211:
5210:
5184:ĂaldÄąranâMuradiye
4992:978-0-465-01478-1
4611:Geoscience Canada
4497:978-1-4020-2850-2
4452:978-0-8065-2558-7
4445:, Citadel Press,
4427:978-0-393-30780-1
4365:
4199:978-0-465-01478-1
4163:Mi, Enli (2002),
4110:(5641): 109â111,
4092:The Earth's Shock
4055:978-0-8131-6730-5
3936:(4418): 542â545,
3918:978-0-309-02937-7
3791:"Overview Volume"
3758:(4239): 538â539,
3685:978-0-8248-1369-7
3578:"äşĺä¸çşŞäťĽćĽćťäşĄäşşć°ćĺ¤çĺ°é"
3553:(5B): 2840â2857,
3433:978-981-283-672-4
3126:on 25 August 2006
3054:, pp. 47â48.
2848:, pp. 64â67.
2753:Xie & Qu 2018
2665:, pp. 30â31.
2645:See figure 16 in
2520:Dikotter, Frank.
2246:UPI: reported in
2198:, pp. 7, 1).
2151:The Daily Freeman
1632:, pp. 33â34.
1536:ććç"ĺç¸"ââçžĺŽłä¸ĺĺ˛ççź çť
1261:Chinese director
1035:Yanshan mountains
1031:North China Plain
984:mandate of heaven
958:Political aspects
681:meizoseismal area
462: , or 7.4 M
369:
341:
340:
6368:
6326:1976 earthquakes
6205:Fengrun District
6200:Kaiping District
6112:Fengnan District
6011:Guoyuan Township
5996:Dali Subdistrict
5944:
5943:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5887:
5886:
5465:1950 AssamâTibet
5369:1879 Wudu, Gansu
5238:
5231:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5015:
4947:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4881:
4873:
4860:
4852:
4839:
4812:
4804:
4791:
4783:
4770:
4762:
4749:
4741:
4735:Xu, Wei (2002),
4729:
4728:
4726:
4701:
4693:
4680:
4679:
4664:
4631:
4618:
4617:(4): 96, 263â268
4598:
4590:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4565:, archived from
4538:
4513:
4500:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4467:, 29 June 1974,
4455:
4430:
4408:Spence, Jonathan
4400:
4384:
4363:
4361:
4328:
4320:
4307:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4261:on 5 August 2018
4238:
4235:Burmalibrary.org
4232:
4220:
4214:
4202:
4191:
4177:
4169:
4156:
4140:
4128:
4127:
4125:10.1038/271109a0
4095:
4079:
4071:
4058:
4033:
4004:
3991:
3960:
3921:
3897:
3893:ISC-EHB Bulletin
3880:
3871:
3861:
3837:
3803:
3795:
3782:
3743:
3727:
3688:
3665:
3664:
3638:
3625:
3617:
3600:
3594:
3581:
3569:
3534:
3501:
3495:
3482:
3449:
3436:
3418:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3253:. Archived from
3247:
3241:
3240:
3203:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2833:Wang et al. 2006
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2783:(p. 6) and
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2726:Wang et al. 2006
2723:
2714:
2711:Wang et al. 2006
2708:
2702:
2699:Wang et al. 2006
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2675:Wang et al. 2006
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2412:Wang et al. 2006
2409:
2403:
2392:Wang et al. 2006
2388:
2382:
2359:
2353:
2350:Wang et al. 2006
2347:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2272:Chen et al. 1988
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2211:, archived from
2205:
2199:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2091:, pp. 8â10.
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1572:. Archived from
1561:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1461:
1459:Chen et al. 1988
1452:
1446:
1432:
1423:
1409:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1128:
950:As of 2017, the
946:
945:
937:
936:
927:
926:
910:Official figures
897:
896:
887:
886:
874:
873:
864:
863:
858:
857:
628:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
546:
540:
533:
532:
526:
519:
493: to 4.7 M
445:
431:
378:
370:
367:
363:
354:
329:
327:
315:
308:
307:
305:
304:
303:
298:
297:39.72°N 118.44°E
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
278:
277:
275:
274:
273:
268:
267:39.63°N 118.10°E
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
230:
221:
205:
196:
59:
42:
33:
26:
20:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6297:
6275:
6254:
6234:
6178:
6160:
6142:
6124:
6106:
6088:
6020:
5935:
5919:
5914:
5884:
5879:
5841:
5820:
5614:
5378:
5247:
5242:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5192:
5159:(7.8, July 28)
5144:(6.5, July 14)
5135:(7.1, June 25)
5100:
5089:
5055:Wayback Machine
5043:for this event.
5022:
4957:
4955:Further reading
4952:
4951:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4871:
4850:
4802:
4781:
4760:
4739:
4724:
4722:
4711:
4691:
4677:
4629:
4588:
4572:
4570:
4511:
4498:
4474:
4472:
4453:
4428:
4318:
4291:(11): 838â881,
4264:
4262:
4230:
4212:
4200:
4192:, Basic Books,
4167:
4089:
4086:ć, ćł (1982),
4069:
4056:
4023:10.1144/SP280.1
4002:
3919:
3859:10.4401/ag-5350
3793:
3686:
3636:
3615:
3592:
3524:
3493:
3447:
3434:
3400:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3281:
3277:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3204:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3152:on 5 June 2013.
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3064:Hou et al. 1998
3062:
3058:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3014:, p. 2846.
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:, p. 2847.
2962:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2918:, p. 2844.
2914:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:, p. 434;
2799:
2795:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2466:, p. 273;
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:, p. 266;
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2389:
2385:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2138:The Daily Texan
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1867:Wayback Machine
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:, p. 244 .
1830:
1826:
1822:, p. 176 .
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1755:Guo et al. 2022
1753:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:, p. 109;
1655:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1550:
1543:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1433:
1426:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1259:
1187:
1127:
1108:
1102:
1007:
960:
943:
942:
934:
933:
924:
923:
912:
894:
893:
884:
883:
871:
870:
861:
860:
855:
854:
836:
811:
763:Northeast China
735:
718:
706:
693:
676:
636:
635:
634:
630:
629:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
544:
541:
538:
536:
534:
530:
527:
520:
512:
507:
500:
496:
492:
485:
481:
465:
461:
444:
430:
418:
416:The earthquakes
377:
321:
319:
301:
299:
295:
292:
287:
284:
282:
280:
279:
271:
269:
265:
262:
257:
254:
252:
250:
249:
241:B: 16.7 km
240:
239:A: 12.2 km
229:
220:
204:
195:
154:Local time
146:Local date
57:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6374:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6243:Transportation
6240:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6225:Laoting County
6222:
6220:Luannan County
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6084:NĂźzhizhai Town
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6026:Lunan District
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5948:Lubei District
5941:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5811:2023 Jishishan
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5490:1969 Bohai Sea
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:1605 Guangdong
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:1038 Dingxiang
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:(7.3, Nov 24)
5181:
5177:(8.0, Aug 17)
5172:
5168:(6.7, Aug 16)
5166:SongpanâPingwu
5163:
5154:
5153:(6.2, July 26)
5148:
5139:
5130:
5124:
5115:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5044:
5029:
5021:
5020:External links
5018:
5017:
5016:
5001:
4995:
4982:James Palmer.
4980:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4923:(5): 625â645,
4908:
4907:
4884:
4883:
4863:
4862:
4842:
4841:
4831:(2): 239â308,
4815:
4814:
4794:
4793:
4773:
4772:
4752:
4751:
4731:
4730:
4704:
4703:
4683:
4682:
4667:
4666:
4621:
4620:
4601:
4600:
4580:
4579:
4541:
4540:
4522:(3): 757â795,
4503:
4502:
4496:
4482:
4481:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4403:
4402:
4387:
4386:
4367:
4366:
4345:(5): 236â272,
4331:
4330:
4310:
4309:
4272:
4271:
4241:
4240:
4222:
4221:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4180:
4179:
4159:
4158:
4143:
4142:
4137:New York Times
4131:
4130:
4098:
4097:
4082:
4081:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4036:
4035:
3994:
3993:
3975:(4): 383â397,
3963:
3962:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3899:
3898:
3883:
3882:
3852:(4): 315â391,
3840:
3839:
3821:(5): 549â557,
3806:
3805:
3785:
3784:
3746:
3745:
3730:
3729:
3703:(2): 359â371,
3691:
3690:
3684:
3668:
3667:
3647:(3): 425â450,
3628:
3627:
3607:
3606:
3605:(in Japanese).
3584:
3583:
3572:
3571:
3537:
3536:
3523:978-0080348759
3522:
3508:
3507:
3506:(in Japanese).
3485:
3484:
3458:(1): 207â220,
3439:
3438:
3432:
3419:
3411:"Sichuan 1976"
3402:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3379:
3363:
3361:, p. 748.
3351:
3339:
3327:
3301:
3275:
3257:on 5 June 2013
3242:
3215:(4): 281â297.
3198:
3181:
3155:
3137:
3105:
3092:
3090:, p. 757.
3080:
3068:
3066:, p. 549.
3056:
3040:
3038:, p. 351.
3028:
3016:
3004:
3002:, p. 287.
2992:
2990:, p. 286.
2980:
2978:, p. 279.
2968:
2956:
2944:
2942:, p. 283.
2932:
2930:, p. 282.
2920:
2908:
2906:, p. 284.
2893:
2891:, p. 281.
2874:
2862:
2850:
2837:
2835:, p. 785.
2825:
2813:
2811:, p. 351.
2793:
2789:SungpanâPingwu
2787:regarding the
2769:
2757:
2742:
2740:, p. 543.
2730:
2728:, p. 780.
2715:
2713:, p. 777.
2703:
2701:, p. 781.
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2638:
2626:
2611:
2599:
2582:
2567:
2561:, p. 84;
2551:
2539:
2527:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2472:
2470:, p. 208.
2456:
2454:, p. 420.
2444:
2432:
2416:
2404:
2402:, p. 434.
2383:
2354:
2352:, p. 779.
2339:
2337:, p. 268.
2327:
2314:
2303:
2291:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2239:
2226:
2200:
2176:Spignesi (2005
2168:
2155:
2142:
2129:
2127:, p. 750.
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2004:
1992:
1990:, p. 765.
1977:
1975:, p. 627.
1965:
1963:, p. 749.
1949:
1947:, p. 626.
1934:
1932:, p. 242.
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1884:, p. 172.
1871:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1818:, p. 69;
1808:
1796:
1780:
1769:
1758:
1747:
1732:
1716:
1704:
1702:, p. 109.
1689:
1677:
1665:
1649:
1634:
1614:
1602:
1587:
1562:Reprinted as:
1541:
1519:
1507:
1489:
1482:
1476:. Forbes Pub.
1462:
1447:
1424:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1303:
1287:
1284:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1186:
1183:
1125:
1101:
1098:
1090:Eurasian Plate
1057:rock (such as
1019:alluvial plain
1006:
1003:
959:
956:
911:
908:
835:
832:
810:
807:
734:
731:
717:
714:
705:
702:
692:
689:
675:
672:
631:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
513:
510:
509:
508:
506:
503:
498:
494:
490:
483:
479:
463:
459:
442:
428:
417:
414:
394:Mercalli scale
375:
339:
338:
335:
331:
330:
317:
310:
309:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
218:
212:
208:
207:
202:
193:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
120:
117:
110:
109:
103:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
84:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
51:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6373:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6331:1976 in China
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6300:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6231:
6230:Qianxi County
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6166:Yutian County
6163:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6148:Luanzhou City
6145:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6094:Guye District
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:Organizations
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5816:2024 Uqturpan
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:2009 Xinjiang
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:1998 Zhangbei
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:1709 Zhongwei
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5227:
5225:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5129:(7.0, May 29)
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:(6.5, May 6)
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:(7.5, Feb 4)
5110:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5013:
5012:
5011:The Beijinger
5007:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4217:Peking Review
4211:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3052:Spignesi 2005
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2860:, p. 81.
2859:
2858:Jennings 1980
2854:
2847:
2846:Jennings 1980
2841:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2803:, p. 6;
2802:
2801:Jennings 1980
2797:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:Jennings 1980
2778:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2677:, p. 757
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2636:, p. 20.
2635:
2630:
2624:, p. 50.
2623:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2580:, p. 27.
2579:
2574:
2572:
2565:, p. 88.
2564:
2560:
2559:Jennings 1980
2555:
2548:
2547:Jennings 1980
2543:
2537:, p. 77.
2536:
2535:Jennings 1980
2531:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2442:, p. 80.
2441:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:Spignesi 2005
2177:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1908:, p. 10.
1907:
1906:Jennings 1980
1902:
1896:, p. 231
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1816:Jennings 1980
1812:
1806:, p. 19.
1805:
1804:Jennings 1980
1800:
1793:
1792:Jennings 1980
1789:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1745:, p. 75.
1744:
1743:Jennings 1980
1739:
1737:
1730:, p. 45.
1729:
1725:
1724:Jennings 1980
1720:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1685:Jennings 1980
1681:
1674:
1673:Jennings 1980
1669:
1663:, p. 88.
1662:
1661:Jennings 1980
1658:
1653:
1647:, p. 89.
1646:
1645:Jennings 1980
1641:
1639:
1631:
1628:, p. 8,
1627:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1600:, p. 69.
1599:
1598:Jennings 1980
1594:
1592:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1483:9780970972507
1479:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1301:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1280:Vincent Price
1277:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:Feng Xiaogang
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1179:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1079:orogenic belt
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
981:
975:
973:
968:
966:
955:
953:
948:
939:
931:
916:
907:
905:
904:Cinna Lomnitz
900:
889:
881:
876:
868:
852:
847:
843:
841:
834:Early reports
831:
829:
825:
815:
806:
802:
798:
794:
792:
788:
784:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
730:
726:
722:
713:
710:
701:
697:
688:
684:
682:
671:
669:
664:
662:
656:
654:
649:
645:
641:
627:
525:
518:
502:
487:
477:
471:
469:
456:
454:
450:
446:
436:
432:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
364:
358:
350:
346:
336:
332:
328:
325:
318:
311:
306:
302:39.72; 118.44
276:
272:39.63; 118.10
248:
244:
238:
234:
231:
222:
213:
209:
206:
197:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
6215:Qian'an City
5930:
5696:2011 Myanmar
5656:2008 Sichuan
5619:21st century
5524:
5470:1952 Damxung
5435:1932 Changma
5383:20th century
5279:1556 Shaanxi
5203:
5198:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5156:
5145:
5136:
5121:
5112:
5037:bibliography
5009:
4983:
4964:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4899:, retrieved
4890:
4876:
4855:
4828:
4824:
4807:
4786:
4765:
4744:
4723:, retrieved
4719:the original
4714:
4696:
4673:
4637:
4633:
4614:
4610:
4593:
4571:, retrieved
4567:the original
4554:
4550:
4519:
4515:
4487:
4473:, retrieved
4463:
4442:
4411:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4342:
4336:
4323:
4288:
4282:
4263:, retrieved
4259:the original
4254:
4250:
4234:
4216:
4187:
4172:
4152:
4136:
4107:
4103:
4091:
4074:
4045:
4006:
3972:
3968:
3933:
3929:
3908:
3892:
3849:
3845:
3818:
3812:
3798:
3755:
3751:
3739:
3700:
3696:
3674:
3644:
3640:
3620:
3602:
3596:
3550:
3546:
3513:
3503:
3497:
3455:
3451:
3423:
3414:
3382:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3314:the original
3304:
3294:22 September
3292:. Retrieved
3278:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3255:the original
3245:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3191:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3167:
3158:
3150:the original
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3121:the original
3108:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2872:, Chapter 7.
2865:
2853:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2796:
2772:
2760:
2755:, p. 5.
2733:
2706:
2694:
2687:Hammond 1976
2682:
2670:
2658:
2641:
2629:
2609:, p. 3.
2602:
2585:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2475:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2430:, p. 7.
2419:
2407:
2386:
2375:
2370:
2357:
2330:
2317:
2306:
2294:
2267:
2262:, p. 1.
2260:Malcolm 1977
2255:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2217:, retrieved
2213:the original
2203:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2043:, p. 2.
2036:
2024:
2019:, p. 1.
1995:
1968:
1952:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1811:
1799:
1783:
1772:
1761:
1750:
1719:
1707:
1680:
1668:
1652:
1617:
1612:, p. 6.
1605:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1569:
1557:
1535:
1530:ĺ¤ććš (2020).
1510:
1501:
1492:
1472:
1465:
1450:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1300:China portal
1276:Days of Fury
1275:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1230:
1195:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1158:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1116:
1109:
1094:
1088:against the
1086:Indian Plate
1083:
1052:
1027:Sea of Bohai
1016:
999:Gang of Four
993:
976:
969:
961:
949:
940:
921:
901:
890:
877:
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839:
837:
820:
803:
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727:
723:
719:
711:
707:
700:conditions.
698:
694:
685:
677:
665:
657:
647:
639:
637:
586:Sea of Bohai
488:
472:
457:
452:
434:
419:
389:
360:
344:
342:
323:
157:Peking time:
149:28 July 1976
18:
6130:Zunhua City
5825:By province
5691:2011 Yunnan
5681:2009 Yunnan
5626:2001 Kunlun
5610:2000 Yunnan
4967:. Beijing:
4725:27 February
4640:(1): 1â10,
4139:, p. 1
3174:15 December
2954:, p. 9
2821:Scholz 1997
2805:Geller 1997
2400:Geller 1997
2196:Golany 1992
2055:, figure 1.
2031:, figure 4.
1517:, Prologue.
1383:#Death toll
1357:#Death toll
1055:metamorphic
771:Luan County
759:Shanhaiguan
755:Qinhuangdao
611:Qinhuangdao
300: /
270: /
173:B: 18:45:36
165:A: 03:42:55
83: event
6315:Categories
6120:Liushuquan
5636:2003 Dayao
5455:1947 Assam
5252:Historical
4977:0835122271
4901:11 October
4573:5 December
3320:26 October
2622:Yang 2002a
1918:Yang 2002b
1882:Yang 2002b
1856:Yang 2002b
1820:Yang 2002b
1580:6 February
1393:References
1268:Aftershock
1185:Comparison
995:Mao Zedong
988:earthquake
809:Death toll
716:Coal mines
453:en echelon
334:Casualties
50: time
6280:Landmarks
6259:Education
5175:Moro Gulf
5109:Guatemala
4961:Qian Gang
4945:234848679
4837:2180-3250
4662:116230669
4563:1000-6265
4557:: 42â46,
4031:129902429
3878:129825964
3725:246654390
3480:140609618
3371:Shen 2002
3076:Wang 2007
3036:ICEF 2011
2952:Peng 2008
2844:See also
2809:ICEF 2011
2738:Kerr 1979
2468:Xiao 2013
2464:Yeoh 2010
2440:Xiao 2013
2378:Cha (1976
2376:See also
1973:Zhao 2002
1945:Zhao 2002
1112:predicted
1071:granulite
1067:quartzite
1044:sandstone
1040:limestone
644:epicenter
422:magnitude
392:) on the
316:intensity
246:Epicenter
178:Magnitude
6351:Tangshan
6294:(Zunhua)
6174:Hongqiao
5917:Tangshan
5157:Tangshan
5127:Longling
5051:Archived
4971:, 1989.
4475:21 March
4469:archived
4410:(1991),
4377:Geotimes
4265:5 August
3958:17759414
3780:17745640
3532:88005916
3261:17 March
3237:26000167
3229:21314081
3168:BBC News
2663:Guo 2002
2651:Guo 2002
2647:Zhu 2002
2578:Guo 2002
2428:Cha 1976
2396:Chu 1976
2311:Lin 1982
2299:CEA 2009
2162:UPI: in
2149:UPI: in
1863:Archived
1832:Yao 2002
1766:Liu 2020
1728:Guo 2002
1712:Zhu 2002
1630:Guo 2002
1626:Zhu 2002
1610:Zhu 2002
1286:See also
1048:syncline
787:diluvium
783:alluvium
767:Tongxian
733:Railways
591:Qinglong
581:Tangshan
468:Luanxian
382:Tangshan
322:MMI XI (
288:118°26â˛E
258:118°06â˛E
6138:Malanyu
5924:History
5832:Sichuan
5039:and/or
4925:Bibcode
4642:Bibcode
4524:Bibcode
4347:Bibcode
4293:Bibcode
4112:Bibcode
4011:Bibcode
3977:Bibcode
3938:Bibcode
3930:Science
3823:Bibcode
3760:Bibcode
3752:Science
3705:Bibcode
3649:Bibcode
3555:Bibcode
3460:Bibcode
3398:Sources
3390:. 1979.
3000:Bo 2010
2988:Bo 2010
2976:Bo 2010
2940:Bo 2010
2928:Bo 2010
2904:Bo 2010
2889:Bo 2010
2870:Bo 2010
2452:Li 2016
2219:18 July
2184:yaodong
1988:Mi 2002
1930:Xu 2002
1570:Jiemian
1435:ISC-EHB
1412:ISC-EHB
1178:Shaanxi
1025:to the
1023:Beijing
1005:Geology
944:275,000
935:242,769
925:242,419
895:655,237
885:100,000
872:655,000
862:750,000
856:700,000
791:Fengrun
765:. The
743:Tianjin
621:Beijing
616:Tianjin
601:Changli
539:50miles
402:Tianjin
398:Beijing
390:Extreme
349:Chinese
324:Extreme
285:39°43â˛N
255:39°38â˛N
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880:Taiwan
751:Ninghe
747:Tanggu
606:Ninghe
596:Zunhua
505:Damage
476:Ninghe
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357:pinyin
351::
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198:; 7.6
186:
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6079:Daodi
5940:Areas
5151:Sabah
5133:Papua
4941:S2CID
4872:(PDF)
4851:(PDF)
4803:(PDF)
4782:(PDF)
4761:(PDF)
4740:(PDF)
4713:[
4692:(PDF)
4678:(PDF)
4658:S2CID
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4213:(PDF)
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4088:ĺ°ççéćź
4070:(PDF)
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3721:S2CID
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3616:(PDF)
3593:(PDF)
3494:(PDF)
3476:S2CID
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3233:S2CID
3124:(PDF)
3117:(PDF)
2233:UPI:
2192:adobe
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1441:[
1418:[
1343:Notes
435:total
386:Hebei
353:ĺ幹大ĺ°é
236:Depth
113:USGS-
24:ĺ幹大ĺ°é
5142:Bali
5048:here
5031:The
4988:ISBN
4973:ISBN
4903:2020
4833:ISSN
4727:2019
4575:2018
4559:ISSN
4492:ISBN
4477:2011
4447:ISBN
4422:ISBN
4267:2018
4194:ISBN
4050:ISBN
3954:PMID
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3776:PMID
3680:ISBN
3528:LCCN
3518:ISBN
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3296:2020
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3132:2018
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2221:2018
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980:Tian
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745:and
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