1981 Irish hunger strike

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harder, and it was difficult to get word out about the conditions they dwelt in. It also undermined morale, both in the Maze and on the outside. The situation changed with the arrival of Brendan Hughes in the H Block; Hughes, supported by Sands, advocated coming out of cells, not just to improve their own existence but, more importantly, to allow them to take advantage of the opportunities visits presented for smuggling. The Adams/Hughes stratagem also made prison protests more sustainable in the long term. It also improved internal and external communications, the weaknesses of which had been exposed in the first hunger strike, when Sands and Hughes could not meet, and there was little up-to-date information being shared. Internally, prisoners in one wing could generally shout to another wing, especially at night. Other methods they developed were creative, such as tying items onto a blanket-thread string, tying the other end to a button, and then "shooting the button" across the corridor under cell doors.

2514: 1484:. The families expressed concern at the lack of a settlement to the priest, and a decision was made to meet with Adams later that day. At the meeting, Father Faul put pressure on Adams to find a way of ending the strike, and Adams agreed to ask the IRA leadership to order the men to end the hunger strike. The following day, Adams held a meeting with six of the hunger strikers to outline a proposed settlement on offer from the British government should the strike be brought to an end. The six men rejected the settlement, believing that accepting anything less than the "Five Demands" would be a betrayal of the sacrifice made by Sands and the other hunger strikers who had died. Richard O'Rawe has suggested, on this, that by now, "'no compromise' meant 'no strategy'" and that the prisoners were "shackled" by a "frantic desire" to prove that no hunger striker had died in vain. In September 1981, after a 1531:

their lives. The NIO noted these early interventions as the "first major setbacks" in the strike: the impact of the strike was immediately lessened by the increasing likelihood that deaths would be avoided from then on. Bernard Fox was taken off on 24 September (he was "dying too quickly"), and Liam McCloskey took himself off two days later after family told him they would request intervention. Hunger striker John Pickering later recalled realising, by the end of September, that "we were not persuading, and we would not be able to persuade, our families not to intervene". Another striker, Pat McGeown, argues that that the families were susceptible because the later round of deaths—"with no apparent critical situation and no crisis situation and no major attempts at negotiation"—seemed to them increasingly pointless.

2378:... There was never a deal, there was never a "take it or leave it" option at all". Likewise McKeown has suggested that "Richard has frozen a moment in time", and argues that while there were many hints at offers to come, nothing was in writing, and that at the time "unless it's in writing, it's not an offer". Adams has personally stated that he was effectively impotent over the prisoners' tactics in 1981, later revealing that, when an unnamed hunger striker's father "begged him to do something to save his son, Adams replied 'I can't, but you can'". Although O'Rawe's thesis has not met with universal agreement, the author Andrew Sanders has argued that the existing narrative was "all changed" as a result. O'Rawe's arguments were subsequently backed by a hunger striker, Gerard Hodgins, who told Sanders: 1292:, while association would be dealt with by local supervisory officers. Thatcher edited the draft to reduce its conciliatory tone, signalling that while they might soften their approach to uniform, work and association were not included. Another meeting just past midnight on the 8th saw the same group meet. This time, Atkins suggested resending the earlier proposal but emphasising that in the event of non-acceptance, "the British government would immediately issue an alternative statement". By 0210, McDonnell had gone into a coma, which, at that point, the republican leadership was not aware of, although the government was. Previous prisoners had not died until they had been in a comatose state for around 48 hours, so it is possible that the government thought it had some hours still to negotiate in. 558:(21); Farrell stated that the intention was to "create an additional source of pressure on the authorities". In four days, their average weight loss was 9 pounds (4.1 kg). They were moved to a single clean cell 2 days after beginning and were in a stable condition. In the Maze, the seven men were in the prison hospital where they were weak but generally stable, except for McKenna and McKearney, who were sinking faster than their comrades. They remained defiant, however, and refused to accept less than the settlement of the five demands. The British government, while offering extensive prison reform, refused to acknowledge political status. The women's strike lasted 19 days, finishing on. Twenty-six women remained on the dirty protest at Armagh Token three-day fasts broke out sporadically in 1283:

before McDonnell does saw intense negotiations. Duddy telephoned Tom, his contact in the shady areas of government when communication lines open, at 2230. This was to advise the British that the prisoners would likely be responding in the next few hours. His next call to Tom—at 0230 the following day—lasted two and a half hours. Duddy attempted to gain as much information on British tactics as he could. The issue of clothing seemed most easily resolvable. By 0500, Duddy had a fair amount of information to take back to the leadership. Morrison took the news into the Maze; Tom phoned Duddy later that afternoon, seeking information on the IRA's likely view. Twenty-four hours and eight lengthy phone calls later, on the evening of 6 July, Atkins, Thatcher, the senior civil servant

997:. For smuggling goods and letters, the prisoners' mouths and body cavities provided not just a practical method of importation but another act of resistance against the prison regime. Cavities for the Maze prisoners included rectal, throat and nasal passages, as well as within foreskins and navels. One prisoner became known as "The Suitcase" on account of how much he could carry inside him, while another set a record with 40 comms under his foreskin. The long-term effect of the change of prisoner strategy and the opening up of lines of communication in 1978 was that, three years later, the world now had a thorough, if a third party, knowledge of conditions inside the Maze, due to the volume of information that had previously come out. 1226:. However, it was complicated by the fact that when the talks with Whitelaw had been exposed in the tabloids, he had banned further direct communications. Thomas Hennessey has argued that the Prime Minister's "hand was literally all over the 'deal'" accepted by Hughes in December 1979, and the speed with which the government were able to present a working hypothesis to Brendan Hughes in the Maze—regardless of its acceptability—told the republican movement that the British were, in fact, willing and able to negotiate. Morrison admitted that the British were "taking a big risk here, dealing with us, because that alone is a huge story—'you shouldn’t talk to these people', and here you are, flying somebody over". 1176:

rioting. Next to die, McDonnell's funeral experienced some of the worst violence yet. The British Army, through an airborne observation post, attempted to arrest the IRA firing party that had volleyed over the coffin, and this led to rioting when the crowd stopped them. Walker argues this was a tactical decision by the government, and "gave the authorities a chance to demonstrate that there would be no let up in their battle against the IRA—not in jail, not on the streets and not at funerals". Black flags were flown from nationalist homes: these were intended to express both grief and anger towards the government, but they also contained an implicit threat towards those deemed the strikers' opponents.

574:, also the British had clarified their position in a thirty-page document detailing a proposed settlement, which touched on many of the demands, although without conceding any. With the document in transit to Belfast, Hughes—having already been informed that free association and their own clothing had been granted, which he deemed 'close' to what they wanted—took the decision to save McKenna's life and end the strike after 53 days on 18 December. Conversely, more recently, Hughes has stated that that the reason he called it off was purely to save McKenna's life, and explicitly not because he expected British concessions or a prisoners' victory. Sands believed that the strikers "were beat [ 1496:, later suggested having "quiet admiration for what he saw as the dying men’s misguided courage". Prior's and Gowrie's appointments to the Northern Ireland office led to what Hennessey has called a "fissure" in the strike. By now, all parties—British and republican—knew that the impetus for the strike's continuation came from within, not outside of, the Maze. When Doherty died, critics of the strike became louder, and began pointing the finger at individuals such as Adams as having the power to end the strike. The priest who officiated at McElwee's funeral harangued "those that had called the hunger strike" for not ending it: several mourners, including McAliskey, walked out in protest. 2475: 2498: 22: 1260:, leader of the UUP, wondered if the British understood they would "have difficulty" in persuading people that this was all the talks amounted to. But hence the British talked to republicans through third parties, such as members of the religious community, rather than Sands or Hughes directly. For example, the Pope's envoy, John Magee, met with Atkins as he did Sands; again, Atkins emphasised that this did not constitute negotiation. To Magee, Sands appeared to understand this, stating that he merely wanted "satisfaction" on the question of the demands. However, the end result was that 1505:

earlier—that he would negotiate with the prisoners. But he also acknowledged to them that, in his view, there was much that could be done after the strike ended. The families represented McCarville, McElroy, Pickering, Hodgins, Quinn, McMullen and Sheehan. Gowrie was positive to them, although he urged them to make their views known publicly, not just to him. In the meantime, another three strikers—Pickering, Hodging and Devine—joined the fast, although, to some extent, this was soon to be counterbalanced. The first family to intervene in the strike was that of

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accept the recommendations of the Army Council, which was interested in maximising the number of couriers available. If possible, these couriers—nearly all of them women—would also be family or friends of the prisoner. They brought and received comms. These were tiny letters, written on cigarette papers and wrapped in clingfilm during transportation, either internally or under clothing: "The system became so efficient that on occasion the external leadership could expect to get a message in, a reply out and a second message back in in a single day".

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against our distressed relatives by the Catholic hierarchy, aided and abetted by the Irish establishment (the SDLP and Free State Political Parties) which took no effective action against the British Government and did everything to encourage feelings of hopelessness among our kith and kin. The success of this campaign meant that the British Government could remain intransigent as the crucial political pressure which flows from the threat of death or actual death of hunger strikers was subsiding not increasing.

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new cell blocks. The blanket protest continued. The seven volunteers who had recently ended their hunger strike publicly announced their support for another, although Sands was still concerned at this point that the external leadership might veto a strike. The leadership did not, in fact, and desperately sent in comms attempting to dissuade Sands from another hunger strike. But Sands intended to "send a clear signal to his own superiors that he 'meant business'". The second hunger strike began on 1 March, when

536: 2279:, it became the largest nationalist party in Northern Ireland. It has been argued that the hunger strikes are part of a deliberate Sinn Féin tactic of preserving the past in the party's favour: simplified to "a cause, political status, and the recognition of their struggle for a united Ireland", albeit by a "selective and reductive" process. As several groups could claim legitimate heritage from the men of 1981, this made it all the more imperative that Sinn Féin's version became the accepted paradigm. 11220: 2354:

deaths of their comrades and the fear that ending the protest in such circumstances would amount to betrayal, they decided to carry on". Richard English also believes that a "substantial British offer was indeed available" before McDonnell's death; the question, he argues is not so much whether the evidence exists but whether it bears the weight of the claim that it was good enough to accept in June 1981. Ed Moloney has also stated that he "believed account from the moment I heard it

1544:, but particularly by the Irish hierarchy who are working on the emotions and putting moral pressure on the understandably distressed relatives". He also argued that the strikes had shown that the government—privately—recognised the IRA as a legitimate anti-imperialist army with whom they would have to negotiate someday. Unsurprisingly, Bernadette Devlin and Adams also both condemned the British government, while O'Fiaich called on the government to show "generosity and compassion". 2230:

the prisoners' portrayals as terrorists to martyrs, and forced reconsideration of terms such as "terrorist". Secondly, by fermenting the street violence that the hunger strikes did, international attention was drawn to their treatment: "Meanings became attached to Sands's withered body; his corpse became politically encoded. Both his hunger strike and death provided a public spectacle." Irish politics was further polarised, and McKitterick and McVea have argued to great extent:

253: 1270:

enjoining upon Thatcher a policy of responding positively to external proposals—such as from the EHCR— which would also prevent the government from being "sucked into any kind of negotiation". O'Fiaich also believed more input from the ECHR would be useful, and that he and Father Crilly could join them; but again, O'Fiaich emphasised that he was not negotiating. In the event, Thatcher turned the suggestion down in case it looked as though the ECHR were her emissaries.

15304: 11961: 2156: 444:, there was no intention of turning the popular support the campaign had exposed into an organised movement at that time. However, the dirty protests had now lasted nearly three years, and morale inside was felt to be dangerously low. One ex-blanketman recalled that "the more experienced men spoke for the rest of us when they said they were nearly at the end of their tether". Shortly after this, a "Smashing H-Block" conference took place in 1554:, of the UUP, accused Britain of making a deal with the IRA and granting them concessions, while his party leader, Molyneux, did not believe that any deals existed, but advised the government against being blackmailed into further concessions. The DUP were also "gravely suspicious" that a deal had been brokered. Thatcher, then in Australia, announced that she was "delighted to hear that this waste of life is at an end". Labour MP 600:

conceded them, it became clear that they would have to wear prison-issued clothes until they could demonstrate full compliance with the regime. Sands saw this as "a demand for capitulation rather than a step-by-step approach", argues O'Dochartaigh, and began pressuring the external leadership to authorise another hunger strike. The investigative author R. K. Walker has reported one member of British Intelligence as believing that

1240:, Adams and McGuinness wanted to bring the hunger strike to an end but required something to take back to the republican movement which demonstrated British good faith. Moore says that Thatcher allowed Adams to receive some further concessions while rejecting the fundamental premise of status. According to Adams, it was the government who "opened up contact", but then closed it the moment the first hunger strike was called off. 692:, condemned the return to hunger strike as being not "morally justified" while Sands held journalists' interviews from his bed. Food was given to Sands every day, although this was refused. One of Sands's fellow prisoners reported how food would sit there all day, and when it was taken away at night, the warders "would accuse Bobby of having eaten a pea as they had put '130 on the plate and now there are only 129'." 1296:

weeks of being told that the government would not talk to them, they managed to send in an NIO official hours after McDonnell's death. The prisoners were insisting on open negotiations by the end of July. When pressed on this by the Dublin government, the British response was that "we have always understood the Irish Government to be opposed to all forms of negotiation with subversive organisations

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O'Rawe, chose that particular moment to publish his book, "the timing struck many republicans as unfortunate". O'Rawe questioned the role Adams played in the strike, and whether he manipulated it for political ends. O'Rawe, himself a prisoner and a blanket man, had been the public relations officer inside the prison during the strike. O'Rawe states in his book

2598:, was imprisoned in the maze while the struggles took place, and has acknowledged their influence on his subsequent work. There are memorials and murals in memory of the hunger strikers in towns and cities across Ireland. In the cities, these include Belfast—where a smiling Sands fills an external wall of the Falls Road Sinn Fein office, Dublin, with 2548:’s 'The H-Block Song'—to which Sands's coffin was carried through West Belfast—'Bobby Sands MP', and 'The Time Has Come', which relates the story of O'Hara meeting his mother for the last time. Others include 'Joe McDonnell', on the fifth striker, 'Roll of Honour', on the collective, 'The People’s Own MP', Sands's election, 'Farewell to Bellaghy' and 1540:

print by then, and the expected tabloid triumphalism would be more muted over 24 hours later. The prisoners' statement, penned by O'Rawe, "keelhauled the Catholic Church, the SDLP and the Dublin government for letting down our fallen comrades". Morrison claimed that it had been "subverted by people within the Irish establishment, by the

1460:, criticised the British government's handling of the hunger strike. Despite this, Thatcher continued to refuse to negotiate a settlement. She stated, "faced with the failure of their discredited cause, the men of violence have chosen in recent months to play what may well be their last card", during her visit to Belfast in May. 169:, but rather a way of publicly reprimanding those who deserved it. By fasting—possibly to death—on the doorstep of his master, the hunger striker enforced a claim against the other until either the latter gave in or the faster died. This tradition carried on even into the Christian era, and there are documented cases of early 2544:... endows itself with creative power". This is especially true of hunger striking, where the scholar George Sweeney noted, the "meshing of religious practice with aspirations of nationalism and militant republicanism"; in other words, quasi-religious self-sacrifice and immortality in song. Notable songs in the genre are 2364:, that the prisoners were in charge and that the external leadership operated under their didact. Moloney argues that not only did the continued deaths "keep the pot boiling on the streets", but it aligned with a growing body of thought within Sinn Féin that the party should become political and electorally attractive. 622:, had already begun preparations for dealing with a second hunger strike based on the lessons of the first one. These included the behaviour of the military, close liaison between the NIO and Belfast community and church leaders, with the Irish government, and the attitude of the United States. In Dublin, the Irish 2263:. The IRA and Sinn Féin achieved an ideological cohesion they had never before. Adams remarked that Sands's victory "exposed the lie that the hunger strikers—and by extension the IRA and the whole republican movement—had no popular support". The following year, Sinn Féin won five seats in the elections to the 2466:, who emphasised its "highly sensitive" nature. Similar exhibitions were held across the country, involving several different media, and ranging from sculptures by Irish artists to rebuilding a makeshift H Block cell on the Falls road, but also including more symbolic events such as tree planting ceremonies. 2340:

O'Rawe's argument is effectively that the same offer as was eventually accepted after ten men had died was the same—"or better"—than the prison leadership had supposedly turned down in June, after McDonnell's death, which allegedly offered four out of the five demands. Father Denis Faul had suspected

1530:

issued a statement calling on prisoners to end the hunger strike. Liam McCloskey ended his strike on 26 September after his family said they would ask for medical intervention if he became unconscious, and it became clear that the families of the remaining hunger strikers would also intervene to save

724:

I cannot interfere with the hunger strike; we do not force feed. If those people continue with the hunger strike it will have no effect whatsoever. It will just take their own lives for which I will be profoundly sorry because I think it is a ridiculous thing to do, that it is a ridiculous way to try

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Sands organised the strike along lines which made his death—and several more—was effectively inevitable. Unlike in the first strike, the prisoners joined one at a time and at staggered intervals; Sands started first and was, therefore, almost certain to die, and die first. This was intended to arouse

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We have asserted that we are political prisoners and everything about our country, our arrests, interrogations, trials, and prison conditions, show that we are politically motivated and not motivated by selfish reasons or for selfish ends. As further demonstration of our selflessness and the justness

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In the event, this was the most intense period of their campaign, with approximately half the total of 650 British soldiers who died being killed between 1971–73. In 1972 alone, the IRA killed 100 British soldiers and wounded 500 more. In the same year, they carried out 1,300 bomb attacks and 90 IRA

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ends of terraces—have been an important method of communities on both sides of the sectarian divide to transmit history and ideology to the viewer, and statements of resistance. The hunger strikes were no different; indeed, it was from the H-Block and hunger strike that the first murals emerged. One

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Three days later, Prior announced partial concessions to the prisoners, including the right to wear their own clothes at all times. Recreation was also addressed, with wings now being permitted to minge in common areas and yards. The only one of the "Five Demands" still outstanding was the right not

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and others met to discuss these reports. Atkins could not afford to appear soft, but in view of the time pressure—McDonnell was by now close to collapse—he suggested to Thatcher that "we should communicate to the PIRA overnight a draft statement" addressing the five demands. Work, for example, would

1221:

authorize discussions with the Irish Republican movement". This back-channel line of communication between the IRA Army Council and the higher echelons of the British government was "painstakingly created" in 1972 and involved many of the same individuals for the next 20 years. It was known about by

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in 1981, researched the methods the prisoners used to collect equipment, in view of the fact that H Blocks had been designed to constrain prisoners' communications. Although the prisoners had the final say on who visited them—they had to send their VOs to the Governor—they were generally expected to

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Sands' election victory raised hopes that a settlement could be negotiated, but Thatcher stood firm in refusing to give concessions to the hunger strikers. She stated, "we are not prepared to consider special category status for certain groups of people serving sentences for crime. Crime is crime is

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By January 1981, it became clear that the prisoners' demands had not been conceded. The republican movement—"unconvincingly", argues Kelly—blamed Britain, moaning that Thatcher had reneged on her promises. Instead, for example, of the right to their own clothes, which the prisoners believed had been

2525:

Comparison between McCartney's Rossville Street mural and the London Evening News illustration of a woman in the famine: "McCartney looks off to an undefined point to the right of the frame, while the woman, whose face is not that of a specific Armagh prisoner, confronts the viewer with a steadfast

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newspaper stating "The Government had overcome the hunger strikes by a show of resolute determination not to be bullied". At the time most thought the hunger strike a crushing defeat for the republicans, a view shared by many within the IRA and Sinn Féin, but Sands' by-election win was a propaganda

1504:

Gowrie was in a difficult position. He had to make it clear that government could not act under duress, or while a threat of violence hung over the proceedings. He was clear to the families, at a Stormont meeting on 28 September—a meeting that would have been unthinkable for both sides a few months

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When, on 5 May, Sands died in the prison hospital on the 66th day of his hunger strike, Humphrey Atkins issued a statement saying that Sands had committed suicide "under the instructions of those who felt it useful to their cause that he should die". More than 100,000 people lined the route of his

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Privately, contact between the NIO and contacts of the republican leadership continued. In early June 1981, communications were sufficiently advanced for there to be "a rich crop of rumours" circulating in the British press as to whether Thatcher was, in fact, negotiating with the IRA. As a result,

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from electoral politics, seeing it as reinforcing colonial rule in the north and an illegal and illegitimate process in the south. Local elections in the south were contested, but although there were increasing calls for this approach to be expanded to the north, the most recent attempt—in November

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The British government duped the IRA into believing the prisoners' demands had been granted. He said the British government deliberately created a state of confusion among the hunger strikers by moving McKenna, who was close to death, to a hospital outside the prison. He said this had the effect of

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had called for a boycott of the election, and on one occasion, Martin McGuinness heckled her with a megaphone during a public meeting. Other republicans believed that her standing would be a diversion from the military campaign, and the Maze prisoners released a statement emphasising that, in their

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with long hair and beard confined to hospital beds contrasted with the stern countenance of the intransigent prime minister". The modern historian Ian Miller argues that this kind of imagery was powerful on two levels. Firstly, in representing self-sacrifice, it enabled the narrative to shift from

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also had the consequence of strengthening the northern—and younger—leadership of Adams, McGuinness and Morrison against the old guard as represented the Dublin by O'Bradaigh and O'Connell. There was an upsurge of violence after the comparatively quiet years of the late 1970s, with widespread civil

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on 20 August. Not every family was willing to intervene. Doherty's family complained that Catholic churchmen had split the families' united front, and rejected their involvement. The prisoners themselves considered that the influence of moderate nationalists was pervasive in their struggle. Devine

1465:

We, the protesting political prisoners in the H-Blocks and the men on hunger strike, have reluctantly decided in this the seventh month of the hunger strike to end our fast. We have been robbed of the hunger strike as an effective protest weapon principally because of the successful campaign waged

1264:

At the end of the meeting Atkins explained, and Father Magee accepted, that the Secretary of State could not see him again because to do so would risk creating the impression that some form of negotiation was going on. There was no question of negotiation, and Atkins would need to continue to make

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Until the late 1970s, the blanket protest was effectively a passive one. Because the prisoners would not wear uniforms, they could not come out of their cells, even for masses or visits. The problem with this all-or-nothing "macho" strategy is that it made communicating with the outside world much

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to prevent another prisoner from contesting the second by-election in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, which was due to take place following the death of Sands. On 4 July, the prisoners stated they were not asking for preferential treatment, saying, "we would warmly welcome the introduction of the Five

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councillor protested that Fermanagh unionists were "astounded" that the Catholic community elected Sands as they did. Harry West said afterwards, "now we know the types of people who are living among us". The Anti-H Block cause received a profile boost: now that a British MP might starve to death,

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has argued, on Sands's strategy, that it meant that "if any hunger striker died, the moral pressure on those who followed to continue through to the end was huge. The fast also guaranteed that if there were deaths, the North would be pitched into a crisis every fortnight or so until the end. As an

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On 4 February, the prisoners issued a statement saying that the British government had failed to resolve the crisis and declared their intention of "hunger striking once more". The prisoners gradually wound down the dirty protest, requesting baths and shaving and allowing themselves to be moved to

580:] by a few lousy hours". The final British offer made no promises but gave assurances that the government "will, subject to the overriding requirements of security, keep prison conditions—and that includes clothing, work, association, education, training and remission—under continuing review". 2756:

Professor Anthony Bradley has summed up the crux of the play as that "the King is shown to reluctantly register the moral force and political efficacy of Seanchan’s hunger strike, precisely because he is willing to die for his beliefs". Yeats's play was probably originally inspired by the English

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By 2 October it had become apparent that the family of every remaining hunger striker was intending to intervene when it became necessary. The strike was called off at 3:15 pm on 3 October. The time was deliberately chosen by the IRA leadership as the Sunday papers would have already gone to

1455:

In the two weeks following Sands's death, three more hunger strikers died. Francis Hughes died on 12 May, resulting in further rioting in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland, in particular Derry and Belfast. Following the deaths of Raymond McCreesh and Patsy O'Hara on 21 May, Tomás Ó Fiaich, by

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Hermon's priority for the future was that—however many more funerals there might be—the IRA would not be in control. Both McCreesh's and O'Hara's funerals were accompanied by paramilitary colour parties, speeches and other trappings. The former passed without incident, but O'Hara's descended into

1130:

By late April, with Sands on the verge of death, the British government was making plans to deal with the popular consequences. Atkins briefed Thatch that not only were thousands expected to turn out for Sands's funeral, but large-scale rioting was expected. The RUC's main priority was to prevent

715:

Once again we have a hunger-strike at the Maze Prison in the quest for what they call political status. There is no such thing as political murder, political bombing or political violence. There is only criminal murder, criminal bombing and criminal violence. We will not compromise on this. There

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recorded both republican and British positions in his handwritten diary, along with brief personal comments while 'Tom' wrote detailed reports on the first eight phone calls (over a period of fifty-two hours). We also have detailed records of British government drafts of positions to be conveyed

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and believed it was acceptable on behalf of the prisoners. However, this was rejected in a message from the outside leadership stating that it was insufficient for four men to have already died for. Those that remained on hunger strike, being unaware of the alleged offer and "weighed down by the

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in February 2005. These issues were, however, argues Walker, only short-term problems. The same year, allegations were made against the republican leadership which "called into question integrity". These were more serious. Walker continues that, although no one suggests that the author, Richard

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recorded verdicts of "starvation, self-imposed". Although ten men died during the course of the hunger strike, thirteen others began refusing food but were taken off hunger strike, either for medical reasons, after intervention by their families or because the strike was called off. Many of them

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Joe McDonnell died the same early morning as the statement was released, a couple of hours before it was read to the prisoners by the Governor and a civil servant. The external leadership heard of the death on the radio. The prisoners were dismayed at what they saw as government hypocrisy. After

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I am standing on the threshold of another trembling world. May God have mercy on my soul. My heart is very sore because I know that I have broken my poor mother's heart, and my home is struck with unbearable anxiety. But I have considered all the arguments and tried every means to avoid what has

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to that of a campaign against, effectively, criminal gangs. The policy was not imposed retroactively and only affected those convicted of offences after 1 March 1976. Long Kesh prisoners remained in the huts, but new intake arrived at eight newly-built cellular "H-Blocks", so called due to their

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and requesting that civil servants be allowed openly into the Maze to negotiate. The government was also under increased pressure from senior police echelons and military commanders to take a more conciliatory approach, sufficient for Atkins to urge a change tactics upon Thatcher. The four days

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demonstrators from entering Protestant areas, which were already being spoken of as defended by Protestant paramilitaries. Although Sands's funeral—attended by around 100,000 people—on 7 May passed off peacefully, that night, violence broke out across Belfast; security forces were attacked with

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stating that "if Mr Sands persisted in his wish to commit suicide, that was his choice. The Government would not force medical treatment upon him." Sands died in the early hours of 5th May 1981; Hughes was two weeks behind him and the next two a week behind Hughes. Small scale rioting broke out

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conference that killed five people and in which Thatcher herself only narrowly escaped death. Yet in her memoirs, 30 years later, Thatcher wrote that she found it possible "to admire the courage of Sands and the other hunger strikers who died, but not to sympathise with their murderous cause".

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Thatcher continued, in public, to maintain her stance that "you can't compromise with violence". Meeting Protestant religious leaders, though, she was prepared to admit that, whatever the public view of the IRA, there was "a lot" of sympathy for their ideals among Catholics. By May, Atkins was

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between the IRA leadership and the government, with McKenna lapsing in and out of a coma and on the brink of death, the government appeared to concede the essence of the prisoners' five demands. The republicans were unsure whether the British position of refusing to negotiate could itself be a

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also visited Sands in order to tell him that when he died, he would get no sympathy or recognition from the British labour movement. This appears to have alienated moderate Catholics, however. With Sands close to death, the government's position remained unchanged, with Secretary of State for

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funeral, which was conducted with full IRA military honours. Margaret Thatcher showed no sympathy for his death, telling the House of Commons that "Mr. Sands was a convicted criminal. He chose to take his own life. It was a choice that his organisation did not allow to many of its victims."

2258:

more seriously. More importantly, in the long run, it prompted Sinn Féin to move towards electoral politics. Sands's election victory, combined with that of pro-hunger strike candidates in the Northern Ireland local elections and Dáil elections in the Republic of Ireland, gave birth to the

2945:

Churchmen had traditionally be seen as negotiators between the British Army and the IRA since Operation Demetrius; they "lent gravitas, even legitimacy, to republican negotiations with the British". From the British perspective, however, the involvement of religious leaders was not always

2224:

in 1981, causing seven deaths, compared to a total of around 16,000 bullets and four deaths in the eight years following the hunger strikes. The problem for the government was that it effectively lost a propaganda war. As Professor Robert Savage puts it, "television images of emaciated

765:. According to McKaliskey, it was already intended that Sands should win Maguire's seat. She later told how Frank was going to make his first speech in Westminster announcing his resignation. There was debate among nationalists and republicans regarding who should contest the election: 508:

on the grounds that the dirty protest was self-inflicted. On 27 October 1980, republican prisoners in the Maze began a hunger strike. One hundred and forty-eight prisoners volunteered to be part of the strike, but a total of seven were selected to match the number of men who signed the

800:

with 30,492 votes to West's 29,046, amounting to over 52% of the vote. The result "gravely alarmed" the government, which almost immediately began looking at ways of disqualifying the new MP. It also alarmed the unionist community, to whom Sands was merely a convicted terrorist. An

2382:

There is sufficient evidence to suggest there was something going on. The accounts coming from Danny Morrison and Bik have shifted that much since Richard first wrote his book that they should put themselves up for scrutiny just to clear the whole thing up and let people know the

3064:

The political scientist Gerr Kearns has highlighted the similarity, saying how "the gaunt image of the woman, in particular, recalls the famous illustrations of the famine victims in the London Illustrated News, such as the image of the woman begging in Clonakilty from February

567:

negotiating position, although this was emphatically denied by the Northern Ireland Office. The situation escalated on 15 December when 23 more prisoners joined the Maze strike. McKenna was by now gravely ill, and McKearney close behind; the eyesight of both had deteriorated.

2662:

and Laurence McKeown, the latter also a 1981 hunger striker—recounts the events leading up to as well as during the strike, and has been described as both a commemoration and the product of commemoration in the way it treats human memory as historical record. 2001's

2210:

in 1972, IRA recruitment was boosted, resulting in a new surge of paramilitary activity, both a recruiting sergeant for new members and galvanising old members back into service; Thatcher's uncompromising stance had alienated much of the nationalist community. This

1355:

was renamed from Churchill Street to Khiyaban–E Bobby Sands, and members of the Iranian embassy in London attended Sands's funeral. Over the course of the strikes, the British government faced increasing international opposition. In France, the Foreign Minister

816:

described the result as "a stunning blow to the Protestant establishment of Northern Ireland" and that it "cast into doubt the view often expressed by politicians in London that the IRA is supported only by a fringe of the Catholic voters". For its part, the

2781:

prisons of the compound type, each compound holding up to ninety prisoners, are thoroughly unsatisfactory from every point of view; their major disadvantage is that there is virtually a total loss of disciplinary control by the prison authorities inside the

362:

had been interned in Long Kesh in 1974, but when he was arrested and convicted in 1976, he faced a very different prison regime. On 14 September, he was the first Republican to be convicted since the withdrawal of status. As such he was required to wear a

2374:. McFarlane states O'Rawe's version of events is confused and fragmentary, and states "we were desperate for a solution. Any deal that went some way to meeting the five demands would have been taken. If it was confirmed in writing, we'd have grabbed it 1035:

men shot him in the legs while shouting, "this action is in support of the H-Blocks". The IRA denied responsibility. Violence was not confined to the IRA. Other incidents included the shooting and wounding of UDA councillor Sam Millar at home on

2835:

In an interesting corollary, on 12 December, six UDA men in the Maze also began a hunger strike for the same five demands as the republican prisoners but also including a demand for segregation from them. The British considered it "ostensibly a

2552:'s 'The Boy from Tamlaghtduff', both on Hughes. Moore—a high profile supporter of the H Block protests—also put to music two of Sands's own compositions, 'I Wish I Was Back Home in Derry' and 'McIlhatton' and released them in his 1986 album, 2427:

Unit in the United States dedicated a monument to Sands and the other hunger strikers, "the only one of its kind in America", notes Wharton. In 2001, Sinn Féin's 20th-anniversary commemoration committee focussed on a diverse range of events.

1256:(NIO) officials did meet, on occasion, with republicans, these were generally called "exercises in clarification" rather than negotiations. This was so as not to send the wrong message to observers, particularly to unionist leaders. Even so, 335:, announced that paramilitary prisoners would no longer be entitled to Special Category Status. This was part of Britain's long-term strategy of criminalisation in the north, the intention being to alter perceptions of the conflict from a 1197:

Despite Thatcher's oft-repeated mantra that she "did not talk to terrorists", historians are aware that the British government had been negotiating with elements of the IRA since 1972 when the first ceasefire was being arranged between

1562:, our Front Bench spokesman on Northern Ireland, should have gone to the Maze prison to interview the hunger strikers and then said on television that the Labour Party agreed 100 per cent with the Government and endorsed everything". 1525:

On 4 September, the family of Matthew Devlin approved medical treatment, and he was taken to the Royal Victoria. Two days later, Laurence McKeown's became the fourth family to intervene and ask for medical treatment to save his life;

367:

as every other, non-political, prisoner did. Nugent refused, telling the warder, "if you want me to wear a uniform, you'll have to nail it to my back", and wore a blanket in its place. This began the blanket protest, in which IRA and

2179:

victory, and the hunger strike became a Pyrrhic victory for Thatcher and the British government. Indeed, Richard English has argued that Thatcher effectively "breathed life" back into the republican movement in 1981. Sands became a

2443:. The inscription reads, "To political prisoners who suffered and died as a result of hunger strikes in prison in Ireland and South Africa". In December that year, Adams attended the unveiling of a commemoration to the strikers in 780:—until 1978, the party's only MP and now a Unity MP—criticised the SDLP for abstaining, and Currie himself later said he was "extremely angry and frustrated" not to have been chosen as his party's candidate. Sands thus stood as an 1168:. The police considered any other route—which would have to march past protestant areas—too dangerous for both security forces and civilians. As such it was decided to give Hughes a police convoy, although the Chief Constable, 424:... The stench and filth in some of the cells, with the remains of rotten food and human excreta scattered around the walls was almost unbearable. In two of them I was unable to speak for fear of vomiting." In 1979, former MP 741:

began their fasts. The British strategy, at first, was to wait it out and allow time to collapse the strike as it had done in 1980. In the meantime, though, "the strike was quickly overtaken by other events" outside Belfast.

2335:

The hunger strike, ostensibly the climax of the campaign for the restoration of political status, had been cynically manipulated by the republican leadership who allowed prisoners to die in order to promote their political

613:

for the government, as it heightened the resolve of the prisoners in the event of another hunger strike. Prison authorities began to supply the prisoners with officially issued civilian clothing, as had been announced. The

372:(INLA) prisoners refused to wear prison uniforms and either went naked or fashioned garments from prison blankets. In 1978, after a number of clashes between prison officers and prisoners leaving their cells to wash and " 2532:

There have been many representations of Irish history and politics in culture, and the 1981 hunger strike is no different; many songs and ballads were written during and immediately after the strike. In 1920, during the

1190: 2628:

were not actually commissioned by Sinn Féin, the party intended the hunger strikes—and the party's dominant role in them—to become "part not just of the Irish political identity, but of the cultural identity as well".

1406:", while in Italy, 5,000 students burnt union flags; they were, comments Wharton, "blessed with the same ignorance as their French counterparts". Approximately one thousand people attended a public mass in New York's 1048:

forms door to door. The IRA released a statement that attacks on security services would increase. The first paramilitary victim following Sands's death was Constable Peter Ellis, who was shot by the IRA on 6 May in

651:

of our cause a number of our comrades, beginning today with Bobby Sands, will hunger-strike to the death unless the British government abandons its criminalization policy and meets our demand for political status.

7372:

Boyle, M. (2002). "Edifying the Rebellious Gael: Uses of Memories of Ireland's Troubled Past among the West of Scotland's Irish Catholic Diaspora". In Harvey, D. C.; Jones, R.; McInroy, N.; Milligan, C. (eds.).

452:

organisations attended. This led to the formation of the broad-based National H-Block/Armagh Committee on a platform of support for the "Five Demands", and included seasoned activists such as McAliskey,

1243:

However, lines of communication remained open after the end of the 1980 hunger strike, and were still available on the outbreak of the next. Indeed, soon after her election, Thatcher spoke to President

8856: 496:

With the three-year anniversary of the dirty protest approaching in 1979, the prisoners presented a proposal for a hunger strike to the external leadership. Although this was rejected—former prisoner

827:, meanwhile, concentrated on whether it was possible to remove Sands from office, and noted that, in any case, "even if he is allowed to keep his seat, he is likely to be dead of starvation soon". 2306:

Four years later, however, 2005 was a difficult year for the republican movement. What the author R. K. Walker has called a "blitzkrieg of propaganda" erupted just before Sinn Féin contested the

12812: 12705: 12543: 12236: 7560:

Chaplin, A. D. (2021). "Art, Conflict and Politics: The Murals of the Bogside Artists and the Case for Mediated Public Funding". In Ferrer, H. A.; DeMoor, M.; Enneson, P.; Klaassen, M. (eds.).

2729:

plays the mediating and condemnatory Father Daly. The film explores how two mothers, divided by class and politics, respond to their sons' IRA involvement and their joining the hunger strike.

1248:

on the telephone in which she stated that her preferred strategy was through "patient and persistent negotiation". Publicly, however, it was a different story. In December 1980, the NIO's PUM,

823:

also reported the election as "a serious embarrassment to the British Government" and a "body blow "for those who claimed that most Nationalists would not support paramilitary organisation".

960:, although Sinn Féin did not contest them. Some smaller groups and independents who supported the hunger strikers gained seats, such as the Irish Independence Party with 21 seats, while the 1522:

was the last to die, on the same day as Carron's election victory. Before he went into a coma, Devine rejected medical intervention, telling his sister, "now, there's to be no needles".

1152:

described an "undignified chase" across South Belfast after his body was handed over to his family. The family, and the wider republican movement, wanted the remains to be taken via the

1079:

hit his Land Rover; he was the first RUC to be killed in a rocket attack. Attacks on security forces continued and became more intense when there was a burial. Soldiers were killed by a

1063:

project has calculated that around 50 people lost their lives in the period between the death of Sands and the taking off of Devlin. Following Hughes's death, the Irish country homes of

866:(ECHR) officials also sought a meeting with Sands, but he refused unless representatives of the IRA and Sinn Féin could attend, and this the Maze authorities could not allow. Labour MP 8101:

Kirbas, D; Sutlas, N.; Kuscu, D. Y.; Karagoz, N.; Tecer, O.; Altun, U. (2008). "The Impact of Prolonged Hunger Strike: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects of Twenty-five Hunger Strikers".

1075:, were burned out by the IRA, and in Belfast, the night before his burial, there were seven shooting incidents and an explosion. Two days later, Constable Stephen Vallely died when an 323:. Special Category, or political status meant prisoners were treated similarly to prisoners of war; for example, not having to wear prison uniforms or do prison work. On 1 March 1976, 711:... to visit Lancashire or Kent", and that she wished to build a "healthy and harmonious society" in the north. She summarised the government's philosophy in a speech before leaving: 468:. The IRA shot and killed a number of prison officers, while loyalist paramilitaries shot and killed a number of activists in the National H-Block/Armagh Committee. These included a 12227: 2999:

The embassy subsequently changed its mailing address to refer to an entrance door around the corner from the main entrance, to avoid having to use the name of Bobby Sands on their

1236:

of the NIO—later said that she was "fully aware" of the necessity in negotiating with Sinn Féin if one wished to settle Northern Irish affairs. According to Thatcher's biographer,

11408: 2238:... seared deep into the psyches of large numbers of people, stirring many deep and troubling emotions. Community divisions had always been deep, but now they had a new rawness. 9656: 2905:

considered expelling Sands, but legal advice instructed that he was "legally entitled to election and that those who voted for him knew that he was and would remain in custody".

2595: 1099:

casualty; Further hunger striker deaths were met with further street violence; following the death of O'Hara, for example, the police were attacked, and a man was killed by a

12076: 10367: 8535:

Moore Quinn, E. (2020). "'The Radio said, "There's Another Shot Dead'": Popular Culture, 'Rebel' Songs, and Death in Irish Memory". In Teodorescu, A.; Jacobsen, M. (eds.).

684:

initially struggled to generate. The Sunday Sands began his strike, 3,500 people marched through West Belfast; this was compared to 10,000 marchers four months previously.

3055:. It was later painted over with another mural of two dead hunger strikers from the city, with portraits of their mothers ("the often forgotten victims of the conflict"). 380:

has suggested that, unlike the hunger strike which followed, "the Dirty Protest had no precedent in the political culture". The protest soon spread to the women's prison

376:" (empty their chamber pots), this escalated into the dirty protest, where prisoners refused to wash and smeared their excrement on the walls of their cells. The scholar 1547:

In Ireland, John Hulme also called for a magnanimous gesture from the British, while the Taoiseach called upon the IRA to abandon the armed struggle. In the north, the

707:. She denied it was a response to the latest hunger strike, saying "it ought to be as natural for the Prime Minister to visit this part of the United Kingdom as for her 11542: 1570:

in 1983, the prison workshops were closed, effectively granting all of the "Five Demands" but without any formal recognition of political status from the government.

642:(OC) in the prison, refused food. The date was deliberately chosen as the fifth anniversary of the withdrawal of status. A statement from the prisoners was issued by 2765:...as it suggests the Lord Mayor of Cork". Yeats's poem has become, says critic Niall Ó Dochartaigh, "the literary reference of choice for the Irish hunger strikes". 831:

crime, it is not political". In the blaze of the world's cameras, several intermediaries visited Sands in an attempt to negotiate an end. These included three Irish

8872: 9553:

White, R. W.; Demirel-Pegg, T. (2017). "Social Movements and Social Movement Organizations: Recruitment, Ideology, and Splits". In De Fazio, G.; Bosi, L. (eds.).

10363: 755: 11570: 2984:

through this channel. The republican leadership’s record of the contacts, including the 'comms' smuggled in and out of the prison, was published in Beresford’s

703:

On 5 March, Thatcher flew to Belfast for a lightning visit, in an attempt to reassure the protestant community of the government's continuing commitment to the

500:

has said this proposal was "unknown to most prisoners"—the external leadership "conceded, reluctantly" that they had no alternative proposal. In June 1980, the

11022: 2659: 65:, where prisoners refused to leave their cells to wash and covered the walls of their cells with excrement. In 1980, seven prisoners participated in the first 1122:

has argued that, from the perspective of the prisoners, prison staff waged a campaign of violence against them, including beatings and testicular squeezings.

921:

with an increased number of votes. The increasing electability of republican candidates worried the Irish government. Anti-H Block candidates won over 40,000

420:, visited the prison and condemned the conditions there. O'Fiaich subsequently told the press, "I was shocked at the inhuman conditions prevailing in H-Blocks 11479: 2774:

Although conditions in the huts were poor, this was not the government's main concern, but the overall loss of control by the authorities. The civil servant

2610:, depicting local 1980 hunger striker Raymond McCartney as a "Christ-like" figure alongside an anonymous female striker in Armagh, who looks similar to the 11209: 942: 15259: 12131: 12086: 11872: 9649: 196:

In the 20th century, there had been hunger strikes by Irish republican prisoners since 1917, twelve men died on hunger strike prior to the 1981 strikes:

555: 12071: 10814: 10669: 2487: 918: 13889: 13739: 10659: 2195:

have speculated that Thatcher's uncompromising attitude towards the hunger strikers may well have stemmed from losing her close friend and associate

989:

External communication was maintained via prison visits. These allowed the prisoners to send out letters and receive items from the outside, such as

796:

which allowed convicted criminals to be elected. The election took place on 9 April, and following a high-profile campaign, Sands was elected to the

762: 295:

camp, complete, says the author Thomas Hennessey, "with imagery reminiscent of Second World War POW camps surrounded by barbed wire, watchtowers and

85: 1118:, including Albert Mills in 1978. This was the republican movement's means of upping the ante against a relatively soft target. Former IRA prisoner 384:, where not just faeces and urine, but menstrual blood, coated cell walls. These protests aimed to re-establish the political status expected by as 12556: 10009: 7217: 1361: 7679:

Darby, D. (2006). "A Truce rather than a Treaty? The Effects of Violence on the Irish Peace Process". In Cox, M.; Guelke, A.; Stephen, F. (eds.).

2923:

Further, reports Ryder, the IRA had taken over St Agnes's, on Andersonstown Road for the remains to rest, against the wishes of the parish priest.

12319: 1110:—and five civilians. The seven months were one of the bloodiest periods of the Troubles, with a total of 61 people killed, 34 of them civilians. 630:

recommended the British continue the strategy of "a good mixture of ingenuity, subtlety and sensitivity" that had served them the previous year.

720:

However, she also seems to have not held the prisoners themselves responsible for their actions, and even regret, at their forthcoming deaths:

11867: 11415: 11188: 10804: 9642: 9324: 2740:, set in the final days of Sands's strike, displays the differing viewpoints through two families, one from each side of the political divide. 1407: 776:

After negotiations, they agreed not to split the nationalist vote by contesting the election. This was unpopular in the SDLP, whose ex-leader

9902: 7639:

Craig, T. (2014). "Laneside, Then Left a Bit? Britain's Secret Political Talks with Loyalist Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, 1973–1976".

2234:

The hunger strikes had lasting effects, most of which were bad for the authorities and for almost everyone apart from the republican movement

12993: 12777: 11528: 10415: 8983:

Ross, F. S. (2023). "The Prisoners' Support Campaign: How Hunger Strikes Facilitated the Counterpublic". In Reinisch, D.; Kane, A. (eds.).

1335:, a demonstration outside the embassy condemned Britain for having "savagely attacked the ranks of Irish Freedom Fighters" in a statement. 1217:. The same occurred with church-backed talks in 1974–1975. Historians and political observers are also aware that "behind closed doors she 408:

Initially, the dirty protest did not attract a great deal of attention, and even the IRA regarded it as a side issue in the context of the

8907:

Reinisch, D. (2020). "Prisoners as Leaders Of Political Change: Cage 11 and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland". In Gutmann, M. (ed.).

8044:

Kearns, G. (2006). "Bare Life, Political Violence and the Territorial Structure of Britain and Ireland". In Gregory, D.; Pred, A. (eds.).

7562:

Seeking Stillness or The Sound of Wings: Scholarly and Artistic Comment on Art, Truth and Society: Essays in Honour of Lambert Zuidervaart

13930: 13864: 13749: 12167: 11623: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11132: 7315:

Binchy, D. A. (1982). "A Pre-Christian Survival in Mediaeval Irish Hagiography". In Whitelock, D.; McKitterick, R.; Dumville, D. (eds.).

1551: 1257: 1211: 972:

group) gained two seats each, and a number of pro-hunger strike independent candidates also won seats. The British government passed the

15357: 12061: 11359: 1114:

became a favoured target by the IRA: Eighteen had been killed in the run-up to and duration of the first hunger strike, including two

14135: 13147: 12409: 11267: 11043: 8985:

Irish Republican Counterpublic: Armed Struggle and the Construction of a Radical Nationalist Community in Northern Ireland, 1969-1998

13492: 2513: 2358:... It made complete sense to me". Moloney had been sceptical of the leadership's line at the time, when he was Northern Editor for 15362: 15307: 15280: 11684: 1275: 1237: 1351:

was touring—pro-IRA graffiti appeared, and in India, opposition MPs stood for a minute's silence. A street outside the embassy in

946: 15347: 14413: 12576: 12269: 9747: 8672:

O'Cadhla, S. (2022). ""800 Years We Have Been Down": Rebel Songs and the Retrospective Reach of the Irish Republican Narrative".

8554:

Mulcahy, A. (1995). "Claims-Making and the Construction of Legitimacy: Press Coverage of the 1981 Northern Irish Hunger Strike".

8025:

Jarman, N. (1998). "Painting Landscapes: The Place of Murals in the Symbolic Construction of Urban Space". In Buckley, A. (ed.).

2872: 2775: 2463: 1139:. Ten thousand people attended the funeral of Francis Hughes, which took place "not without some controversy", argues Hennessey. 956:

Adams saw these results primarily as a warning to the next Irish government to "move on the prisoners' demands". There were also

328: 10231: 1591:

still suffer from the effects of the strike, with problems including digestive, visual, physical and neurological disabilities.

938: 14357: 13993: 11918: 11877: 10266: 2331:

that Adams prolonged the strike as it was of great political benefit to Sinn Féin and allowed Owen Carron to win Sands's seat:

797: 9079: 2826:

that condemned the McAliskey campaign had asked readers to support Sinn Féin candidates in twenty-six county local elections".

2761:

movement, but following the death on hunger strike of Terence MacSwiney in 1920, Yeats rewrote the play's "new 'tragic ending'

909:. The death of Sands necessitated another by-election in Fermanagh and South Tyrone. This time the Anti-H Block candidate was 15352: 15266: 13824: 13814: 12611: 12586: 12066: 12021: 11170: 11161: 11074: 11069: 11038: 9887: 9619: 9600: 9581: 9562: 9543: 9524: 9505: 9486: 9467: 9427: 9387: 9368: 9349: 9305: 9286: 9267: 9248: 9150: 9131: 9112: 9068: 9049: 9030: 9011: 8992: 8973: 8935: 8916: 8897: 8845: 8826: 8807: 8759: 8740: 8721: 8702: 8641: 8622: 8603: 8584: 8544: 8525: 8506: 8468: 8449: 8430: 8411: 8392: 8373: 8354: 8335: 8316: 8297: 8278: 8259: 8240: 8221: 8202: 8150: 8131: 8091: 8072: 8053: 8034: 7994: 7975: 7935: 7916: 7897: 7878: 7859: 7840: 7821: 7802: 7783: 7764: 7745: 7726: 7707: 7688: 7669: 7629: 7610: 7591: 7569: 7550: 7531: 7504: 7485: 7441: 7422: 7382: 7362: 7343: 7324: 7305: 7286: 7267: 7177: 7158: 7139: 2431:

On 3 October 2001—the 20th anniversary of the end of the hunger strike—a memorial was unveiled by Adams, Patrick Sheehan and

2411:, the Easter Rising, and the hunger strike stands in Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, Australia, which is also the burial place of 2217: 973: 957: 848: 217: 205: 2959:, who had been heavily involved in previous government negotiations with paramilitaries—including Loyalists—and had run the 14156: 14104: 13675: 13482: 12752: 12374: 12207: 11923: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11153: 10951: 8487: 2307: 2276: 2268: 1373: 417: 73: 13242: 8651:

O'Cadhla, S. (2017). "'Then to Death Walked, Softly Smiling': Violence and Martyrdom in Modern Irish Republican Ballads".

8364:

McLaughlin, C. (2009). "Cold, Hungry and Scared: Prison Films about 'The Troubles'". In Flannery, E.; Griffin, M. (eds.).

2807:

The last demand was a later addition; at the time of the 'Smash H-Block' conference, the demands comprised the first four.

665:

I ate the statutory weekly bit of fruit last night. As fate had it, it was an orange, and the final irony, it was bitter.

15117: 14861: 14805: 14791: 14742: 12860: 12722: 12713: 12655: 12314: 12259: 12212: 11199: 10744: 10702: 10261: 10256: 10236: 10141: 9717: 7452: 7392:

Bradley, A. (2009). "Nation, Pedagogy, and Performance: W.B. Yeats's The King's Threshold and the Irish Hunger Strikes".

2976:

O'Dochartaigh has described the detailed sources available for this period; everyone involved was writing something down:

863: 8195:

Operation Demetrius and its aftermath: A New History of the Use of Internment without Trial in Northern Ireland, 1971–75

1331:

on 7 May, a crowd of several hundred marched on the British Embassy and were addressed by a Sinn Féin speaker, while in

15158: 15151: 13207: 13192: 13172: 11718: 2540:, the republican politician, argued that "Any great movement toward a spiritual end, such as Ireland’s push for freedom 1400:

firebombed a British Leyland showroom. In France "ignorant and uninformed students, as Wharton describes them—chanted "

1233: 770: 513: 237: 14170: 8161: 1252:

emphasised to a republican contact that there could be no question of negotiations while the strike was ongoing. When

15332: 15327: 14588: 14490: 14114: 13457: 13432: 13142: 13032: 12504: 12344: 12091: 12007: 11615: 11598: 9972: 8954: 2537: 1072: 832: 643: 316: 88:

during the strike, prompting media interest from around the world. The strike was called off after ten prisoners had

8750:

O'Hearn, D. (2017). "Movement Inside and Outside of Prison: The H-Block Protest". In De Fazio, G.; Bosi, L. (eds.).

15046: 14924: 14749: 14206: 14142: 13711: 13467: 13452: 13442: 13417: 13287: 13042: 12930: 12646: 12126: 11259: 10715: 10408: 10301: 10182: 10104: 9772: 2282:

Internationally, the hunger strikes encouraged similar protests from imprisoned radicals, including members of the

2260: 1092: 889: 751: 15177: 15067: 14854: 13562: 13307: 13232: 13137: 13127: 13077: 12959: 12875: 12865: 12384: 12197: 11523: 11311: 11125: 11048: 10896: 10483: 10473: 7234: 7187:

Aretxaga, B. (1995). "Dirty Protest: Symbolic Overdetermination and Gender in Northern Ireland Ethnic Violence".

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themselves to death, including Sands, whose funeral was attended by 100,000 people. The strike radicalised

14714: 14441: 14265: 14258: 14128: 14121: 13557: 13552: 13532: 13357: 13182: 13122: 13007: 12797: 12727: 12616: 12606: 12459: 12339: 12146: 12136: 11998: 10996: 10971: 10881: 10871: 10789: 10739: 10711: 10555: 10545: 10537: 10522: 10458: 10216: 10201: 10160: 10064: 10059: 9842: 2519:

The Bogside Artists' mural of Raymond McCartney as a blanket man accompanied by an unnamed woman in Armagh Gaol

2047: 1961: 1873: 1743: 1506: 934: 658:

become the unavoidable: it has been forced upon me and my comrades by four-and-a-half years of stark inhumanity

501: 369: 241: 2345:, who was OC inside the prison during the hunger strike. O'Rawe's account has been described by the historian 1421:

British ships. In London, the Queen was also harassed by a banner protesting Sands's "murder" when she opened

14777: 14560: 13935: 13537: 13312: 13252: 12850: 12747: 12695: 12454: 12202: 11893: 11782: 11364: 11321: 11079: 10246: 10128: 9912: 9822: 9397:

Walker, C. (1984). "Irish Republican Prisoners: Political Detainees, Prisoners of War or Common Criminals?".

681: 332: 209: 8347:

Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles

2349:

as "explosive" and by F. S. Ross as "highly contested". O'Rawe claims that he and McFarlane discussed it in

15238: 15015: 14826: 14497: 14286: 14251: 12998: 12772: 12596: 12349: 11673: 10941: 10827: 10749: 10468: 10034: 9847: 9812: 2822: 2200: 1807: 1510: 1439:

that the safety of the state was at risk. On the death of Doherty, the Dáil's national flag was lowered to

1023:

Even before Sands's death, pro-prisoner violence was occurring. British businessman Geoffrey Armstrong of

398:

the right of free association with other prisoners, and to organise educational and recreational pursuits;

15252: 15032: 14966: 14434: 14371: 14190: 14060: 13844: 13829: 13680: 13272: 12979: 12905: 12835: 12802: 12399: 12274: 11354: 10901: 10850: 10784: 10734: 10664: 10608: 10401: 10345: 10340: 10310: 10150: 9962: 9837: 9757: 9692: 2474: 926: 885: 7209: 1053:. The following day James Power, INLA, was blown up by his organisation's own bomb near his home in the 15245: 15231: 15110: 15053: 14903: 14223: 14149: 13986: 13904: 13716: 12830: 12690: 12660: 12533: 12414: 12404: 11965: 11702: 11512: 11495: 11474: 11454: 11449: 11420: 11391: 11371: 11343: 11326: 11316: 11118: 10014: 9991: 9857: 9852: 9380:

Ex-Combatants, Gender and Peace in Northern Ireland: Women, Political Protest and the Prison Experience

3052: 2416: 2323: 1586:". This was later amended to simply "starvation", after protests from the dead strikers' families. The 758: 505: 473: 14163: 12964: 9160:

Smyth, J. (1987). "Unintentional Mobilisation: The Effects of the 1980-81 Hunger Strikes in Ireland".

7434:

Clashing Symbols? A Report on the Use of Flags, Anthems and Other National Symbols in Northern Ireland

2371: 2187:

proportions", with Danny Morrison describing her as "the biggest bastard we have ever known". Authors

1172:, was "less certain than one would like" of the exact statutory powers under which the force did so. 15103: 14581: 14056: 13912: 13899: 13849: 12969: 12787: 12762: 12566: 12513: 12429: 12424: 12244: 11766: 11742: 11431: 10330: 10206: 10165: 9981: 9867: 9702: 2879:

in Westminster, but has frequently visited—and was an outspoken supporter of—the prisoners' campaign.

2459: 299:". Internees lived in dormitories and disciplined themselves with military-style command structures, 113: 13477: 13282: 13267: 9316: 2275:

built during the hunger strike, Sinn Féin continued to grow in the following two decades. After the

1214: 432:

on a platform of support for the protesting prisoners, and won just under 34,000 votes, even though

15086: 15074: 15060: 14882: 14812: 14728: 14672: 14340: 14320: 14306: 14244: 14081: 13950: 13945: 13819: 13047: 12920: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12675: 12621: 12601: 12571: 12364: 12329: 12254: 12050: 11849: 11726: 11607: 11500: 11381: 11289: 11284: 11089: 10981: 10832: 10296: 10276: 10271: 10172: 10123: 10084: 10054: 10024: 9712: 8124:

Jailtacht: The Irish Language, Symbolic Power and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1972-2008

2914:

Albeit that this was more on the grounds of tactics and resources rather than the principle itself.

2678: 2571: 2003: 1149: 547: 477: 13487: 13082: 2786:... The layout and construction of the compounds make close and continued supervision impossible". 605:

creating uncertainty within his colleagues, who would not know if he was about to die or had died.

472:

gun attack which badly injured McAliskey and her husband, the assassination of Miriam Daly by the

15342: 15273: 15131: 14952: 14756: 14700: 14525: 14511: 14462: 14406: 14279: 14041: 13884: 13839: 13809: 13784: 13759: 12954: 12925: 12870: 12845: 12840: 12670: 12665: 12518: 12479: 12449: 12444: 12389: 12379: 12324: 12309: 12279: 11798: 11464: 11301: 11099: 10855: 10695: 10502: 10221: 10177: 10113: 10079: 9932: 9872: 9832: 9762: 9742: 2563: 2408: 2247: 2192: 1480:, the families of some of the hunger strikers attended a meeting on 28 July with Catholic priest 1443:

as was traditional on the death of a sitting member; he had lasted, at 73 days, the longest yet.

1253: 1107: 1054: 856: 469: 312: 109: 54: 21: 15039: 1164:

had been laid on—whereas the RUC had directed it be taken from the Maze to his place of burial,

15337: 14945: 14917: 14658: 14504: 14216: 13925: 13794: 13599: 12974: 12944: 12732: 12680: 12591: 12551: 12489: 12354: 12284: 12187: 11750: 11436: 11396: 10350: 10335: 10315: 10155: 10004: 9942: 9937: 9897: 9827: 9807: 9767: 9218:

Sweeney, G. (1993b). "Self-Immolation in Ireland: Hunger Strikes and Political Confrontation".

2455: 2243: 1457: 1377: 485: 13502: 9437:

Wee, L. (2007). "The Hunger Strike as a Communicative Act: Intention without Responsibility".

8966:

Smashing H-block: The Rise and Fall of the Popular Campaign Against Criminalization, 1976-1982

2454:

In 2011, Sinn Féin launched a thirty-year anniversary exhibition, of the hunger strike at the

1040:

by the INLA. There were retaliatory UDA killings in Belfast; an RUC officer was blown up by a

700:

instrument for destabilizing political life in Ireland, it was beyond historical comparison."

275:—which had been used several times in Ireland during the 20th century by both the British and 15096: 14987: 14889: 14833: 14770: 14679: 14546: 14469: 13979: 12915: 12855: 12685: 12528: 12469: 12439: 12359: 12304: 12151: 11425: 10794: 10286: 10251: 10196: 10118: 9927: 9922: 9802: 9688: 3048: 2554: 2424: 2319: 2188: 1369: 1319:

In Ireland, there were demonstrations in many towns, including the burning of Thatcher-style

793: 785: 72:

The second hunger strike took place in 1981 and was a showdown between the prisoners and the

14973: 9697: 2497: 14931: 14630: 14539: 14448: 14427: 14313: 13894: 13247: 12910: 12880: 12757: 12742: 12737: 12484: 12464: 12434: 12394: 12369: 12294: 12264: 12217: 12182: 12177: 12041: 11790: 11774: 11758: 11402: 10837: 10754: 10281: 10029: 9892: 9882: 9787: 9752: 9737: 9727: 2701: 2368: 2207: 1032: 685: 504:

rejected a claim by the prisoners that their treatment during imprisonment was against the

425: 13402: 7814:

Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland

8: 15203: 15189: 14875: 14399: 14272: 14088: 14048: 13695: 13642: 13637: 13512: 12949: 12885: 12782: 12641: 12192: 11806: 11484: 10822: 10633: 10618: 10191: 10099: 10094: 10069: 9947: 9907: 9782: 9732: 9722: 9087: 2616: 2534: 1431: 1422: 1153: 1028: 949:. The election victories of Doherty and Agnew denied power to Charles Haughey's outgoing 859: 429: 413: 272: 38: 13362: 3038:

The message was signed "Brownie"; this was Adams's codename for internal communications.

2673:

tells the story of the republican women on the first hunger strike in Armagh, and stars

1509:, whose mother requested medical support to save his life on 31 July. The following day 1368:, pointed out that it was no different to how the French government treated demands for 14896: 14735: 14644: 14602: 14567: 14532: 14455: 13262: 13197: 12636: 12561: 12523: 12474: 12419: 12289: 12141: 12121: 11991: 11822: 11814: 11734: 10986: 10976: 10946: 10931: 10688: 10291: 10089: 10019: 9986: 9917: 9877: 9862: 9792: 9777: 9446: 9406: 9206: 9198: 8786: 7954: 7835:. Cambridge studies in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7196: 2688: 2683: 2603: 2578:. The song was inspired by the hunger strike, and the guitarist wore a black armband. 2479: 2341:

something similar at the time, although this was denied by several hunger strikers and

2311: 1567: 1348: 1050: 994: 812: 639: 615: 50: 13167: 8800:

It Makes You Want to Spit! The Definitive Guide to Punk in Northern Ireland, 1977-1982

8664: 8065:

Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990

840: 563: 551: 464:

The period leading up to the hunger strike saw assassinations by both republicans and

377: 15196: 15124: 14721: 14483: 14237: 14230: 13632: 13497: 13397: 13372: 13342: 12939: 12631: 12499: 12334: 11647: 11141: 10936: 10588: 10583: 10325: 10320: 9967: 9952: 9817: 9615: 9596: 9577: 9558: 9539: 9520: 9501: 9482: 9463: 9423: 9383: 9364: 9345: 9301: 9282: 9263: 9244: 9227: 9210: 9169: 9146: 9127: 9108: 9064: 9045: 9026: 9007: 8988: 8969: 8950: 8931: 8912: 8893: 8864: 8841: 8822: 8803: 8755: 8736: 8717: 8698: 8637: 8618: 8599: 8580: 8563: 8540: 8521: 8502: 8483: 8464: 8445: 8426: 8407: 8388: 8369: 8350: 8331: 8312: 8293: 8274: 8255: 8236: 8217: 8198: 8169: 8146: 8127: 8110: 8087: 8068: 8049: 8030: 8013: 7990: 7971: 7931: 7912: 7893: 7874: 7855: 7836: 7817: 7798: 7779: 7760: 7741: 7722: 7703: 7684: 7665: 7625: 7606: 7587: 7565: 7546: 7527: 7500: 7481: 7437: 7418: 7401: 7378: 7358: 7339: 7320: 7301: 7282: 7263: 7173: 7154: 7135: 2714: 2342: 2212: 2168: 1548: 1485: 1203: 1119: 852: 677: 559: 525: 441: 308: 304: 300: 256: 201: 93: 77: 13670: 11976: 7662:

Ireland: The Propaganda War: The British Media and the 'Battle for Hearts and Minds'

7460: 2566:

with the prison struggles of the present day. When Sands died, the Derry punk group

1558:

criticised the actions of his own party, writing at the time "I was infuriated that

836: 233: 14693: 13960: 13869: 13427: 13422: 13352: 13347: 13012: 12626: 12172: 10966: 10842: 10527: 10448: 10074: 10039: 9190: 8945:

Rolston, B. (2011). "Political Songs (Northern Ireland)". In Downing, J. H. (ed.).

8778: 8685: 8681: 8660: 8029:. Belfast: Queen's University belfast: Institute of Irish Studies. pp. 81–98. 7648: 4910: 2933: 2902: 2699:

and occasional dialogue (the first instance of which is 30 minutes into the film).

2451:, whom Adams thanked for Castro's public support of the hunger strike at the time. 2255: 1917: 1699: 1365: 1284: 922: 734: 571: 497: 385: 381: 276: 42: 8271:

Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland: Resistance, Management, and Release

2648:), the hunger strike has been the background to several major films. For example, 588: 15294: 15210: 14847: 13854: 13834: 13627: 13612: 13437: 13407: 13392: 13337: 13277: 13037: 12820: 12581: 12494: 12096: 12031: 11943: 11443: 11249: 10991: 10961: 10911: 10886: 10799: 10759: 10649: 10598: 10593: 10550: 10453: 10226: 10049: 9957: 9479:

Northern Ireland: An Agony Continued: The British Army and the Troubles 1980–1983

8442:

A History of Force Feeding: Hunger Strikes, Prisons and Medical Ethics, 1909–1974

8177: 7652: 3013: 2837: 2726: 2722: 2692: 2607: 2575: 2392: 2367:

O'Rawe's suggestion, however, has been "sharply rejected" by Sinn Féin, says the

2360: 2346: 2221: 2025: 1721: 1357: 1308: 1289: 1199: 1161: 1115: 1111: 1024: 1000: 872: 738: 689: 627: 619: 610: 539: 521: 465: 349: 292: 46: 13587: 9124:

Rethinking Occupied Ireland: Gender and Incarceration in Contemporary Irish Film

15287: 15217: 13940: 13920: 13859: 13799: 13665: 13507: 13382: 13367: 13322: 13217: 13212: 13177: 13117: 13107: 13087: 13062: 13017: 12299: 12106: 12081: 11710: 11666: 11660: 11641: 11505: 11272: 11193: 11064: 10906: 10876: 10769: 10478: 10443: 9797: 9194: 8909:

Historians on Leadership and Strategy: Case Studies From Antiquity to Modernity

5029: 4981: 4954: 4898: 4886: 2850: 2582: 2567: 2559: 2545: 2432: 2350: 2272: 2203:

in the House of Commons underground car park a few months before her election.

1851: 1677: 1514: 1323:. Vigils were held with paramilitaries attending in some cases, and in Dublin, 1100: 914: 877: 730: 704: 592: 517: 409: 364: 288: 260: 225: 162: 13547: 9536:

Out of the Ashes: An Oral History of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement

8782: 2620:

at the time. The historian Agnés Maillot has argued that, while films such as

950: 188: 15321: 14994: 13879: 13789: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13744: 13734: 13617: 13607: 13577: 13517: 13472: 13327: 13297: 13227: 13222: 13102: 13067: 13057: 13022: 12825: 12101: 11984: 11654: 11489: 11348: 11204: 11084: 11006: 10764: 10654: 10463: 10371: 10355: 10241: 9231: 8868: 8838:

Afterlives: The Hunger Strike and the Secret Offer that Changed Irish History

8567: 8173: 8017: 7833:

Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations

7405: 2980: 2964: 2876: 2730: 2696: 2633: 2549: 2503:

A destitute and begging Irish woman during the Famine, as represented by the

2436: 2412: 2401: 2226: 1829: 1559: 1477: 1411: 1381: 1249: 1229: 1037: 901: 766: 510: 454: 359: 353: 213: 66: 62: 9181:

Sweeney, G. (1993a). "Irish Hunger Strikes and the Cult of Self-Sacrifice".

9173: 8385:

The 1981 Irish Hunger Strike: An Account from Declassified British Documents

7738:

The European Convention on Human Rights and the Conflict in Northern Ireland

7242: 2287: 2242:

Three years later, the IRA tried to take their revenge on Thatcher with the

542:, who took part in the blanket protest, dirty protest and 1980 hunger strike 535: 16:

Protest by Irish republican prisoners in Northern Ireland, in which ten died

14385: 14037: 14002: 13874: 13779: 13690: 13622: 13572: 13567: 13522: 13462: 13302: 13187: 13162: 13157: 13112: 13092: 12792: 12249: 12111: 12046: 12036: 11928: 11239: 11219: 10916: 10774: 10729: 10393: 10211: 9707: 9666: 8328:

Making Sense of the Troubles: The Story of the Conflict in Northern Ireland

8114: 7514:

Carlsten, J. (2007). "Mourning and Solidarity: The Commemorative Models of

2889: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2670: 2665: 2645: 2611: 2448: 2440: 2294:, Mexico. These were followed by outbreaks from Kurds in Turkish jails and 2174:

The British press hailed the hunger strike as a triumph for Thatcher, with

1426: 1415: 1397: 1360:

talked of the strikers' "supreme sacrifice", and threatened to boycott the

1279: 1245: 1005: 881: 781: 481: 340:

layout. Following internment, both IRA violence and recruitment escalated.

336: 268: 252: 229: 170: 58: 34: 15025: 12026: 9595:. Vol. II: The Plays. New York: Simon and Schuster (published 2001). 8520:. Vol. I: Not For Turning (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 5900: 2695:

as Father Dominic Moran. The film is almost completely silent, except for

1332: 570:

By now—following "intense" and "highly secret" negotiations involving the

433: 279:—was not introduced until 1971. Internees were originally held in disused 97: 15181: 13542: 13412: 13387: 13377: 13317: 13237: 13202: 13152: 13132: 13072: 12056: 11913: 11244: 11234: 11094: 10956: 10926: 10921: 10891: 10613: 10532: 10438: 10044: 9634: 7683:(2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 12–25. 4160: 2758: 2599: 2397: 2196: 2184: 2183:

to Irish republicans, while Thatcher became "a republican hate figure of

1939: 1655: 1579: 1493: 1489: 1340: 1207: 1169: 1157: 1136: 1064: 910: 844: 819: 807: 802: 635: 529: 458: 324: 320: 284: 221: 197: 146: 81: 9450: 9410: 7958: 6074: 1582:'s report recorded the hunger strikers' cause of death as "self-imposed 15224: 13955: 13754: 13647: 13527: 13332: 13292: 13257: 13097: 13052: 12767: 11950: 11841: 11331: 11001: 10628: 10623: 8890:

H Blocks: An Architecture of the Conflict in and about Northern Ireland

8790: 3000: 2674: 2586: 2315: 2155: 1583: 1527: 1481: 1389: 1336: 1278:(ICRC) threatened to release a statement condemning her government for 1106:

The IRA killed 13 policemen, 13 soldiers—including five members of the

1068: 1059: 993:

refills, cigarette papers—for both smoking and writing on—tobacco, and

990: 969: 789: 777: 696: 296: 166: 89: 9202: 7928:

Transforming Violent Political Movements: Rebels Today, What Tomorrow?

7603:

On the Blanket: The Inside Story of the IRA Prisoners' "Dirty" Protest

7317:

Ireland in Early Medieval Europe: Studies in Memory of Kathleen Hughes

7200: 2871:

Maguire himself was a former IRA man who had been interned during the

13582: 13447: 13027: 10603: 9105:

The BBC's 'Irish Troubles': Television, Conflict and Northern Ireland

5477: 5465: 2654: 2649: 1555: 1440: 1436: 1385: 1141: 1132: 1088: 945:. Neither took their seat. Joe McDonnell narrowly missed election in 906: 867: 623: 449: 11110: 10680: 8004:

Howard, P. (2006). "The Long Kesh Hunger Strikers: 25 Years Later".

5455: 5453: 4831: 2979:

We know the details of these contacts from three different sources.

1324: 773:

expressed an interest, as did McAliskey and Maguire's brother Noel.

676:

maximum public support and exert maximum pressure on Prime Minister

388:, and were encapsulated in what became known as the "Five Demands": 185:—gaining justice through fasting—became codified in the 8th century 11517: 11279: 8290:

Shooting to Kill: Filmmaking and the "Troubles" in Northern Ireland

7700:

Making Peace with the Past? Memories, Trauma and the Irish Troubles

7453:"The Hunger Strike of 1981: List of Dead and Other Hunger Strikers" 6993: 6933: 5409: 2956: 1320: 1165: 1080: 1041: 437:

collective opinion, only physical force could remove the British.

373: 280: 9517:

Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary

8423:

Don't Mention the War: Northern Ireland, Propaganda, and the Media

8404:

Sounding Dissent: Rebel Songs, Resistance, and Irish Republicanism

7584:

Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Féin

4026: 3445: 2840:

and that the participants had no intention of killing themselves".

1193:

Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, from a later official photograph

307:

and politics. Convicted prisoners were refused the same rights as

13804: 9672: 9555:

The Troubles in Northern Ireland and Theories of Social Movements

8752:

The Troubles in Northern Ireland and Theories of Social Movements

7968:

Hunger Strike: Margaret Thatcher’s Battle with the IRA, 1980-1981

6921: 6309: 6297: 6273: 5501: 5489: 5450: 5265: 4819: 4783: 4771: 3873: 3756: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3026: 2295: 2291: 2164: 1587: 1471:

Hunger strikers' abridged statement from the Maze, 3 October 1981

1418: 445: 158: 9143:

The Catholic Church and the Northern Ireland Troubles, 1968-1998

9061:

Inside The IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War For Legitimacy

9042:

Women Divided: Gender, Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland

7357:(5th printing ed.). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. 6150: 6148: 6146: 5776: 5774: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5238: 5226: 4672: 4467: 4465: 4218: 3972: 3948: 3812: 3810: 930: 13971: 13685: 9498:

Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History

8596:

John Hume and the SDLP: Impact and Survival in Northern Ireland

8344: 7945:

Healy, J. (1982). "The Civil War Hunger-Strike: October 1923".

6770: 6768: 6654: 6449: 6261: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 5626: 5624: 5035: 4987: 4960: 4916: 4904: 4892: 3102: 2820:; as the author F. Stuart Ross points out, "the very issues of 2637: 2444: 2420: 2180: 1566:

to do prison work. Following sabotage by the prisoners and the

1352: 1328: 1313: 1189: 1096: 1045: 8695:

Deniable Contact: Back-channel Negotiation in Northern Ireland

8615:

The Maze Prison: A Hidden Story of Chaos, Anarchy and Politics

8345:

McKittrick, D.; Kelters, S.; Feeney, B.; Thornton, C. (1999).

8143:

New Sinn Féin: Irish Republicanism in the Twenty-first Century

7719:

Remaking History: The Past in Contemporary Historical Fictions

6899: 6897: 6812: 6810: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6215: 6213: 6211: 5699: 5554: 5552: 5537: 5301: 5159: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4713: 4711: 4489: 4377: 4375: 4373: 3834: 3579: 3508: 3343: 3302: 3025:

Bradford was to be assassinated by the IRA in his consistency

1998:

His family said they would intervene if he became unconscious

8309:

Out of Time: Irish Republican Prisoners, Long Kesh, 1972-2000

6642: 6490: 6488: 6374: 6026: 6016: 6014: 5948: 5873: 5798: 5771: 5579: 5433: 5135: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4462: 4346: 4004: 4002: 3807: 3684: 3384: 3382: 3220: 3218: 3216: 2590: 2254:

The hunger strike resulted in the republican movement taking

2160: 1393: 1084: 1076: 892:

councillor for banning ant-H Block activity on its premises.

8857:"Hunger Strike 30th Anniversary Exhibition Opens in Belfast" 7083: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7032: 6969: 6909: 6858: 6822: 6765: 6425: 6123: 6050: 5965: 5963: 5890: 5888: 5653: 5651: 5621: 5569: 5567: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5096: 5094: 5092: 4944: 4942: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4014: 3900: 3744: 3596: 3594: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3469: 2932:

Which Thatcher considered analogous to negotiating with the

476:

while her house was under military observation, and, of the

57:(prisoner of war rather than criminal status) for convicted 25:

A commemoration on the 25th anniversary of the hunger strike

10383: 9574:

Icons of Irishness from the Middle Ages to the Modern World

9557:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 129–146. 8754:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 147–164. 8084:

Dance in Chains: Political Imprisonment in the Modern World

7909:

The Myth of an Irish Cinema: Approaching Irish-Themed Films

7319:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–178. 6894: 6834: 6807: 6785: 6783: 6678: 6630: 6563: 6437: 6208: 5596: 5594: 5549: 5325: 4807: 4723: 4708: 4612: 4566: 4370: 4305: 3890: 3888: 3126: 2301: 1541: 1392:

for fear it would be stolen and burnt in protest, while in

1380:

praised the strikers in a statement to the embassy, and in

1344: 961: 401:

the right to one visit, one letter and one parcel per week;

7494: 6618: 6606: 6527: 6515: 6485: 6415: 6413: 6333: 6011: 5975: 5936: 5906: 5822: 5255: 5253: 5190: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4754: 4636: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4530: 4438: 4404: 4402: 4358: 4293: 4166: 4038: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3936: 3486: 3484: 3379: 3367: 3213: 3167: 3165: 3114: 2558:. In the former Sands draws direct comparison between the 448:

in October 1979. Over 600 people, from many republican or

9612:

Cities of the Dead: The world's most beautiful cemeteries

7497:

Nor Meekly Serve My Time: The H-block Struggle, 1976-1981

7107: 7095: 7071: 7044: 6594: 6582: 6505: 6503: 6196: 6038: 5987: 5960: 5912: 5885: 5863: 5861: 5834: 5735: 5648: 5611: 5609: 5564: 5525: 5513: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5313: 5118: 5089: 5065: 5053: 5017: 4993: 4939: 4922: 4583: 4581: 4501: 4133: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 3851: 3849: 3591: 3532: 3189: 2960: 2283: 1573: 1223: 1044:, and a woman in Derry was assassinated while collecting 745: 576: 440:

Although McAliskey had stood solely on prisoner's rights

10388: 9591:

Yeats, W. B. (2010). Clark, D. R.; Clark, R. E. (eds.).

8819:

Blanketmen: An Untold Story of the H-block Hunger Strike

8366:

Ireland in Focus: Film, Photography, and Popular Culture

8100: 8046:

Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence

7020: 6957: 6945: 6780: 6398: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6080: 5591: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 4971: 4969: 4843: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4281: 4191: 4123: 4121: 3912: 3885: 3773: 3771: 3657: 3569: 3567: 3355: 3138: 2606:, and Derry, which gained a new mural in 2000, from the 1780:

Suffering from a perforated ulcer and internal bleeding

1288:

constitute light-weight, domestic tasks or studying for

8368:. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. pp. 35–70. 8292:(rev. & upd. ed.). Richmond: Steveston Press. 7622:

The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace

7010: 7008: 6846: 6795: 6741: 6729: 6705: 6666: 6551: 6539: 6461: 6410: 6386: 6321: 6249: 6184: 6062: 5675: 5636: 5250: 5202: 4867: 4684: 4593: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4477: 4426: 4399: 4387: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4074: 4072: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 3984: 3861: 3696: 3618: 3481: 3331: 3201: 3162: 1435:

supported Thatcher's position, agreeing with her in an

404:

full restoration of remission lost through the protest.

11210:

Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)

11023:

Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America

7816:(1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6870: 6500: 6473: 6362: 6172: 5858: 5846: 5723: 5687: 5663: 5606: 5289: 5147: 4696: 4578: 4542: 4334: 4235: 4233: 4099: 3846: 3278: 2310:. New allegations of IRA brutality emerged, including 532:, Sean McKenna, Leo Green, and INLA member John Nixon. 12006: 7681:

A Farewell to Arms?: Beyond the Good Friday Agreement

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Sands kept a diary for the first 17 days of his fast.

2216:

disorder in Northern Ireland and rioting outside the

595:

outside of Belfast where the hunger strike took place

303:

with dummy guns made from wood, and held lectures on

10492: 9004:

The Armed Peace: Life and Death after the Ceasefires

8769:

O'Keeffe, T. (1984). "Suicide and Self-Starvation".

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The use of a hunger strike as a means of protest in

14932:

Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC

8797: 7852:

One Man's Terrorist: A Political History of the IRA

7605:(repr. ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 6939: 6753: 5041: 4245: 4230: 3732: 3708: 3606: 3078: 1414:calling for reconciliation, while also in the city 259:, an Irish republican who died on hunger strike in 133:

Be wronged, or think that he is wronged, and starve

61:prisoners. In 1978, the dispute escalated into the 10670:August 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election 8634:The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin, 1985 to Today 8121: 5711: 4837: 4825: 3642: 3549: 3496: 3406: 2955:Tom was most probably Donald Middleton, a British 2488:Artistic reactions to the 1981 Irish hunger strike 33:was the culmination of a five-year protest during 10660:April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election 9552: 9361:The Moro Morality Play: Terrorism as Social Drama 8692: 8214:Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe 7871:Pawns in the Game: Irish Hunger Strikes 1912–1981 7495:Campbell, B.; McKeown, L.; O'Hagen, eds. (1994). 6315: 6303: 6279: 6086: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5271: 5244: 5232: 4789: 4777: 4224: 4203: 4084: 3978: 3954: 3669: 3108: 2594:of the first and most significant mural artists, 810:says, "the international media began to arrive". 15319: 11189:Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960) 8949:(1st ed.). London: Sage. pp. 414–416. 7624:(repr. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 7295: 4678: 96:politics and was the driving force that enabled 9358: 8928:Drawing Support: Murals in the North of Ireland 8480:Voices from the Grave: Two Men's War in Ireland 8325: 7984: 7478:Gerry Fitt and the SDLP: 'In a Minority of One' 7431: 6267: 5165: 3840: 3585: 3514: 3451: 3313: 1364:that July; in response the British Ambassador, 315:was introduced following a hunger strike by 40 118: 8249: 8230: 7524:Genre and Cinema: Ireland and Transnationalism 3762: 3750: 2853:as OC when Hughes commenced his hunger strike. 1513:died, followed by Kieran Doherty on 2 August, 953:government, which lost their narrow majority. 319:(IRA) prisoners led by the veteran republican 139:Will raise a heavy cry against that threshold, 13987: 11992: 11126: 10696: 10409: 9650: 8711: 6999: 1492:took over at the NIO. Prior was deputized by 958:local elections in Northern Ireland on 20 May 343: 10423: 9260:Loyalists: War and Peace in Northern Ireland 8768: 8714:Special Category: The IRA in English Prisons 8671: 8650: 7754: 7564:. Eugene: Wipf and Stock. pp. 165–193. 6927: 6915: 6864: 6828: 6056: 5630: 1401: 750:On the same day Thatcher visited the north, 12410:Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings 11624:Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World 9107:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 8749: 8733:Bobby Sands: Nothing But an Unfinished Song 8730: 8631: 8534: 8518:Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography 8406:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 8197:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 7757:The Crowned Harp: Policing Northern Ireland 7702:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 7480:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 7352: 7232: 7026: 6840: 6816: 6455: 6339: 5558: 4736: 4717: 4618: 4381: 4044: 3942: 3388: 3373: 1446: 1087:; a police officer was shot outside a pub; 186: 180: 174: 127:Refusing to eat or drink, that he may bring 13994: 13980: 12778:Paddington & Victoria station bombings 11999: 11985: 11133: 11119: 10703: 10689: 10416: 10402: 9664: 9657: 9643: 9609: 8835: 8816: 8363: 7890:Screening Ulster: Cinema and the Unionists 7797:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 7436:. Belfast: Queen's University of Belfast. 7375:Celtic Geographies: Old Culture, New Times 7089: 6699: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6612: 6521: 5942: 5705: 5059: 4642: 3816: 3663: 1476:Following the deaths of Joe McDonnell and 9519:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 9314: 9063:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 8968:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 8911:. Cham: Springer Nature. pp. 55–78. 8539:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 151–174. 8216:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8211: 7965: 7906: 7887: 7526:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 233–244. 7276: 7132:Hope and History: Making Peace in Ireland 7101: 7053: 6600: 6202: 6044: 6032: 5969: 5954: 5894: 5879: 5840: 5804: 5780: 5741: 5729: 5657: 5600: 5585: 5573: 5531: 5519: 5444: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5319: 5307: 5259: 5141: 5129: 5100: 5071: 5023: 4999: 4948: 4933: 4849: 4507: 4495: 4471: 4352: 4197: 4154: 4032: 4020: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3879: 3867: 3702: 3337: 3224: 3207: 3132: 1027:was giving a speech to the Dublin Junior 980: 9571: 9457: 9363:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 9295: 9217: 9180: 9121: 8906: 8887: 8254:(rev. ed.). Dublin: Poolbeg Press. 8233:UDA: Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror 8192: 7716: 7513: 7475: 7415:Power Play: The Rise of Modern Sinn Féin 7186: 7065: 7038: 6975: 6951: 6852: 6789: 6624: 6431: 6404: 4287: 3490: 3475: 3349: 3195: 3120: 2473: 2391: 2302:Challenge to the Adams/Morrison paradigm 2154: 1307: 1276:International Committee of the Red Cross 1188: 1018: 876:almost immediately, particularly in the 670:Excerpt from Sands's diary, 1 March 1981 587: 534: 251: 137:The common people, for all time to come, 131:An old and foolish custom, that if a man 129:Disgrace upon me; for there is a custom, 100:to become a mainstream political party. 20: 9476: 9377: 9126:. New York: Syracuse University Press. 9058: 8987:. London: Routledge. pp. 130–146. 8944: 8925: 8636:. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 8612: 8553: 8477: 8458: 8330:(repr. rev. ed.). London: Viking. 8306: 8287: 8140: 7989:(2nd ed.). Dublin: Poolbeg Press. 7925: 7911:. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 7811: 7773: 7735: 7619: 7600: 7559: 7540: 7412: 7391: 7377:. London: Routledge. pp. 173–191. 7113: 7077: 6963: 6903: 6801: 6774: 6747: 6735: 6711: 6687: 6672: 6576: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6467: 6443: 6419: 6392: 6327: 6255: 6219: 6190: 6154: 6068: 5681: 5642: 5208: 4880: 4813: 4690: 4606: 4587: 4572: 4548: 4483: 4432: 4408: 4393: 4311: 4112: 4008: 3855: 3777: 3439: 3400: 3361: 3284: 3236: 3096: 2526:gaze. She too is dressed in a blanket." 1499: 1003:, a Northern Ireland correspondent for 792:. Sands was allowed to stand under the 609:Walker's source argues that this was a 392:the right not to wear a prison uniform; 329:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 15320: 14358:Northern Ireland civil rights movement 14136:Irish People's Liberation Organisation 12577:Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings 11044:Irish People's Liberation Organisation 9460:Political Parties and Terrorist Groups 9417: 9396: 9327:from the original on 24 September 2021 9276: 9257: 9238: 9162:Political Communication and Persuasion 9102: 8854: 8593: 8574: 8439: 8420: 8401: 8382: 8268: 8126:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 8081: 8048:. New York: Routledge. pp. 9–34. 8043: 8024: 8003: 7830: 7792: 7776:Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA 7697: 7659: 7581: 7333: 7314: 7220:from the original on 24 September 2021 7167: 7014: 6987: 6876: 6759: 6509: 6494: 6479: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6178: 6166: 6020: 5981: 5867: 5852: 5828: 5693: 5669: 5615: 5196: 5153: 5112: 5083: 4801: 4765: 4748: 4702: 4536: 4444: 4364: 4340: 4299: 4142: 4127: 4063: 3993: 3828: 3726: 3636: 3624: 3600: 3573: 3543: 3526: 3463: 3427: 3325: 3296: 3260: 3248: 3156: 3144: 2469: 2407:A memorial to the men who died in the 2267:, and in 1983 Adams won a seat in the 1574:Participants of the 1981 hunger strike 1013: 784:candidate and had a clear run against 746:Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election 173:fasting against God. The tradition of 13975: 12067:Chronology of Provisional IRA actions 11980: 11140: 11114: 10710: 10684: 10397: 9638: 9590: 9533: 9514: 9495: 9342:Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change 9339: 9159: 9140: 9077: 9039: 9020: 9001: 8947:Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media 8537:Death in Contemporary Popular Culture 8515: 8496: 8159: 8062: 7944: 7868: 7678: 7638: 7371: 7300:(new ed.). Dublin: Pluto Press. 7298:A History of the Irish Working Class: 7260:The End of an Era: Diaries, 1980-1990 7207: 7148: 7129: 6888: 6723: 6291: 6243: 6231: 5792: 5717: 5543: 5427: 5343: 5331: 5295: 5283: 5220: 5184: 5011: 4975: 4666: 4630: 4560: 4456: 4328: 4275: 4185: 4093: 4078: 3966: 3930: 3801: 3678: 3272: 3183: 3171: 3084: 2816:Sinn Féin were not against elections 2570:were in London recording their song ' 2322:of December 2004, and the killing of 974:Representation of the People Act 1981 941:and hunger striker Kieran Doherty in 583: 516:. The group consisted of IRA members 491: 412:. It began to attract attention when 135:Upon another’s threshold till he die, 13676:South Armagh Republican Action Force 12753:Honourable Artillery Company bombing 11154:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 10364:The Troubles in Britain & Europe 8982: 8963: 7849: 7795:Sinn Feín: A Hundred Turbulent Years 7450: 7257: 6588: 6117: 6005: 5993: 5930: 5918: 5907:Campbell, McKeown & O'Hagen 1994 5816: 5765: 5753: 5047: 4861: 4654: 4524: 4420: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4167:Campbell, McKeown & O'Hagen 1994 3789: 3738: 3714: 3690: 3651: 3612: 3558: 3502: 3415: 2658:—co-written by former IRA prisoners 2277:2001 United Kingdom general election 2064:Suffering from an obstructed kidney 1327:were attacked with petrol bombs. In 729:Ten days later, Sands was joined by 15118:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party 12861:Forensic Science Laboratory bombing 11322:"The lady's not for turning" (1980) 10745:Irish Republican Socialist Movement 9436: 9298:The Downing Street Years: 1979–1990 9145:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8697:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8273:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7970:. Newbridge: Irish Academic Press. 7740:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4212: 3051:, unhappy with Sinn Féin's role in 3047:It was occasionally paintbombed by 1222:the Prime Minister and overseen by 929:, and elected two prisoners to the 905:1980—was voted down at the party's 864:European Commission of Human Rights 13: 15159:Social Democratic and Labour Party 15152:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 12320:King's Cross & Euston bombings 10368:Assassinations during the Troubles 9903:Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks 9439:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 8798:O'Neill, S.; Trelford, G. (2003). 8326:McKittrick, D.; McVea, D. (2002). 7985:Holland, J.; McDonald, H. (1996). 7947:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 7432:Bryson, L.; McCartney, C. (1994). 7336:Peace in Ireland: The War of Ideas 7235:"Archive on 4: The Hunger Strikes" 1234:Permanent Under-Secretary of State 895: 771:Social Democratic and Labour Party 646:, Sinn Féin's publicity director: 546:On 1 December, three prisoners in 291:, it was run along the lines of a 287:, called Long Kesh. Later renamed 69:, which ended after 53 days. 14: 15374: 15358:Provisional Irish Republican Army 12092:Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape 12008:Provisional Irish Republican Army 9630: 9593:The Collected Works of W.B. Yeats 9344:(2nd ed.). London: Pearson. 8716:. Sallins: Irish Academic Press. 8665:10.5406/ethnomusicology.61.2.0262 8577:Gerry Fitt: A Political Chameleon 8463:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin. 8250:McDonald, H.; Cusack, J. (2008). 8231:McDonald, H.; Cusack, J. (2004). 7576:Currents in Reformational Thought 7151:Never Give Up:: Selected Writings 2387: 1312:Roadsign for Bobby Sands Street, 1185:British – republican negotiations 317:Provisional Irish Republican Army 179:—fasting against an opponent—and 86:elected as a member of parliament 15303: 15302: 15047:Irish Republican Socialist Party 14862:Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting 14001: 13712:Continuity Irish Republican Army 12587:Royal Artillery Barracks bombing 12127:Armalite and ballot box strategy 11960: 11959: 11714:(1984–1996 & 2020 TV series) 11480:Broadcasting restrictions (1988) 11218: 11162:Leader of the Conservative Party 10665:June 1981 Irish general election 10495: 10267:James Murray's bookmakers attack 10237:Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting 9025:(Rev. ed.). London: Arrow. 8598:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. 8444:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 3058: 3041: 3032: 3019: 3006: 2993: 2970: 2949: 2939: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2895: 2882: 2512: 2496: 2478:Irish Hunger Strikers Memorial, 2261:Armalite and ballot box strategy 1303: 964:(the INLA's political wing) and 890:Irish Republican Socialist Party 395:the right not to do prison work; 15363:The Troubles (Northern Ireland) 15068:Republican Socialist Collective 14855:Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting 14105:Irish republican paramilitaries 12375:British Airways bombing attempt 11365:"White flags over Port Stanley" 11049:Republican Socialist Collective 10577:Political and religious figures 10232:Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting 9315:The Times (24 September 2021). 9183:Journal of Contemporary History 8499:The Long Game: Inside Sinn Féin 8122:Mac Giolla Chríost, D. (2012). 7755:Ellison, G.; Smyth, J. (2000). 7208:Bates, S. (24 September 2021). 7122: 2865: 2856: 2843: 2829: 2810: 2801: 2791: 2768: 2458:; mild criticism came from one 2220:. Security forces fired 29,695 2206:As with internment in 1971 and 1148:Northern Ireland correspondent 917:. Held on the day Devine died, 15348:Irish National Liberation Army 14743:IRA attacks in the Netherlands 14498:Dublin & Monaghan bombings 14491:Ulster Workers' Council strike 14266:Ulster Volunteer Service Corps 14207:Ulster loyalist paramilitaries 12798:Musgrave Park Hospital bombing 12147:Northern Ireland peace process 10790:Northern Ireland peace process 10217:Musgrave Park Hospital bombing 10202:Craigavon mobile shop killings 9848:Dublin & Monaghan bombings 9576:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 9382:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 9279:Brits: The War Against the IRA 8686:10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-13747 7586:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 2750: 2614:victims as illustrated by the 2562:revolutionaries of the failed 2447:, Cuba, which was attended by 2396:A hunger strike memorial near 554:(age 23), Mary Doyle (24) and 550:joined the strike. These were 502:European Court of Human Rights 428:stood in the election for the 370:Irish National Liberation Army 141:Even though it be the King’s. 1: 14778:Attack on Derryard checkpoint 12748:London Stock Exchange bombing 10952:Christopher "Crip" McWilliams 9241:Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin 8482:. London: Faber & Faber. 8166:Dictionary of Irish Biography 7296:Berresford Ellis, P. (1985). 7241:. BBC Radio 4. Archived from 6316:White & Demirel-Pegg 2017 6304:White & Demirel-Pegg 2017 3072: 2602:'s 1983 granite sculpture in 1091:Colin Dunlop was shot in the 484:'s death at the hands of the 271:had been ongoing since 1969, 247: 103: 15353:Protests in Northern Ireland 14827:Downing Street mortar attack 14792:South Armagh sniper campaign 14589:Jonesborough Gazelle downing 14287:Woodvale Defence Association 14252:Ulster Protestant Volunteers 12773:Downing Street mortar attack 12597:Ballygawley land mine attack 12345:Houses of Parliament bombing 12087:Improvised tactical vehicles 11873:Palace of Westminster (2007) 11674:We have become a grandmother 11485:"Sermon on the Mound" (1988) 10828:Assassination of Airey Neave 10257:South Armagh sniper campaign 10161:Armagh City roadside bombing 10035:Ballygawley land mine attack 9838:Rose & Crown Bar bombing 9359:Wagner-Pacifici, R. (1986). 8930:. Belfast: Beyond the Pale. 8311:. Belfast: Beyond The Pale. 7653:10.1080/07907184.2012.732952 7499:. Belfast: Beyond the Pale. 7153:. Blackrock: Mercier Press. 2823:An Phoblacht/Republican News 2159:A hunger strike memorial in 2150: 2127: 2107: 2087: 2067: 2045: 2023: 2001: 1981: 1959: 1937: 1915: 1893: 1871: 1849: 1827: 1805: 1783: 1763: 1741: 1719: 1697: 1675: 1653: 1609: 1601: 1534: 1300:... that is not possible". 977:Demands for all prisoners". 900:Sinn Féin had traditionally 716:will be no political status. 514:Proclamation of the Republic 119:Tradition of hunger striking 7: 14435:Abercorn Restaurant bombing 14191:Direct Action Against Drugs 14171:Irish Revolutionary Brigade 14061:Ulster Special Constabulary 13830:William "Frenchie" Marchant 13681:Direct Action Against Drugs 13273:Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde 12980:1997 Northern Ireland riots 12803:Crumlin Road Prison bombing 12617:RUC Birches barracks attack 12460:Walton's Restaurant bombing 12400:Telephone exchange bombings 12260:Scottish soldiers' killings 11432:Local Government Act (1985) 11039:Independent Socialist Party 10851:1994 Shankill Road killings 10609:Bernadette Devlin McAliskey 10311:1994 Shankill Road killings 10151:Downpatrick landmine attack 10060:Ballygawley barracks attack 9758:Abercorn Restaurant bombing 9718:Scottish soldiers' killings 9614:. London: Frances Lincoln. 9023:The RUC: A Force Under Fire 8855:Porter, J. (2 March 2011). 8461:A Secret History of the IRA 8086:. Oxford University Press. 8027:Symbols in Northern Ireland 6940:O'Neill & Trelford 2003 6268:Holland & McDonald 1996 5166:Bryson & McCartney 1994 3841:Holland & McDonald 1996 3586:Holland & McDonald 1996 3452:Holland & McDonald 1996 3314:McKittrick & McVea 2002 1388:said they dare not fly the 1202:and a delegation including 1179: 1125: 927:1981 Irish general election 886:Gaelic Athletic Association 45:. The protest began as the 10: 15379: 15111:Progressive Unionist Party 15054:Communist Party of Ireland 14904:Downing Street Declaration 14561:Reavey and O'Dowd killings 14224:Ulster Defence Association 13717:Real Irish Republican Army 12960:Hammersmith Bridge bombing 12661:Glamorgan barracks bombing 12455:Scott's Oyster Bar bombing 12405:1974 Oxford Street bombing 12385:London pillar box bombings 11529:Resignation Honours (1990) 11501:Community Charge (1989–90) 11339:Irish hunger strike (1981) 10361: 10247:Cloghoge checkpoint attack 10129:Derryard checkpoint attack 10015:Altnaveigh landmine attack 9992:Dungannon land mine attack 9913:Reavey and O'Dowd killings 9858:Bleary Darts Club shooting 9853:Mountainview Tavern attack 9300:. London: Harper Collins. 9195:10.1177/002200949302800302 8693:O'Dochartaigh, N. (2021). 7170:The IRA and Armed Struggle 7134:. Victoria: Hardie Grant. 3763:McDonald & Cusack 2004 3751:McDonald & Cusack 2008 2963:safehouse in Laneside, by 2849:Sands had taken over from 2725:as their imprisoned sons. 2485: 2417:Society of United Irishmen 1423:Wood Green Shopping Centre 1372:when it was backed by the 919:Carron won the by-election 756:Fermanagh and South Tyrone 695:The author and researcher 506:Convention on Human Rights 347: 344:Blanket and dirty protests 107: 15172: 15141: 15104:Democratic Unionist Party 15084: 15013: 15004: 14750:Aughanduff Lynx shootdown 14582:La Mon restaurant bombing 14414:Balmoral showroom bombing 14338: 14296: 14204: 14180: 14102: 14071: 14057:Royal Ulster Constabulary 14027: 14018: 14009: 13725: 13704: 13658: 13596: 12992: 12970:Thiepval barracks bombing 12866:Stoke Newington Road bomb 12811: 12788:Glenanne barracks bombing 12763:RFA Fort Victoria bombing 12728:Downpatrick roadside bomb 12704: 12612:Enniskillen mortar attack 12542: 12514:La Mon restaurant bombing 12270:Balmoral showroom bombing 12235: 12226: 12160: 12014: 11937: 11906: 11886: 11860: 11833: 11767:The Long Walk to Finchley 11743:Jeffrey Archer: The Truth 11692: 11683: 11634: 11597: 11569: 11541: 11463: 11380: 11300: 11258: 11227: 11216: 11181: 11148: 11057: 11031: 11015: 10864: 10813: 10722: 10642: 10576: 10513:Participants who survived 10512: 10490: 10431: 10331:Thiepval barracks bombing 10222:Craigavon Hyster killings 10207:Glenanne barracks bombing 9982:La Mon restaurant bombing 9748:Balmoral showroom bombing 9681: 9538:. Dublin: Merrion Press. 9006:. Edinburgh: Mainstream. 8783:10.1017/S0031819100069941 8617:. Hook: Waterside Press. 8349:. Edinburgh: Mainstream. 8235:. London: Penguin Books. 8212:McCluskey, S. C. (2000). 7907:Gillespie, M. P. (2008). 7892:. Cham: Springer Nature. 7873:. Wilton: Collins Press. 7545:. London: HarperCollins. 7522:". In McIlroy, B. (ed.). 7417:. Dublin: Merrion Press. 5418:, pp. 285, 291, 324. 4035:, pp. 157, 126, 131. 3693:, pp. 63, p.68 n.69. 2677:as the block OC. In 2008 2632:Apart from non-fictional 2265:Northern Ireland Assembly 2218:British Embassy in Dublin 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1638:Paramilitary affiliation 1637: 1634: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606:Reason for ending strike 1605: 1602: 161:is a tradition dating to 114:1923 Irish hunger strikes 15333:1981 in Northern Ireland 15328:1981 Irish hunger strike 15061:Irish Independence Party 15016:Irish republican parties 14925:Crossmaglen Lynx downing 14729:Milltown Cemetery attack 14617:Republican hunger strike 14442:Beginning of direct rule 14307:Ulster Protestant Action 14245:Loyalist Volunteer Force 12921:1993 Fivemiletown ambush 12876:Night of the Long Knives 12656:1988 Netherlands attacks 12572:Chelsea Barracks bombing 12330:1973 Westminster bombing 12255:1970 Crossmaglen bombing 12117:1981 Irish hunger strike 11727:Thatcher: The Final Days 11608:The Downing Street Years 11416:Miners' strike (1984–85) 11090:Patrick Joseph Morrissey 10833:1982 Divis Flats bombing 10780:1981 Irish hunger strike 10425:1981 Irish hunger strike 10346:Quinn brothers' killings 10085:Milltown Cemetery attack 9572:Williams, M. M. (2012). 9422:. Belfast: Lagan Books. 8501:. London: Random House. 8387:. Jefferson: McFarland. 8193:McCleery, M. J. (2015). 7394:Literature & History 7355:The Secret Army: The IRA 7353:Bowyer Bell, J. (2008). 5631:Ellison & Smyth 2000 5546:, pp. 298–299, 311. 3882:, pp. 108–110, 114. 2743: 2626:Diary of a Hunger Strike 2308:2005 UK General Election 2201:assassinated by the INLA 1978:Taken off by his family 1956:Taken off by his family 1934:Taken off by his family 1890:Taken off by his family 1650:Reason of strike ending 1447:Deaths and end of strike 798:British House of Commons 478:Irish Independence Party 31:1981 Irish hunger strike 15274:Special Category Status 15132:Ulster Democratic Party 15087:Ulster loyalist parties 14757:Ballygawley bus bombing 14701:Remembrance Day bombing 14526:Miami Showband killings 14512:Birmingham pub bombings 14280:Protestant Action Force 14157:Republican Action Force 14042:Ulster Defence Regiment 13785:Christopher Ewart-Biggs 12965:Osnabrück mortar attack 12955:1996 Manchester bombing 12871:1992 Manchester bombing 12841:Baltic Exchange bombing 12671:Ballygawley bus bombing 12666:Inglis Barracks bombing 12480:West Ham station attack 12450:Trattoria Fiore bombing 12380:Birmingham pub bombings 12350:Tower of London bombing 12280:Donegall Street bombing 11868:London Guildhall (1998) 11799:The Hunt for Tony Blair 10856:Newtownhamilton bombing 10503:Northern Ireland portal 10114:Ballygawley bus bombing 10080:Remembrance Day bombing 10065:Birches barracks attack 9933:Flagstaff Hill incident 9873:Miami Showband killings 9843:Clogher barracks attack 9610:Zappaterra, Y. (2022). 9500:. Westport: Greenwood. 8735:. Dublin: Pluto Press. 8579:. Cork: Mercier Press. 8425:. London: Pluto Press. 8168:. Royal Irish Academy. 8141:Maillot, Agnès (2005). 7926:Grisham, K. E. (2014). 7854:. London: Verso Books. 7759:. London: Pluto Press. 7721:. Abingdon: Routledge. 7641:Irish Political Studies 7620:Coogan, T. P. (2002b). 7601:Coogan, T. P. (2002a). 7413:Bréadún, D. de (2015). 4838:Mac Giolla Chríost 2012 4826:Mac Giolla Chríost 2012 3053:the Stormont government 3012:Wharton also described 2946:"particularly helpful". 2717:as the two mothers and 2596:Gerard "Mó Chara" Kelly 2409:Irish Rebellion of 1798 1376:'s armed struggle. The 1254:Northern Ireland Office 1095:, the conflict's first 1093:Royal Victoria Hospital 313:Special Category Status 110:1920 Cork hunger strike 55:Special Category Status 14918:Loughinisland massacre 14715:Start of peace process 14659:Brighton hotel bombing 14505:Guildford pub bombings 14217:Ulster Volunteer Force 13735:Jeffery Stanford Agate 13268:Breandán Mac Cionnaith 12906:Finchley Road bombings 12733:Operation Conservation 12681:Clive Barracks bombing 12592:Brighton hotel bombing 12552:Dunmurry train bombing 12355:Guildford pub bombings 12285:Battle at Springmartin 12245:Battle of St Matthew's 12188:Internal Security Unit 11894:Richard Stone portrait 11751:The Alan Clark Diaries 11437:rate-capping rebellion 11397:Brighton hotel bombing 11205:"Britain Awake" (1976) 10316:Loughinisland massacre 10156:Operation Conservation 10005:Dunmurry train bombing 9963:Andersonstown incident 9938:Charlemont pub attacks 9898:Dublin Airport bombing 9868:Forkhill beer keg bomb 9828:New Lodge Six shooting 9768:Battle at Springmartin 9703:Battle of St Matthew's 9418:Walker, R. K. (2006). 9317:"Lord Gowrie Obituary" 9281:. London: Bloomsbury. 9262:. London: Bloomsbury. 9243:. London: Bloomsbury. 8892:. London: Bloomsbury. 8861:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk 8821:. Dublin: New Island. 8712:O'Donnell, R. (2015). 8402:Millar, S. R. (2020). 8383:Mentel, M. C. (2024). 8103:Ideggyógyászati Szemle 8067:. London: Bloomsbury. 7987:INLA: Deadly Divisions 7966:Hennessey, T. (2014). 7888:Gallagher, R. (2023). 7831:Fierke, K. M. (2013). 7277:Beresford, D. (1987). 7262:. London: Hutchinson. 7210:"Lord Gowrie Obituary" 6383:, pp. 2–3, 11–12. 5036:McKittrick et al. 1999 4988:McKittrick et al. 1999 4961:McKittrick et al. 1999 4917:McKittrick et al. 1999 4905:McKittrick et al. 1999 4893:McKittrick et al. 1999 3352:, pp. 22, 26, 31. 3016:as "equally gullible". 2990: 2788: 2589:—often painted on the 2483: 2404: 2385: 2338: 2244:Brighton hotel bombing 2240: 2171: 1647:Date of strike ending 1468: 1458:Primate of All Ireland 1408:St Patrick's Cathedral 1402: 1378:French Communist Party 1316: 1267: 1194: 981:Prisoner communication 752:Independent Republican 727: 718: 667: 653: 607: 596: 543: 311:until July 1972, when 264: 187: 181: 175: 143: 80:. One hunger striker, 26: 15097:Ulster Unionist Party 14988:Good Friday Agreement 14890:Shankill Road bombing 14806:Augher Lynx shootdown 14771:Deal barracks bombing 14680:Anglo-Irish Agreement 14547:Balcombe Street siege 14470:Sunningdale Agreement 14020:State security forces 12916:Shankill Road bombing 12891:Cullaville occupation 12831:London Bridge bombing 12686:Deal barracks bombing 12567:1981 Bessbrook attack 12470:Balcombe Street siege 12440:London Hilton bombing 12430:Caterham Arms bombing 12365:Brooks's Club bombing 12360:Harrow School bombing 12305:Newry customs bombing 12152:Good Friday Agreement 11722:(1987–1991 TV series) 11426:Anglo-Irish Agreement 10795:Good Friday Agreement 10432:Participants who died 10287:Shankill Road bombing 10277:Cullaville occupation 9928:Hillcrest Bar bombing 9923:Castleblayney bombing 9803:Newry customs bombing 9689:Battle of the Bogside 9462:. London: Routledge. 9458:Weinberg, L. (1992). 9321:The Times (of London) 9296:Thatcher, M. (2011). 9141:Scull, M. M. (2019). 9122:Scarlata, J. (2014). 9044:. London: Routledge. 8888:Purbrick, L. (2023). 8145:. London: Routledge. 7930:. London: Routledge. 7778:. London: Pan Books. 7717:De Groot, J. (2016). 7476:Campbell, S. (2015). 7172:. London: Routledge. 5334:, pp. 48, 56–57. 4679:Berresford Ellis 1985 3049:dissident republicans 2977: 2875:, had never made his 2779: 2572:It's Going to Happen! 2555:The Spirit of Freedom 2477: 2395: 2380: 2333: 2320:Northern Bank robbery 2286:on Robben Island, in 2271:. As a result of the 2232: 2158: 2144:End of hunger strike 2124:End of hunger strike 2104:End of hunger strike 2084:End of hunger strike 2042:End of hunger strike 2020:End of hunger strike 1463: 1370:Corsican independence 1311: 1262: 1192: 1019:Paramilitary activity 995:quartz crystal radios 888:was condemned by an 794:Criminal Law Act 1967 786:Ulster Unionist Party 761:died, resulting in a 722: 713: 655: 648: 602: 591: 548:Armagh Women's Prison 538: 416:, the Roman Catholic 255: 123: 24: 15281:Shoot-to-kill policy 15040:Republican Sinn Féin 14974:Second IRA ceasefire 14631:Droppin Well bombing 14540:Tullyvallen massacre 14407:McGurk's Bar bombing 14314:Ulster Service Corps 13468:Thomas "Slab" Murphy 13248:Patrick Joseph Kelly 12911:Battle of Newry Road 12881:1993 Harrods bombing 12758:Lichfield gun attack 12743:Carlton Club bombing 12738:1990 Wembley bombing 12465:Drummuckavall ambush 12435:Tullyvallen massacre 12370:Woolwich pub bombing 12218:Balcombe Street Gang 12208:South Armagh Brigade 12183:IRA Southern Command 12178:IRA Northern Command 11759:Pinochet in Suburbia 11611:(1993 autobiography) 11524:"No. No. No." (1990) 11403:GCHQ trade union ban 11360:Diana Gould exchange 11182:Member of Parliament 10972:Martin "Rook" O'Prey 10838:Droppin Well bombing 10805:INLA Belfast Brigade 10282:Battle of Newry Road 10262:Forensic Lab bombing 10030:Droppin Well bombing 9893:Drummuckavall ambush 9888:October 1975 attacks 9883:Tullyvallen massacre 9813:Annie's Bar massacre 9743:McGurk's Bar bombing 9738:Red Lion Pub bombing 9728:Ballymurphy massacre 9481:. Solihull: Helion. 9477:Wharton, K. (2015). 9378:Wahidin, A. (2016). 9059:Sanders, A. (2012). 8964:Ross, F. S. (2011). 8926:Rolston, B. (1992). 8840:. London: Lilliput. 8731:O'Hearn, D. (2006). 8632:O'Brien, B. (1993). 8613:Murtagh, T. (2018). 8478:Moloney, E. (2010). 8459:Moloney, E. (2007). 8307:McKeown, L. (2001). 8288:McIlroy, B. (2001). 7812:Feldman, A. (1991). 7774:English, R. (2003). 7736:Dickson, B. (2010). 7541:Carroll, R. (2023). 7233:BBC Archive (2006). 7002:, p. 224 n.264. 6663:, pp. vii–viii. 5310:, pp. 103, 324. 4498:, pp. 206, 196. 3515:Wagner-Pacifici 1986 3478:, pp. 124, 127. 2888:Unless convicted of 2798:members were killed. 2640:'s 25th anniversary 2369:political journalist 2318:and its role in the 1623:Family intervention 1500:Family interventions 426:Bernadette McAliskey 418:Archbishop of Armagh 163:pre-Christian times. 151:The King's Threshold 125:He has chosen death: 15190:Irish republicanism 14883:Bishopsgate bombing 14876:Warrington bombings 14673:Newry mortar attack 14400:Operation Demetrius 14273:Down Orange Welfare 14049:Force Research Unit 13696:Troops Out Movement 13643:Freddie Scappaticci 12950:Aldwych bus bombing 12901:Bishopsgate bombing 12886:Warrington bombings 12846:Sussex Arms bombing 12836:Staples Cnr bombing 12783:Mullacreevie ambush 12723:South Armagh sniper 12676:Jonesborough ambush 12622:Rheindahlen bombing 12602:Newry mortar attack 12557:Lough Foyle attacks 12415:Mountainview attack 12390:Talbot Arms bombing 12315:Honey Trap killings 12213:East Tyrone Brigade 12193:Active service unit 12057:Haughey arms crisis 11807:In Search of La Che 11685:Cultural depictions 10823:Central Bar bombing 10297:Fivemiletown ambush 10272:Castlerock killings 10192:Mullacreevie ambush 10124:Jonesborough ambush 10100:Lisburn van bombing 10095:Avenue Bar shooting 10070:Clontibret invasion 10055:Newry mortar attack 10025:Divis Flats bombing 10010:Lough Foyle attacks 9948:Chlorane Bar attack 9908:Central Bar bombing 9808:Benny's Bar bombing 9783:Springhill massacre 9763:Donegall St bombing 9723:Operation Demetrius 9713:Crossmaglen bombing 9277:Taylor, P. (2001). 9258:Taylor, P. (1999). 9239:Taylor, P. (1997). 9103:Savage, R. (2017). 8836:O'Rawe, R. (2010). 8817:O'Rawe, R. (2005). 8594:Murray, G. (1998). 8575:Murphy, M. (2007). 8440:Miller, I. (2016). 8421:Miller, D. (1994). 8269:McEvoy, K. (2001). 8082:Kenney, P. (2017). 7793:Feeney, B. (2003). 7698:Dawson, G. (2007). 7660:Curtis, L. (1998). 7582:Clarke, L. (1987). 7338:. London: Pimlico. 7334:Bourke, R. (2003). 7281:. London: Grafton. 7168:Alonso, R. (2007). 7068:, pp. 211–213. 7041:, pp. 241–243. 6978:, pp. 122–123. 6930:, p. 205 n.19. 6906:, pp. 414–415. 6777:, p. 197 n.20. 6702:, pp. 212–222. 6690:, pp. 133–134. 6591:, p. 152 n.74. 6579:, pp. 568–572. 6497:, pp. 184–185. 6458:, pp. 161–162. 6446:, pp. 170–172. 6434:, pp. 112–113. 6222:, pp. 207–208. 6157:, p. 147 n.40. 6035:, pp. 449–450. 6023:, pp. 251–252. 5996:, p. 147 n.21. 5984:, pp. 176–177. 5957:, pp. 447–448. 5921:, p. 153 n.88. 5882:, pp. 439–440. 5831:, pp. 249–251. 5807:, pp. 444–445. 5783:, pp. 446–447. 5708:, pp. 193–194. 5588:, pp. 221–222. 5486:, pp. 182–183. 5474:, pp. 180–182. 5447:, pp. 331–332. 5199:, pp. 140–143. 5144:, pp. 227–228. 4919:, pp. 859–877. 4816:, pp. 198–200. 4539:, pp. 290–291. 4474:, pp. 242–243. 4447:, pp. 242–243. 4367:, pp. 264–265. 4355:, pp. 177–178. 4314:, pp. 211–212. 4302:, pp. 298–299. 4157:, pp. 161–162. 4145:, pp. 239–240. 4023:, pp. 156–157. 4011:, pp. 195–196. 3909:, pp. 116–118. 3819:, pp. 103–104. 3765:, pp. 116–118. 3603:, pp. 221–222. 3546:, pp. 229–234. 3454:, pp. 192–193. 3174:, pp. 116–118. 3147:, pp. 168–171. 3123:, pp. 421–422. 2617:London Evening News 2535:War of Independence 2505:London Evening News 2470:Cultural depictions 2456:Linen Hall, Belfast 2312:punishment beatings 2269:UK general election 2246:, an attack on the 2227:Christ-like figures 1765:Brendan McLaughlin 1599: 1596: 1432:The Washington Post 1029:Chamber of Commerce 1014:Continuing violence 682:republican movement 638:, the IRA's former 430:European Parliament 15260:Punishment attacks 15033:Official Sinn Féin 14953:Manchester bombing 14897:Greysteel massacre 14736:Corporals killings 14645:Maze Prison escape 14603:Warrenpoint ambush 14568:Kingsmill massacre 14533:Bayardo Bar attack 14463:Old Bailey bombing 14456:Operation Motorman 14259:Ulster Third Force 13825:Baroness Brabourne 13263:Proinsias Mac Airt 13198:John Francis Green 12637:Corporals killings 12607:Ballygawley attack 12562:Glasdrumman ambush 12524:Warrenpoint ambush 12519:Crossmaglen ambush 12490:Store bar shooting 12475:Kingsmill massacre 12445:Piccadilly bombing 12420:Bayardo Bar attack 12325:Coleraine bombings 12310:Old Bailey bombing 12290:Battle of Lenadoon 12142:Smithwick Tribunal 12132:Punishment attacks 12122:Maze Prison escape 11735:The Falklands Play 11080:William McCullough 11058:Prominent killings 10947:Dominic McGlinchey 10735:Official Sinn Féin 10519:Brendan McLaughlin 10292:Greysteel massacre 10178:Lough Neagh ambush 10119:Drumnakilly ambush 10090:Corporals killings 10020:Glasdrumman ambush 9987:Warrenpoint ambush 9943:Store Bar shooting 9918:Kingsmill massacre 9878:Bayardo Bar attack 9863:Strand Bar bombing 9833:Coleraine bombings 9793:Operation Motorman 9778:Battle of Lenadoon 9534:White, R. (2017). 9515:White, R. (2006). 9496:White, R. (1993). 9420:The Hunger Strikes 9340:Tonge, J. (2002). 9220:Anthropology Today 9078:Sands, B. (1981). 9040:Sales, R. (1997). 9021:Ryder, C. (2002). 9002:Rowan, B. (2004). 8802:. Dublin: Reekus. 8516:Moore, C. (2016). 8497:Moore, A. (2024). 8160:Maume, P. (2015). 8063:Kelly, S. (2021). 7869:Flynn, B. (2011). 7664:. Belfast: Sásta. 7149:Adams, G. (2017). 7130:Adams, G. (2003). 6651:, pp. vii–ix. 6280:O'Dochartaigh 2021 6081:Kirbas et al. 2008 5508:O'Dochartaigh 2021 5496:O'Dochartaigh 2021 5484:O'Dochartaigh 2021 5472:O'Dochartaigh 2021 5460:O'Dochartaigh 2021 5272:O'Dochartaigh 2021 5245:O'Dochartaigh 2021 5233:O'Dochartaigh 2021 4790:O'Dochartaigh 2021 4778:O'Dochartaigh 2021 4768:, p. 85 n.22. 4575:, p. 40 n.35. 4225:O'Dochartaigh 2021 3979:O'Dochartaigh 2021 3955:O'Dochartaigh 2021 3135:, p. 93 n.64. 3109:O'Dochartaigh 2021 2689:Michael Fassbender 2604:Glasnevin Cemetery 2484: 2480:Glasnevin Cemetery 2405: 2372:Deaglán de Bréadún 2290:in Kurdistan, and 2248:Conservative party 2172: 1626:Strike called off 1597: 1594: 1568:Maze Prison escape 1349:Queen Elizabeth II 1343:praised Sands, in 1317: 1195: 966:People's Democracy 839:—granddaughter of 813:The New York Times 640:officer commanding 616:Secretary of State 597: 584:1981 hunger strike 544: 492:1980 hunger strike 265: 206:Michael Fitzgerald 51:British government 27: 15315: 15314: 15197:Irish nationalism 15168: 15167: 15125:UK Unionist Party 15006:Political parties 14946:Docklands bombing 14722:Operation Flavius 14484:M62 coach bombing 14334: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14321:Orange Volunteers 14238:Ulster Resistance 14231:Red Hand Commando 14200: 14199: 14098: 14097: 13969: 13968: 13917: 13909: 13651: 13633:Martin McGartland 13478:Ruairí Ó Brádaigh 13403:Pádraig McKearney 13398:Martin McGuinness 13373:Brendan McFarlane 13343:Raymond McCartney 13283:Seán Mac Stíofáin 13001: 12988: 12987: 12975:Coalisland attack 12945:Docklands bombing 12940:Drumcree conflict 12691:Mayobridge attack 12632:Operation Flavius 12500:Garryhinch ambush 11974: 11973: 11919:Death and funeral 11902: 11901: 11719:The New Statesman 11703:Anyone for Denis? 11616:The Path to Power 11571:General elections 11537: 11536: 11142:Margaret Thatcher 11108: 11107: 10982:Thomas "Ta" Power 10937:Harry Kirkpatrick 10902:Bernadette Devlin 10847: 10750:The Starry Plough 10678: 10677: 10589:Garret FitzGerald 10584:Margaret Thatcher 10384:Bobby Sands Trust 10379: 10378: 10351:Banbridge bombing 10336:Coalisland attack 10326:Drumcree conflict 10321:Killeeshil ambush 9968:Garryhinch ambush 9953:Ramble Inn attack 9818:Belturbet bombing 9675: 9621:978-0-71126-579-0 9602:978-1-4391-0576-4 9583:978-0-23010-320-7 9564:978-9-04852-863-9 9545:978-1-78537-115-8 9526:978-0-25334-708-4 9507:978-0-31328-564-6 9488:978-1-91109-680-1 9469:978-0-71463-491-3 9429:978-1-90468-418-3 9389:978-1-13736-330-5 9370:978-0-22686-984-1 9351:978-0-58242-400-5 9307:978-0-06202-910-2 9288:978-0-74755-007-5 9269:978-1-57500-047-3 9250:978-0-74753-818-9 9152:978-0-19884-321-4 9133:978-0-81565-241-0 9114:978-1-52611-688-8 9084:Bobby Sands Trust 9070:978-0-74864-696-8 9051:978-0-41513-765-2 9032:978-0-09941-099-7 9013:978-1-84018-862-2 8994:978-1-00082-966-2 8975:978-1-84631-743-9 8937:978-0-95142-293-9 8918:978-3-03026-090-3 8899:978-1-35024-002-5 8847:978-1-84351-184-7 8828:978-1-90430-167-7 8809:978-0-95460-570-4 8761:978-9-04852-863-9 8742:978-0-74532-572-9 8723:978-0-71653-142-5 8704:978-0-19289-476-2 8643:978-0-81560-319-1 8624:978-1-90997-655-9 8605:978-0-71652-644-5 8586:978-1-85635-531-5 8546:978-0-36718-585-5 8527:978-0-30795-896-9 8508:978-0-24199-378-1 8470:978-0-14190-069-8 8451:978-3-31931-113-5 8432:978-0-74530-835-7 8413:978-0-47213-194-5 8394:978-1-47665-148-4 8375:978-0-81563-203-0 8356:978-1-84018-504-1 8337:978-0-14195-200-0 8318:978-1-90096-010-6 8299:978-0-96879-960-4 8280:978-0-19829-907-3 8261:978-1-84223-326-9 8242:978-1-84488-021-8 8223:978-0-521-77852-7 8204:978-0-7190-9862-8 8152:978-0-20329-969-2 8133:978-0-70832-497-4 8093:978-0-19937-574-5 8074:978-1-35011-537-8 8055:978-0-41595-147-0 8036:978-0-85389-692-0 7996:978-1-85371-263-0 7977:978-0-71653-242-2 7937:978-1-31791-301-6 7918:978-0-81563-193-4 7899:978-3-03123-436-1 7880:978-1-84889-116-6 7861:978-1-78663-691-1 7850:Finn, D. (2019). 7842:978-1-107-02923-1 7823:978-0-22624-080-0 7804:978-0-29918-670-8 7785:978-1-84488-021-8 7766:978-1-84964-032-9 7747:978-0-19163-027-9 7728:978-1-31743-618-8 7709:978-0-71905-671-0 7690:978-0-71907-115-7 7671:978-1-90100-515-8 7631:978-0-31229-418-2 7612:978-0-312-29513-4 7593:978-0-71711-476-4 7571:978-0-99396-921-8 7552:978-0-00847-666-3 7533:978-1-13598-505-9 7516:Some Mother's Son 7506:978-0-95142-295-3 7487:978-0-71909-804-8 7443:978-0-85389-538-1 7424:978-1-78537-043-4 7384:978-0-41522-396-6 7364:978-1-41283-888-7 7345:978-1-84413-316-1 7326:978-0-521-23547-1 7307:978-0-74530-009-2 7288:978-0-58606-533-4 7269:978-0-09174-321-5 7258:Benn, T. (1990). 7179:978-1-13422-159-2 7160:978-1-78117-537-8 7141:978-1-74066-224-6 7116:, pp. 32–33. 7092:, pp. 37–38. 7080:, pp. 78–81. 6627:, pp. 65–67. 6536:, p. 254 n.. 4840:, pp. 33–34. 3996:, pp. 92–93. 3792:, pp. 81–82. 3627:, pp. 66–67. 3364:, pp. 52–53. 3227:, pp. 13–16. 3198:, pp. 16–18. 2778:, reported that 2715:Fionnula Flanagan 2702:Some Mother's Son 2642:The Hunger Strike 2343:Brendan McFarlane 2213:mass mobilisation 2169:Free Derry Corner 2148: 2147: 1644:Length of strike 1630: 1629: 1549:British Israelite 1486:cabinet reshuffle 1482:Father Denis Faul 1429:in May. However, 1265:that quite clear. 1215:Seán Mac Stíofáin 1204:Martin McGuinness 871:Northern Ireland 853:Pope John Paul II 678:Margaret Thatcher 526:Raymond McCartney 305:guerrilla warfare 257:Terence MacSwiney 202:Terence MacSwiney 94:Irish nationalist 78:Margaret Thatcher 49:in 1976 when the 15370: 15306: 15305: 15297: 15290: 15283: 15276: 15269: 15262: 15255: 15248: 15241: 15234: 15227: 15220: 15213: 15206: 15199: 15192: 15185: 15161: 15154: 15134: 15127: 15120: 15113: 15106: 15099: 15077: 15070: 15063: 15056: 15049: 15042: 15035: 15028: 15011: 15010: 14997: 14990: 14983: 14976: 14969: 14962: 14955: 14948: 14941: 14934: 14927: 14920: 14913: 14906: 14899: 14892: 14885: 14878: 14871: 14864: 14857: 14850: 14843: 14836: 14834:Cappagh killings 14829: 14822: 14815: 14808: 14801: 14794: 14787: 14780: 14773: 14766: 14759: 14752: 14745: 14738: 14731: 14724: 14717: 14710: 14703: 14696: 14694:Loughgall ambush 14689: 14682: 14675: 14668: 14661: 14654: 14647: 14640: 14633: 14626: 14619: 14612: 14605: 14598: 14591: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14556: 14549: 14542: 14535: 14528: 14521: 14514: 14507: 14500: 14493: 14486: 14479: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14451: 14444: 14437: 14430: 14423: 14416: 14409: 14402: 14395: 14388: 14381: 14374: 14367: 14360: 14353: 14323: 14316: 14309: 14294: 14293: 14289: 14282: 14275: 14268: 14261: 14254: 14247: 14240: 14233: 14226: 14219: 14193: 14178: 14177: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14138: 14131: 14124: 14117: 14091: 14084: 14064: 14052: 14044: 14025: 14024: 14016: 14015: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13973: 13972: 13961:Michael Willetts 13915: 13907: 13905:Robert McCartney 13870:Lord Mountbatten 13845:Robert McConnell 13645: 13638:Sean O'Callaghan 13513:Diarmuid O'Neill 13503:Siobhán O'Hanlon 13493:Éamonn O'Doherty 13488:Dáithí Ó Conaill 13428:Michael McKevitt 13423:Laurence McKeown 13363:Séamus McElwaine 13353:Raymond McCreesh 13348:Martin McCaughey 13083:Carál Ní Chuilín 13013:Martina Anderson 12997: 12926:Heathrow attacks 12856:Coalisland riots 12627:Loughgall ambush 12534:Dungannon attack 12529:Brussels bombing 12275:Abercorn bombing 12265:Red Lion bombing 12233: 12232: 12173:IRA Army Council 12072:Arms importation 12001: 11994: 11987: 11978: 11977: 11963: 11962: 11818:(2020 TV series) 11786:(2009 TV serial) 11762:(2006 docudrama) 11754:(2004 TV series) 11690: 11689: 11298: 11297: 11222: 11174: 11165: 11157: 11135: 11128: 11121: 11112: 11111: 10977:Michael Plunkett 10882:Patrick Campbell 10845: 10843:Darkley killings 10755:Marxism–Leninism 10705: 10698: 10691: 10682: 10681: 10528:Laurence McKeown 10505: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10449:Raymond McCreesh 10418: 10411: 10404: 10395: 10394: 10252:Coalisland riots 10197:Cappagh killings 10075:Loughgall ambush 10040:Darkley killings 9676: 9670: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9636: 9635: 9625: 9606: 9587: 9568: 9549: 9530: 9511: 9492: 9473: 9454: 9433: 9414: 9393: 9374: 9355: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9311: 9292: 9273: 9254: 9235: 9214: 9177: 9156: 9137: 9118: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9086:. Archived from 9074: 9055: 9036: 9017: 8998: 8979: 8960: 8941: 8922: 8903: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8871:. Archived from 8851: 8832: 8813: 8794: 8765: 8746: 8727: 8708: 8689: 8674:Studi: Irlandesi 8668: 8647: 8628: 8609: 8590: 8571: 8550: 8531: 8512: 8493: 8489:978-057125-169-8 8474: 8455: 8436: 8417: 8398: 8379: 8360: 8341: 8322: 8303: 8284: 8265: 8252:UVF: The Endgame 8246: 8227: 8208: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8176:. Archived from 8156: 8137: 8118: 8097: 8078: 8059: 8040: 8021: 8000: 7981: 7962: 7953:(283): 213–226. 7941: 7922: 7903: 7884: 7865: 7846: 7827: 7808: 7789: 7770: 7751: 7732: 7713: 7694: 7675: 7656: 7635: 7616: 7597: 7578: 7556: 7543:Killing Thatcher 7537: 7510: 7491: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7459:. Archived from 7447: 7428: 7409: 7388: 7368: 7349: 7330: 7311: 7292: 7273: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7204: 7183: 7164: 7145: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7027:BBC Archive 2006 7024: 7018: 7012: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6966:, pp. iv–v. 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6841:Moore Quinn 2020 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6817:Moore Quinn 2020 6814: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6778: 6772: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6639:, pp. i–ii. 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6498: 6492: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6121: 6115: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5619: 5613: 5604: 5598: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5562: 5556: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5448: 5442: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5298:, pp. 9–10. 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4937: 4931: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4721: 4715: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4591: 4585: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4382:Bowyer Bell 2008 4379: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4097: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2974: 2968: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934:IRA Army Council 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903:House of Commons 2899: 2893: 2886: 2880: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2833: 2827: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2737: 2543: 2516: 2500: 2377: 2357: 2324:Robert McCartney 2256:public relations 2237: 1918:Laurence McKeown 1700:Raymond McCreesh 1632: 1631: 1600: 1593: 1517:on 8 August and 1472: 1405: 1366:Reginald Hibbert 1299: 1285:Philip Woodfield 1147: 1116:Prison governors 923:first preference 735:Raymond McCreesh 710: 671: 661: 572:Irish Government 498:Laurence McKeown 423: 386:prisoners of war 277:Irish Free State 192: 184: 178: 153: 43:Northern Ireland 39:Irish republican 15378: 15377: 15373: 15372: 15371: 15369: 15368: 15367: 15318: 15317: 15316: 15311: 15300: 15295:Five techniques 15293: 15286: 15279: 15272: 15265: 15258: 15251: 15244: 15237: 15230: 15223: 15216: 15211:Ulster loyalism 15209: 15202: 15195: 15188: 15176: 15164: 15157: 15150: 15144: 15137: 15130: 15123: 15116: 15109: 15102: 15095: 15089: 15080: 15073: 15066: 15059: 15052: 15045: 15038: 15031: 15024: 15018: 15007: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14979: 14972: 14965: 14958: 14951: 14944: 14937: 14930: 14923: 14916: 14909: 14902: 14895: 14888: 14881: 14874: 14867: 14860: 14853: 14848:Teebane bombing 14846: 14839: 14832: 14825: 14818: 14811: 14804: 14797: 14790: 14783: 14776: 14769: 14762: 14755: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14720: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14692: 14685: 14678: 14671: 14664: 14657: 14650: 14643: 14636: 14629: 14622: 14615: 14608: 14601: 14594: 14587: 14580: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14552: 14545: 14538: 14531: 14524: 14517: 14510: 14503: 14496: 14489: 14482: 14475: 14468: 14461: 14454: 14447: 14440: 14433: 14426: 14419: 14412: 14405: 14398: 14391: 14384: 14377: 14370: 14363: 14356: 14349: 14343: 14326: 14319: 14312: 14305: 14299: 14292: 14285: 14278: 14271: 14264: 14257: 14250: 14243: 14236: 14229: 14222: 14215: 14209: 14196: 14189: 14183: 14176: 14169: 14162: 14155: 14148: 14141: 14134: 14127: 14120: 14115:Provisional IRA 14113: 14107: 14094: 14087: 14080: 14074: 14067: 14055: 14047: 14036: 14030: 14021: 14012: 14005: 14000: 13970: 13965: 13913:Joseph Rafferty 13865:Stephen Melrose 13855:Columba McVeigh 13850:Jean McConville 13835:Martin McBirney 13750:Robert Bradford 13727: 13721: 13700: 13654: 13628:Raymond Gilmour 13613:Denis Donaldson 13598: 13592: 13438:Jackie McMullan 13408:Tommy McKearney 13393:John Joe McGirl 13338:Jennifer McCann 13278:Joseph MacManus 13208:George Harrison 13193:Michael Gaughan 13173:William Fleming 13168:Mairéad Farrell 13038:Charles Breslin 12996: 12984: 12851:Cloghoge attack 12821:Teebane bombing 12807: 12700: 12696:Derryard attack 12642:Lisburn bombing 12582:Harrods bombing 12538: 12495:Stag Inn attack 12485:Olympia bombing 12425:Forkhill attack 12395:Bristol bombing 12222: 12198:Belfast Brigade 12156: 12097:Blanket protest 12032:Republican News 12022:Anti-Treaty IRA 12010: 12005: 11975: 11970: 11944:James Callaghan 11933: 11898: 11882: 11878:Grantham (2022) 11856: 11829: 11694: 11679: 11630: 11593: 11565: 11543:Party elections 11533: 11466: 11459: 11444:Westland affair 11383: 11376: 11303: 11296: 11254: 11250:Union democracy 11223: 11214: 11177: 11168: 11160: 11152: 11144: 11139: 11109: 11104: 11053: 11027: 11011: 10992:Gerard Steenson 10912:Raymond Gilmour 10887:Seamus Costello 10860: 10809: 10800:Organized crime 10785:July 1997 riots 10760:Blanket protest 10718: 10709: 10679: 10674: 10650:Blanket protest 10638: 10599:Humphrey Atkins 10594:Charles Haughey 10572: 10566:Gerard Hodgkins 10551:Jackie McMullan 10546:Patrick Sheehan 10508: 10501: 10496: 10494: 10488: 10427: 10422: 10380: 10375: 10374: 10360: 10227:Teebane bombing 10133: 10050:Strabane ambush 9996: 9958:Stag Inn attack 9823:Dublin bombings 9773:Dungiven ambush 9684:1960s and 1970s 9677: 9669: 9665: 9663: 9633: 9628: 9622: 9603: 9584: 9565: 9546: 9527: 9508: 9489: 9470: 9430: 9390: 9371: 9352: 9330: 9328: 9308: 9289: 9270: 9251: 9153: 9134: 9115: 9093: 9091: 9071: 9052: 9033: 9014: 8995: 8976: 8957: 8938: 8919: 8900: 8878: 8876: 8875:on 28 July 2024 8848: 8829: 8810: 8762: 8743: 8724: 8705: 8653:Ethnomusicology 8644: 8625: 8606: 8587: 8556:Social Problems 8547: 8528: 8509: 8490: 8471: 8452: 8433: 8414: 8395: 8376: 8357: 8338: 8319: 8300: 8281: 8262: 8243: 8224: 8205: 8183: 8181: 8180:on 21 July 2024 8153: 8134: 8094: 8075: 8056: 8037: 7997: 7978: 7938: 7919: 7900: 7881: 7862: 7843: 7824: 7805: 7786: 7767: 7748: 7729: 7710: 7691: 7672: 7632: 7613: 7594: 7572: 7553: 7534: 7507: 7488: 7466: 7464: 7463:on 24 July 2024 7444: 7425: 7385: 7365: 7346: 7327: 7308: 7289: 7270: 7248: 7246: 7245:on 28 July 2024 7223: 7221: 7180: 7161: 7142: 7125: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7090:McLaughlin 2009 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6700:Zappaterra 2022 6698: 6694: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6501: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6124: 6116: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 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4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4724: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4594: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029:the next month. 3024: 3020: 3014:Irish-Americans 3011: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2975: 2971: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2873:Border Campaign 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2838:publicity stunt 2834: 2830: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2735: 2727:Gerard McSorley 2693:Liam Cunningham 2608:Bogside Artists 2576:Top of the Pops 2541: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2490: 2472: 2390: 2375: 2361:The Irish Times 2355: 2347:Richard English 2304: 2235: 2222:plastic bullets 2153: 2109:Gerard Hodgins 2089:John Pickering 2026:Jackie McMullan 2004:Patrick Sheehan 1983:Liam McCloskey 1912:Died, aged 27. 1868:Died, aged 23. 1846:Died, aged 24. 1824:Died, aged 25. 1802:Died, aged 25. 1760:Died, aged 29. 1738:Died, aged 23. 1716:Died, aged 24. 1694:Died, aged 25. 1672:Died, aged 27. 1641:Strike started 1576: 1552:Robert Bradford 1537: 1502: 1474: 1470: 1449: 1403:L'IRA conquérir 1358:Claude Cheysson 1306: 1297: 1290:Open University 1200:Willie Whitelaw 1187: 1182: 1145: 1128: 1112:Prison officers 1025:British Leyland 1021: 1016: 1001:David Beresford 983: 898: 896:Other elections 873:Humphrey Atkins 841:Éamon de Valera 754:"unity" MP for 748: 733:. On the 22nd, 708: 690:Bishop of Derry 673: 669: 659: 628:Charles Haughey 620:Humphrey Atkins 611:Pyrrhic victory 586: 552:Mairéad Farrell 540:Tommy McKearney 522:Tommy McKearney 494: 421: 378:Begoña Aretxaga 356: 350:Blanket protest 348:Main articles: 346: 333:Wilson ministry 293:prisoner of war 250: 238:Michael Gaughan 218:Andy O'Sullivan 155: 145: 140: 138: 136: 134: 132: 130: 128: 126: 121: 116: 106: 47:blanket protest 17: 12: 11: 5: 15376: 15366: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15343:Hunger strikes 15340: 15335: 15330: 15313: 15312: 15299: 15298: 15291: 15288:HM Prison Maze 15284: 15277: 15270: 15263: 15256: 15249: 15242: 15235: 15228: 15221: 15218:United Ireland 15214: 15207: 15200: 15193: 15186: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15163: 15162: 15155: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15135: 15128: 15121: 15114: 15107: 15100: 15092: 15090: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15078: 15071: 15064: 15057: 15050: 15043: 15036: 15029: 15021: 15019: 15014: 15008: 15005: 15002: 15001: 14999: 14998: 14991: 14984: 14977: 14970: 14963: 14956: 14949: 14942: 14935: 14928: 14921: 14914: 14907: 14900: 14893: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14865: 14858: 14851: 14844: 14837: 14830: 14823: 14816: 14813:Proxy bombings 14809: 14802: 14795: 14788: 14781: 14774: 14767: 14760: 14753: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14725: 14718: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14690: 14683: 14676: 14669: 14662: 14655: 14648: 14641: 14634: 14627: 14620: 14613: 14606: 14599: 14592: 14585: 14578: 14571: 14564: 14557: 14550: 14543: 14536: 14529: 14522: 14515: 14508: 14501: 14494: 14487: 14480: 14473: 14466: 14459: 14452: 14445: 14438: 14431: 14424: 14417: 14410: 14403: 14396: 14389: 14382: 14375: 14368: 14361: 14354: 14346: 14344: 14339: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14324: 14317: 14310: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14291: 14290: 14283: 14276: 14269: 14262: 14255: 14248: 14241: 14234: 14227: 14220: 14212: 14210: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14194: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14175: 14174: 14167: 14160: 14153: 14146: 14143:Continuity IRA 14139: 14132: 14125: 14118: 14110: 14108: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14092: 14089:Garda Síochána 14085: 14082:Defence Forces 14077: 14075: 14072: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14065: 14053: 14045: 14033: 14031: 14029:United Kingdom 14028: 14022: 14019: 14013: 14010: 14007: 14006: 13999: 13998: 13991: 13984: 13976: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13951:Stephen Tibble 13948: 13943: 13941:Norman Stronge 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13921:Ray Smallwoods 13918: 13910: 13902: 13900:Robert Seymour 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13860:Ross McWhirter 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13820:Andrew Kearney 13817: 13815:Donald Kaberry 13812: 13807: 13802: 13800:Maurice Gibson 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13740:Johnathan Ball 13737: 13731: 13729: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13714: 13708: 13706: 13702: 13701: 13699: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13671:Fianna Éireann 13668: 13666:Cumann na mBan 13662: 13660: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13652: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13604: 13602: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13498:Joe B. O'Hagan 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13458:Danny Morrison 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13433:Thomas McMahon 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13383:Gerry McGeough 13380: 13375: 13370: 13368:Thomas McElwee 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13323:Pearse McAuley 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13218:Francis Hughes 13215: 13213:Brendan Hughes 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13178:Kieran Fleming 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13143:Martin Doherty 13140: 13138:Kieran Doherty 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13118:Gerard Davison 13115: 13110: 13108:Eddie Copeland 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13088:Gabriel Cleary 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13063:Fergal Caraher 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13033:Patricia Black 13030: 13025: 13020: 13018:Declan Arthurs 13015: 13010: 13004: 13002: 12990: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12896:Camden bombing 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12768:Proxy bombings 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12710: 12708: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12548: 12546: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12340:Clogher attack 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12300:Claudy bombing 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12241: 12239: 12230: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12168:Chief of Staff 12164: 12162: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12107:HM Prison Maze 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12082:Barrack buster 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12044: 12042:The Green Book 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12018: 12016: 12012: 12011: 12004: 12003: 11996: 11989: 11981: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11956: 11955: 11947: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11890: 11888: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11846: 11837: 11835: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11819: 11811: 11803: 11802:(2011 episode) 11795: 11787: 11779: 11771: 11763: 11755: 11747: 11746:(2002 TV film) 11739: 11731: 11723: 11715: 11711:Spitting Image 11707: 11706:(1982 TV play) 11698: 11696: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11670: 11667:Alfred Roberts 11664: 11661:Carol Thatcher 11658: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11642:Denis Thatcher 11638: 11636: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11620: 11612: 11603: 11601: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11575: 11573: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11547: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11515: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11506:Poll tax riots 11498: 11493: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11471: 11469: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11429: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11386: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11308: 11306: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11292: 11287: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11273:wets and dries 11264: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11224: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11200:Shadow Cabinet 11197: 11194:Circular 10/70 11191: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11166: 11158: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11138: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11115: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11065:Billy McMillen 11061: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10907:Gino Gallagher 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10877:Ronnie Bunting 10874: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10819: 10817: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10770:HM Prison Maze 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10719: 10708: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10685: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10619:Tomás Ó Fiaich 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10563:John Pickering 10561: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10542:Liam McCloskey 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10484:Michael Devine 10481: 10479:Thomas McElwee 10476: 10474:Kieran Doherty 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10444:Francis Hughes 10441: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10421: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10377: 10376: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10180: 10175: 10173:Proxy bombings 10170: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 9995: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9798:Claudy bombing 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9733:Newry killings 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9662: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9639: 9632: 9631:External links 9629: 9627: 9626: 9620: 9607: 9601: 9588: 9582: 9569: 9563: 9550: 9544: 9531: 9525: 9512: 9506: 9493: 9487: 9474: 9468: 9455: 9434: 9428: 9415: 9405:(2): 189–225. 9394: 9388: 9375: 9369: 9356: 9350: 9337: 9312: 9306: 9293: 9287: 9274: 9268: 9255: 9249: 9236: 9215: 9178: 9157: 9151: 9138: 9132: 9119: 9113: 9100: 9080:"Prison Diary" 9075: 9069: 9056: 9050: 9037: 9031: 9018: 9012: 8999: 8993: 8980: 8974: 8961: 8955: 8942: 8936: 8923: 8917: 8904: 8898: 8885: 8852: 8846: 8833: 8827: 8814: 8808: 8795: 8766: 8760: 8747: 8741: 8728: 8722: 8709: 8703: 8690: 8669: 8648: 8642: 8629: 8623: 8610: 8604: 8591: 8585: 8572: 8551: 8545: 8532: 8526: 8513: 8507: 8494: 8488: 8475: 8469: 8456: 8450: 8437: 8431: 8418: 8412: 8399: 8393: 8380: 8374: 8361: 8355: 8342: 8336: 8323: 8317: 8304: 8298: 8285: 8279: 8266: 8260: 8247: 8241: 8228: 8222: 8209: 8203: 8190: 8162:"Daly, Miriam" 8157: 8151: 8138: 8132: 8119: 8098: 8092: 8079: 8073: 8060: 8054: 8041: 8035: 8022: 8006:Social Justice 8001: 7995: 7982: 7976: 7963: 7942: 7936: 7923: 7917: 7904: 7898: 7885: 7879: 7866: 7860: 7847: 7841: 7828: 7822: 7809: 7803: 7790: 7784: 7771: 7765: 7752: 7746: 7733: 7727: 7714: 7708: 7695: 7689: 7676: 7670: 7657: 7636: 7630: 7617: 7611: 7598: 7592: 7579: 7570: 7557: 7551: 7538: 7532: 7511: 7505: 7492: 7486: 7473: 7448: 7442: 7429: 7423: 7410: 7389: 7383: 7369: 7363: 7350: 7344: 7331: 7325: 7312: 7306: 7293: 7287: 7274: 7268: 7255: 7230: 7205: 7184: 7178: 7165: 7159: 7146: 7140: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7106: 7104:, p. 186. 7102:Gillespie 2008 7094: 7082: 7070: 7058: 7056:, p. 134. 7054:Gallagher 2023 7043: 7031: 7019: 7004: 7000:O'Donnell 2015 6992: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6954:, p. 122. 6944: 6942:, p. 230. 6932: 6920: 6918:, p. 206. 6908: 6893: 6891:, p. 187. 6881: 6879:, p. 143. 6869: 6867:, p. 272. 6857: 6845: 6843:, p. 166. 6833: 6831:, p. 271. 6821: 6819:, p. 167. 6806: 6804:, p. 174. 6794: 6792:, p. 163. 6779: 6764: 6752: 6750:, p. 144. 6740: 6738:, p. 132. 6728: 6726:, p. 132. 6716: 6714:, p. 170. 6704: 6692: 6677: 6675:, p. 172. 6665: 6653: 6641: 6629: 6617: 6615:, p. 181. 6605: 6603:, p. 314. 6601:Hennessey 2014 6593: 6581: 6562: 6560:, p. 231. 6550: 6548:, p. 254. 6538: 6526: 6524:, p. 253. 6514: 6512:, p. 186. 6499: 6484: 6482:, p. 184. 6472: 6470:, p. 557. 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6422:, p. 200. 6409: 6407:, p. 159. 6397: 6395:, p. 210. 6385: 6373: 6371:, p. 240. 6361: 6344: 6332: 6330:, p. 229. 6320: 6318:, p. 138. 6308: 6306:, p. 142. 6296: 6284: 6282:, p. 187. 6272: 6270:, p. 216. 6260: 6258:, p. 207. 6248: 6236: 6234:, p. 282. 6224: 6207: 6205:, p. 331. 6203:Beresford 1987 6195: 6193:, p. 221. 6183: 6181:, p. 150. 6171: 6159: 6122: 6085: 6083:, p. 318. 6073: 6071:, p. 226. 6061: 6059:, p. 349. 6049: 6047:, p. 332. 6045:Beresford 1987 6037: 6033:Hennessey 2014 6025: 6010: 6008:, p. 124. 5998: 5986: 5974: 5972:, p. 449. 5970:Hennessey 2014 5959: 5955:Hennessey 2014 5947: 5945:, p. 237. 5935: 5933:, p. 157. 5923: 5911: 5909:, p. 258. 5899: 5897:, p. 447. 5895:Hennessey 2014 5884: 5880:Hennessey 2014 5872: 5870:, p. 138. 5857: 5855:, p. 144. 5845: 5843:, p. 435. 5841:Hennessey 2014 5833: 5821: 5819:, p. 146. 5809: 5805:Hennessey 2014 5797: 5795:, p. 247. 5785: 5781:Hennessey 2014 5770: 5768:, p. 143. 5758: 5756:, p. 142. 5746: 5744:, p. 440. 5742:Hennessey 2014 5734: 5730:The Times 2021 5722: 5710: 5698: 5696:, p. 239. 5686: 5684:, p. 202. 5674: 5672:, p. 248. 5662: 5660:, p. 439. 5658:Hennessey 2014 5647: 5645:, p. 439. 5635: 5633:, p. 102. 5620: 5618:, p. 132. 5605: 5601:Hennessey 2014 5590: 5586:Hennessey 2014 5578: 5576:, p. 410. 5574:Beresford 1987 5563: 5561:, p. 377. 5548: 5536: 5534:, p. 372. 5532:Hennessey 2014 5524: 5522:, p. 335. 5520:Hennessey 2014 5512: 5510:, p. 184. 5500: 5498:, p. 183. 5488: 5476: 5464: 5462:, p. 180. 5449: 5445:Hennessey 2014 5432: 5430:, p. 210. 5420: 5416:Hennessey 2014 5408: 5406:, p. 251. 5404:Hennessey 2014 5396: 5394:, p. 250. 5392:Hennessey 2014 5384: 5382:, p. 202. 5380:Hennessey 2014 5372: 5370:, p. 201. 5368:Hennessey 2014 5360: 5358:, p. 130. 5356:Hennessey 2014 5348: 5346:, p. 116. 5336: 5324: 5322:, p. 107. 5320:Hennessey 2014 5312: 5308:Hennessey 2014 5300: 5288: 5286:, p. 599. 5276: 5274:, p. 174. 5264: 5260:Hennessey 2014 5249: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5211:, p. 157. 5201: 5189: 5187:, p. 127. 5170: 5158: 5156:, p. 125. 5146: 5142:Hennessey 2014 5134: 5132:, p. 227. 5130:Hennessey 2014 5117: 5105: 5103:, p. 218. 5101:Hennessey 2014 5088: 5076: 5074:, p. 196. 5072:Hennessey 2014 5064: 5052: 5040: 5038:, p. 771. 5028: 5026:, p. 460. 5024:Hennessey 2014 5016: 5014:, p. 183. 5004: 5002:, p. 242. 5000:Hennessey 2014 4992: 4990:, p. 867. 4980: 4978:, p. 253. 4965: 4963:, p. 862. 4953: 4951:, p. 228. 4949:Hennessey 2014 4938: 4936:, p. 221. 4934:Hennessey 2014 4921: 4909: 4907:, p. 860. 4897: 4895:, p. 859. 4885: 4883:, p. 174. 4866: 4864:, p. 119. 4854: 4850:Beresford 1987 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4792:, p. 175. 4782: 4780:, p. 166. 4770: 4753: 4741: 4739:, p. 151. 4722: 4720:, p. 150. 4707: 4705:, p. 245. 4695: 4693:, p. 279. 4683: 4681:, p. 336. 4671: 4669:, p. 183. 4659: 4657:, p. 143. 4647: 4645:, p. 140. 4635: 4623: 4621:, p. 123. 4611: 4609:, p. 133. 4592: 4577: 4565: 4563:, p. 186. 4553: 4541: 4529: 4527:, p. 141. 4512: 4510:, p. 209. 4508:Hennessey 2014 4500: 4496:Hennessey 2014 4488: 4486:, p. 172. 4476: 4472:Beresford 1987 4461: 4449: 4437: 4435:, p. 281. 4425: 4423:, p. 129. 4413: 4411:, p. 281. 4398: 4396:, p. 455. 4386: 4384:, p. 501. 4369: 4357: 4353:Hennessey 2014 4345: 4343:, p. 107. 4333: 4331:, p. 131. 4316: 4304: 4292: 4290:, p. 229. 4280: 4268: 4266:, p. 120. 4256: 4254:, p. 118. 4244: 4242:, p. 117. 4229: 4227:, p. 179. 4217: 4202: 4200:, p. 164. 4198:Hennessey 2014 4190: 4188:, p. 130. 4171: 4169:, p. 148. 4159: 4155:Hennessey 2014 4147: 4132: 4130:, p. 237. 4117: 4115:, p. 208. 4098: 4083: 4081:, p. 177. 4068: 4049: 4047:, p. 158. 4037: 4033:Hennessey 2014 4025: 4021:Hennessey 2014 4013: 3998: 3983: 3981:, p. 178. 3971: 3969:, p. 129. 3959: 3957:, p. 176. 3947: 3945:, p. 165. 3935: 3933:, p. 128. 3923: 3921:, p. 112. 3919:Hennessey 2014 3911: 3907:Hennessey 2014 3899: 3897:, p. 114. 3895:Hennessey 2014 3884: 3880:Hennessey 2014 3872: 3868:Hennessey 2014 3860: 3858:, p. 160. 3845: 3843:, p. 268. 3833: 3831:, p. 124. 3821: 3806: 3804:, p. 173. 3794: 3782: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3741:, p. 146. 3731: 3729:, p. 168. 3719: 3717:, p. 111. 3707: 3703:Beresford 1987 3695: 3683: 3668: 3656: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3615:, p. 137. 3605: 3590: 3588:, p. 261. 3578: 3576:, p. 217. 3563: 3548: 3531: 3529:, p. 104. 3519: 3517:, p. 157. 3507: 3495: 3493:, p. 124. 3480: 3468: 3466:, p. 220. 3456: 3444: 3432: 3430:, p. 196. 3420: 3405: 3393: 3391:, p. 119. 3378: 3376:, p. 135. 3366: 3354: 3342: 3338:Hennessey 2014 3330: 3318: 3316:, p. 123. 3301: 3299:, p. 164. 3289: 3287:, p. 264. 3277: 3275:, p. 202. 3265: 3263:, p. 197. 3253: 3251:, p. 216. 3241: 3229: 3225:Beresford 1987 3212: 3208:Hennessey 2014 3200: 3188: 3186:, p. 213. 3176: 3161: 3159:, p. 108. 3149: 3137: 3133:McCluskey 2000 3125: 3113: 3111:, p. 165. 3101: 3089: 3087:, p. 122. 3076: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3040: 3031: 3018: 3005: 2992: 2969: 2948: 2938: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2894: 2881: 2864: 2855: 2851:Brendan Hughes 2842: 2828: 2809: 2800: 2790: 2767: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2705:, directed by 2660:Brian Campbell 2644:, directed by 2583:visual culture 2568:The Undertones 2564:1803 rebellion 2546:Francie Brolly 2538:Daniel Corkery 2524: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486:Main article: 2471: 2468: 2433:Ahmed Kathrada 2389: 2388:Commemorations 2386: 2303: 2300: 2273:political base 2193:Henry McDonald 2152: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069:Hugh Carville 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1896:Michael Devine 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1852:Thomas McElwee 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1786:Kieran Doherty 1782: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1678:Francis Hughes 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1575: 1572: 1536: 1533: 1519:Michael Devine 1515:Thomas McElwee 1501: 1498: 1462: 1448: 1445: 1412:Cardinal Cooke 1305: 1302: 1212:Chief-of-Staff 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1127: 1124: 1120:Richard O'Rawe 1101:plastic bullet 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 982: 979: 943:Cavan-Monaghan 915:election agent 897: 894: 878:interface area 857:personal envoy 849:John O'Connell 837:Síle de Valera 747: 744: 731:Francis Hughes 654: 644:Danny Morrison 585: 582: 560:Belfast Prison 556:Mairéad Nugent 518:Brendan Hughes 493: 490: 414:Tomás Ó Fiaich 410:armed struggle 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 365:prison uniform 358:IRA volunteer 345: 342: 289:HM Prison Maze 261:Brixton Prison 249: 246: 234:Seán McCaughey 122: 120: 117: 105: 102: 74:Prime Minister 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15375: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15338:1981 protests 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15310: 15309: 15296: 15292: 15289: 15285: 15282: 15278: 15275: 15271: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15257: 15254: 15250: 15247: 15243: 15240: 15236: 15233: 15229: 15226: 15222: 15219: 15215: 15212: 15208: 15205: 15201: 15198: 15194: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15174: 15171: 15160: 15156: 15153: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15143:Other parties 15140: 15133: 15129: 15126: 15122: 15119: 15115: 15112: 15108: 15105: 15101: 15098: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15083: 15076: 15072: 15069: 15065: 15062: 15058: 15055: 15051: 15048: 15044: 15041: 15037: 15034: 15030: 15027: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15012: 15009: 15003: 14996: 14995:Omagh bombing 14992: 14989: 14985: 14982: 14978: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14964: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14950: 14947: 14943: 14940: 14936: 14933: 14929: 14926: 14922: 14919: 14915: 14912: 14908: 14905: 14901: 14898: 14894: 14891: 14887: 14884: 14880: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14859: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14838: 14835: 14831: 14828: 14824: 14821: 14817: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14796: 14793: 14789: 14786: 14782: 14779: 14775: 14772: 14768: 14765: 14761: 14758: 14754: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14723: 14719: 14716: 14712: 14709: 14705: 14702: 14698: 14695: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14681: 14677: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14660: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14642: 14639: 14635: 14632: 14628: 14625: 14621: 14618: 14614: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14600: 14597: 14593: 14590: 14586: 14583: 14579: 14576: 14572: 14569: 14565: 14562: 14558: 14555: 14551: 14548: 14544: 14541: 14537: 14534: 14530: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14509: 14506: 14502: 14499: 14495: 14492: 14488: 14485: 14481: 14478: 14474: 14471: 14467: 14464: 14460: 14457: 14453: 14450: 14449:Bloody Friday 14446: 14443: 14439: 14436: 14432: 14429: 14428:Bloody Sunday 14425: 14422: 14418: 14415: 14411: 14408: 14404: 14401: 14397: 14394: 14390: 14387: 14383: 14380: 14376: 14373: 14369: 14366: 14362: 14359: 14355: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14337: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14311: 14308: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14295: 14288: 14284: 14281: 14277: 14274: 14270: 14267: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14249: 14246: 14242: 14239: 14235: 14232: 14228: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14203: 14192: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14179: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14154: 14151: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14137: 14133: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14101: 14090: 14086: 14083: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14070: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14026: 14023: 14017: 14014: 14008: 14004: 13997: 13992: 13990: 13985: 13983: 13978: 13977: 13974: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13946:Richard Sykes 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13936:James Stronge 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13914: 13911: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13885:Thomas Oliver 13883: 13881: 13880:Robert Nairac 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13790:Joseph Fenton 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13775:Raymond Elder 13773: 13771: 13770:Eamon Collins 13768: 13766: 13765:Martin Cahill 13763: 13761: 13760:Matthew Burns 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13745:Anthony Berry 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13732: 13730: 13724: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13703: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13657: 13649: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13618:Joseph Fenton 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13608:Eamon Collins 13606: 13605: 13603: 13601: 13597:Espionage and 13595: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13578:Seamus Twomey 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13518:Dolours Price 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13473:Kieran Nugent 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13453:Arthur Morgan 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13443:Martin Meehan 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13418:Kevin McKenna 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13358:Joe McDonnell 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13328:Daniel McCann 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13298:Donna Maguire 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13288:Patrick Magee 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13228:Pearse Jordan 13226: 13224: 13223:Martin Hurson 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13103:Eamon Collins 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13068:Malachy Carey 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13058:Liam Campbell 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13043:Edward Butler 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13023:Thomas Begley 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12995: 12994:Personalities 12991: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12934: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12826:Clonoe ambush 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12717: 12712: 12711: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12505:Jonesborough 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12295:Bloody Friday 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12225: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12203:Derry Brigade 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12163: 12159: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12102:Dirty protest 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12052: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12002: 11997: 11995: 11990: 11988: 11983: 11982: 11979: 11967: 11958: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11948: 11946: 11945: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11905: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11885: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11852: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11832: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11791:The Iron Lady 11788: 11785: 11784: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11682: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11665: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11655:Mark Thatcher 11653: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11619:(1995 memoir) 11618: 11617: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11596: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11513:Budget (1990) 11511: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11496:Budget (1989) 11494: 11491: 11490:Bruges speech 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:Budget (1988) 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11455:Budget (1987) 11453: 11451: 11450:Budget (1986) 11448: 11445: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11421:Budget (1985) 11419: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11392:Budget (1984) 11390: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11379: 11373: 11372:Budget (1983) 11370: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349:Falklands War 11347: 11345: 11344:Budget (1982) 11342: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11328: 11327:Budget (1981) 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11317:Budget (1980) 11315: 11313: 11312:Budget (1979) 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11299: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11226: 11221: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11172: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11147: 11143: 11136: 11131: 11129: 11124: 11122: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11085:John McKeague 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11007:Johnnie White 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10967:Dessie O'Hare 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10897:Mickey Devine 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10865:Personalities 10863: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10765:Dirty protest 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10701: 10699: 10694: 10692: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10655:Dirty protest 10653: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10560:Hugh Carville 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10511: 10504: 10493: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10464:Martin Hurson 10462: 10460: 10459:Joe McDonnell 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10419: 10414: 10412: 10407: 10405: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10373: 10372:Loyalist feud 10369: 10365: 10357: 10356:Omagh bombing 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10242:Clonoe ambush 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10183:Silverbridge 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10167:Fort Victoria 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9973:Jonesborough 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9788:Bloody Friday 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9753:Bloody Sunday 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9660: 9655: 9653: 9648: 9646: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9623: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9537: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9357: 9353: 9347: 9343: 9338: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9299: 9294: 9290: 9284: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9261: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9242: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9101: 9090:on 6 May 2019 9089: 9085: 9081: 9076: 9072: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9043: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8967: 8962: 8958: 8956:9780761926887 8952: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8891: 8886: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8753: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8715: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7929: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7796: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7758: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7474: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7451:Cain (2020). 7449: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7066:De Groot 2016 7062: 7055: 7050: 7048: 7040: 7039:Carlsten 2007 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7001: 6996: 6990:, p. 89. 6989: 6984: 6977: 6976:Williams 2012 6972: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6952:Williams 2012 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6928:O'Cadhla 2022 6924: 6917: 6916:O'Cadhla 2022 6912: 6905: 6900: 6898: 6890: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6866: 6865:O'Cadhla 2017 6861: 6855:, p. 12. 6854: 6853:Sweeney 1993b 6849: 6842: 6837: 6830: 6829:O'Cadhla 2017 6825: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6790:Scarlata 2014 6786: 6784: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6761: 6756: 6749: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6682: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6625:Reinisch 2020 6621: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6476: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6432:Weinberg 1992 6428: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6405:Thatcher 2011 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6359:, p. 84. 6358: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6342:, p. 44. 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6300: 6294:, p. 81. 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6246:, p. 84. 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6169:, p. 78. 6168: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6119: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6057:O'Keeffe 1984 6053: 6046: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5964: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5762: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5603:, p. 58. 5602: 5597: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5247:, p. 74. 5246: 5241: 5235:, p. 73. 5234: 5229: 5223:, p. 62. 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5168:, p. 39. 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5115:, p. 68. 5114: 5109: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5086:, p. 65. 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5062:, p. 16. 5061: 5056: 5050:, p. 25. 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4852:, p. 30. 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4828:, p. 34. 4827: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4804:, p. 43. 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4751:, p. 85. 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4633:, p. 33. 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4590:, p. 62. 4589: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4551:, p. 61. 4550: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4459:, p. 78. 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4288:Campbell 2015 4284: 4278:, p. 70. 4277: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4226: 4221: 4215:, p. 68. 4214: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4066:, p. 94. 4065: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3876: 3870:, p. 94. 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3780:, p. 76. 3779: 3774: 3772: 3764: 3759: 3753:, p. 97. 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3705:, p. 20. 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3666:, p. 67. 3665: 3660: 3654:, p. 61. 3653: 3648: 3646: 3639:, p. 67. 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3561:, p. 62. 3560: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3505:, p. 83. 3504: 3499: 3492: 3491:Aretxaga 1995 3487: 3485: 3477: 3476:Aretxaga 1995 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3442:, p. 58. 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3418:, p. 26. 3417: 3412: 3410: 3403:, p. 97. 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3350:Purbrick 2023 3346: 3340:, p. 50. 3339: 3334: 3328:, p. 51. 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3239:, p. 73. 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3210:, p. 12. 3209: 3204: 3197: 3196:McCleery 2015 3192: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3121:Sweeney 1993a 3117: 3110: 3105: 3099:, p. 21. 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2973: 2966: 2965:Belfast Lough 2962: 2958: 2952: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2877:maiden speech 2874: 2868: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2794: 2787: 2777: 2776:John Gardiner 2771: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2739: 2733:'s half-hour 2732: 2731:Stephen Burke 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2697:sound effects 2694: 2691:as Sands and 2690: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2679:Steve McQueen 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:documentaries 2630: 2627: 2624:and the play 2623: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2550:Christy Moore 2547: 2539: 2536: 2515: 2506: 2499: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:Robben Island 2434: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:Michael Dwyer 2410: 2403: 2402:County Armagh 2399: 2394: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2208:Bloody Sunday 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2135:21 September 2134: 2131: 2129:James Devine 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2115:14 September 2114: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2061:24 September 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1995:26 September 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1830:Martin Hurson 1828: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1744:Joe McDonnell 1742: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1633: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578:The original 1571: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1560:Don Concannon 1557: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:Martin Hurson 1473: 1467: 1461: 1459: 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851:, as well as 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 828: 826: 822: 821: 815: 814: 809: 804: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 767:Austin Currie 764: 760: 759:Frank Maguire 757: 753: 743: 740: 736: 732: 726: 725:to go about." 721: 717: 712: 706: 701: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 672: 666: 663: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 606: 601: 594: 590: 581: 579: 578: 573: 568: 565: 564:war of nerves 561: 557: 553: 549: 541: 537: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 512: 507: 503: 499: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 455:Eamonn McCann 451: 447: 443: 438: 435: 431: 427: 419: 415: 411: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 390: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 361: 360:Kieran Nugent 355: 354:dirty protest 351: 341: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 262: 258: 254: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 214:Joseph Whitty 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 191: 190: 183: 177: 172: 168: 165:This was not 164: 160: 154: 152: 148: 142: 115: 111: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 68: 67:hunger strike 64: 63:dirty protest 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 41:prisoners in 40: 36: 32: 23: 19: 15301: 14980: 14959: 14938: 14910: 14868: 14840: 14819: 14798: 14784: 14763: 14707: 14686: 14665: 14651: 14637: 14623: 14616: 14609: 14595: 14574: 14553: 14518: 14476: 14420: 14392: 14386:Falls Curfew 14378: 14364: 14350: 14341:Major events 14122:Official IRA 14038:British Army 14011:Participants 14003:The Troubles 13875:Lenny Murphy 13840:Jerry McCabe 13810:Heidi Hazell 13780:Gerard Evans 13691:Clan na Gael 13646:(allegedly " 13623:Kevin Fulton 13600:Supergrasses 13588:Séanna Walsh 13573:Gerard Tuite 13568:Bobby Storey 13563:Jimmy Steele 13523:Marian Price 13463:Conor Murphy 13308:Paul Marlowe 13303:Larry Marley 13233:Brian Keenan 13188:Angelo Fusco 13163:Dessie Ellis 13158:Rose Dugdale 13128:Hugh Doherty 13113:Marion Coyle 13093:Peter Cleary 13078:Gerard Casey 12999:(Volunteers) 12932: 12931:Crossmaglen 12793:Coagh ambush 12715: 12648: 12506: 12250:Falls Curfew 12161:Organisation 12116: 12112:Anti H-Block 12062:IRA campaign 12047:The Troubles 12037:An Phoblacht 11949: 11942: 11929:Thatchergate 11850:The Audience 11848: 11845:(2010, 2013) 11840: 11821: 11813: 11805: 11797: 11789: 11781: 11773: 11765: 11757: 11749: 11741: 11733: 11725: 11717: 11709: 11701: 11622: 11614: 11606: 11465:3rd ministry 11382:2nd ministry 11338: 11302:1st ministry 11290:2nd–3rd term 11240:Conservatism 11100:Billy Wright 10962:Patsy O'Hara 10932:Stephen King 10917:Tony Gregory 10779: 10775:Anti H-Block 10740:Official IRA 10730:The Troubles 10569:James Devine 10454:Patsy O'Hara 10424: 10303: 10302:Crossmaglen 10212:Coagh ambush 10184: 10166: 10143: 10135: 10134: 10106: 9998: 9997: 9974: 9708:Falls Curfew 9683: 9667:The Troubles 9611: 9592: 9573: 9554: 9535: 9516: 9497: 9478: 9459: 9442: 9438: 9419: 9402: 9399:Irish Jurist 9398: 9379: 9360: 9341: 9331:24 September 9329:. Retrieved 9320: 9297: 9278: 9259: 9240: 9223: 9219: 9186: 9182: 9165: 9161: 9142: 9123: 9104: 9092:. Retrieved 9088:the original 9083: 9060: 9041: 9022: 9003: 8984: 8965: 8946: 8927: 8908: 8889: 8877:. Retrieved 8873:the original 8860: 8837: 8818: 8799: 8774: 8770: 8751: 8732: 8713: 8694: 8677: 8673: 8656: 8652: 8633: 8614: 8595: 8576: 8559: 8555: 8536: 8517: 8498: 8479: 8460: 8441: 8422: 8403: 8384: 8365: 8346: 8327: 8308: 8289: 8270: 8251: 8232: 8213: 8194: 8182:. Retrieved 8178:the original 8165: 8142: 8123: 8106: 8102: 8083: 8064: 8045: 8026: 8009: 8005: 7986: 7967: 7950: 7946: 7927: 7908: 7889: 7870: 7851: 7832: 7813: 7794: 7775: 7756: 7737: 7718: 7699: 7680: 7661: 7644: 7640: 7621: 7602: 7583: 7575: 7561: 7542: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7496: 7477: 7465:. Retrieved 7461:the original 7456: 7433: 7414: 7397: 7393: 7374: 7354: 7335: 7316: 7297: 7279:Ten Men Dead 7278: 7259: 7247:. Retrieved 7243:the original 7238: 7224:24 September 7222:. Retrieved 7214:The Guardian 7213: 7192: 7188: 7169: 7150: 7131: 7123:Bibliography 7114:McIlroy 2001 7109: 7097: 7085: 7078:McIlroy 2001 7073: 7061: 7034: 7022: 7017:, p. 9. 6995: 6983: 6971: 6964:Rolston 1992 6959: 6947: 6935: 6923: 6911: 6904:Rolston 2011 6884: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6802:Chaplin 2021 6797: 6775:Maillot 2005 6755: 6748:Maillot 2005 6743: 6736:Maillot 2005 6731: 6719: 6712:Maillot 2005 6707: 6695: 6688:Sanders 2012 6673:Maillot 2005 6668: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6577:Moloney 2007 6558:Sanders 2012 6553: 6546:Moloney 2007 6541: 6534:Moloney 2010 6529: 6517: 6475: 6468:Moloney 2007 6463: 6456:O'Hearn 2017 6451: 6444:Maillot 2005 6439: 6427: 6420:English 2003 6400: 6393:Carroll 2023 6388: 6376: 6364: 6340:O'Brien 1993 6335: 6328:Coogan 2002b 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6256:English 2003 6251: 6239: 6227: 6220:English 2003 6198: 6191:Wharton 2015 6186: 6174: 6162: 6155:Grisham 2014 6076: 6069:Wharton 2015 6064: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6001: 5989: 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4162: 4150: 4113:Moloney 2007 4045:O'Hearn 2017 4040: 4028: 4016: 4009:English 2003 3974: 3962: 3950: 3943:O'Hearn 2006 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3875: 3863: 3856:Wahidin 2016 3836: 3824: 3797: 3785: 3778:McKeown 2001 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3659: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3581: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3440:Bréadún 2015 3435: 3423: 3401:Coogan 2002a 3396: 3389:O'Brien 1993 3374:O'Brien 1993 3369: 3362:Sanders 2012 3357: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3292: 3285:Coogan 2002b 3280: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3237:Coogan 2002a 3232: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3097:Bradley 2009 3092: 3080: 3060: 3043: 3034: 3021: 3008: 2995: 2986:Ten Men Dead 2985: 2978: 2972: 2951: 2941: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2897: 2890:High Treason 2884: 2867: 2858: 2845: 2831: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2803: 2793: 2780: 2770: 2752: 2734: 2723:David O'Hara 2719:Aidan Gillen 2711:Helen Mirren 2707:Terry George 2700: 2682: 2671:Maeve Murphy 2666:Silent Grace 2664: 2653: 2646:Margo Harkin 2641: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2612:Irish famine 2580: 2553: 2531: 2504: 2462:politician, 2453: 2449:Fidel Castro 2441:South Africa 2430: 2406: 2381: 2366: 2359: 2339: 2334: 2328: 2305: 2281: 2253: 2241: 2233: 2205: 2189:Jack Holland 2176:The Guardian 2175: 2173: 2095:7 September 1975:4 September 1931:6 September 1722:Patsy O'Hara 1603:Affiliation 1577: 1564: 1546: 1538: 1524: 1503: 1475: 1469: 1464: 1454: 1450: 1430: 1427:North London 1416:Longshoremen 1398:Red Brigades 1318: 1294: 1280:brinkmanship 1272: 1268: 1263: 1246:Jimmy Carter 1242: 1228: 1218: 1196: 1174: 1140: 1137:petrol bombs 1129: 1105: 1073:Lord Farnham 1067:, a British 1058: 1055:Markets area 1022: 1006:The Guardian 1004: 999: 988: 984: 955: 899: 882:New Barnsley 829: 824: 818: 811: 782:Anti H-Block 775: 749: 739:Patsy O'Hara 728: 723: 719: 714: 702: 694: 680:, which the 674: 668: 664: 656: 649: 632: 608: 603: 598: 575: 569: 545: 495: 482:John Turnley 463: 446:West Belfast 439: 407: 357: 337:colonial war 269:The Troubles 266: 240:(1974), and 230:Jack McNeela 195: 171:Irish saints 156: 150: 144: 124: 71: 59:paramilitary 35:the Troubles 30: 28: 18: 15182:peace lines 15178:Segregation 13931:Nick Spanos 13926:Sammy Smyth 13916:(allegedly) 13908:(allegedly) 13705:Derivatives 13558:Frank Stagg 13553:Pat Sheehan 13548:Seán Savage 13543:Bobby Sands 13533:Paddy Quinn 13508:Rita O'Hare 13413:Billy McKee 13388:Pat McGeown 13378:Tom McFeely 13318:Alex Maskey 13238:Gerry Kelly 13203:Dessie Grew 13183:Bernard Fox 13153:Colin Duffy 13148:Pat Doherty 13133:Joe Doherty 13123:Matt Devlin 13073:Owen Carron 13048:Paul Butler 13008:Paddy Agnew 12714:Derrygorry 12647:Aughanduff 12335:M62 bombing 12137:Disappeared 11914:Blatcherism 11826:(2024 film) 11810:(2011 film) 11794:(2011 film) 11778:(2009 film) 11770:(2008 film) 11738:(2002 play) 11730:(1991 film) 11467:(1987–1990) 11384:(1983–1987) 11304:(1979–1983) 11260:Premiership 11245:Free market 11235:Thatcherism 11173:(1959–1992) 11164:(1975–1990) 11156:(1979–1990) 11095:Trevor King 11075:John Morley 11070:Henry Byrne 11032:Derivatives 10997:Hugh Torney 10957:Colm Murphy 10942:Kevin Lynch 10927:Seamus Grew 10922:Dessie Grew 10892:Miriam Daly 10872:Jimmy Brown 10614:Owen Carron 10556:Bernard Fox 10538:Matt Devlin 10533:Pat McGeown 10523:Paddy Quinn 10469:Kevin Lynch 10439:Bobby Sands 10142:Derrygorry 10105:Aughanduff 10045:Kesh ambush 9698:RTÉ bombing 9189:: 421–437. 9168:: 179–189. 8777:: 349–363. 8680:: 195–214. 8659:: 262–286. 8562:: 449–467. 8109:: 317–324. 7647:: 298–317. 7195:: 123–148. 7015:Kearns 2006 6988:Jarman 1998 6877:Millar 2020 6760:Porter 2011 6661:O'Rawe 2010 6649:O'Rawe 2010 6637:O'Rawe 2005 6613:O'Rawe 2005 6522:O'Rawe 2005 6510:Walker 2006 6495:Walker 2006 6480:Walker 2006 6381:Miller 2016 6369:Savage 2017 6357:Miller 1994 6179:Mentel 2024 6167:Howard 2006 6021:Taylor 1997 5982:Mentel 2024 5943:O'Rawe 2005 5868:Walker 2006 5853:Mentel 2024 5829:Taylor 1997 5706:O'Rawe 2005 5694:Taylor 2001 5670:Taylor 1997 5616:Walker 2006 5197:Taylor 1997 5154:Walker 2006 5084:Walker 2006 5060:O'Rawe 2010 4802:McEvoy 2001 4766:McEvoy 2001 4749:McEvoy 2001 4703:Taylor 1997 4643:O'Rawe 2005 4537:Feeney 2003 4445:Taylor 1997 4365:Dawson 2007 4341:Murray 1998 4300:Murphy 2007 4143:Taylor 1997 4128:Taylor 1997 4064:Walker 2006 3994:Walker 2006 3829:Clarke 1987 3817:O'Rawe 2005 3727:Taylor 1999 3664:O'Rawe 2005 3637:Walker 2006 3625:Walker 2006 3601:Taylor 1997 3574:Taylor 1997 3544:Taylor 1997 3527:Alonso 2007 3464:Taylor 1997 3428:Kenney 2017 3326:Curtis 1998 3297:Bourke 2003 3261:Walker 1984 3249:McEvoy 2001 3157:Fierke 2013 3145:Binchy 1982 2759:suffragette 2709:, starring 2687:, starring 2600:Yann Goulet 2587:wall murals 2560:transported 2464:Lord Browne 2398:Crossmaglen 2197:Airey Neave 2185:Cromwellian 2048:Bernard Fox 1962:Matt Devlin 1940:Pat McGeown 1874:Paddy Quinn 1808:Kevin Lynch 1656:Bobby Sands 1580:pathologist 1511:Kevin Lynch 1507:Paddy Quinn 1494:Lord Gowrie 1490:James Prior 1341:Lech Walesa 1208:Gerry Adams 1170:Jack Hermon 1158:Toomebridge 1150:Chris Ryder 1071:judge, and 1065:James Comyn 1031:when three 951:Fianna Fáil 935:Paddy Agnew 911:Owen Carron 845:Neil Blaney 820:Irish Times 808:Bowyer Bell 803:Enniskillen 763:by-election 686:Edward Daly 636:Bobby Sands 593:Maze prison 530:Tom McFeely 511:Easter 1916 459:Miriam Daly 325:Merlyn Rees 321:Billy McKee 297:Nissen huts 285:County Down 242:Frank Stagg 226:Tony D'Arcy 222:Denny Barry 198:Thomas Ashe 189:Senchas Már 147:W. B. Yeats 82:Bobby Sands 15322:Categories 15225:Free Derry 14298:Vigilantes 14182:Vigilantes 13956:Sammy Ward 13895:Paul Quinn 13755:Joe Bratty 13659:Associates 13648:Stakeknife 13538:Billy Reid 13528:Liam Quinn 13483:Ed O'Brien 13333:Fra McCann 13313:Leo Martin 13293:Paul Magee 13258:Jim Lynagh 13253:Sean Kelly 13243:John Kelly 13098:Kevin Coen 13053:Joe Cahill 11951:John Major 11842:Handbagged 11695:television 11663:(daughter) 11644:(husband) 11332:Gang of 25 11016:Associates 11002:Sammy Ward 10643:Key events 10634:John Magee 10629:Denis Faul 10624:Basil Hume 10362:See also: 10341:1997 riots 9693:1969 riots 8771:Philosophy 6889:Boyle 2002 6724:Adams 2017 6292:Sales 1997 6244:Rowan 2004 6232:White 2006 5793:Flynn 2011 5718:Bates 2021 5544:Craig 2014 5428:Scull 2019 5344:Scull 2019 5332:Scull 2019 5296:Adams 2003 5284:Moore 2016 5221:Scull 2019 5185:Kelly 2021 5113:Mentel2024 5012:Smyth 1987 4976:Ryder 2002 4667:White 2017 4631:Moore 2024 4561:Smyth 1987 4457:Sales 1997 4329:Kelly 2021 4276:Tonge 2002 4186:Kelly 2021 4094:Sands 1981 4079:White 2017 3967:Kelly 2021 3931:Kelly 2021 3802:White 1993 3679:Maume 2015 3273:Darby 2006 3184:Healy 1982 3172:White 1993 3085:Yeats 2010 3073:References 3001:letterhead 2675:Orla Brady 2419:. In 1997 2329:Blanketmen 2316:protection 2298:in Spain. 2288:Diyarbakır 2199:, who was 2141:3 October 2121:3 October 2101:3 October 2081:3 October 2075:31 August 2055:24 August 2039:3 October 2033:17 August 2017:3 October 2011:10 August 1953:20 August 1909:20 August 1584:starvation 1528:Cahal Daly 1390:union flag 1337:Solidarity 1162:receptions 1154:Falls Road 1069:High Court 1060:Lost Lives 1033:balaclavad 991:ball point 970:Trotskyist 913:, Sands's 862:. Several 860:John Magee 790:Harry West 788:candidate 778:Gerry Fitt 697:Ed Moloney 273:internment 248:Internment 210:Joe Murphy 108:See also: 104:Background 15026:Sinn Féin 14785:1990–1997 14351:1967–1972 14164:Saor Éire 13890:Tim Parry 13795:Billy Fox 13726:Prominent 13583:Roy Walsh 13448:Ian Milne 13028:Ivor Bell 12813:1992–1997 12706:1990–1991 12651:shootdown 12544:1980–1989 12237:1970–1979 12027:Sinn Féin 11887:Paintings 11815:The Crown 11783:The Queen 11648:baronetcy 11409:CCSU case 11355:"Rejoice" 11268:Ministers 10987:Mary Reid 10604:Jim Prior 10389:Stailc 81 10306:shootdown 10187:shootdown 10146:shootdown 10109:shootdown 9977:shootdown 9445:: 61–76. 9232:0268-540X 9226:: 10–14. 9211:153564309 8869:0307-1235 8568:0037-7791 8174:976446658 8018:1043-1578 8012:: 69–91. 7406:682393804 7400:: 20–33. 6589:Ross 2011 6118:Cain 2020 6006:Benn 1990 5994:Ross 2011 5931:Ross 2011 5919:Ross 2011 5817:Ross 2011 5766:Ross 2011 5754:Ross 2011 5048:Ross 2011 4862:Ross 2011 4655:Ross 2023 4525:Ross 2011 4421:Ross 2011 4264:Ross 2011 4252:Ross 2011 4240:Ross 2011 3790:Ross 2011 3739:Finn 2019 3715:Ross 2011 3691:Ross 2011 3652:Ross 2011 3613:Ross 2023 3559:Ross 2011 3503:Ross 2011 3416:Ross 2011 2988:in 1987." 2936:directly. 2782:compounds 2681:directed 2650:Les Blair 2636:(such as 2151:Aftermath 1989:3 August 1865:8 August 1821:1 August 1799:2 August 1729:22 March 1707:22 March 1685:15 March 1556:Tony Benn 1535:Responses 1441:half mast 1437:editorial 1419:boycotted 1386:consulate 1333:Reykjavík 1142:The Times 1089:Reservist 1051:New Lodge 907:Ard Fheis 902:abstained 868:Roy Mason 825:The Times 624:Taoiseach 466:loyalists 450:left wing 434:Sinn Féin 382:at Armagh 309:internees 267:Although 182:Cealachan 98:Sinn Féin 53:withdrew 15308:Category 15267:Finances 15204:Unionism 14967:NI riots 14372:NI riots 14150:Real IRA 13728:killings 12077:Weaponry 12051:Timeline 11966:Category 11775:Margaret 11693:Film and 11676:" (1989) 11669:(father) 11518:Gulf War 11285:1st term 11280:Cold War 11228:Ideology 11171:Finchley 10846:(denied) 10714:and the 9451:43104132 9411:44027778 9325:Archived 9174:24298351 8115:18841651 7959:30090444 7218:Archived 4213:Wee 2007 2957:diplomat 2669:, from 2482:, Dublin 2425:Hartford 2138:13 days 2118:20 days 2098:27 days 2078:34 days 2058:32 days 2036:48 days 2014:55 days 1992:55 days 1972:52 days 1969:14 July 1950:42 days 1928:70 days 1925:29 June 1906:60 days 1903:22 June 1887:31 July 1884:47 days 1881:15 June 1862:62 days 1843:13 July 1840:46 days 1818:71 days 1796:73 days 1774:13 days 1754:61 days 1732:61 days 1710:61 days 1688:59 days 1666:66 days 1663:1 March 1620:Illness 1321:effigies 1210:and IRA 1180:Response 1166:Bellaghy 1126:Funerals 1081:landmine 1042:car bomb 374:slop out 281:RAF base 244:(1976). 236:(1946), 232:(1940), 228:(1940), 224:(1923), 220:(1923), 216:(1923), 212:(1920), 208:(1920), 204:(1920), 200:(1917), 15253:Parades 14073:Ireland 13805:Ian Gow 12935:downing 12718:downing 12716:Gazelle 12509:downing 12507:Gazelle 12228:Actions 12015:General 11954: → 11941:← 11924:Honours 11907:Related 11861:Statues 11405:(1984) 11351:(1982) 11169:MP for 10815:Attacks 10723:General 10144:Gazelle 9975:Gazelle 9673:Ireland 9094:22 July 8879:28 July 8791:3750951 8184:21 July 7249:28 July 3027:surgery 2507:in 1847 2415:of the 2296:Basques 2292:Chiapas 2165:Bogside 1947:9 July 1859:8 June 1837:28 May 1815:23 May 1793:22 May 1777:26 May 1771:14 May 1757:8 July 1735:21 May 1713:21 May 1691:12 May 1588:coroner 1347:—where 1339:leader 1160:—where 769:of the 562:. 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Knowledge

1981 Irish hunger strike

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