Knowledge

1982 Finnish presidential election

Source đź“ť

72: 159: 152: 79: 832: 278: 1553: 778: 27: 888:'s inevitable retirement, Koivisto was pressured to resign in the spring of 1981. He refused, telling Kekkonen that he would continue as prime minister until a lack of parliamentary support for his government was shown. Koivisto's survival despite Kekkonen's challenge was seen by some observers as the end of an era in which the president had dominated Finnish public life. 891:
In autumn 1981 failing health forced Kekkonen to resign the presidency, and Koivisto assumed the duties of the office until the presidential election set for January 1982, two years ahead of schedule. He won handily, with the Social Democratic Party receiving 43% of the votes with a turnout of 81.3%
876:. After the war he returned to his native city, and through years of part-time study, earned a doctorate in sociology in 1956. He was active within the moderate wing of the SDP, yet did not seek an elective office. He began his banking career by directing a large employees' savings bank in 883:
Summoned again in 1979 to serve as prime minister, Koivisto retained the public's esteem and became a strong potential candidate for the presidential election scheduled for 1984. Seen by Centre Party politicians as a threat to their party's hold on the presidency after
867:
and, for a short time, as minister of finance, he had won the public's respect for the accuracy of his economic forecasts. His personality and considerable media astuteness also won him a very considerable personal popularity across party lines. Born in 1923 in
2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 851:
to be elevated to the country's highest post, and his election meant the full integration of Social Democrats into Finnish public life and an end to the postwar dominance of the
843:
in January 1982. The public elected presidential electors to an electoral college on 17 and 18 January. They in turn elected the president. The result was a victory for
896:
candidate, he won, with 167 votes, on the first ballot of the electoral college. His popularity remained high during his first term, and he easily won re-election in
1519: 863:
Koivisto had been a leading public figure since the late 1960s, when he had served as prime minister for two years. During the 1970s, as governor of the
2206: 71: 818: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 549: 544: 539: 1541: 2183: 2238: 831: 456: 451: 2253: 1958: 745: 741: 725: 692: 791: 1496: 1329: 988: 893: 446: 189: 1549: 1355: 1006: 604: 567: 398: 2201: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 627: 527: 522: 517: 301: 434: 2248: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2021: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1251: 934: 897: 848: 574: 503: 498: 493: 439: 355: 251: 104: 51: 41: 424: 2243: 811: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1534: 1114: 468: 761: 753: 1966: 1429: 1042: 609: 463: 338: 2145: 804: 718: 1527: 1096: 417: 374: 311: 1780: 673: 351: 1277: 952: 584: 429: 109: 599: 306: 296: 1303: 970: 852: 654: 589: 316: 236: 184: 1565: 393: 1976: 1557: 482: 334: 8: 2097: 1407: 1298: 1024: 268: 169: 158: 1381: 1350: 1060: 635: 368: 1078: 1492: 1324: 174: 1424: 151: 864: 402: 344: 1376: 1402: 1246: 844: 782: 731: 247: 89: 78: 2232: 1484: 1272: 885: 232: 94: 892:--and 145 of the electors. With the support of some electors pledged to the 873: 614: 594: 361: 1509: 277: 579: 2193: 877: 1552: 840: 869: 1513:, Library of Congress Call Number DL1012 .A74 1990. 1215: 2230: 223: 2219:Elections in brackets were not public elections 839:Two-stage presidential elections were held in 1535: 1507:Text from PD source: US Library of Congress: 835:President Koivisto was first elected in 1982. 812: 1542: 1528: 819: 805: 830: 872:, the son of a carpenter, he fought in 2231: 1523: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1186: 1173: 1160: 1147: 917: 1558:Elections and referendums in Finland 1489:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 1206: 13: 1501: 1330:Finnish People's Democratic League 989:Finnish People's Democratic League 894:Finnish People's Democratic League 19:1982 Finnish presidential election 14: 2265: 2239:Presidential elections in Finland 1478: 1551: 776: 276: 157: 150: 77: 70: 25: 908: 762:Politics of the European Union 585:National Coalition Party (KOK) 457:Regional Administrative Courts 1: 2254:January 1982 events in Europe 1471: 858: 575:Social Democratic Party (SDP) 1115:Finnish People's Unity Party 605:Swedish People's Party (RKP) 452:Supreme Administrative Court 7: 1487:& Philip Stöver (2010) 1465:Source: Nohlen & Stöver 1200:Source: Nohlen & Stöver 726:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 693:Wellbeing services counties 302:Declaration of Independence 10: 2270: 1097:Constitutional Right Party 903: 847:, the first member of the 2249:1982 elections in Finland 2215: 2192: 2144: 2096: 1975: 1957: 1779: 1564: 1464: 1460: 1443: 1439: 1417: 1199: 1187:Registered voters/turnout 1143: 1129: 926: 923: 920: 228:President before election 221: 141: 62: 35: 23: 2244:1982 elections in Europe 1510:A Country Study: Finland 1430:Finnish Christian League 1278:National Coalition Party 1043:Finnish Christian League 953:National Coalition Party 628:Administrative divisions 610:Christian Democrats (KD) 1566:Parliamentary elections 1252:Social Democratic Party 935:Social Democratic Party 849:Social Democratic Party 1977:Presidential elections 1356:Swedish People's Party 1007:Swedish People's Party 836: 742:Diplomatic missions of 834: 469:Chancellor of Justice 447:Administrative Courts 196:Electoral vote 116:Electoral vote 1781:Municipal elections 1408:Finnish Rural Party 1299:Johannes Virolainen 1212: 1161:Invalid/blank votes 1025:Finnish Rural Party 914: 665:Ekonomiska regioner 615:Movement Now (LIIK) 600:Left Alliance (VAS) 595:Green League (VIHR) 590:Centre Party (KESK) 269:Politics of Finland 170:Johannes Virolainen 20: 2098:European elections 1351:Jan-Magnus Jansson 1211: 913: 837: 783:Finland portal 464:Prosecutor General 207:Popular vote 129:Popular vote 110:National Coalition 47:17–18 January 1982 18: 2226: 2225: 1497:978-3-8329-5609-7 1469: 1468: 1207:Electoral college 1204: 1203: 829: 828: 719:Foreign relations 699:Hyvinvointialueet 568:Political parties 262: 261: 258: 257: 243:Elected President 217: 216: 58: 57: 2261: 1959:County elections 1556: 1555: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1482: 1425:Raino Westerholm 1213: 1210: 915: 912: 821: 814: 807: 785: 781: 780: 779: 706: 687: 668: 649: 580:Finns Party (PS) 435:Courts of Appeal 280: 264: 263: 224: 161: 154: 81: 74: 64: 63: 37: 36: 30: 29: 28: 21: 17: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2211: 2188: 2140: 2092: 1971: 1953: 1775: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1518: 1517: 1506: 1502: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1209: 1079:Ă…land Coalition 911: 906: 865:Bank of Finland 861: 825: 796: 792:Other countries 777: 775: 774: 767: 766: 758: 750: 738: 721: 711: 710: 707: 696: 695: 688: 677: 676: 669: 658: 657: 650: 639: 638: 630: 620: 619: 570: 560: 559: 556: 532: 508: 485: 474: 473: 440:District Courts 420: 410: 409: 403:Jussi Halla-aho 389: 381: 380: 345:Alexander Stubb 330: 322: 321: 312:Law enforcement 292: 271: 250: 245: 235: 230: 222: 142: 31: 26: 24: 12: 11: 5: 2267: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2148: 2146:Sámi elections 2142: 2141: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1524: 1516: 1515: 1500: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1403:Veikko Vennamo 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1325:Kalevi Kivistö 1322: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1247:Mauno Koivisto 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 986: 983: 982: 979: 976: 973: 968: 965: 964: 961: 958: 955: 950: 947: 946: 943: 940: 937: 932: 929: 928: 925: 922: 919: 910: 907: 905: 902: 860: 857: 845:Mauno Koivisto 827: 826: 824: 823: 816: 809: 801: 798: 797: 795: 794: 788: 787: 786: 769: 768: 765: 764: 757: 756: 749: 748: 737: 736: 735: 734: 732:Elina Valtonen 722: 717: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 703:VälfärdsomrĂĄde 691: 689: 674:Municipalities 672: 670: 653: 651: 634: 631: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 571: 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 555: 554: 547: 542: 535: 533: 531: 530: 525: 520: 515: 514:Parliamentary: 511: 509: 507: 506: 501: 496: 492:Presidential: 489: 486: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 471: 466: 461: 460: 459: 454: 444: 443: 442: 437: 432: 425:General Courts 421: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 406: 405: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 371: 366: 365: 364: 352:Prime Minister 349: 348: 347: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 273: 272: 267: 260: 259: 256: 255: 248:Mauno Koivisto 240: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 204: 203: 200: 197: 193: 192: 187: 182: 178: 177: 175:Kalevi Kivistö 172: 167: 163: 162: 155: 148: 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 130: 126: 125: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 90:Mauno Koivisto 87: 83: 82: 75: 68: 60: 59: 56: 55: 49: 44: 33: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2266: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485:Dieter Nohlen 1481: 1477: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1273:Harri Holkeri 1271: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1228: 1214: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 984: 980: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 966: 962: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 948: 944: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 930: 916: 901: 899: 895: 889: 887: 886:Urho Kekkonen 881: 879: 875: 871: 866: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 833: 822: 817: 815: 810: 808: 803: 802: 800: 799: 793: 790: 789: 784: 773: 772: 771: 770: 763: 760: 759: 755: 752: 751: 747: 743: 740: 739: 733: 729: 728: 727: 724: 723: 720: 715: 714: 704: 700: 694: 690: 685: 681: 675: 671: 666: 662: 656: 652: 647: 643: 637: 633: 632: 629: 624: 623: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 569: 564: 563: 553: 552: 548: 546: 543: 541: 537: 536: 534: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 513: 512: 510: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 491: 490: 488: 487: 484: 478: 477: 470: 467: 465: 462: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 448: 445: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 430:Supreme Court 428: 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 414: 413: 404: 400: 397: 396: 395: 392: 391: 385: 384: 376: 372: 370: 367: 363: 360: 359: 357: 353: 350: 346: 343: 342: 340: 336: 333: 332: 326: 325: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 288: 287: 284: 283: 279: 275: 274: 270: 266: 265: 254: 253: 249: 244: 241: 239: 238: 234: 233:Urho Kekkonen 229: 226: 225: 220: 212: 209: 206: 205: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 171: 168: 165: 164: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: 145: 140: 136: 134: 131: 128: 127: 123: 121: 118: 115: 114: 111: 108: 106: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95:Harri Holkeri 93: 91: 88: 85: 84: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 65: 61: 54: → 53: 50: 48: 45: 43: 40:←  39: 38: 34: 22: 16: 2052: 1769: 1508: 1503: 1488: 1480: 1377:Helvi Sipilä 1304:Centre Party 1225:Second round 971:Centre Party 909:Popular vote 890: 882: 874:World War II 862: 853:Centre Party 838: 702: 698: 683: 679: 664: 660: 645: 641: 550: 373:Ministries ( 362:Petteri Orpo 307:Human rights 297:Constitution 246: 242: 231: 227: 132: 119: 46: 15: 2194:Referendums 1222:First round 1174:Total votes 1148:Valid votes 754:Ambassadors 661:Seutukunnat 655:Sub-regions 388:Legislative 2233:Categories 1472:References 859:Background 746:in Finland 730:Minister: 538:European: 394:Parliament 369:Government 166:Candidate 86:Candidate 1216:Candidate 1190:3,921,005 1177:3,188,056 1151:3,177,525 1133:3,177,525 939:1,370,314 642:Maakunnat 483:elections 418:Judiciary 335:President 329:Executive 133:1,370,314 1382:Liberals 1061:Liberals 878:Helsinki 684:Kommuner 646:Landskap 317:Military 213:348,359 210:534,515 137:593,271 1491:, p630 1011:121,519 993:348,359 975:534,515 957:593,271 904:Results 841:Finland 636:Regions 481:Recent 399:Speaker 147:  67:  1495:  1456:100.00 1450:100.00 1180:100.00 1164:10,531 1136:100.00 1083:11,119 1065:56,070 1047:59,885 1029:71,947 680:Kunnat 237:Centre 185:Centre 181:Party 101:Party 1444:Total 1337:10.63 1317:17.61 1311:17.61 1291:19.27 1285:19.27 1265:55.48 1259:48.17 1236:Votes 1230:Votes 1219:Party 1193:81.31 1154:99.67 1130:Total 1101:9,532 996:10.96 978:16.82 960:18.67 942:43.13 927:Seats 921:Votes 918:Party 870:Turku 291:State 2207:1994 2202:1931 2184:2023 2179:2019 2174:2015 2169:2011 2164:2007 2159:2003 2154:1999 2136:2024 2131:2019 2126:2014 2121:2009 2116:2004 2111:1999 2106:1996 2088:2024 2083:2018 2078:2012 2073:2006 2068:2000 2063:1994 2058:1988 2053:1982 2048:1978 2043:1968 2038:1962 2033:1956 2028:1950 2022:1946 2015:1943 2008:1940 2002:1937 1997:1931 1992:1925 1986:1919 1967:2022 1949:2021 1944:2017 1939:2012 1934:2008 1929:2004 1924:2000 1919:1996 1914:1992 1909:1988 1904:1984 1899:1980 1894:1976 1889:1972 1884:1968 1879:1964 1874:1960 1869:1956 1864:1953 1859:1950 1854:1947 1849:1945 1844:1936 1839:1933 1834:1930 1829:1928 1824:1925 1819:1924 1814:1923 1809:1922 1804:1921 1799:1920 1794:1919 1789:1918 1770:2027 1764:2023 1759:2019 1754:2015 1749:2011 1744:2007 1739:2003 1734:1999 1729:1995 1724:1991 1719:1987 1714:1983 1709:1979 1704:1975 1699:1972 1694:1970 1689:1966 1684:1962 1679:1958 1674:1954 1669:1951 1664:1948 1659:1945 1654:1939 1649:1936 1644:1933 1639:1930 1634:1929 1629:1927 1624:1924 1619:1922 1614:1919 1609:1917 1604:1916 1599:1913 1594:1911 1589:1910 1584:1909 1579:1908 1574:1907 1493:ISBN 1437:0.00 1415:0.33 1395:0.33 1389:0.33 1369:3.65 1363:3.65 1343:3.65 1167:0.33 1122:0.03 1104:0.30 1086:0.35 1068:1.76 1050:1.88 1032:2.26 1014:3.82 898:1988 551:2024 545:2019 540:2014 528:2023 523:2019 518:2015 504:2018 499:2012 494:2006 375:list 356:list 339:list 190:SKDL 52:1988 42:1978 1453:301 1447:301 1262:167 1256:145 1139:301 1119:994 945:144 252:SDP 202:11 199:53 124:58 120:167 105:SDP 2235:: 1366:11 1360:11 1340:11 1334:32 1314:53 1308:53 1288:58 1282:58 1017:11 999:32 981:53 963:58 900:. 880:. 855:. 744:/ 701:, 682:, 663:, 644:, 401:: 358:) 341:) 2024:) 2020:( 2017:) 2013:( 2010:) 2006:( 1988:) 1984:( 1543:e 1536:t 1529:v 1434:0 1412:1 1392:1 1386:1 1239:% 1233:% 1125:0 1107:0 1089:1 1071:1 1053:0 1035:1 924:% 820:e 813:t 806:v 705:) 697:( 686:) 678:( 667:) 659:( 648:) 640:( 377:) 354:( 337:(

Index

1978
1988


Mauno Koivisto
Harri Holkeri
SDP
National Coalition


Johannes Virolainen
Kalevi Kivistö
Centre
SKDL
Urho Kekkonen
Centre
Mauno Koivisto
SDP
Politics of Finland

Constitution
Declaration of Independence
Human rights
Law enforcement
Military
President
list
Alexander Stubb
Prime Minister
list

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑