530:, an English-language newspaper housed in the same building, was also attacked. Communal violence increased, particularly in the eastern neighborhoods of the city, where residents stated that Hindus were attacking Muslim houses, with the support of the police. Several hundred houses were burned down, and many thousands of people, most of whom were Muslims, were displaced and were forced into a relief camp. Government records stated that 17 people were killed in the violence on 23 April alone; unofficial tallies put the number at 50, with 85 people injured. The extent of the violence led to protests against the role of the police, demands for an inquiry, and demands for the removal of the state government led by Solanki. On 29 April, the central government denied a demand by the opposition parties in Gujarat to dismiss Solanki's government.
509:, a neighborhood in the eastern part of Ahmedabad, while police used "excessive force" against demonstrators in another part of the city. The army was called back into the city on 16 April, and would remain for the next three months. The students who had been arrested were released on 18 April, but the agitation continued. Despite the army's presence, a dozen people were killed in the first two days after its deployment, and looting and arson also continued to occur. Communal violence increased, as did violence on the part of the police. Complaints against the police became so frequent that a court barred them from entering some regions of the city; the army was tasked with patrolling them instead.
616:
commission would be appointed to examine the existing 10% reservation for underprivileged castes after 1988. The army was withdrawn from the city on 17 July, but during and immediately after its withdrawal further violence occurred. Seven people were killed, five of them in police firing, on 18 July, and eight more on 22 July. During the period of transition, 60 people were killed, and 138 reported injured. Most of the violence during this period was communal. The curfew ended at the beginning of August. The government reached an agreement with striking employees in the middle of August, after which the strike was called off and schools reopened.
421:
688:
the bootleg liquor industry in the nominally dry state. Shani suggestion that the killing of police sub-inspector
Mahendrasingh Rana in May was the result of conflicts between local bootleggers and the police over payoffs that the police were receiving. Nonetheless, police testimonies in court blamed Rana's death on communal violence. The commission that investigated the riots found another incident, initially described as caste-based violence, which it stated was the result of conflicts between bootleggers.
41:
684:
legislative assembly who during the riots in 1981 had assaulted them gave them money, food, and weapons during the 1985 violence. Muslims were used as scapegoats during the riots by many Hindu politicians, as it allowed them to unify Hindu voters and gain their support. This shift from caste-based violence to communal violence also strengthened the Hindu nationalist movement, and specifically strengthened the BJP's standing in
Gujarat.
382:
challenged upper caste political dominance. Gujarat saw violent reactions by upper caste groups when the policy of reservation was introduced beginning in 1975; rioting occurred in 1975, and more severe riots in 1981, when more than fifty people, mostly members of underprivileged castes, had been killed. The agitation in 1981 began after reservations were implemented in post-graduate medical courses, and was begun by
543:, Mahendrasingh Rana, was shot dead in a Hindu neighborhood. Muslims were immediately blamed for the murder; over the next few days, 33 people were killed and several more were injured. Many of the casualties were victims of stabbings, particularly in the older parts of the town, and arson and stone-pelting also continued. Leaders of three political parties from the opposition, the BJP, the
571:
so, the government conceded to most of the demands of the anti-reservation agitators; however, the agitation continued, with demands being made for the abolition of the existing 10% quota for "socially and economically backward classes" after 1988. A second notable incident of violence occurred soon after, when, on 20 June, a Hindu religious procession coincided with Muslim celebrations of
439:
committee, called the All-Gujarat
Educational Reform Action Committee (AGERAC), and began an indefinite strike, boycotting all exams. In response, the government closed all schools and colleges. Students initially responded with boycotts and protest marches, but their agitation soon turned violent. Government and municipal property saw considerable damage as a result of
575:, despite a prior agreement between the organizers of the procession and the government. Despite the army's presence in the area, the two celebrations degenerated into violence. The subsequent day, thousands of Muslim women defied the curfew to protest the army's conduct during the violence, and demanding government action against the leaders of the procession.
449:, or general strike, on 25 February. The strike was observed in some parts of the city but not others. It received the support of some lawyers and doctors organizations, as well as of student groups associated with the BJP. Most members of these groups, which had also supported the 1981 agitations, came from upper caste and upper-class backgrounds.
692:
was also described as using the violence for political gains. In contrast, when riots reoccurred in 1986, the
Congress government in Delhi acted to suppress the riots far more quickly than it had the previous year. The BJP and its affiliates were also described as playing a more direct role in the violence. According to reformist and activist
497:, or truncheons, demonstrators stated that police had damaged houses and assaulted women, and demanded an investigation. Student organisations supporting and opposing reservation clashed at a statewide gathering. Incidents grew more violent as the month progressed, despite a curfew being reimposed on some parts of the city on 13 April.
551:, went on a hunger strike demanding Solanki's removal. The government also faced pressure from those supporting the reservation, who threatened to "revolt" if the additional quotas of 18% were not enacted. Negotiations took place between the student protestors and the government, but failed to reach any agreement.
675:
castes, Muslims, and adivasis, such as in
Solanki's KHAM coalition, led to the belief among upper castes that all "minorities" were responsible for this threat. Conversely, despite their newfound social mobility, lower caste people were often denied social acceptance, which led to mounting frustration among them.
691:
Scholar Howard Spodek wrote that the breakdown of law and order was at least partially affected by the lack of a clear chain of command within the
Congress party, and in particular the party's reluctance to remove Solanki from power because of his electoral success in March 1985. Solanki's government
538:
The extent of violence again declined briefly in the last week of April and the first week of May. Demonstrations continued; a strike by government employees, initially as a protest against police atrocities but subsequently demanding an end to reservation in government jobs, was described as drawing
305:
were frequently declared. The violence died down in August 1986, after
Solanki had resigned, and an agreement had been reached with the agitators. Ahmedabad's Muslims were the main victims; approximately 100 were killed, several hundreds badly injured, 2,500 of their houses destroyed, and 12,000 made
696:, the BJP organized the riots to cause the downfall of the Solanki government. According to the government commission that investigated the riots, members of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and the Vishva Hindu Parishad, along with those of the BJP, played a role in intensifying the violence.
470:
being decreed by the government at 10:30 PM. Hindu groups attacked
Muslims in the Dariapur neighborhood; three people were slain, and eight others injured. The next day, the Indian army was summoned to restore order, but incidents of both religious and caste-based violence continued. On 23 March the
683:
During the riots, in primarily upper caste neighborhoods, lower castes were the main targets of violence; in working-class regions, however, Muslims were the primary targets, and the perpetrators of violence often had the support of the police. According to testimony from Dalits, members of the BJP
570:
In response to these incidents, the
Solanki government decided to delay the proposed changes to the reservation policy, and set up a judicial commission to investigate the violence that had occurred. The commission was led by a judge, V. S. Dave, and was referred to as the Dave commission. In doing
465:
on 18 March, a number of violent incidents occurred, mostly targeting the police, buses, and government establishments; the police recorded more than fifty such incidents. That evening, the first religious or communal violence began in an area between a Hindu neighborhood and a Muslim neighborhood,
438:
Although the changes to the reservation policy were announced in
January, no large-scale reactions occurred until mid-February. At that point, students of an engineering college in Ahmedabad decided to boycott their preliminary examinations, scheduled for 18 February, in protests. Students formed a
398:
These caste-based tensions persisted over the next few years, even though only a fraction of the quotas set aside for underprivileged castes were filled. In February 1985, resentment among upper castes about the changes to the reservation policy again led to rioting, as members of privileged castes
687:
In addition to the immediate conflict over the reservation policy, several factors have been described as driving the violence of 1985. The conflict was exacerbated by land developers seizing an opportunity to remove slum dwellers from desired property by any available means, and by conflicts over
615:
The violence continued despite Solanki's dismissal. The strike by government employees continued, and grew in strength. The government eventually reached an understanding with the agitating students on 18 July, when it announced that the 18% increase in reservations would not be implemented, and a
583:
Those protesting the reservation policy began demanding Solanki's immediate resignation in July. The violence at the end of June had led to conflict within the Congress party as well, with multiple allies of Solanki making public statements favoring his removal. Bombings and stabbings continued to
562:
on 5 June, citing the "governmentβs inability to maintain law and order". Widespread violence occurred on this day, including when a crowd of 200 women attempted to enforce the shutdown by stopping traffic. During the violence that occurred over the next few days, 34 people were killed. Notably, a
452:
On 28 February, a passenger on a bus died when it was burned, but a lull in the violence followed during the first week of March. Elections to the Gujarat State Assembly were held as scheduled during this period, and the Congress, led by Solanki, won 149 of the 182 constituencies. Solanki formed a
373:
for people from "backward" groups be increased from 10% to 28%, and that their caste identity be removed as a criterion for accessing this quota. To solidify its support among lower caste groups before statewide elections scheduled for March 1985, in January of that year the government implemented
295:
that increased the benefits to people from "backward" classes. Resentment over this policy among upper castes led to an agitation against it that began in February 1985. The agitation initially took the form of boycotts and protest marches, but quickly turned violent. Government property and buses
674:
The caste-related violence and the communal violence have been described as having a common origin. People belonging to upper castes saw the increasing social and economic opportunity available to lower castes as threatening their status and their caste identity. Political alliances between lower
309:
Historians and commentators have stated that the caste-related violence and the communal violence had a common origin. Upper castes felt threatened by the increasing social and economic opportunity available to lower castes, and by political alliances between underprivileged castes, Muslims, and
457:
was called for 18 March. In response, the government decided to postpone any changes to the reservation policy by a year, defer exams in schools and universities, and to publish the commission report that had recommended changes to the reservation policy. The agitators hardened their position,
381:
Beginning in the 1970s, growing social mobility among underprivileged castes had led to growing insecurity among upper castes. This intensified after successive Congress governments made a concerted effort to build lower caste support, and the lower caste-based coalition Solanki put together
500:
The week between 16 and 23 April was described by a subsequent commission of inquiry as the "darkest period" of the 1985 violence. On 16 April the anti-reservation student group announced a "fill the jail" campaign, which led to more than a thousand students being arrested. Dalits and
314:. The rioting that was triggered by caste-related tensions thus turned into communal violence, and Muslims, who played no role in the reservation debate, were victimized. The religious violence that occurred also strengthened the Hindu nationalist movement: for example, the
679:
groups, including the BJP, were able to offer a Hindu identity as an antidote to both these groups. As a result, the violence that began over caste-related tensions turned into communal violence, and Muslims, who played no role in the reservation debate, were victimized.
539:
the support of one million workers. The strike ended on 7 May after the employees withdrew their demand, and the government committed to publishing the report of a 1981 commission studying reservation. Clashes between Hindus and Muslims resumed on 8 May after a police
629:
The number of people killed in the riots of 1985 has been estimated at 220, and 275. The city police recorded 662 "incidents and offences" related to caste-based violence, and 743 related to communal violence. The property damage was approximately equal to 2200
650:
was widely observed, and 24 people were killed during it. The violence that occurred in 1986 was made more severe by a desire for revenge across communities in Ahmedabad, driven by the incidents of the previous year. Soon after the shutdown on 12 July, Indian
639:, the commission of inquiry appointed to look into the riots reported a picture of "uncontrolled rage, destruction and at times the utter collapse of the rule of law and social order" both in the city of Ahmedabad and in other parts of the state.
634:
at the time ($ 1.75 billion). The Muslim community of the city were the main victims of the riots; approximately 100 were killed, several hundreds badly injured, 2,500 of their houses destroyed, and 12,000 made homeless. According to scholar
394:
students of a medical government college in Ahmedabad. Although the government acceded to their demands within a week, the agitation intensified, and led to widespread atrocities against Dalits in particular over more than three months.
453:
cabinet in which 14 of the 20 ministers were members of his KHAM caste coalition. After this, the student agitation resumed; more buses were attacked, along with private vehicles, and two buses were burned. Another statewide
490:, a thousand people were arrested when they tried to hold a rally. A movement emerged in support of reservation, demanding the implementation of new quotas. After an anti-reservation rally on 4 April was dispersed by the
284:, were also affected. Between 220 and 275 people were killed in the violence, while several thousands of others were injured, and tens of thousands were displaced. The riots also caused widespread property damage.
567:, a Hindu community, were burned alive, and the fire brigade that arrived to put out the blaze was prevented from doing so. Hindus in the neighborhood reacted by looting and burning stores owned by Muslims.
300:
also began to occur, as the city's Muslim minority were targeted. The state police frequently condoned, and in some cases participated in, the violence. The Indian Army was called in to patrol the city, and
1339:
478:
visited the city; the same day, three members of AGERAC were arrested for "abetting communal violence". The rioting abated soon after; the curfew was lifted, and by 2 April the army moved out.
255:
399:
began attacking government property. However, the riots rapidly turned into religious violence, as members of the Muslim minority were targeted. Gujarat had been the locus of India's worst
443:
and stone-pelting. The participants in the agitation were largely upper caste students, and the violence was initially confined to the western part of the city. AGERAC called for a
2098:
592:, who became Gujarat's first adivasi Chief Minister. The composition of the cabinet was shuffled to include some Patels and Banias, in an effort to balance its caste composition.
555:
486:
Although the violence had briefly abated, the conflict over reservation continued in the month of April. Boycotts and rallies continued to occur; in Gujarat's capital of
248:
374:
this increase; in addition to reserved jobs for Dalits, Adivasis, and "Socially and Economically Backward Classes", 18% of government positions were now set aside for "
642:
Communal violence broke out again in Ahmedabad in 1986. These riots were also triggered by a Hindu religious procession on 9 July. A Hindu organisation called for a
326:, along with those of the BJP, also played a role in exacerbating the violence. Solanki's government was also described as using the violence for political gains.
241:
2068:
2001:
1551:
Shani, Ornit (15 October 2010). "Bootlegging, politics and corruption: state violence and the routine practices of public power in Gujarat (1985β2002)".
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where a Muslim boy was hit on the head by a thrown stone. Communal violence continued through the night in the adjacent neighborhoods, despite a
2128:
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214:
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350:, traditionally known as a warrior caste, but by that time a disparate group of lower castes looking to improve their status; Harijans, or
378:". However, contrary to the commission's recommendation, the government did not remove caste as a criterion for accessing this job quota.
2023:
369:
The Solanki government created a "Backward Classes Commission", which in 1983 recommended that proportion of government jobs that were
891:
Spodek, Howard (August 2009). "Reviewed Work(s): Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat by Ornit Shani".
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Laxman Desai, was killed. In reaction, the police abandoned their post and "went on a rampage." Police attacked the premises of the
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being sent to investigate. On 6 July, Solanki resigned under pressure from the Congress party's high command. He was replaced by
95:
666:, and an attempt by the same Hindu group to hold another procession was prevented by the police, who feared further violence.
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on 12 July, citing Muslim attacks during the procession, although responsibility for those attacks was not determined. The
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318:'s influence grew in Gujarat. According to the government commission that investigated the riots, members of the
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and the Central Reserve Police Force, were brought in to patrol the city. 61 people were detained under the
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was returned to power. Since 1977, Solanki had built a successful political coalition based on support from
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1994:
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32:
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1340:"Gujarat violence takes a menacing turn with police going on a rampage, public retaliating"
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522:, a newspaper that had previously criticized the police violence, and burned their
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flew into the city, and soon after 54 companies of security forces, including the
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occur, prompting members of the Indian government and of the Congress party from
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Iyengar, Sudarshan; Patel, Sujata (13 July 1985). "Violence with a Difference".
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362:, or indigenous tribes; and Muslims. The coalition was known by the moniker "
85:
Led to 220β275 deaths, thousands of injuries and displaced tens of thousands.
64:
1079:
The New Cambridge History of India: The Politics of India Since Independence
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1644:"From Gandhi to Violence: Ahmedabad's 1985 Riots in Historical Perspective"
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India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India
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began in February 1985 and lasted till August, in the Indian state of
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were targeted by largely upper caste protesters. Beginning in March,
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Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat
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The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond
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The situation deteriorated further four days later, when
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In January 1985 the Gujarat government of Chief Minister
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under control, was made head of the state's police.
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stating that they wanted an end to all reservation.
280:; some other cities, including the state capital of
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2015:
1081:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 260β263.
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276:. Most of the rioting occurred in the city of
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1338:Menon, Ramesh; Kumar, Ajay (15 May 1985).
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973:Sheth, Suchitra; YΔjΓ±ika, Acyuta (2005).
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855:A Companion to the Anthropology of India
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18:1985 communal violence in Gujarat State
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291:announced a change in its policy of
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604:with a reputation for bringing the
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320:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
45:Location of Gujarat state in India
14:
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2024:20th-century mass murder in India
857:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2004.
731:Violence against Muslims in India
434:of 25 was particularly effective.
2079:Caste-related violence in India
2074:1985 labor disputes and strikes
1553:South Asian History and Culture
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625:Casualties and further violence
1627:. Cambridge University Press.
1024:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003).
1:
1602:Engineer, Asghar Ali (2003).
759:Economic and Political Weekly
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481:
1565:10.1080/19472498.2010.507022
893:The Journal of Asian Studies
602:Central Reserve Police Force
403:since partition, during the
336:Gujarat Legislative Assembly
54:February 1985 to August 1985
7:
2144:Far-right politics in India
2134:1985 mass shootings in Asia
1030:. Hurst. pp. 325β326.
726:Religious violence in India
699:
556:Gujarat Chamber of Commerce
225:Religious violence in India
33:Religious violence in India
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2029:Anti-Muslim riots in India
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2094:Police brutality in India
1972:
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1661:10.1017/S0026749X00010209
905:10.1017/S0021911809990581
716:2017 Northern India riots
330:Background and motivation
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72:
58:
50:
38:
30:
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2139:Spree shootings in India
2084:General strikes in India
1732:Indian Rebellion of 1857
977:. Penguin. p. 256.
410:
354:, historically known as
340:Indian National Congress
220:Violence against Muslims
192:2013 Muzaffarnagar riots
162:1987 Hashimpura massacre
122:1948 Hyderabad massacres
105:Violence against Muslims
1642:Spodek, Howard (1989).
1077:Brass, Paul R. (1994).
416:February and March 1985
334:In the election to the
167:1989 Bhagalpur violence
132:1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots
2124:Criminal rock-throwing
2104:Bus incidents in India
853:Fuller, C. J. (2011).
620:Aftermath and analysis
435:
376:Other Backward Classes
316:Bharatiya Janata Party
187:2006 Malegaon bombings
2064:1985 murders in India
1623:Shani, Ornit (2007).
664:National Security Act
660:Border Security Force
461:During the statewide
423:
342:government headed by
324:Vishva Hindu Parishad
230:Religious persecution
2059:History of Ahmedabad
1818:1983 Nellie massacre
1813:1980 Moradabad riots
1648:Modern Asian Studies
1608:. Orient Blackswan.
711:1980 Moradabad riots
579:July and August 1985
344:Madhav Singh Solanki
289:Madhav Singh Solanki
177:1993 Pangal massacre
152:1983 Nellie massacre
147:1980 Moradabad riots
107:in independent India
2119:1980s fires in Asia
2034:Mass murder in 1985
1924:2017 Northern India
1605:The Gujarat Carnage
1588:, pp. 776β778.
1536:, pp. 768β770.
1512:, pp. 777β779.
1495:, pp. 777β778.
1471:, pp. 772β773.
1459:, pp. 771β772.
1432:, pp. 19, 111.
1311:, pp. 770β771.
1254:, pp. 769β770.
1223:, pp. 768β769.
1187:, pp. 767β769.
1058:, pp. 767β768.
939:, pp. 158β160.
830:, pp. 765β766.
694:Asghar Ali Engineer
558:called for another
210:Freedom of religion
197:2014 Assam violence
142:1970 Bhiwandi riots
127:1964 Calcutta riots
1995:Religious violence
1899:2013 Muzaffarnagar
1727:ParsiβMuslim riots
1359:, pp. 82, 85.
706:1969 Gujarat riots
670:Causes and impacts
590:Amarsinh Chaudhary
436:
405:1969 Gujarat riots
338:held in 1980, the
270:1985 Gujarat riots
182:2002 Gujarat riots
157:1985 Gujarat riots
137:1969 Gujarat riots
26:1985 Gujarat riots
2011:
2010:
1793:1967 Ranchi-Hatia
1768:Direct Action Day
1747:Malabar rebellion
1737:1857 Bharuch riot
1401:, pp. 86β87.
1380:, pp. 85β86.
1328:, pp. 84β85.
1286:, pp. 83β84.
1269:, pp. 82β83.
1242:, pp. 81β82.
1206:, pp. 80β81.
1175:, pp. 79β80.
1146:, pp. 15β16.
1134:, pp. 16β17.
1122:, pp. 62β66.
1107:, pp. 66β70.
1088:978-0-521-45362-2
956:, pp. 12β13.
813:, pp. 87β88.
765:(28): 1174β1175.
677:Hindu nationalist
534:May and June 1985
401:communal violence
298:communal violence
266:
265:
172:1992 Bombay riots
89:
88:
2151:
2089:Looting in India
2044:1980s in Gujarat
2039:Crime in Gujarat
1934:2018 Ambalapattu
1904:2015 Ballabhgarh
1889:2012 Azad Maidan
1722:Bombay Dog Riots
1701:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1638:
1619:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1287:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1224:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1059:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1006:
1000:
989:
988:
970:
957:
951:
940:
934:
925:
924:
899:(3): 1017β1019.
888:
869:
868:
850:
831:
825:
814:
808:
775:
774:
754:
721:2020 Delhi riots
598:Director General
563:family of eight
524:printing presses
519:Gujarat Samachar
424:The old city of
258:
251:
244:
202:2020 Delhi riots
108:
91:
90:
43:
23:
22:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1968:
1939:2019 Ponparappi
1919:2017 Saharanpur
1862:
1838:1985 Karamchedu
1751:
1710:
1705:
1635:
1616:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1405:
1397:
1384:
1376:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1307:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1202:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1075:
1062:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1009:
1001:
992:
985:
971:
960:
952:
943:
935:
928:
889:
872:
865:
851:
834:
826:
817:
809:
778:
755:
744:
739:
702:
672:
627:
622:
581:
536:
484:
418:
413:
332:
262:
206:
114:Major incidents
106:
104:
68:
46:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Arson in India
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2002:Caste violence
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1973:Related topics
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:2020 Bangalore
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:2016 Dhulagarh
1911:
1909:2016 Kaliachak
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:2008 Kandhamal
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1858:1994 Anti-Urdu
1855:
1850:
1848:1990 Hyderabad
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:1984 anti-Sikh
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:Riots in India
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1654:(4): 765β795.
1639:
1634:978-0521727532
1633:
1620:
1615:978-8125024965
1614:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1559:(4): 494β508.
1538:
1526:
1524:, p. 159.
1514:
1497:
1485:
1483:, p. 765.
1473:
1461:
1449:
1447:, p. 772.
1434:
1422:
1420:, p. 771.
1403:
1382:
1361:
1349:
1330:
1313:
1288:
1271:
1256:
1244:
1225:
1208:
1189:
1177:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1109:
1094:
1087:
1060:
1043:
1037:978-1850653981
1036:
1007:
1005:, p. 769.
990:
984:978-0144000388
983:
958:
941:
926:
870:
864:978-1405198929
863:
832:
815:
776:
741:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
701:
698:
671:
668:
656:P. Chidambaram
626:
623:
621:
618:
594:Julius Ribeiro
580:
577:
535:
532:
514:Head Constable
483:
480:
473:Prime Minister
417:
414:
412:
409:
331:
328:
264:
263:
261:
260:
253:
246:
238:
235:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
116:
115:
111:
110:
100:
99:
87:
86:
82:
81:
74:
70:
69:
62:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
28:
27:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2156:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Arson in 1985
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:2021 Kawardha
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:2006 Vadodara
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:1984 Bhiwandi
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:1970 Bhiwandi
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:1964 Calcutta
1786:
1784:
1783:1961 Jabalpur
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:1946 Noakhali
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1158:, p. 80.
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1004:
999:
997:
995:
986:
980:
976:
969:
967:
965:
963:
955:
954:Engineer 2003
950:
948:
946:
938:
933:
931:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
866:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
829:
824:
822:
820:
812:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
749:
747:
742:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
697:
695:
689:
685:
681:
678:
667:
665:
661:
657:
654:
653:Home Minister
649:
645:
640:
638:
633:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
576:
574:
568:
566:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
541:sub-inspector
531:
529:
528:Western Times
525:
521:
520:
515:
510:
508:
504:
498:
496:
495:
492:police using
489:
479:
477:
474:
469:
464:
459:
456:
450:
448:
447:
442:
433:
432:
427:
422:
408:
406:
402:
396:
393:
389:
385:
379:
377:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
307:
304:
299:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
239:
237:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
102:
101:
97:
93:
92:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
65:Gujarat State
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
21:
16:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1964:2023 Manipur
1959:2021 Tripura
1929:2017 Baduria
1894:2013 Canning
1874:2002 Gujarat
1867:21st century
1833:1985 Gujarat
1832:
1798:1969 Gujarat
1756:20th century
1715:19th century
1651:
1647:
1624:
1604:
1581:
1556:
1552:
1529:
1517:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1425:
1352:
1343:
1333:
1247:
1180:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1078:
1026:
974:
896:
892:
854:
762:
758:
690:
686:
682:
673:
647:
643:
641:
628:
614:
582:
569:
559:
553:
545:Janata Party
537:
527:
517:
511:
499:
493:
485:
476:Rajiv Gandhi
462:
460:
454:
451:
444:
437:
429:
428:, where the
397:
380:
368:
356:untouchables
333:
308:
286:
269:
267:
156:
20:
15:
1853:1992 Bombay
1843:1987 Meerut
1778:1957 Ramnad
1763:1927 Nagpur
1586:Spodek 1989
1534:Spodek 1989
1510:Spodek 1989
1493:Spodek 1989
1481:Spodek 1989
1469:Spodek 1989
1457:Spodek 1989
1445:Spodek 1989
1418:Spodek 1989
1344:India Today
1309:Spodek 1989
1252:Spodek 1989
1221:Spodek 1989
1185:Spodek 1989
1056:Spodek 1989
1003:Spodek 1989
828:Spodek 1989
637:Ornit Shani
573:Eid al-Fitr
505:clashed in
488:Gandhinagar
293:reservation
282:Gandhinagar
2049:1985 riots
2018:Categories
1944:2020 Delhi
1808:1974 Worli
1742:1882 Salem
1522:Shani 2007
1430:Shani 2007
1399:Shani 2007
1378:Shani 2007
1357:Shani 2007
1326:Shani 2007
1284:Shani 2007
1267:Shani 2007
1240:Shani 2007
1204:Shani 2007
1173:Shani 2007
1156:Shani 2007
1144:Shani 2007
1132:Shani 2007
1120:Shani 2007
1105:Shani 2007
937:Shani 2007
811:Shani 2007
737:References
606:underworld
547:, and the
482:April 1985
348:Kshatriyas
306:homeless.
80:, looting.
63:Cities of
1988:Massacres
1670:145762249
1573:144011645
921:162251011
426:Ahmedabad
278:Ahmedabad
76:Killing,
913:20619847
700:See also
507:Saraspur
371:reserved
360:Adivasis
322:and the
312:adivasis
96:a series
94:Part of
59:Location
31:Part of
1596:Sources
771:4374584
600:of the
565:Dabgars
549:Lok Dal
471:Indian
392:Patidar
384:Brahmin
303:curfews
274:Gujarat
73:Methods
67:, India
1668:
1631:
1612:
1571:
1085:
1034:
981:
919:
911:
861:
769:
610:Mumbai
596:, the
526:; the
503:Patels
494:lathis
468:curfew
390:, and
352:Dalits
1981:Riots
1666:S2CID
1569:S2CID
917:S2CID
909:JSTOR
767:JSTOR
648:bandh
644:bandh
632:crore
586:Delhi
560:bandh
463:bandh
455:bandh
446:bandh
441:arson
431:bandh
411:Riots
388:Bania
78:arson
1629:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1032:ISBN
979:ISBN
859:ISBN
554:The
364:KHAM
268:The
51:Date
1656:doi
1561:doi
901:doi
608:in
366:".
2020::
1664:.
1652:23
1650:.
1646:.
1567:.
1555:.
1541:^
1500:^
1437:^
1406:^
1385:^
1364:^
1342:.
1316:^
1291:^
1274:^
1259:^
1228:^
1211:^
1192:^
1163:^
1112:^
1097:^
1063:^
1046:^
1010:^
993:^
961:^
944:^
929:^
915:.
907:.
897:68
895:.
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835:^
818:^
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761:.
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407:.
386:,
358:;
98:on
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1672:.
1658::
1637:.
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1575:.
1563::
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1346:.
1091:.
1040:.
987:.
923:.
903::
867:.
773:.
257:e
250:t
243:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
