545:, had been ordered by a federal mediator. On March 23, Pan Am agreed to rehire over one hundred flight attendants who had been fired for not crossing TWU's picket line. Following several days of negotiations, on March 24 both sides announced that they had come to a tentative agreement that would see an end to the strike. According to a TWU representative, the terms of the agreement were similar to the terms proposed by the company prior to the strike, but with slight changes that made them more palatable to the union. Terms included the aforementioned pay raise, alongside bonuses ranging from $ 600 to $ 1,000 and an extension in the time it takes for union members to reach the "top scale" in the company's pay scale from four to seven years. Additionally, Pan Am would be allowed to hire some part-time workers under certain circumstances. While TWU leadership urged members to vote to accept the agreement, some members were vocally opposed to the concessions. Additionally, the tentative agreement did not see an immediate end to the picketing, which would continue until a new contract were ratified. Voting on the contracts began on March 26. On March 28, the contract was ratified in a vote of 3,583 for and 2,193 against, thus bringing an end to the strike.
405:
522:, represented by the Flight Engineers International Association, also crossed picket lines and returned to work, while some flight attendants did so as well. In addition, Pan Am was recruiting some management workers to temporary fill-in as flight attendants. With the developments, Pan Am announced they soon hoped to have 50 percent of their normal number of flights operating in the next few days. However, Pan Am was still losing approximately $ 5 million per day, and both IUFA and the Teamsters maintained a strike deadline of April 1.
388:) crossed the picket lines and returned to work. Following this, TWU and Pan Am agreed to meet for negotiations, which occurred throughout March and led to a tentative agreement being reached on March 23. In a narrow vote finalized on March 28, the union agreed to accept the contract (which contained similar provisions to the proposal Pan Am had made TWU before the strike) and ended the strike. While the contract included several concessions, the union also received annual pay increases of 5 percent for the duration of the contract.
380:
with the unions requesting a lifting of the concessions that had included a pay freeze. TWU, which represented about 5,800 workers in various positions at the company, was especially vocal, and on
February 28, after failing to come to an agreement with the company, they went on strike. Initially, the four other unions agreed to honor TWU's picket lines. However, after several days, citing concerns over the negative long-term impact a prolonged strike could have on the company, several unions (including those representing
571:
that prolonged strike action could seriously jeopardize the future of financially-struggling airlines and possibly even drive them to bankruptcy. Discussing the strike and its resolution, Walsh wrote that the TWU managed to avoid permanent replacement and secured some gains to balance out their concessions. However, the success of their strike was hindered by limited support from other unions and the recognition that a prolonged strike could potentially lead to the carrier's downfall, making other concerns irrelevant.
471:, while baggage handlers similarly made several thousand dollars less than those at United. The day before the strike deadline, the union rejected the company's counteroffer of four five percent wage increases over the next three years and bonuses of $ 1,200 for mechanics and $ 900 for other union members. According to a company representative, they had been holding off on making an offer to TWU until a deal had been made with the pilots. The strike action would be the first major strike at Pan Am in 20 years.
2482:
510:
for April 1, at which time, if Pan Am and IUFA had not come to an agreement on a new contract, they would also go on strike. That same day, however, ALPA reached a return-to-work agreement with the company. The development was considered a major blow to the strike, as Pan Am announced they would begin to expand the number of flights they were offering. Pan Am CEO
430:(ALPA) took legal action and won a "snapback" of wages on December 26. Pan Am, in an effort to continue the concessions, appealed the decision, though the company lost this fight by late February 1985. Around the same time, the company began to prepare for possible strike action from the unions, with the
553:
While the strike with TWU had ended, Pan Am was still in negotiations with the flight attendants and
Teamsters. However, the company came to tentative agreements with the two unions several days later, thus avoiding further strike action. Later that year, Pan Am, still hurting financially, sold their
425:
206.8 million loss for 1984 and a $ 51 million loss for 1983. The company itself had not been profitable since 1980, and since then, over 8,000 workers had been laid off. However, in negotiations, the unions rejected an extension for these concessions. In a previous round of negotiations in 1982, the
392:
while TWU won some gains alongside some concessions, the union's efforts were hurt by a breakdown in interunion support and genuine concerns from some unions over the negative effects of a long-term strike. Following the strike, Pan Am sold some of its assets in 1985 and in 1991, the company declared
509:
By the beginning of March, the number of Pan Am flights had dropped to about 30 worldwide, including 40 percent of its international flights, but with none in the United States. By March 6, the
Chicago Tribune reported that the Independent Union of Flight Attendants (IUFA) had set a strike deadline
501:
had been significantly affected. By March 1, the company was not operating any domestic flights. At that time, no negotiations were scheduled between TWU and Pan Am, and while a company representative stated that they hoped for a quick end to the strike, agreeing to the terms set forth by TWU would
570:
would also experience strike action from unions. In all three of the 1985 cases, interunion support played a role in the strike. However, historian David J. Walsh noted the decision by other unions at Pan Am, ALPA, to return to work after a few days highlighted the concern many in these unions had
479:
The strike commenced at 12:35 a.m. on
February 28. On the first day of the strike, a TWU representative claimed that most of Pan Am's 400 daily flights would be grounded, affecting some 39,000 passengers. However, on the first day, Pan Am managed to operate about 100 flights. Starting on the first
462:
On
February 26, the union representing roughly 1,500 pilots came to a tentative agreement with the company, with the union making some concessions to the company. According to some experts in the airline industry, the agreement included 25.7 percent wage increases for the pilots spread out over 32
420:
representing 21,000 of the company's 26,000 workers for the company expired without replacements in line, with the company arguing that further concessions regarding wages and productivity levels were required from the unions in order to maintain financial stability. In the preceding years, Pan Am
379:
During the 1980s, Pan Am was struggling financially, and in the early years of the decade, its five labor unions agreed to concessions in order to help the company remain financially stable. However, in
December 1984, the labor contracts between Pan Am and the unions expired without replacements,
391:
The strike came during a difficult time in the relationship between organized labor and
American airlines, with 14 strikes occurring at airlines between 1980 and 1986. Several of these strikes saw a high degree of interunion support. Historian David J. Walsh summarized the strike by saying that,
463:
months. Despite the agreement with the pilots, TWU still maintained plans to begin striking on
February 28 and had agreements with other union leaders to honor their strike. TWU was seeking a 14 percent wage increase, which had been frozen since 1982, and additional guarantees regarding
467:. Additionally, TWU was opposed to reduction in benefits, a new two-tier pay scale, the addition of more part-time workers, and other changes the company was trying to make. At the time, maximum base pay for Pan Am mechanics was over $ 10,000 less than their counterparts at
480:
day, airports that Pan Am operates out of were picketed by the strikers. Union leaders for some of Pan Am's other unions agreed to honor TWU's strike, and while there was some questioning from the pilot's union, which had recently come to an agreement with the
554:
Pacific
Division to United Airlines. Furthermore, Pan Am's relationship with organized labor continued to be uneasy, and amidst further contract disputes in 1989, TWU voted once again to approve strike action against the company. By 1991, Pan Am declared
488:
on the first day, a union representative said he believed the strike could last a long time. As a result of the strike and subsequent groundings, people who had tickets for Pan Am flights were directed to flights from other airlines, such as
565:
The strike was watched closely by other airlines, as the 1980s saw a strain in the relationship between unions and airlines. Between 1980 and 1986, American airline companies saw 14 strikes, and in 1985 alone, both United and
497:. Additionally, in spite of union claims that the strike had grounded nearly all of Pan Am's flights, a company representative stated that 60 percent of the company's international flights were still operating, but that
458:
if they were to go on strike. In a preemptive move, Pan Am began placing advertisements recruiting new hires for the company, which one union representative claimed was "a maneuver to put pressure on the union".
525:
On March 9, TWU and Pan Am announced their first negotiation session since the start of the strike, scheduled for the following day, with the company being represented by noted labor negotiator
1881:
1344:
1226:
1473:
1266:
321:
1840:
2004:
1755:
1799:
1026:
2544:
1610:
1114:
217:
137:
1525:
506:
stated that, "A long strike can kill Pan Am", while an industry analyst stated that the strike could affect Pan Am's chances of turning a profit for the year.
979:
1088:
1447:
810:
766:
1921:
1661:
1576:
957:
704:
839:
1899:
1683:
514:
praised the pilots for "demonstrating their support for the welfare of the company, while on the other end, one TWU representative used the term "
2524:
1362:
1491:
1244:
1284:
426:
unions had agreed to a pay freeze with an agreement that pay increases would return by the end of 1984. However, as this did not happen, the
223:
2504:
290:
130:
1858:
588:
529:. Grebey had a reputation for being a hardline negotiator with anti-union leanings, and he had previously served as a negotiator for
2519:
1773:
404:
1990:
1652:"Loss of Jobs Seen if Company Wins Approval to Hire Foreign Nationals : Pan Am Zeroing In on Its Striking Flight Attendants"
174:
1817:
1048:
592:
123:
2182:
2153:
2128:
2099:
1628:
1388:
1132:
879:
1398:
889:
296:
2534:
705:"Mechanics Call Strike Against Pan American : Union Claims to Have Enough Support to Halt Most of Carrier's Flights"
2514:
596:
431:
369:
278:
272:
180:
103:
1543:
534:
339:
266:
229:
211:
2213:
247:
235:
2273:
538:
327:
192:
997:
630:
608:
Sources differ slightly on the numbers, with some claiming 19,000 union workers and a total workforce of 27,000.
1958:
1306:
1074:
2163:
Walsh, David J. (2009). "Strikes in the U.S. Airline
Industry, 1919ā2004". In Brenner, Aaron; Day, Benjamin;
1393:
884:
376:. The strike began on February 28 and ended one month later on March 28. It involved roughly 19,000 workers.
253:
186:
162:
1433:
796:
752:
345:
1935:
1726:
1651:
1566:
1186:
1154:
947:
718:
427:
1701:
853:
413:
373:
302:
2529:
2509:
2417:
284:
2141:
On Different Planes: An Organizational Analysis of Cooperation and Conflict Among Airline Unions
503:
241:
667:
2351:
2327:
2206:
8:
2315:
2303:
2279:
2087:
The Assault on Labor: The 1986 TWA Strike and the Decline of Workers' Rights in America
1886:
1845:
1804:
1760:
1688:
1615:
1530:
1478:
1349:
1271:
1231:
1119:
1031:
984:
446:) legally free to strike starting on February 28. TWU had previously staged a one-day
2441:
2429:
2423:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
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2321:
2309:
2297:
2291:
2178:
2149:
2124:
2095:
1926:
1891:
1850:
1809:
1765:
1731:
1693:
1656:
1620:
1571:
1535:
1483:
1402:
1354:
1276:
1236:
1200:
1159:
1124:
1040:
989:
952:
893:
844:
709:
637:
494:
490:
439:
385:
2109:
Sleigh, Stephen R. (1995). "The Difficulty of Sticking Together in Tough Times". In
502:
financially hurt the company and threaten its recovery. An economics professor from
2435:
2000:
1995:
1963:
1931:
1164:
1036:
849:
714:
677:
485:
308:
168:
1410:
901:
2539:
2485:
2339:
2333:
2199:
2168:
2139:
2114:
2091:
2085:
1311:
1191:
1079:
567:
559:
519:
511:
498:
468:
435:
2470:
2267:
2261:
2110:
198:
880:"How Eastern Airlines was able to dodge the strike that Pan American couldn't"
2498:
2285:
2164:
1968:
1895:
1854:
1813:
1769:
1697:
1624:
1539:
1487:
1443:
1406:
1358:
1316:
1280:
1240:
1204:
1128:
1084:
1044:
993:
897:
806:
762:
641:
542:
515:
69:
2174:
1438:
801:
757:
464:
417:
365:
81:
Union agrees to terms similar to those the company made prior to the strike
2236:
1882:"Teamsters and Pan Am Contracts: Dual Wage Scales May Prove Disruptive"
555:
526:
451:
393:
2145:
2120:
1196:
455:
64:
115:
54:
Dispute between union and company over terms of a new labor contract
1345:"Pilots Agree to Cross Picket Lines in Strike Against Pan American"
629:
Noble, Kenneth B.; Times, Special To the New York (July 12, 1985).
443:
1474:"Management Employees Coping with Tough New Jobs in Pan Am Strike"
1267:"Around the Nation; Pan Am and Unionists Seem Set for Long Strike"
672:
484:, they also agreed not to cross the picket line. Speaking to the
481:
447:
1389:"Pan Am pilots cross pickets, saying strike cost outweighs gain"
2222:
381:
96:
1227:"Analysts Believe Pan Am Can Survive a Strike, if it's Short"
2252:
2116:
Airline Labor Relations in the Global Era: The New Frontier
1841:"Cut in Starting Pay Reported at Pan Am and Truck Concerns"
422:
1756:"For Temporary Pan Am Worker, an "Incredible Opportunity""
2191:
530:
421:
had experienced major losses, with the company posting a
2036:
2034:
2051:
2049:
368:
involving several thousand workers, all members of the
2061:
1506:
2031:
599:; and the Flight Engineers International Association.
450:
in August 1984. The other labor unions, in a show of
2046:
2019:
1800:"Striking Transport Workers Ratify Pan Am Contract"
948:"Two-Thirds of Pan Am's Flights Canceled by Strike"
753:"Pan Am Taking Steps to Protect Itself from Strike"
562:purchasing the majority of their remaining assets.
2545:Transportation labor disputes in the United States
1155:"Pickets March at Pan Am Terminals Across Country"
1115:"Transport Workers Strike, Halting Pan-Am Flights"
946:Weinstein, Henry; Dallos, Robert (March 1, 1985).
595:,;the Independent Union of Flight Attendants; the
1611:"Tentative Agreement is Reached in Pan Am Strike"
840:"Pilots, Pan Am Agree; Mechanics Threaten Strike"
2496:
1922:"United Airlines to Buy Pan Am Pacific Division"
1307:"Business Ticker: Pan Am Union Sets Strike Date"
2170:The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History
1027:"Pan Am Hit by Strike; Flights' Status Unclear"
945:
518:" to describe the pilots' actions. On March 7,
797:"Struggling for Survival, Pan Am Faces Strike"
454:, stated that they would probably honor TWU's
412:On December 31, 1984, labor contracts between
2207:
131:
1434:"Flight Engineers at Pan Am Go Back to Work"
1727:"Leader Urges Union to Accept Pan Am Offer"
668:"Pan Am Mechanics, Baggage Handlers Strike"
2214:
2200:
1526:"Union Chiefs to Meet On Strike at Pan Am"
628:
589:Air Line Pilots Association, International
138:
124:
1649:
1564:
1072:
2083:
1956:
1797:
1753:
1512:
1471:
1386:
1342:
1112:
877:
403:
1664:from the original on September 16, 2021
1579:from the original on September 15, 2021
1431:
1224:
960:from the original on September 15, 2021
794:
750:
474:
2497:
2108:
2040:
2007:from the original on February 19, 2020
1793:
1791:
1721:
1719:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1467:
1465:
1382:
1380:
1068:
1066:
941:
939:
631:"BIG STRIKES FOUND ON DECLINE IN U.S."
593:International Brotherhood of Teamsters
2525:Aviation history of the United States
2195:
2162:
2137:
2067:
2055:
2025:
1879:
1838:
1608:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1187:"Airlines: The Ground Crew Walks Out"
1108:
1106:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
145:
119:
1399:Christian Science Publishing Society
890:Christian Science Publishing Society
873:
871:
834:
832:
830:
828:
790:
788:
786:
784:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
699:
697:
695:
662:
660:
658:
1988:
1880:Noble, Kenneth B. (April 3, 1985).
1839:Noble, Kenneth B. (April 2, 1985).
1788:
1716:
1650:Weinstein, Henry (March 14, 1985).
1591:
1565:Bernstein, Harry (March 13, 1985).
1558:
1462:
1425:
1377:
1091:from the original on March 20, 2020
1073:Jouzaitis, Carol (March 13, 1985).
1063:
852:. February 27, 1985. Archived from
795:Pelline, Jeff (February 25, 1985).
717:. February 28, 1985. Archived from
13:
2505:1980s strikes in the United States
1609:Saxon, Wolfgang (March 24, 1985).
1567:"Hard-Liner Negotiates for Pan Am"
1450:from the original on June 28, 2021
1331:
1103:
1012:
916:
813:from the original on June 28, 2021
769:from the original on June 28, 2021
751:Pelline, Jeff (January 29, 1985).
597:Transport Workers Union of America
432:Transport Workers Union of America
408:A Pan Am commercial airliner, 1984
370:Transport Workers Union of America
104:Transport Workers Union of America
14:
2556:
1798:Salpukis, Agis (March 28, 1985).
1754:Salpukas, Agis (March 27, 1985).
1225:Daniels, Lee A. (March 1, 1985).
868:
825:
781:
733:
692:
655:
535:1981 Major League Baseball strike
2481:
2480:
1957:Straight, Harry (June 2, 1989).
1934:. April 22, 1985. Archived from
1472:Salpukas, Agis (March 8, 1985).
1343:Salpukas, Agis (March 7, 1985).
1113:Salpukas, Agis (March 1, 1985).
434:(TWU, representing 5,800 Pan Am
2520:1985 labor disputes and strikes
1989:Ash, Andy (February 21, 2021).
1982:
1950:
1914:
1873:
1832:
1747:
1676:
1643:
1518:
1432:Pelline, Jeff (March 8, 1985).
1299:
1259:
1218:
1179:
1147:
972:
322:Patco (air traffic controllers)
1959:"Pan Am Union Votes to Strike"
1387:Townsend, Ed (March 8, 1985).
980:"Pan Am In Accord With Pilots"
878:Townsend, Ed (March 5, 1985).
622:
602:
581:
537:. These negotiations, held at
442:, food service employees, and
1:
1991:"The rise and fall of Pan Am"
1394:The Christian Science Monitor
1075:"Pan Am Unions Under the Gun"
885:The Christian Science Monitor
615:
399:
2084:Albrecht, Sandra L. (2017).
1684:"Pan Am Flight Aides Return"
548:
34:February 28 - March 28, 1985
7:
428:Air Line Pilots Association
10:
2561:
2535:Labor relations by company
2221:
2077:
587:These unions included the
414:Pan American World Airways
374:Pan American World Airways
2515:1985 in the United States
2478:
2464:
2245:
2229:
153:
90:
85:
77:
58:
50:
40:
30:
25:
2138:Walsh, David J. (1994).
574:
224:Illinois Central shopmen
533:team owners during the
396:and ceased operations.
504:Wayne State University
409:
279:NYC teamsters truckers
193:New Orleans waterfront
1938:on September 15, 2021
1820:on September 16, 2021
1039:. February 28, 1985.
988:. February 27, 1985.
856:on September 15, 2021
721:on September 15, 2021
407:
346:Montreal longshoremen
273:Minneapolis teamsters
267:West Coast waterfront
230:West Coast waterfront
163:Great Railroad Strike
2177:. pp. 577ā589.
2173:. Armonk, New York:
2144:. Ithaca, New York:
2123:. pp. 212ā222.
2119:. Ithaca, New York:
2090:. Lanham, Maryland:
1902:on November 28, 2017
1861:on November 28, 2017
1546:on November 28, 2017
1494:on November 27, 2017
1365:on November 26, 2017
1287:on November 26, 2017
1247:on November 26, 2017
1135:on November 26, 2017
1051:on November 27, 2017
1000:on November 27, 2017
475:Course of the strike
285:Vancouver waterfront
2274:Sikorsky S-43 crash
1413:on January 20, 2021
1167:. February 28, 1985
904:on October 29, 2020
680:. February 28, 1985
539:the Roosevelt Hotel
328:SEPTA Regional Rail
291:Gulf Coast maritime
248:Portland waterfront
2456:1985 Pan Am strike
1887:The New York Times
1846:The New York Times
1805:The New York Times
1761:The New York Times
1692:. March 23, 1985.
1689:The New York Times
1616:The New York Times
1531:The New York Times
1479:The New York Times
1350:The New York Times
1272:The New York Times
1232:The New York Times
1120:The New York Times
1032:The New York Times
985:The New York Times
634:The New York Times
440:flight dispatchers
410:
362:1985 Pan Am strike
242:Seattle waterfront
26:1985 Pan Am strike
2492:
2491:
2451:
2450:
2184:978-1-317-45707-7
2155:978-1-5017-1740-6
2130:978-0-87546-344-5
2101:978-1-4985-3771-1
2070:, pp. 58ā59.
1927:Los Angeles Times
1732:Los Angeles Times
1657:Los Angeles Times
1572:Los Angeles Times
1534:. March 9, 1985.
1275:. March 5, 1985.
1160:Los Angeles Times
953:Los Angeles Times
845:Los Angeles Times
710:Los Angeles Times
495:Eastern Air Lines
491:American Airlines
386:flight attendants
355:
354:
236:NYC Harbor Strike
218:New Orleans Levee
212:Chicago teamsters
187:Buffalo switchmen
147:Transport strikes
114:
113:
110:
109:
16:1985 labor strike
2552:
2530:Aviation strikes
2510:1985 in aviation
2484:
2483:
2250:
2249:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2159:
2134:
2105:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2001:Axel Springer SE
1996:Business Insider
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1964:Orlando Sentinel
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1932:Associated Press
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:. Archived from
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1816:. Archived from
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:. Archived from
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1735:. March 26, 1985
1723:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1627:. Archived from
1606:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1542:. Archived from
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:. Archived from
1469:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1409:. Archived from
1384:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
1340:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1283:. Archived from
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:. Archived from
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1199:March 11, 1985.
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1165:Associated Press
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1131:. Archived from
1110:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1047:. Archived from
1037:Associated Press
1023:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
996:. Archived from
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
943:
914:
913:
911:
909:
900:. Archived from
875:
866:
865:
863:
861:
850:Associated Press
836:
823:
822:
820:
818:
792:
779:
778:
776:
774:
748:
731:
730:
728:
726:
715:Associated Press
701:
690:
689:
687:
685:
678:Associated Press
664:
653:
652:
650:
648:
626:
609:
606:
600:
585:
520:flight engineers
499:domestic flights
486:Associated Press
436:baggage handlers
148:
140:
133:
126:
117:
116:
92:
91:
23:
22:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2474:
2460:
2447:
2254:
2253:Accidents &
2241:
2225:
2220:
2185:
2156:
2131:
2111:Cappelli, Peter
2102:
2092:Lexington Books
2080:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1796:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1776:on May 24, 2015
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1704:on May 24, 2015
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1631:on May 24, 2015
1607:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1470:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1385:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1341:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1319:. March 6, 1985
1312:Chicago Tribune
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1111:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1080:Chicago Tribune
1071:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1003:
1001:
978:
977:
973:
963:
961:
944:
917:
907:
905:
876:
869:
859:
857:
838:
837:
826:
816:
814:
793:
782:
772:
770:
749:
734:
724:
722:
703:
702:
693:
683:
681:
666:
665:
656:
646:
644:
627:
623:
618:
613:
612:
607:
603:
586:
582:
577:
568:Alaska Airlines
560:Delta Air Lines
551:
512:C. Edward Acker
477:
469:United Airlines
402:
358:
357:
356:
351:
254:Railway shopmen
175:Great Southwest
149:
146:
144:
106:
99:
46:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:Pan Am Express
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2352:Clipper Panama
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2268:Hawaii Clipper
2265:
2262:Samoan Clipper
2258:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2165:Ness, Immanuel
2160:
2154:
2135:
2129:
2106:
2100:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2058:, p. 583.
2045:
2043:, p. 147.
2030:
2018:
1981:
1949:
1913:
1872:
1831:
1787:
1746:
1715:
1675:
1642:
1590:
1557:
1517:
1505:
1461:
1424:
1376:
1330:
1298:
1258:
1217:
1178:
1146:
1102:
1062:
1011:
971:
915:
867:
824:
780:
732:
691:
654:
620:
619:
617:
614:
611:
610:
601:
579:
578:
576:
573:
550:
547:
476:
473:
401:
398:
353:
352:
350:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
318:
317:
313:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
263:
262:
258:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
208:
207:
203:
202:
199:Pullman Strike
196:
190:
184:
178:
172:
166:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
143:
142:
135:
128:
120:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
100:
95:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
73:
72:
67:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
42:
38:
37:
36:(1 month)
32:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2557:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:Flight 845/26
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:China Clipper
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2172:
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2166:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2028:, p. 42.
2027:
2022:
2011:September 17,
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1974:September 16,
1970:
1969:Tribune Media
1966:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1942:September 15,
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1906:September 16,
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1865:September 16,
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1824:September 16,
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1780:September 16,
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1739:September 16,
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1708:September 16,
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1668:September 16,
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1635:September 15,
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1583:September 15,
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1550:September 15,
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1515:, p. 47.
1514:
1513:Albrecht 2017
1509:
1498:September 15,
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1454:September 15,
1449:
1445:
1444:Tribune Media
1441:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1417:September 15,
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1369:September 15,
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1323:September 15,
1318:
1317:Tribune Media
1314:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1291:September 15,
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1251:September 15,
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1210:September 16,
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1171:September 16,
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1139:September 15,
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1095:September 15,
1090:
1086:
1085:Tribune Media
1082:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1055:September 15,
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1004:September 16,
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
975:
964:September 15,
959:
955:
954:
949:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
908:September 15,
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
874:
872:
860:September 15,
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
835:
833:
831:
829:
817:September 15,
812:
808:
807:Tribune Media
804:
803:
798:
791:
789:
787:
785:
773:September 15,
768:
764:
763:Tribune Media
760:
759:
754:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
725:September 15,
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
700:
698:
696:
684:September 15,
679:
675:
674:
669:
663:
661:
659:
643:
639:
635:
632:
625:
621:
605:
598:
594:
590:
584:
580:
572:
569:
563:
561:
557:
546:
544:
543:New York City
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
507:
505:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
472:
470:
466:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
419:
415:
406:
397:
395:
389:
387:
383:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
314:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
141:
136:
134:
129:
127:
122:
121:
118:
105:
101:
98:
94:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
71:
70:Strike action
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:United States
43:
39:
33:
29:
24:
19:
2465:Subsidiaries
2455:
2175:M. E. Sharpe
2169:
2140:
2115:
2086:
2063:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1925:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1885:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:the original
1844:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1803:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:the original
1759:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1730:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1687:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1614:
1581:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:the original
1529:
1520:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1477:
1452:. Retrieved
1439:Sun-Sentinel
1437:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1392:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1348:
1321:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1270:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:the original
1230:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1118:
1093:. Retrieved
1078:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1030:
1002:. Retrieved
998:the original
983:
974:
962:. Retrieved
951:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
883:
858:. Retrieved
854:the original
843:
815:. Retrieved
802:Sun-Sentinel
800:
771:. Retrieved
758:Sun-Sentinel
756:
723:. Retrieved
719:the original
708:
682:. Retrieved
671:
645:. Retrieved
633:
624:
604:
583:
564:
552:
524:
508:
478:
465:job security
461:
456:picket lines
418:labor unions
411:
390:
378:
366:labor strike
361:
359:
333:
309:Longshoremen
18:
2418:Flight 1736
2316:Flight 526A
2304:Flight 1-10
2280:Flight 1104
2237:Juan Trippe
2041:Sleigh 1995
316:1980sā2000s
297:NYC tugboat
261:1930sā1970s
206:1900sā1920s
78:Resulted in
2499:Categories
2442:Flight 103
2430:Flight 759
2424:Flight 830
2412:Flight 812
2406:Flight 806
2400:Flight 816
2394:Flight 841
2388:Flight 845
2382:Flight 799
2376:Flight 708
2370:Flight 292
2364:Flight 843
2358:Flight 214
2346:Flight 115
2322:Flight 202
2310:Flight 151
2298:Flight 923
2292:Flight 121
2068:Walsh 1994
2056:Walsh 2009
2026:Walsh 1994
616:References
556:bankruptcy
527:Ray Grebey
452:solidarity
400:Background
394:bankruptcy
372:(TWU), at
181:Burlington
2436:Flight 73
2255:incidents
2230:Employees
2146:ILR Press
2121:ILR Press
1896:0362-4331
1855:0362-4331
1814:0362-4331
1770:0362-4331
1698:0362-4331
1625:0362-4331
1540:0362-4331
1488:0362-4331
1407:0882-7729
1359:0362-4331
1281:0362-4331
1241:0362-4331
1205:0040-781X
1197:Time Inc.
1129:0362-4331
1045:0362-4331
994:0362-4331
898:0882-7729
642:0362-4331
549:Aftermath
444:mechanics
416:and five
169:Camp Dump
65:Picketing
51:Caused by
2486:Category
2340:Flight 7
2334:Flight 6
2167:(eds.).
2005:Archived
1662:Archived
1577:Archived
1448:Archived
1089:Archived
958:Archived
811:Archived
767:Archived
647:July 20,
41:Location
2246:History
2113:(ed.).
2078:Sources
673:AP News
558:, with
482:airline
448:walkout
86:Parties
59:Methods
2540:Pan Am
2444:(1988)
2438:(1986)
2432:(1982)
2426:(1982)
2420:(1977)
2414:(1974)
2408:(1974)
2402:(1973)
2396:(1972)
2390:(1971)
2384:(1968)
2378:(1966)
2372:(1965)
2366:(1965)
2360:(1963)
2354:(1959)
2348:(1959)
2342:(1957)
2336:(1956)
2330:(1955)
2324:(1952)
2318:(1952)
2312:(1951)
2306:(1948)
2300:(1947)
2294:(1947)
2288:(1945)
2282:(1943)
2276:(1939)
2270:(1938)
2264:(1938)
2223:Pan Am
2181:
2152:
2127:
2098:
1894:
1853:
1812:
1768:
1696:
1623:
1538:
1486:
1405:
1357:
1279:
1239:
1203:
1127:
1043:
992:
896:
640:
382:pilots
364:was a
334:Pan Am
97:Pan Am
575:Notes
157:1800s
2179:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2013:2021
1976:2021
1944:2021
1908:2021
1892:ISSN
1867:2021
1851:ISSN
1826:2021
1810:ISSN
1782:2021
1766:ISSN
1741:2021
1710:2021
1694:ISSN
1670:2021
1637:2021
1621:ISSN
1585:2021
1552:2021
1536:ISSN
1500:2021
1484:ISSN
1456:2021
1419:2021
1403:ISSN
1371:2021
1355:ISSN
1325:2021
1293:2021
1277:ISSN
1253:2021
1237:ISSN
1212:2021
1201:ISSN
1192:Time
1173:2021
1141:2021
1125:ISSN
1097:2021
1057:2021
1041:ISSN
1006:2021
990:ISSN
966:2021
910:2021
894:ISSN
862:2021
819:2021
775:2021
727:2021
686:2021
649:2023
638:ISSN
516:scab
493:and
423:US$
384:and
360:The
348:2020
342:1997
336:1985
330:1983
324:1981
311:1971
305:1970
303:USPS
299:1946
293:1936
287:1935
281:1938
275:1934
269:1934
256:1922
250:1922
244:1919
238:1919
232:1916
226:1911
220:1907
214:1905
201:1894
195:1892
189:1892
183:1888
177:1886
171:1882
165:1877
31:Date
541:in
531:MLB
340:UPS
2501::
2148:.
2094:.
2048:^
2033:^
2003:.
1999:.
1993:.
1967:.
1961:.
1930:.
1924:.
1890:.
1884:.
1849:.
1843:.
1808:.
1802:.
1790:^
1764:.
1758:.
1729:.
1718:^
1686:.
1660:.
1654:.
1619:.
1613:.
1593:^
1575:.
1569:.
1528:.
1482:.
1476:.
1464:^
1446:.
1442:.
1436:.
1401:.
1397:.
1391:.
1379:^
1353:.
1347:.
1333:^
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