80:
constitutional convention would finalize a draft constitution. However, the eruption in late 1998 of fighting between Sassou's government forces and an armed opposition disrupted the transitional return to democracy. This new violence also closed the economically vital
Brazzaville-Pointe-Noire railroad; caused great destruction and loss of life in southern Brazzaville and in the Pool, Bouenza, and Niari regions; and displaced hundreds of thousands of persons. However, in November and December 1999, the government signed agreements with representatives of many, though not all, of the rebel groups. The December accord, mediated by President
186:
79:
In
January 1998 the Sassou regime held a National Forum for Reconciliation to determine the nature and duration of the transition period. The Forum, tightly controlled by the government, decided elections should be held in about 3 years, elected a transition advisory legislature, and announced that a
46:
Congolese democracy experienced severe trials in 1993 and early 1994. The
President dissolved the National Assembly in November 1992, calling for new elections in May 1993. The results of those elections sparked violent civil unrest in June and again in November. In February 1994 the decisions of an
50:
However, Congo's democratic progress derailed in 1997. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the
Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. The Congolese army, loyal to President Lissouba, attacked Sassou's compound in Brazzaville on June 5. While the Army said the
75:
in the morning of 16 October. Lissouba fled the capital while his soldiers surrendered and citizens began looting. France had put its 600 citizens in
Brazzaville, mostly oil workers, on alert for evacuation, but ultimately decided against the measure. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself
38:
democracy. Ending a long history of one-party
Marxist rule, a specific agenda for this transition was laid out during Congo's national conference of 1991 and culminated in August 1992 with multi-party presidential elections. Sassou-Nguesso conceded defeat and Congo's new president, Professor
413:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
174:
464:
152:
167:
67:, the new-President of the DRC, sent hundreds of troops into Brazzaville to fight on Lissouba's behalf. About 1,000 Angolan tanks, troops, and
630:
263:
258:
160:
55:
for armed insurrection, igniting a 4-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of
Brazzaville. Lissouba traveled throughout
71:
fighter jets and arms donated by the French-government bolstered Sassou's rebels. Together these forces took
Brazzaville and
182:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
408:
403:
308:
93:
24:
114:
545:
471:
47:
international board of arbiters were accepted by all parties, and the risk of large-scale insurrection subsided.
143:
84:
of Gabon, called for follow-on, inclusive political negotiations between the government and the opposition.
635:
508:
604:
553:
191:
19:
535:
528:
8:
513:
584:
558:
28:
609:
63:
in
September, asking the governments of Rwanda, Uganda, and Namibia for assistance.
579:
499:
574:
494:
56:
40:
31:, gradually slid into political controversy, culminating in a 1997-99 Civil War.
594:
589:
518:
457:
64:
60:
624:
523:
504:
34:
After decades of turbulent politics, in 1992 Congo completed a transition to
72:
52:
35:
81:
51:
operation was to search for arms, Sassou used the incident as a
480:
68:
449:
144:
Rebels, Backed by Angola, Take
Brazzaville and Oil Port
622:
465:
168:
76:president and named a 33-member government.
27:single party government and the promise of
472:
458:
175:
161:
137:
43:, was inaugurated on August 31, 1992.
623:
453:
156:
112:
13:
631:1990s in the Republic of the Congo
23:, starting with a collapse of the
14:
647:
184:
106:
94:People's Republic of the Congo
25:People's Republic of the Congo
1:
99:
7:
87:
10:
652:
567:
544:
487:
479:
199:
113:Clark, John (July 1997).
119:Petro-Politics in Congo
546:Science and technology
115:"Journal of Democracy"
600:Republic of the Congo
192:Republic of the Congo
29:multi-party democracy
20:Republic of the Congo
146:The New York Times.
618:
617:
447:
446:
643:
636:1990s by country
474:
467:
460:
451:
450:
189:
188:
187:
177:
170:
163:
154:
153:
147:
141:
135:
134:
132:
130:
110:
651:
650:
646:
645:
644:
642:
641:
640:
621:
620:
619:
614:
563:
540:
483:
478:
448:
443:
195:
185:
183:
181:
151:
150:
142:
138:
128:
126:
111:
107:
102:
90:
41:Pascal Lissouba
12:
11:
5:
649:
639:
638:
633:
616:
615:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
571:
569:
565:
564:
562:
561:
556:
550:
548:
542:
541:
539:
538:
533:
532:
531:
526:
516:
511:
502:
497:
491:
489:
485:
484:
477:
476:
469:
462:
454:
445:
444:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
197:
196:
194:(1960–present)
180:
179:
172:
165:
157:
149:
148:
136:
104:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
89:
86:
65:Laurent Kabila
61:central Africa
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
648:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
626:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
570:
566:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
549:
547:
543:
537:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
490:
486:
482:
475:
470:
468:
463:
461:
456:
455:
452:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
198:
193:
190:Years in the
178:
173:
171:
166:
164:
159:
158:
155:
145:
140:
124:
120:
116:
109:
105:
95:
92:
91:
85:
83:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
44:
42:
37:
32:
30:
26:
22:
21:
18:1990s in the
605:South Africa
599:
554:Anthropology
139:
127:. Retrieved
122:
118:
108:
78:
73:Pointe-Noire
49:
45:
33:
17:
15:
536:Video games
529:Latin music
53:casus belli
36:multi-party
625:Categories
568:By country
514:Motorsport
125:(3): 62–76
100:References
82:Omar Bongo
585:Hong Kong
559:Sociology
509:animation
610:Zimbabwe
204:Pre-1960
88:See also
57:southern
580:Morocco
500:Fashion
488:Culture
129:28 June
575:Angola
495:Comics
595:Japan
590:India
519:Music
481:1990s
264:1980s
259:1970s
524:Jazz
507:and
505:Film
439:2024
434:2023
429:2022
424:2021
419:2020
414:2019
409:2018
404:2017
399:2016
394:2015
389:2014
384:2013
379:2012
374:2011
369:2010
364:2009
359:2008
354:2007
349:2006
344:2005
339:2004
334:2003
329:2002
324:2001
319:2000
314:1999
309:1998
304:1997
299:1996
294:1995
289:1994
284:1993
279:1992
274:1991
269:1990
254:1969
249:1968
244:1967
239:1966
234:1965
229:1964
224:1963
219:1962
214:1961
209:1960
131:2011
59:and
16:The
69:MiG
627::
121:.
117:.
473:e
466:t
459:v
176:e
169:t
162:v
133:.
123:8
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.