1994 Solar Temple massacres

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visit his father; he had previously been ideologically influence by his father, but publicly expressed doubts and informed other members about the money issues, after which he was decleared an enemy, but according to his sister still loved his father. Albert Giacobino and his friend Marie-Lou Rebaudo also went to Cheiry, on the promise that they would have money paid back to them. The same day, Daniel Jaton would pick up his wife and children separately and bring them to Cheiry. At this time, Robert Falardeau (later to be killed as a "Traitor"), who Jouret despised, was in Switzerland, having been called to sign papers with Di Mambro and get his money back, intending to return to Canada as soon as he could. He already booked a return flight, and had called his wife several times, seeming normal. His flight was delayed a single day; on 2 October, he called a friend and told them that "things are happening here" that he " understand at all".

562:; he reportedly believed the antichrist was born to Antonio "Tony" and Suzanne "Nickie" Dutoi, though this interpretation has been disputed. Tony Dutoit, a Swiss citizen, was formerly very close to Di Mambro, to the point where he was considered his adopted son. He was the one in charge of the ceremonial special effects staged by the group. After 1991, he distanced himself and had threatened to reveal that the effects were fake. His wife Nicky Dutoit had been for some time responsible for educating Di Mambro's daughter. Di Mambro had previously forbidden Nicky from having children following a miscarriage, but after she left the group, she and Antonio had a son, who they named Christopher Emmanuel. The Dutoits had invited Di Mambro to be the godfather of this child; Di Mambro was deeply offended by the name similarity, the disobeying of his instructions, and that he had not been consulted in the naming of the infant. 1169:

and theses. The leadership of the OTS cared deeply about the group's legacy, and spent a large amount of time preemptively creating a "legend" through both the manifestos they mailed to various media and scholarly sources, and by destroying all evidence that would have conflicted with their own story. This plan was disrupted, as some of the ignition devices had failed. This failure left behind a large number of the Temple's written documents, some of which were found on the group's surviving computers, as well as audio and video cassettes, able to be looked through by investigators. Thanks to the documents found, the police were able to understand the workings of the community and recognize some of its members, including

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powerful positions, some of whom were very rich, a surprise to many. The group's actions were a major factor in the toughening of the fight against cults in France, resulting in a general rise in opposition against purported "cults". The acts of the Solar Temple prompted European governments to begin to monitor new and nontraditional religious movements, and also influenced the American anti-cult movement. Many scholarly theories have been advanced as to what lead to the group's actions, though the exact cause is not agreed upon. In the aftermath, many

752:. He struggled, but was stabbed repeatedly and died. As ordered by Di Mambro, these murders were carried out in a ritualistic fashion. Nicky was stabbed eight times in the back, four times in the throat, and once in each breast (each number of symbolic importance), while her husband was stabbed fifty times in the back. She, likely knowing what had happened to her husband, did not resist. Their child was stabbed six times, both with a knife and a wooden stake through the heart. The two adults died from multiple stab wounds and having their throats slit. 1149:

suicide alongside the fire, but realized that though the forensic evidence contradicted this. Continuing to search, they then found a hidden salon full of briefcases, in which they found papers mentioning the Order of the Solar Temple. At about 4 a.m., the investigators discovered the secret door within the salon, there finding the corridor that lead to the rooms with the bodies in them. Soon after this they heard news the fire in Granges-sur-Salvan, of the three villas; when the fires there died down, they found the bodies in Salvan.

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others, indicating that someone may have tried to hide them. Some of the victims had died much earlier than the others, and following their deaths their bodies were moved. Some of the dead were shot more than three times in the head. Eight victims had plastic bags over their heads: this may have been done to burn their faces faster. 20 of the dead had been shot with one gun; 21 of them had died from gunshot wounds, previously drugged with sleeping pills, with another two dying of suffocation from plastic bags (Pilet and Pfaehler).

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The day the affair was discovered, Piller invited small groups of journalists to the Cheiry scene to take pictures. That day he promoted the theory of mass suicide, despite the forensic evidence that could indicate otherwise; two days later he announced that the secret sanctuary beneath the Cheiry compound would be destroyed, saying that this was in order to not "shock the believers or attract the curious". It was viewed unnecessary to keep since there were, in his view, no outside perpetrators and no need to search. This fueled

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Templars. Huguenin had met with Di Mambro near Salvan that day, but became uncomfortable and sensed danger, smelling gasoline. When the locksmith arrived and the door opened he fled the scene last minute, which left the death toll at only 53. Vuarnet would arrive and be given the transit letters by Di Mambro: he said he did not notice anything strange, except that several members had a strange expression, especially Egger, who he said "wasn't in his right mind". What happened after this is not known.

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former member described him as "a petty criminal, willful, very easy to subjugate, very fanatical but without any spiritual scope." Genoud was loyal to Jouret, having been a member of the Golden Way since 1979. According to the SQ, they found a written ritual procedure outlining how the baby had to be killed. The drugs were acquired as well, stored in a cupboard, with Jouret writing a note on what drugs to use; he noted that children could be more resistant, so the dose of sedatives must be doubled.

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account, arguing the stake had been placed there after the fact. According to sociologists John Hall and Philip Schuyler, the SQ's account of this should be taken with a grain of salt as, due to their personal involvement in the investigation and the complaints the OTS had lodged against them in their "transit" note, they would naturally prefer a theological interpretation of motive. According to Hall and Schuyler the Dutoit deaths were more likely vengeance for Tony's betrayal of the group.

408:. Egger and Bellaton immediately returned to Switzerland, while Genoud stayed in Canada and prepared with his wife to burn the house down with them inside, which they would do on 4 October. On the night of 2 to 3 October, 23 members in Cheiry in Switzerland, many those considered "Traitors" to the movement, were murdered via gunshot by Egger and Jouret. The members in Salvan, numbered 25, died from a poison injection. The bodies in Switzerland were found on 5 October. 106: 52: 113: 59: 1272:, following up on the transit letter's call to do so. Patrick Vuarnet, who had mailed the transit letters, would die in the 1995 transit, as would Lardanchet and Rostan. 25 years later, a luxury chalet was built on top of the house in Salvan where the deaths occurred, which had been bought by a Dutch couple. In the total of OTS deaths, including the later transits, 74 people would die. Only one member was ever put on trial, 120: 66: 146: 134: 80: 630:'s son. Vuarnet, when interviewed by police, claimed that while he had actually been shown a "testament from the Rosy-Cross" on video cassette during the Avignon meeting, he had not noticed any difference with the other messages since it was always about the world ending, and that they had not seen the full thing; in this video, the "transit" is discussed with little ambiguity. 1224:

the deaths as financially motivated as a kind of gang, who had gathered massive amounts of money, until the leaders were revealed to have died with the rest. Early stories put forward the idea that they had 93 million dollars in their accounts, due to a mistaken statement by police, but it eventually came out that they had little money left in their accounts.

923:; in another part, Pilet tries and fails to contact the "Masters". The members then drink something and fall asleep. The film ends showing two of the children, before moving to Di Mambro's wife, all already dead. This may have indicated that victims were killed prior and others were moved to Cheiry, though this point was never raised by investigators. 412:

the group would be returned to them. Others may have consented to being killed by other members, but it is not known how many agreed to die. The locations were then set on fire with an automated ignition system triggered by telephone. The investigation was criticized for some of its decisions, and several aspects spawned

867:. However while many of the OTS properties had been rigged to burn, several of the ignition systems failed, and only the Cheiry farm and two chalets in Salvan would burn. The fires were ignited with a sophisticated automatic ignition system, involving timers, phones, heating rods and plastic bags full of the chemicals 535:, illegal in Canada, resulting in the three being arrested. Properties were raided by police in March of that year, and several members were arrested. Jouret and the other two men were given only light sentences after the crime (one year of unsupervised probation and a $ 1000 fine intended to be paid to the 646:

The next day, Jouret was in Salvan, where records and eyewitness testimony place him on the phone, and was seen late in the day at a restaurant with others. Several members were lured with the promise that they would get their money back. Di Mambro's son, Elie, told his coworkers that he was going to

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According to Bédat et al., the police suspected that these men had been Egger, Lardanchet, Rostan, and Vuarnet, but this was never proven and they were all (minus Egger) released after questioning. The investigation would never conclude who these men were. Lardanchet, Rostan, and Vuarnet would later

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in 1996, "false or unverifiable trails have been laid: secondhand testimonies are traded by journalists, ghost-written apostate memoirs are in progress and conspiracy theories abound." The news, while it was still not known that the leaders had died along with the other members, initially portrayed

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There is some disagreement on the antichrist motivation as to the Dutoit killings, as promoted by the SQ. Huguenin contests the theory, saying that while the group did believe there was an antichrist, it was not the Dutoit child and was still alive. Louis-Marie Belanger was skeptical over the entire

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visited the ruins of the Salvan chalet and found, in the kitchen garbage can, audio cassettes in excellent condition, recording telephone conversations between followers who had been spied on by Di Mambro. Extracts from the tapes later were broadcast and deemed to be in line with the order's beliefs

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Many of the dead in Cheiry were among the "Traitors", except Pilet and Pfaehler, who were probably "Awakened"; also included among the "Traitors" were the Dutoits. Everyone in Cheiry was killed. Some of those who died in Cheiry were murdered for revenge, but others were still close to the group. Of

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Bellaton and Egger left for Switzerland at 10:10 p.m. the same day, using the Dutoits' car to drive to the airport. The Genouds would spend the next four days cleaning up the scene, removing the blood residue, and preparing for death. On 4 October they set incendiary timers to go off and, while

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The letters maintain a persecuted rhetoric, largely devoted to complaining about the treatment faced by Vinet and Jouret in Canada. In one letter, they harshly criticize the allegations the OTS had received in several countries (Australia, Switzerland, Martinique, Canada, and France) as "deceitful",

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had attended and she described it as wonderful. One member, Joël Egger, was not included, as he was flying to Canada to execute a "mission" (to kill the Dutoits). Upon arriving in Canada, he met with Dominique Bellaton and Collette and Jerry Genoud in a chalet owned by Di Mambro in Morin-Heights. On

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During the last meeting of the order, On 24 September 1994, the group was renamed as the Alliance Rose Croix (ARC), announced by Tabachnik. The group claimed the renaming was in order to reach "the irreversible stage of the return to the Father" and the "Vth Reign", which would lead to the abolition

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Di Mambro and Jouret's original plan seemed to have been a mass suicide in the spring of 1993; following Jouret's arrest that year, plans for a "transit" were found on his computer. However, due to the esoteric language, the police failed to understand what the documents meant. This original transit

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In all, 53 people died, including several children. Both Jouret and Di Mambro died in the mass suicide in Salvan. Some of the deaths were genuine suicides, but others were simply murdered for betraying the movement; many members had been lured into death with the promise that money they had given to

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On 30 September 1994, the Dutoit family, former members, were ritualistically murdered in Morin-Heights alongside their infant child, by members Joël Egger, Jerry Genoud, and Dominique Bellaton; Di Mambro held a grievance against the Dutoits for past betrayal, and may have believed their child to be

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when the fires began. They jammed chairs under the doorknobs to prevent responders reaching them to interrupt their suicides. The bodies of the Dutoits were hidden in a storage closet by the Genouds, wrapped in blankets and a carpet and hidden in a cellar alcove. Their child's body was found hidden

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It was initially debated whether it was suicide or murder. In 1996, the Swiss magistrate investigating concluded that of the 53 deaths, only 15 were genuine voluntary suicides. These 15 were the core "Awakened" members. Though it is not known for certain how many were actually voluntary. After the

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Despite some suspicions that Vuarnet, Lardanchet and Rostan were involved in the Cheiry transit (as the three men in the Ford Fiesta) they were released, and the police eventually concluded that there was no proof to establish that any of them had been at Cheiry. Vuarnet claimed that he had little

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As the bodies were so badly burned, it was not immediately realized that several members, including several of the main people involved like Jouret, Di Mambro, Pilet, Egger, and Bellaton were among the dead, resulting in an international manhunt as the Swiss police suspected they had escaped. When

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These two fires were connected when Egger's car, who lived in the Cheiry house, was found parked outside the Salvan commune. The next day, the Canadian police realized that there was likely a connection between the Morin-Heights fire and the Swiss ones as the properties were owned by the same men.

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Most of those killed in Salvan were long time members, including both Di Mambro and Jouret, as well as Di Mambro's wife, mistresses, and daughter Emmanuelle. Also killed was his son Elie, who had previously distanced himself from the group. Both the killers of the Dutoits, Joël Egger and Dominique

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At some time during this period (investigators could never place exactly when) the members in Salvan recorded a final video tape, later discovered by investigators, showing about a dozen of the followers in their last meal, including Jouret, Di Mambro, Pilet, the Eggers, and several others. During

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At this time, Di Mambro was in Salvan; he, with several of the most faithful, were seen at a restaurant there on 3 October. They were noted to have an "absent and sad air" and barely ate. By this time Di Mambro may have already had his son Elie killed as a "traitor", the first death in Salvan: his

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On 30 September 1994, at about 5 p.m. the Dutoits were lured to the chalet in Morin-Heights, having been invited to dinner by Bellaton. According to the sequence of events by investigators, upon entering the house someone, likely Bellaton, lured Tony Dutoit to the basement bathroom. Waiting behind

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attempted to save the house, while Piller and the responding police entered the nearby farmhouse; there, they found the body of Albert Giacobino with a plastic bag over his head, alongside an ignition system that had not gone off. They initially believed, upon discovering this, that it might be a

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pistol, bought by Egger the previous year. Egger also set up the ignition system used to burn the building down. The ones who had killed the others in Cheiry were Egger and Jouret, though it is possible they were not the only ones. Following the deaths in Cheiry, Jouret was recorded as calling Di

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Several of the bodies in Cheiry showed signs of a struggle. 8 of the bodies in Cheiry were arranged in a circle shape, with the bodies radiating out like wheel spokes; all were wearing silk capes of white, black or gold. Some of the dead had their hands tied. The bodies were all located in a room

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During the night from 2 to 3 October 1994, 23 would die in Cheiry. Two victims, Albert Giacobino and Marie-Lou Rebaudo, were likely killed first, with Rebaudo being shot, the evidence showing she had tried to defend herself, and Giacobino being smothered. Their bodies were found far away from the

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as an alternative destination). One letter declared "We leave this Earth to rediscover, in complete lucidity and freedom, a Dimension of Truth and the Absolute, far from the hypocrisies and oppression of this world, with the end of producing the embryo of our future Generation." It encourages the

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Egger, a former rock musician, had an adolescence full of problems, with a past of drug addiction and his father dying by suicide. When he met Jouret, he " his God"; he was described as "completely under the spell" of the leaders. He was the group's handyman and occasionally Di Mambro's driver. A

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We are rejected by the whole world. First by the people, the people can no longer withstand us. And our Earth, fortunately she rejects us. How would we leave ? We also reject this planet. We wait for the day we can leave … life for me is intolerable, intolerable, I can’t go on. So think about the

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The "transit" concept had first been brought up by Di Mambro in 1990 or 1991. It was to mean a voluntary departure of the members to another dimension in space, or an act of consent to bring the "germ of life" to another planet. He told the members that they would be summoned on short notice, and

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chalet, pretending he had lost his keys. According to Thierry Huguenin, Jouret and Di Mambro had planned for there to be exactly 54 victims, in connection with 54 Templars who had been burned at the stake in the fourteenth century. This was to allow an immediate magic contact with these departed

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In the hours before the deaths in Cheiry, Daniel Jaton would repeatedly call Jouret, Di Mambro, and Egger on the phone, likely playing a significant role; under his body was found the same string used to tie two victims in Cheiry, and some of the substances used in the killings were found in his

737:

Following the tragic Cheiry Transit, we wish to make it clear, on behalf of the Rosy Cross, that we deplore and totally disassociate ourselves from the barbaric, incompetent and aberrant behavior of Doctor Luc Jouret. Taking the decision to act on his own authority, against all our rules, he has

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In the wake of the deaths, fear of cults took hold of the French and Swiss populations. The group immediately became well known. The victims of the OTS were noted as not conforming to the usual idea of a cultist, vulnerable and easy to influence, but were instead respected members of society in

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The bodies of the Genouds were never claimed by their families, being buried in December 1994 in a communal plot in Quebec. Mostly in an attempt to discourage devoted former members from visiting their graves, the location of the graves of Jouret and Di Mambro were not officially released, with

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Prior to the deaths, many members made concerning comments: Jean-Pierre Vinet would tell Hermann Delorme in July 1994 that "I’m leaving definitely You probably will never see me again. You don’t have anything left to accomplish, but I do." Another told a relative that one day the members would

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To prepare for the transit, specific missions were given to the most faithful members. Towards the end of August, the Genouds left Switzerland and went to Canada; prior to this, Colette would close her bank account. They would then purchase the equipment that would be used in the Morin Heights

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in Switzerland; according to an attendee (Vuarnet) Di Mambro had asked him to meet them, including Jouret and Pilet. They were joined shortly after by Daniel Jaton, who went off to speak with Jouret. The only two people besides Vuarnet at this meeting who did not die in the 1994 transit were

810:, where 3 more bodies were located. In a room adjacent to this there was another body, which was by itself. The depot in the Cheiry crypt where the bodies were found had its doors held closed with a wire being put between the door handles and the frame. 52 spent shells were found in Cheiry. 806:

beyond a corridor only accessible through a secret door, from a salon, itself hidden. This room was full of religious and esoteric symbolism, including a sword, crosses, chalices, and occult ritual items. Past that room was another smaller one, octagonal shaped with walls covered with

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Beginning in the late 1980s, several members began to doubt Di Mambro, and several scandals and issues rocked its membership. In March 1993, Jouret and several other members became embroiled in a gun scandal. Jouret had asked members Hermann Delorme and Jean-Pierre Vinet to buy three

523:. According to the later testimony of members, they did not interpret it as mass suicide. According to Di Mambro, he did not know yet how they would transit, though he metaphorically evoked the ideas of being picked up by a flying saucer or passing across a mirror. 733:. They were postmarked from "D.Part" and "Tran Sit Corp", mailed from "33 Golden Strasse, 8011 ZURICH". A fifth, shorter letter was also given to Vuarnet, printed in the same font as the others. This was also found in a search of Di Mambro's apartment, and read: 462:

with magical-arcane elements. The group reached its peak of membership in January 1989, with 442 members; however, following scandals, the group would begin to decline. The group was not well known, and was quite obscure prior to the events that would occur.

659:, which contained messages of the order's beliefs. The four letters were titled "To All Those Who Can Still Understand the Voice of Wisdom … We Address This Last Message", "The Rose+Croix", "Transit to the Future", and finally "To Lovers of Justice". 830:

body was found alone, off to the side from the others. On 4 October at 6:30 a.m, Joselyne Di Mambro called the wife of Robert Falardeau, who, sensing that something was wrong, asked where her husband was. Joselyne told her that her husband was with

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of hierarchies. The group was told that the end was near and that the planets were in formation for Solomon's Leap, and that now they must prepare. Everyone who witnessed this ceremony would die in the 1994 transit, barring Patrick Vuarnet,

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25 were found dead in Granges-sur-Salvan. The bodies were spread around two of the chalets, while one was empty. Most of the bodies in Salvan were burned beyond recognition, and Jouret and Di Mambro's bodies had to be identified via

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the dead, seven were children, four of which were in Salvan and three in Cheiry. It is not known whether their parents all knowingly brought their children with them to die. There were 15 Awakened, 30 Immortals, and 8 Traitors.

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transgressed our code of honor and is the cause of a veritable carnage that should have been a Transit carried out in Honor, Peace and Light. His departure does not correspond to the Ethics we represent and defend to posterity.

583:. After the police raid Di Mambro ordered OTS members to destroy the crypt and empty the house, viewing it as having been ruined by the intrusion; the transit plans were then postponed and moved to Switzerland. An agent of the 1378: 1296:

Allusions to various beliefs of the OTS. "Golden Strasse" refers to the Golden Way, 33 for the "33 Elder Brothers of the Rosicrucian Order". D. Part is a pun - "Depart". Zurich is where Di Mambro claimed to have met the

1164:, headed by Jean-Pascal Jacquemet, was less high-profile; however, they did not investigate thoroughly, and left behind many items that journalists would later find. Several months after the deaths, two journalists from 1109:

The members, including the dead, were noted to be, relative to other cults, high status and influential individuals. They included Jocelyne Grand’Maison, one of the business correspondents of the Canadian newspaper

396:, and following several scandals and outside pressures the group faced, this idea became more prominent. They began to plan the "transit", and wrote a letter declaring their intents and purposes in the act, called 1316:

According to Bédat, the presence of the Ostiguys and Egger means it only could have happened on 1 October, before Cheiry, as after that Ostiguy would die in Cheiry and Egger had only returned to Switzerland on 30

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their bodies were identified, this was called off and the police instead began looking for other sources. The final body identifications were completed a month after the deaths. The autopsies were handled by the

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Di Mambro, according to former members, felt cornered; he was sick, with financial issues, and worried that his lies would be uncovered. In a tape likely dating to spring 1994, Jouret and Di Mambro discussed the

826:, containing 3 or 4 young men, coming from the farm and heading down to the village. Soon after, he saw the same men near the cemetery near a car that belonged to Colette Genoud, where they would find her will. 662:

In these letters, the OTS termed the acts a "transit", which they described as "in no way a suicide in the human sense of the term". They declared that, upon death, they would acquire "solar bodies" on the star

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Bellaton, also died in Salvan. Vinet, Cadorette, and Lemonde (all dying in Salvan) were considered among the "Awakened". The "Immortals" would all die at Salvan; according to academics Shannon Clusel and

558:, and the group's ideas became increasingly focused on environmental destruction and ecological collapse. Di Mambro also believed his daughter Emmanuelle, the "cosmic child", to be under threat from the 1232:

Listen. They all wanted the Transit, but they didn’t have the courage to go. I might not have had the courage either, and I would have been happy if someone had helped me. If it was necessary. Why not?

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Mambro, possibly to inform him that it had been a success, and shortly after so did Egger. At about 6 a.m. Jouret would leave Cheiry for Salvan. At about 8 a.m., the Cheiry mailman witnessed a red

31: 2910: 721:

Patrick Vuarnet was instructed by Di Mambro to mail the Testament letters to roughly 300 people, including to the media, other followers and a number of political and public figures, including

587:(SQ) claimed that if this had gone according to plan there may have been anywhere from 60 to 80 victims. According to another interpretation, however, this may have only sped up their plans. 1245:, and Bernard Nicolas, who investigated the case, as the canton where the death occurred has jurisdiction in Switzerland, they were buried secretly under an unmarked slab in a cemetery in 1140:

On 4 October 1994, the bodies of the Genouds were found in the burned out chalet; the next day the bodies of the Dutoits were found in the building's cellar. On 1 a.m. on 5 October, Swiss

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authorities describing it as "top secret". As neither of their families came to claim their bodies, they were both cremated following their autopsies. According to the three journalists

915:), with Annie Egger doing the same to the children. A note found on Di Mambro's body, written by him, declared: "Your Transit must be assured of total success, but that depends on you." 2293: 694:

but especially complain about the SQ and the Q-37 investigation. They blamed their wish to leave the earth on systematic government persecution (who they said were in league with

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event, some other members declared their continued support for the group's ideas, and even regretted not having been chosen for the "transit". One former member told Piller that:

157: 91: 2951: 547:". Following the gun scandal, Jouret became very paranoid and concerned with purported injustice. He began speaking of the transit concept previously established by Di Mambro. 1102:

it is not known how many of them consented to death prior, and how many were simply murdered, but according to journalist Arnaud Bédat all of them likely agreed besides Elie.

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On the 29th, many of the most faithful members gathered in Cheiry, apparently understanding what was to come. Patrick Vuarnet said that while he was not included, his mother

554:, there was little actual opposition to the group. The leadership believed the increasing legal and media attention to be both a conspiracy against the OTS and a sign of the 519:

would need to be ready as this could occur any day. They conceptualized the transit as a ritual involving magic fire, where they would undergo a spiritual voyage to the star

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depart to Venus, and that when they went there was no reason to be sad. Another member gave her daughter a will, telling her that "one never knows what might happen".

859:. From 11:42 p.m. to 12:12 a.m. he would call the Cheiry farm three times, triggering the ignition system, before doing the same to the group's hideout in 773:

with the stake. Antonio's body was also found with a plastic bag over his head. According to telephone records, Di Mambro was informed of the success of the plan.

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had "beaten us to the punch", with Di Mambro telling Jouret that "what we’ll do will be even more spectacular". In another tape from spring 1994, Di Mambro stated:

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of different sizes, later used to cover the heads of the dead. The fires in Morin-Heights would be discovered by the police at 1:40 p.m. in Swiss time.

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ignition system. Bellaton arrived in Canada on 17 September. Di Mambro ordered two group members, Jerry Genoud and Joël Egger, to kill the Dutoit child.

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The group was obscure prior to the deaths, but following the discovery of the bodies and the suicides it became immediately well known, resulting in a

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At 11:33 p.m., Di Mambro would call Egger a final time, a 39-second call, who shortly after would trigger the remote-control ignition system via

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die in the 1995 transit, which Lardanchet was one of the perpetrators of. As noted by Bédat et al. Lardanchet and Rostan's alibi is not possible.

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On 6 October the OTS was officially banned in Quebec. Shortly after, the deaths were widely compared by the news media to both the 1978

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in Europe and abroad. Though the group's leaders died in the incident, two other mass suicides/murders of remaining members followed in

539:), but in the aftermath the media took interest in the group. The Canadian press began to report, using information gained from police 3940: 4028: 3272:(2020). "The Solar Temple in Quebec and the Saint-Casimir "Transit"". In Palmer, Susan J.; Geoffroy, Martin; Gareau, Paul L. (eds.). 4088: 1189:

memory of the day, while the two police officers claimed they had been with another OTS follower Ute Verona, and had driven to the

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station. However the time range for this to have occurred is too short for the rest of their movement placements on that day.

4023: 3988: 3565: 3541: 3340: 3312: 3287: 3258: 3229: 3199: 1997: 3932: 1219:. Due in part due to the difficulty of explaining many aspects of the OTS, conspiracy theories were common. As described by 3905: 3467: 1673: 1379:"Ordre du Temple solaire : 74 décès, des corps calcinés, des massacres collectifs... Récit d'une apocalypse sectaire" 4053: 3374:

Walliss, John. "Crises of Charismatic Authority and Millenarian Violence: The Case of the Order of the Solar Temple". In

911:. According to the investigative report, it is likely that the fatal injections at Salvan were done by Line Lheureux (an 3983: 3881: 3657: 3555: 4063: 4048: 4098: 3913: 3496: 3273: 1277: 26: 1264:

Though the group's leaders died in the incident, two other mass suicides/murders of remaining members followed in

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André Piller was called by the police to respond to a fire at Cheiry, arriving half an hour later. At the scene,

432: 4083: 4033: 1206: 920: 3365:(2006b). "The Dangers of Enlightenment: Apocalyptic Hopes and Anxieties in the Order of the Solar Temple". In 3741: 729:. This was to be done 5 October. These letters were also sent out to newspapers and the religious historian 710:, calling this a "particularly troubling coincidence". A letter also claimed a mass suicide had occurred in 4078: 4073: 4043: 4008: 3865: 3634: 3608: 3530:

The New Heretics of France, Minority Religions, la Republique, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects"

2366: 4093: 3582:

Lemasson, Eric; Georgeault, Eric; Ledu, Lionel; Bequet, Annie-Claude (21 March 1996). "Soleil trompeur".

3244: 1381:[Order of the Solar Temple: 74 deaths, charred bodies, massacres... Tale of a cult apocalypse]. 112: 58: 4038: 748:

the door were Egger and Genoud, who knocked him unconscious with several dozen hits to the head with a

501:, then with a population of 4,000. Jouret, Di Mambro, and Camille Pilet (a retired sales direct of the 105: 51: 3873: 3680: 3189: 444: 353: 3435:(April 1999). ""Our Terrestrial Journey is Coming to an End": The Last Voyage of the Solar Temple". 4018: 3322: 3240: 2297:[The investigation into the deaths of the Order of the Solar Temple the Australian trail]. 584: 4003: 3533: 3250: 3115:[Those fourteen months where everything played out: How the cult was rebuilt in Geneva]. 1112: 883:. The gun used in the Cheiry killings was found in Salvan. The victims had been injected with a 4068: 3956: 3417: 3148:[Solar Temple in Salvan: 25 years later, a luxury chalet on the site of the massacre]. 3112: 1182: 715: 528: 3797: 3432: 3406: 3362: 1261:, though Di Mambro was later described as the group's main leader, with Jouret its recruiter. 730: 551: 3761: 3130: 1265: 572: 428: 3818: 3383: 1141: 1125: 576: 498: 3297:

Hall, John R.; Schuyler, Philip D. (2000). "The Mystical Apocalypse of the Solar Temple".

3146:"Temple Solaire à Salvan : 25 ans après, un chalet de luxe sur les lieux du massacre" 8: 3889: 3583: 3551: 3300:

Apocalypse Observed: Religious Movements and Violence in North America, Europe, and Japan

3298: 1154: 838:

and her husband was already dead). At 10 a.m., Jouret was seen in a grocery store buying

532: 413: 392:

as a second in command; it had developed an ideological concept of "transit" to the star

3782: 3350: 3332: 3279: 2981: 2327: 2322: 1678: 1254: 1212: 880: 478: 424: 185: 3561: 3537: 3513: 3454: 3336: 3308: 3283: 3254: 3225: 3221: 3195: 2376: 1246: 1117: 815: 238: 3395:

Labelle, Marc. "The Ordre du Temple Solaire and the Quest for the Absolute Sun". In

3191:

L'Ordre du Temple Solaire: Enquête et révélations sur les chevaliers de l'apocalypse

3113:"Ces quatorze mois où tout s'est joué: Comment la secte s'est reconstituée à Genève" 834:

and not to worry (in reality, at this time Tabachnik was conducting an orchestra in

3720: 3694: 3505: 3446: 2830: 2818: 1273: 1257:

activists compared Jouret — viewed then as the charismatic leader of the OTS — to

1170: 1161: 1121: 1041: 912: 831: 765: 703: 596: 448: 385: 283: 3948: 3629: 3603: 3117: 676:

members left behind to do the same thing, saying that they should also "transit".

3525: 3491: 3269: 1220: 1099: 473:

of about 280 people, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the Swiss city of

3787: 3209: 3181: 3108: 1238: 1129: 3792: 3746: 3736: 3213: 3185: 1242: 904: 892: 722: 470: 459: 377: 3509: 3275:

The Mystical Geography of Quebec: Catholic Schisms and New Religious Movements

702:). In the "To Lovers of Justice" letter, they compared their treatment to the 3977: 3751: 3715: 3517: 3458: 2380: 900: 634: 544: 486: 365: 228: 175: 22: 3649: 3450: 2915: 2294:"L'enquête sur les morts de L'Ordre du Temple solaire la piste australienne" 1276:, following the 1995 deaths in the Vercors, but he was declared innocent in 3802: 3437: 2938:

Lallemand, Alain; Guillaume, Alain; Metdepenningen, Marc (6 October 1994).

1258: 1145: 839: 761: 749: 726: 627: 420: 361: 357: 220: 3278:. Palgrave Studies in New Religions and Alternative Spiritualities. Cham: 2520: 2518: 1383: 823: 770: 506: 505:

watch company) owned 3 villas in Granges-sur-Salvan, as well as a luxury

482: 456: 381: 352:

From 30 September to 5 October 1994, 53 members or former members of the

224: 3699: 3483: 3021: 2997: 1216: 1059: 757: 707: 592: 559: 543:, conversations between members of the OTS, which they described as a " 452: 405: 389: 288: 3474:(Report) (in Canadian French). Government of Quebec: Bureau du Coroner 2854: 2748: 2736: 2549: 2515: 2134: 2095: 2064: 2018: 1918: 550:

The OTS viewed itself as increasingly persecuted, though according to

3304: 2687: 2685: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2578: 2576: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2438: 2436: 2411: 2409: 2112: 2110: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2037: 2035: 2033: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 856: 686:"Immortals", who had been "helped" in death (killed) by other members 555: 536: 502: 3589: 3557:

How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate

3411:

Apocalyptic Millennialism in the West: The Case of the Solar Temple

3076: 3009: 2299: 2002: 1165: 908: 896: 868: 864: 860: 695: 639: 540: 490: 474: 2682: 2632: 2607: 2588: 2573: 2530: 2494: 2433: 2406: 2122: 2107: 2076: 2047: 2030: 1947: 1906: 1761: 1744: 1723: 756:

wearing robes and medals, laid out on a bed. The Genouds ingested

2946: 2712: 2394: 1494: 1492: 1174: 872: 835: 807: 668: 3088: 2937: 2146: 1428: 1116:, Robert Ostiguy, a wealthy businessman and the former mayor of 895:-based poison. Among the opioids and benzodiazepines found were 2866: 2787: 1605: 1566: 1465: 1124:

from France, and Robert Falardeau, who was an official for the

888: 884: 818: 711: 664: 571:

was intended to take place at a luxury house in the village of

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was a cult active in several French-speaking countries, led by

393: 373: 369: 327: 241: 181: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2765: 2763: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2240: 2238: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1489: 1477: 1331: 2340: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 699: 672: 580: 3581: 2836: 2824: 638:

30 September, Di Mambro had a meal with some followers near

3239:

Bogdan, Henrik (2014). "The Order of the Solar Temple". In

2799: 2760: 2660: 2658: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2448: 2371: 2262: 2235: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2189: 2177: 1930: 1848: 1807: 1780: 1694: 1578: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1440: 1399: 3494:(October 1996). "Purity and Danger in the Solar Temple". 3218:

L'Ordre du Temple solaire: Les Secrets d'une manipulation

2878: 2561: 2250: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1190: 376:

in Switzerland. The Solar Temple, or OTS, was a cult and

3353:. "Ordeal by Fire: The Tragedy of the Solar Temple". In 2842: 2702: 2700: 2655: 2475: 2208: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1836: 1595: 1593: 1504: 509:

complex in Morin-heights. The group owned a farm called

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in Canada, where the OTS had an underground ceremonial

1966: 1547: 3106: 3064: 2890: 2724: 2697: 2421: 2158: 1885: 1873: 1590: 3824:

Centre intercantonal d'information sur les croyances

3111:; David, Marc; Rochat, Christian (10 January 1996). 3033: 2315: 1824: 1629: 1617: 3623:Morath, Pierre; Lemasson, Eric (15 February 2023). 3208: 3180: 3082: 3052: 3015: 2944:[Cult decimated: suicide or mass murder?]. 2754: 2742: 2718: 2691: 2649: 2626: 2601: 2582: 2555: 2543: 2524: 2509: 2442: 2415: 2400: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2101: 2089: 2070: 2058: 2041: 2024: 1960: 1924: 1912: 1774: 1755: 1738: 1471: 1434: 485:about 90 kilometres (56 mi) away from Cheiry. 3597:Morath, Pierre; Lemasson, Eric (8 February 2023). 3416:(Report). Critical Incident Analysis Group at the 3328:The Order of the Solar Temple: The Temple of Death 2974: 2939: 2775: 2670: 2292: 1535: 679:These letters divided the dead into three groups. 199:September 30 – October 5, 1994 2941:"Secte décimée: suicide ou assassinat collectif?" 2913:[The Solar Temple's overdrawn accounts]. 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 3975: 2976:"Swiss Examine Conflicting Signs in Cult Deaths" 3622: 3596: 3027: 3003: 2860: 689:"Awakened", who had committed voluntary suicide 3386:"Sources of Doctrine in the Solar Temple". In 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 1656: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1132:, the state-operated power utility of Quebec. 845:At 4 p.m., Jouret called a locksmith from the 304:: Joël Egger, Jerry Genoud, Dominique Bellaton 3852:Bibliography of the Order of the Solar Temple 3679: 3665: 3445:(2). Translated by Siegler, Elijah: 172–196. 2931: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 3296: 3267: 3137: 3094: 2872: 2812: 2793: 2769: 2469: 2279: 2244: 2229: 2202: 2152: 1941: 1867: 1818: 1801: 1717: 1611: 1572: 1529: 1498: 1483: 1459: 1422: 1337: 1128:. Jean-Pierre Vinet had been an official at 846: 510: 3829:Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France 2911:"Les comptes à découvert du Temple solaire" 2347: 2285: 1674:"Quebec Police Say Baby Was Target of Cult" 1355: 643:Jean-Pierre Lardanchet and Patrick Rostan. 3672: 3658: 3382: 3349: 3331:. Controversial New Religions. Aldershot: 3100: 2966: 2884: 2664: 2375:. Vol. 114, no. 17. p. 42. 1978: 1671: 1584: 1207:Order of the Solar Temple § Aftermath 3550: 3470:[Coroner's investigation report] 3194:(in French). Montreal: Libre Expression. 2902: 2488: 2323:"Australia link with Swiss doomsday cult" 2217: 1842: 1672:Farnsworth, Clyde H. (20 November 1994). 604:dynamic that will get us to go elsewhere. 3858:Vie et mort de l'Ordre du Temple Solaire 1376: 742: 3465: 3394: 3373: 3143: 2730: 2706: 2567: 2427: 2365:Serrill, Michael S. (24 October 1994). 2364: 1972: 1900: 1879: 1560: 655:Di Mambro wrote four letters, known as 3976: 3524: 3490: 3361: 3238: 3046: 2972: 2896: 2256: 2171: 1996:Tenoux, Jean-Pierre (15 August 2006). 1995: 1650: 1623: 1599: 3653: 3625:"Les survivants de l'OTS parlent 3/4" 3599:"Les survivants de l'OTS parlent 2/4" 3431: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3375: 3366: 3354: 3321: 3070: 3058: 2954:from the original on 20 November 2023 2908: 2848: 2781: 2676: 2183: 1830: 1638: 1541: 1517: 1349: 926:Those who died in the incident were: 863:and one of Di Mambro's apartments in 814:home. Victims had been killed with a 776:Those who died in the incident were: 3941:Temple Solaire: l'enquête impossible 3906:Violence and New Religious Movements 796: 714:on 6 January 1994. According to the 683:"Traitors", who were to be murdered 380:founded in 1984, active in several 13: 4014:20th-century mass murder in Canada 3882:How the Millennium Comes Violently 3468:Rapport d'investigation du Coroner 3466:Michaud, Roger C. (20 June 1996). 3144:Schurch, Thomas (4 October 2019). 1377:Jacquard, Nicolas (15 July 2022). 384:countries. This group was lead by 14: 4110: 3560:. New York: Seven Bridges Press. 3121:(in Swiss French). pp. 20–23 3083:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 3016:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2755:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2743:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2719:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2692:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2650:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2627:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 2602:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2583:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2556:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2544:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 2525:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 2510:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2443:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2416:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2401:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2141:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 2129:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2117:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2102:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2090:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2071:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2059:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 2042:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 2025:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 1961:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 1925:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 1913:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 1775:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 1756:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 1739:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 2000 1472:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 1435:Bédat, Bouleau & Nicolas 1997 1185:'s Institute for Legal Medicine. 4029:Deaths by firearm in Switzerland 3914:The Mystical Geography of Quebec 3497:Journal of Contemporary Religion 2909:Laske, Karl (29 December 1995). 2000:[Massacre at the cult]. 1135: 769:behind a water heater, inside a 144: 132: 118: 111: 104: 78: 64: 57: 50: 4089:September 1994 events in Canada 3933:Les Mystères sanglants de l'OTS 3633:. Episode 3 (in Swiss French). 3607:. Episode 2 (in Swiss French). 3243:; Petersen, Jesper Aa. (eds.). 2973:Riding, Alan (7 October 1994). 1310: 1300: 1290: 1177:at the time of the massacres). 612: 2331:. 9 October 1994. pp. 1–2 1032:Siegfried "Elie" Di Mambro, 25 921:The Knights of the Round Table 650: 423:. The events strengthened the 1: 4059:Mass shootings in Switzerland 3999:1994 mass shootings in Europe 3898:The Order of the Solar Temple 1324: 438: 326:Spiritual travel to the star 4024:Deaths by stabbing in Canada 3989:1990s murders in Switzerland 3866:Les Mythes du Temple Solaire 2303:(in French). 12 October 1994 1283: 1200: 786:Christopher Dutoit, 3 months 455:. Founded in 1984, it was a 338:Roger C. Michaud (in Canada) 316:: Annie Egger, Line Lheureux 7: 3588:. Episode 244 (in French). 3246:Controversial New Religions 3216:; Nicolas, Bernard (2000). 3188:; Nicolas, Bernard (1997). 3028:Morath & Lemasson 2023c 3004:Morath & Lemasson 2023c 2861:Morath & Lemasson 2023b 919:the tape, the members sing 565: 40:1994 Solar Temple massacres 10: 4115: 4054:Mass murder in Switzerland 3249:(2nd ed.). New York: 1204: 990:Marie-Christine Pertue, 42 667:(though members also gave 3984:Order of the Solar Temple 3924: 3874:Les Chevaliers de la mort 3844: 3837: 3811: 3775: 3729: 3708: 3687: 3681:Order of the Solar Temple 3510:10.1080/13537909608580777 1160:The investigation of the 951:Jocelyne Grand'Maison, 44 445:Order of the Solar Temple 356:cult died in a series of 354:Order of the Solar Temple 342: 334: 322: 310:: Joël Egger, Luc Jouret 273: 248: 234: 214: 195: 168: 44: 39: 4064:Mass stabbings in Canada 4049:Massacres in Switzerland 3095:Clusel & Palmer 2020 2873:Hall & Schuyler 2000 2813:Hall & Schuyler 2000 2794:Hall & Schuyler 2000 2770:Hall & Schuyler 2000 2470:Clusel & Palmer 2020 2280:Clusel & Palmer 2020 2245:Clusel & Palmer 2020 2230:Hall & Schuyler 2000 2203:Hall & Schuyler 2000 2153:Clusel & Palmer 2020 1942:Hall & Schuyler 2000 1868:Hall & Schuyler 2000 1819:Hall & Schuyler 2000 1802:Clusel & Palmer 2020 1718:Hall & Schuyler 2000 1612:Clusel & Palmer 2020 1573:Clusel & Palmer 2020 1530:Clusel & Palmer 2020 1499:Clusel & Palmer 2020 1484:Hall & Schuyler 2000 1460:Hall & Schuyler 2000 1423:Hall & Schuyler 2000 1338:Clusel & Palmer 2020 1035:Emmanuelle Di Mambro, 12 999:Marie-Louise Rebaudo, 52 942:Leopoldo Cabrera Gil, 39 16:Cult mass murder-suicide 4099:Suicides in Switzerland 3635:Radio Télévision Suisse 3609:Radio Télévision Suisse 3534:Oxford University Press 3451:10.1525/nr.1999.2.2.172 3363:Mayer, Jean-François R. 3251:Oxford University Press 1080:Vanina Lheureux-Bod, 10 27:Infobox civilian attack 20: 3994:1994 murders in Canada 3418:University of Virginia 1998:"Hécatombe à la secte" 1234: 1183:University of Lausanne 1038:Joselyne Di Mambro, 45 1014:Dominique Bellaton, 36 936:Françoise Belanger, 55 847: 740: 718:, this did not occur. 716:New South Wales Police 606: 511: 489:is a resort town near 32:considered for merging 4084:September 1994 crimes 4034:Familicides in Canada 3384:Chryssides, George D. 1230: 1092:Jean-Pierre Vinet, 55 1083:Fabienne Noirjean, 35 1077:Line Lheureux-Bod, 56 1020:Madeline Berenger, 38 972:Françoise Ostiguy, 47 848:Les Roches de cristal 743:Dutoit family murders 735: 601: 3552:Wessinger, Catherine 3433:Mayer, Jean-François 3409:(13 November 1998). 3407:Mayer, Jean-François 3303:. London; New York: 2837:Lemasson et al. 1996 2825:Lemasson et al. 1996 2367:"Remains of the Day" 2155:, pp. 218, 231. 1215:and the more recent 1142:examining magistrate 1126:Government of Quebec 1113:Le Journal de Québec 1065:Josiane Kesseler, 43 1026:Carole Cadorette, 39 1017:Caroline Berenger, 4 1002:Séverine Vullien, 23 987:Sébastien Pechot, 12 984:Christine Pechot, 50 981:Christian Pechot, 49 978:Jean-Léon Paulus, 49 948:Albert Giacobino, 72 945:Robert Falardeau, 47 499:Laurentian Mountains 4079:October 1994 crimes 4044:Massacres in Canada 4009:1994 in Switzerland 3925:Film and television 3890:Apocalypse Observed 3798:Jean-François Mayer 3351:Introvigne, Massimo 3097:, pp. 231–232. 2875:, pp. 143–144. 2851:, pp. 172–174. 2796:, pp. 117–118. 2757:, pp. 224–225. 2745:, pp. 223–224. 2558:, pp. 219–220. 2527:, pp. 385–413. 2259:, pp. 303–304. 2143:, pp. 213–214. 2104:, pp. 218–219. 2073:, pp. 217–218. 2027:, pp. 214–215. 1927:, pp. 395–396. 1614:, pp. 226–229. 1575:, pp. 226–228. 1520:, pp. 181–182. 1501:, pp. 228–229. 1486:, pp. 115–116. 1352:, pp. 177–178. 1340:, pp. 219–220. 1278:two separate trials 1155:conspiracy theories 1086:Maryse Severino, 46 1068:Pauline Lemonde, 56 1023:Bernadette Bise, 58 975:Fabienne Paulus, 40 957:Madeleine Jaton, 47 731:Jean-François Mayer 552:Jean-François Mayer 529:semi-automatic guns 414:conspiracy theories 4094:Suicides in Quebec 3783:Jean-Marie Abgrall 3280:Palgrave Macmillan 2982:The New York Times 2570:, pp. 31, 37. 2328:The Canberra Times 1679:The New York Times 1213:Jonestown massacre 1120:, Guy Berenger, a 1056:Cécile Germain, 53 1053:Martin Germain, 54 993:Renée Pfaehler, 79 969:Robert Ostiguy, 50 966:Nicole Koymans, 66 816:Smith & Wesson 792:Colette Genoud, 63 783:Suzanne Dutoit, 34 780:Antonio Dutoit, 36 760:, before dying of 595:, saying that the 479:Granges-sur-Salvan 425:anti-cult movement 260:5 in Morin-Heights 239:Smith & Wesson 186:Granges-sur-Salvan 4039:Massacres in 1994 3971: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3767:1997 mass suicide 3567:978-1-889119-24-3 3543:978-0-19-973521-1 3342:978-0-7546-5285-4 3314:978-0-203-97766-8 3289:978-3-030-33061-3 3268:Clusel, Shannon; 3260:978-0-19-931531-4 3231:978-2-08-067842-3 3201:978-2-89111-707-4 3152:(in Swiss French) 1653:, pp. 98–99. 1587:, pp. 31–32. 1247:Sion, Switzerland 1118:Richelieu, Quebec 1089:Aude Severino, 15 996:Camille Pilet, 68 960:Armelle Jaton, 16 797:Cheiry and Salvan 350: 349: 4106: 3842: 3841: 3819:About–Picard law 3721:Michel Tabachnik 3695:Joseph Di Mambro 3674: 3667: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3593: 3571: 3547: 3526:Palmer, Susan J. 3521: 3492:Palmer, Susan J. 3487: 3481: 3479: 3473: 3462: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3415: 3400: 3391: 3379: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3318: 3293: 3270:Palmer, Susan J. 3264: 3235: 3205: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2943: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2653: 2647: 2630: 2624: 2605: 2599: 2586: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2507: 2492: 2486: 2473: 2467: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2362: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2045: 2039: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1993: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1945: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1805: 1799: 1778: 1772: 1759: 1753: 1742: 1736: 1721: 1715: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1669: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1502: 1496: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1374: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1274:Michel Tabachnik 1171:Michel Tabachnik 1162:Canton of Valais 1122:nuclear engineer 1071:Jacques Levy, 37 1042:Joseph Di Mambro 1029:Odile Dancet, 48 963:Lionel Jaton, 18 954:Daniel Jaton, 49 939:Guy Berenger, 60 913:anesthesiologist 850: 832:Michel Tabachnik 789:Jerry Genoud, 39 766:smoke inhalation 704:Branch Davidians 597:Branch Davidians 585:Sûreté du Québec 514: 449:Joseph Di Mambro 386:Joseph Di Mambro 368:, Quebec and in 284:Joseph Di Mambro 210: 208: 204: 178:, Quebec, Canada 159: 153: 148: 147: 141: 136: 135: 129: 122: 121: 115: 108: 93: 87: 82: 81: 75: 68: 67: 61: 54: 37: 36: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4074:Murder–suicides 4019:Crime in Quebec 3974: 3973: 3972: 3963: 3920: 3833: 3807: 3771: 3742:Raymond Bernard 3725: 3704: 3683: 3678: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3613: 3611: 3568: 3544: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3422: 3420: 3413: 3343: 3323:Lewis, James R. 3315: 3290: 3261: 3241:Lewis, James R. 3232: 3214:Bouleau, Gilles 3202: 3186:Bouleau, Gilles 3166: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3142: 3138: 3124: 3122: 3107:Habel, Robert; 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2885:Chryssides 2006 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2665:Introvigne 2006 2663: 2656: 2648: 2633: 2625: 2608: 2600: 2589: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2531: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2495: 2487: 2476: 2468: 2449: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2363: 2348: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2048: 2040: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1994: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1948: 1940: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1808: 1800: 1781: 1773: 1762: 1754: 1745: 1737: 1724: 1716: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1670: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1591: 1585:Introvigne 2006 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1505: 1497: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1375: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1221:Susan J. Palmer 1209: 1203: 1173:(in concert in 1138: 1100:Susan J. Palmer 1095: 1050:Annie Egger, 30 1005: 799: 745: 653: 615: 568: 441: 297: 280: 269: 217: 206: 202: 200: 191: 164: 163: 162: 161: 160: 156: 154: 151: 149: 145: 142: 139: 137: 133: 130: 127: 125: 123: 119: 116: 109: 98: 97: 96: 95: 94: 90: 88: 85: 83: 79: 76: 73: 71: 69: 65: 62: 55: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4112: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4004:1994 in Quebec 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3902: 3894: 3886: 3878: 3870: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3793:Gilles Bouleau 3790: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3757:1994 massacres 3754: 3749: 3747:Jacques Breyer 3744: 3739: 3737:Neo-Templarism 3733: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3647: 3646: 3620: 3594: 3585:Envoyé spécial 3578: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3566: 3548: 3542: 3522: 3504:(3): 303–318. 3488: 3463: 3429: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3392: 3380: 3371: 3359: 3341: 3325:, ed. (2006). 3319: 3313: 3294: 3288: 3265: 3259: 3236: 3230: 3206: 3200: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3136: 3099: 3087: 3085:, p. 217. 3075: 3073:, p. 192. 3063: 3051: 3032: 3030:, 35:16–35:24. 3020: 3018:, p. 273. 3008: 3006:, 12:20–13:00. 2996: 2965: 2930: 2901: 2899:, p. 304. 2889: 2887:, p. 119. 2877: 2865: 2863:, 11:00–11:50. 2853: 2841: 2839:, 09:49–10:08. 2829: 2827:, 08:45–09:38. 2817: 2815:, p. 118. 2798: 2786: 2774: 2772:, p. 147. 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2696: 2694:, p. 224. 2681: 2669: 2654: 2652:, p. 223. 2631: 2629:, p. 215. 2606: 2604:, p. 221. 2587: 2585:, p. 220. 2572: 2560: 2548: 2546:, p. 214. 2529: 2514: 2512:, p. 217. 2493: 2491:, p. 218. 2489:Wessinger 2000 2474: 2472:, p. 230. 2447: 2445:, p. 216. 2432: 2420: 2418:, p. 319. 2405: 2393: 2346: 2314: 2284: 2282:, p. 231. 2261: 2249: 2247:, p. 232. 2234: 2232:, p. 141. 2222: 2220:, p. 219. 2218:Wessinger 2000 2207: 2205:, p. 117. 2188: 2176: 2174:, p. 303. 2157: 2145: 2133: 2131:, p. 219. 2121: 2119:, p. 222. 2106: 2094: 2092:, p. 218. 2075: 2063: 2061:, p. 212. 2046: 2044:, p. 215. 2029: 2017: 1977: 1975:, p. 162. 1965: 1963:, p. 214. 1946: 1944:, p. 143. 1929: 1917: 1915:, p. 198. 1905: 1884: 1872: 1870:, p. 146. 1847: 1845:, p. 225. 1843:Wessinger 2000 1835: 1833:, p. 172. 1823: 1821:, p. 144. 1806: 1804:, p. 229. 1779: 1777:, p. 213. 1760: 1758:, p. 393. 1743: 1741:, p. 392. 1722: 1720:, p. 145. 1693: 1655: 1643: 1641:, p. 180. 1628: 1616: 1604: 1602:, p. 289. 1589: 1577: 1565: 1563:, p. 112. 1546: 1534: 1532:, p. 221. 1522: 1503: 1488: 1476: 1464: 1462:, p. 116. 1439: 1427: 1425:, p. 115. 1398: 1354: 1342: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1309: 1299: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1270:Canada in 1997 1266:1995 in France 1243:Gilles Bouleau 1202: 1199: 1137: 1134: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074:Annie Levy, 42 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1047:Joël Egger, 35 1045: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1004: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 933: 905:metoclopramide 893:benzodiazepine 881:dental records 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 744: 741: 723:Charles Pasqua 691: 690: 687: 684: 652: 649: 614: 611: 567: 564: 460:secret society 440: 437: 433:Canada in 1997 429:1995 in France 378:secret society 348: 347: 344: 340: 339: 336: 332: 331: 324: 320: 319: 318: 317: 311: 305: 292: 291: 286: 275: 271: 270: 268: 267: 264: 261: 258: 252: 250: 246: 245: 244:pistol, poison 236: 232: 231: 218: 215: 212: 211: 197: 193: 192: 190: 189: 179: 172: 170: 166: 165: 155: 150: 143: 138: 131: 124: 117: 110: 103: 102: 101: 100: 99: 89: 84: 77: 70: 63: 56: 49: 48: 47: 46: 45: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4111: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4069:Mass suicides 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949:La Fraternité 3946: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776:Investigation 3774: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3762:1995 massacre 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3752:Julien Origas 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3716:Edith Bonlieu 3714: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3630:La Fraternité 3626: 3621: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3604:La Fraternité 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3576:Documentaries 3575: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3220:(in French). 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210:Bédat, Arnaud 3207: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3182:Bédat, Arnaud 3179: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3109:Bédat, Arnaud 3103: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2969: 2953: 2950:(in French). 2949: 2948: 2942: 2934: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2739: 2733:, p. 28. 2732: 2727: 2721:, p. 23. 2720: 2715: 2709:, p. 10. 2708: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2673: 2667:, p. 36. 2666: 2661: 2659: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2569: 2564: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2430:, p. 32. 2429: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2403:, p. 20. 2402: 2397: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2342: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2318: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2186:, Appendix 1. 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2154: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2026: 2021: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1974: 1969: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1903:, p. 30. 1902: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1882:, p. 35. 1881: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1844: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1626:, p. 96. 1625: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1437:, p. 10. 1436: 1431: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1313: 1303: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1186: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1136:Investigation 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 934: 932: 931: 927: 924: 922: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901:flunitrazepam 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 849: 843: 841: 837: 833: 827: 825: 820: 817: 811: 809: 803: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 778: 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158: 114: 107: 92: 86:Morin-Heights 60: 53: 43: 38: 33: 29: 28: 24: 19: 3955: 3947: 3939: 3931: 3912: 3904: 3896: 3888: 3880: 3872: 3864: 3856: 3803:Jean Vuarnet 3788:Arnaud Bédat 3756: 3638:. 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1994 Solar Temple massacres

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