1996 Russian presidential election

209: 988: 1619:(OSCE) reported in 1996 that the first round of the election "appeared to be generally well run, and not seriously marred by some problems which occurred in the pre-election campaign. The delegation considered the first round of the Russian Presidential elections to have been conducted in a generally free and fair manner." The OSCE also reported: "Delegation members considered voter participation in the political campaign to be quite active compared to previous Russian elections. A relatively open flow of information concerning candidates and their platforms was made available to voters during the pre-election campaign; opposition candidates charged that the state controlled electronic broadcast media did not provide fair and balanced coverage, and this was also observed to be the case by delegation members. The bias appeared to be primarily in favor of the President." The OSCE concluded: "The delegation found that Polling Station Election Committees (PSECs) 1460:. Yavlinsky officially accepted Yabloko's nomination on 27 January 1996. In terms of social issues, Yavlinsky occupied the political left. In terms of economic issues, Yavlinsky occupied the far right of the Russian political spectrum. His ideology most strongly appealed to Russia's population of young intellectuals. Yabloko had been a programmatic party, as opposed to a populist one. This proved to be a weakness for Yavlinsky's campaign, as he and his party opted to maintain their long-established party positions on many issues rather than reshaping their agenda in order to better capitalize on the political tides. This had also been the case in the preceding 1995 electoral campaign, during which Yabloko similarly had opted to focus on complex economic issues, rather than focusing on 1340:, a centrist nationalist party. Lebed promoted himself as an authoritative leader that would introduce law and order, tackle corruption, and allow capitalism to blossom. While he presented an authoritarian personality, he held moderate positions. After reaching an informal agreement with Yeltsin in April (under which Lebed promised to endorse Yeltsin in the second round of the election), Lebed began to see positive news coverage, as well as a greater overall quantity of media coverage. This was done as part of an effort by Yeltsin's camp to promote Lebed in the hopes that he would syphon off votes from other nationalist candidates in the first-round. Up until early May 1996, Lebed had entertained negotiations with Yavlinsky and Fyodorov to jointly form a third force coalition. 292: 812: 1912: 1904: 216: 1231:. Brytsalov argued that his leadership would eliminate the country's poverty, promising that if he were elected, there would be "no poor pensioners, no poor workers, no poor entrepreneurs, no poor farmers." His plan, which he dubbed "Russian socialism", was for large companies to begin paying wages comparable to companies in other industrialized nations. The plan anticipated that the employees of the companies would consequentially pay larger income taxes, spend more on consumer goods, and increase their productivity at their jobs. The feasibility of this plan was criticized, as Russian companies were considered to be unable to pay such wages. 491: 935: 1676:

negative story they received. In the first round of the election, Yeltsin scored +492 and Zyuganov scored −313. In the second round of the election, Yeltsin scored +247 and Zyuganov scored −240. Television networks marginalized all of Yeltsin's opponents aside from Zyuganov, helping to create the perception that there were only two viable candidates. This allowed Yeltsin to pose as the lesser-evil. Near the end of the election's first-round, the networks began also providing coverage to the candidacy of Lebed, who had already agreed to support Yeltsin in the second round.

758: 1586: 856: 664: 1725:) decided that they would put aside their differences in order to work together to support the re-election of Yeltsin. By mid-1996, Yeltsin had recruited a team of a handful of financial and media oligarchs to bankroll the Yeltsin campaign and guarantee favorable media coverage the president on national television and in leading newspapers. In return, Yeltsin's presidential administration allowed well-connected Russian business leaders to acquire majority stakes in some of Russia's most valuable state-owned assets. 24: 1795:, showed highly-unlikely changes in voting patterns between the two rounds of voting. That has aroused suspicions of election fraud, although any fraud that may have contributed to those discrepancies is unlikely to have had a material effect on the outcome of the election. One hypothesis that has been given for the dramatic increase in support that Yeltsin saw in some regions was that prior to the second round vote, administrative pressure was applied in those regions to coerce voters into supporting Yeltsin. 1853:. ... There are two paths for Russia's development. I do not need power. But when I felt the threat of communism, I decided that I had to run. We will prevent it." In their conversations, Clinton assured Yeltsin that he would give him his publicly declared personal endorsement, saying: "I've been trying to find a way to say to the Russian people 'this election will have consequences,' and we are clear about what it is we support." Yeltsin made other requests, such as admission into the 1485: 1651:, and the media that Yeltsin was buying votes with money that should be used to pay wage and pension arrears and that he had pressured local leaders into working for his campaign. He also alleged that Yeltsin was using "tens of trillions of rubles" from the state budget for campaign purposes. Zyuganov argued that such practices would call into question the results of the voting and urged immediate measures that would insure equal conditions for the candidates. 4781: 129: 1302:. He was the founder and leader of the party, which at the time was arguably the most influential social-democratic movement in Russia. Fyodorov was considered to be on the center-left of the political spectrum. In 1994, Fyodorov had described his political objective by stating: "I want peasants to own farms, workers to own factories, physicians to own clinics, and everyone to pay a 30% tax, and the rest is theirs." 188: 1525:. Lebed in turn endorsed Yeltsin in the runoff election. Meanwhile, Yeltsin suffered from a serious heart attack and disappeared from public view. His condition was kept secret through the second-round election on 3 July 1996. During this period of time, Yeltsin's campaign team created a "virtual Yeltsin" shown in the media through staged interviews that never happened and pre-recorded radio addresses. 1505:. This strategy sought to recast Yeltsin as an individual single-handedly fighting to stave off Communist control. The campaign framed a narrative that portrayed Yeltsin as Russia's best hope for stability. The campaign worked to shift the narrative of the election into a referendum on whether voters wanted to return to their Communist past (with Zyuganov), or continue with reforms (with Yeltsin). 1717:, owner of Most Bank, Independent Television and NTV. NTV which had, prior to the campaign, been critical towards Yeltsin's actions in Chechnya, changed the tone of their coverage. Igor Malashenko, Gusinsky's appointed head of NTV, even joined the Yeltsin campaign and led its media relations in a rather visible conflict of interest. In early 1996, Gusinsky and his political rival 1647:) with the aim of convincing voters of his willingness to fulfill promises he was making on the campaign trail. Yeltsin's opponents charged that, in doing this, he was essentially buying votes; in turn, Yeltsin's team argued that he was simply doing his job as president. During the second round campaign, Zyuganov asserted in a letter to the parliament, the 1501:, involved him pivoting towards the nationalist wing of Russia's politics in order to directly compete for votes with Zyuganov and Zhirinovsky; this strategy was ultimately abandoned in favor of one devised by reformists and British and American consultants. Yeltsin's new campaign strategy was, essentially, to convince voters that they had to choose him as 1439:; by the end of the election, many in the party grew dissatisfied with Vlasov's campaign style, believing he failed to campaign aggressively enough. Despite polling at under one percent, Vlasov had stated that he anticipated capturing between six and seven percent of the vote. He swore to refuse supporting either Yeltsin or support Zyuganov in the runoff. 1753:) was launched against Yeltsin's campaign. Yeltsin's campaign disregarded numerous campaign regulations. Analysis has indicated that Yeltsin's campaign spent well in excess of spending limits. Yeltsin also violated a law against broadcasting advertisements before 15 March. Yeltsin undertook many abuses of his power in order to assist his campaign effort. 1031: 1643:

the danger of underestimating Yeltsin's ability to meet a serious political challenge head on and prevail despite apparently insurmountable odds." During the campaign, Yeltsin's opponents criticized his use of state coffers to fund programs that would bolster his approval with voters. Yeltsin had been utilizing state finances to fund programs (such as

1172: 1257:, and asserted that, of those running for president, his was the voice of responsibility and moderation. His campaign was hampered both by strong public disdain towards him and a strong lack of media coverage for his candidacy. At one point, Gorbachev complained that there was less press freedom than when he was leader of the Soviet Union. 1872:. As one analyst wrote at the time, " may perceive that Yeltsin benefited greatly from support from the Americans in the last campaign. Clinton made a trip to Moscow during the campaign. And the International Monetary Fund extended loans that enabled the Government to make credible promises to pay wages." Some argued that the role of the 1551:, Zhirinivsky had once been seen as a rising force in Russian politics and a future contender for the presidency. Boorish and outlandish conduct by Zhirinovsky had diminished the public perception of his stature to such a degree that, by 1996, he was seen as a buffoonish figure and was no longer seen as a viable candidate. 1234:

Brytsalov promoted himself with the superlative claim of being "the richest man in Russia" and flaunted his wealth. Despite being at the time a recently elected deputy of the State Duma, Brytsalov did not have a voting-record. In his legislative career, he had very low attendance and extremely little

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by utilizing state finances to fund social programs, to which he responded he was merely doing his duties as president. Others argued that the allegations were exaggerated, and that the then United States government in fact refrained from covert operations and did not grant all of Yeltsin's requests.

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in February 1996. While the anti-Communist pro-Yeltsin media bias certainly contributed to Yeltsin's victory, it was not the sole factor. A similar anti-Communist media bias in the run-up to the 1995 parliamentary elections had failed to prevent a Communist victory. Additionally, Yeltsin himself had

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to speak in praising terms of Russia's transition to democracy. Yeltsin believed that this would strengthen his support from voters. Yeltsin warned Clinton of the possible ramifications of a Zyuganov victory, saying: "There is a U.S. press campaign suggesting that people should not be afraid of the

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Allegations have been made by some that in the first round of the election, several regions of Russia committed electoral fraud in favor of Zyuganov. It has also been further alleged by some that several of the republics switched the direction of their fraud during the second round to favor Yeltsin

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One of the reasons for the media's overwhelming favoritism of Yeltsin was their fear that a Communist government would dismantle Russia's right to a free press. Another factor contributing to the media's support of Yeltsin was that his government still owned two of the national television channels,

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rhetoric. Vlasov dubbed his politics as "people's patriotism". His campaign platform proclaimed: "There is only one single force that is able to unite almost all and at the same time become the ideological basis of the Russian state – popular patriotism." While he had been a supporter of democratic

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There have been a number of allegations claiming further and greater instances of fraud than the instances that had been discovered by the CEC. They include a number of allegations that assert that the election was unfair and favored Yeltsin, as well as some allegations that go as far as to assert

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Erik Depov asserted: "The inaccuracy of many early predictions was primarily because Yeltsin's successful re-election bid had as much to do with the dynamics of the electoral campaign as with the results of his first term in office. If the 1996 presidential campaign proved anything, it illustrated

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Fyodorov advocated for the mass creation of joint stock companies to guarantee workers a share of profits and allow them to actively participate in management of their companies. He dubbed this concept "democratic capitalism" or "popular socialism". He had advocated such a policy since as early as

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period, and he turned-in his signatures the day before the deadline. He was considered to be a fallback CPRF candidate in case Zyuganov's candidacy faltered. Tuleyev's rhetoric straddled between hardline communism and social democracy. Generally a hardliner, he had nonetheless occasionally taken

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was adopted. In the constitution, future presidential terms were stipulated to last for four years, meaning that the 1996 election would elect a president to serve a four-year term. When incumbent president Yeltsin launched his re-election campaign in early 1996, he was widely predicted to lose.

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The European Institute for Media found that Yeltsin received 53% of all media coverage of the campaign, while Zyuganov received only 18%. In their evaluation of the biases of news stories, EIM awarded each candidate 1 point for every positive story they received and subtracted a point for every

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Gorbachev subsequently questioned the validity of the election results. While he acknowledged that he had lost by a significant margin, Gorbachev suspected that his actual vote count still exceeded what was reported in the official tally. In 2017, Gorbachev wrote in his book

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communists; that they are good, honorable and kind people. I warn people not to believe this. More than half of them are fanatics; they would destroy everything. It would mean civil war. They would abolish the boundaries between the republics. They want to take back

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had criticized him and provided broad coverage of the views of his opponents. In the 1996 presidential election, none of Russia's major television networks were critical of Yeltsin. Yeltsin had successfully enlisted the national television channels (ORT, RTR, and

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stated that their election observers "witnessed no deliberate attempts to commit electoral fraud and, indeed, in the tracking of protocols through the various levels of Russia's electoral system, observed transparency in the process." In their 1996 analysis, the

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He was registered as a candidate on 26 April 1996 but withdrew his candidacy on 8 June 1996 to support Gennady Zyuganov. Since Tuleyev withdrew his candidacy after the deadline, he was included in the ballots and received 308 votes during the early voting.

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were falsified. A significant number of votes that had been cast for Zyuganov were recorded as "Against All Candidates". The vote totals from Mordovia were subsequently adjusted by the CEC in order to remedy this. The CEC also discovered fraud in

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for publishing the consultants' claims about their importance to the campaign without practicing skepticism. Additionally, it had not at all been unusual for foreign consultants to work on campaigns in the nation's fledgling electoral politics.

1710:, flexed their power and reminded the owners, publishers, and editors that newspaper licenses and Moscow leases for facilities were "under review". There were also instances of direct payments made for positive coverage ("dollar journalism"). 1611:

declared that, while the election failed to be "free and fair" in regards to media coverage and campaign financing, it appeared to have largely succeeded in being "free and fair" in regards to the administration of voting and vote-counting.

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voiced a belief that the results of the election were falsified. He stated that he believes that the results underreported his actual share of the vote. At a meeting with opposition leaders in 2012, the then Russian president

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ran for re-election as an independent candidate. While his prospects of winning were originally faltering, Yeltsin was able to resuscitate his image and pull off a successful campaign. Yeltsin's original strategy, devised by

64:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 1464:. Up until early May 1996, Yavlinsky unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate the creation of a third force coalition, with negotiations largely centering on a coalition between him and fellow candidates Lebed and Fyodorov. 1318:. Up until early May 1996, Fyodorov unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate the creation of a third force coalition, with negotiations largely centering on a coalition between him and fellow candidates Yavlinsky and Lebed. 1679:

Supplementing the work of the numerous public relations and media firms that were hired by the Yeltsin campaign, a number of media outlets "volunteered" their services to Yeltsin's re-election effort. For instance,

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Yeltsin would not complete the second term for which he was elected, as he resigned on 31 December 1999, eight months before the scheduled end of his term on 9 August 2000; he was succeeded by his chosen successor,

1694:(meaning "God forbid"). At ORT, a special committee was placed in charge of planning a marathon of anti-Communist films and documentaries to be broadcast on the channel ahead of the election. Led by the efforts of 1396:

moderate stances, such as seeking tax cuts. Tuleyev's positions centered upon communism and creating a disciplined and uncorrupt government. Tuleyev dropped out of the race on 8 June 1996 and endorsed Zyuganov.

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Yeltsin was able to leverage the power of his office. This included using government funds to finance campaign promises, utilizing state media organizations, and currying favoritism amongst financial and media

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1991. Fyodorov advocated for economic freedom, simple and moderate taxation, stimulation of production, and a ban on exports of most raw materials. Fyodorov promised that his policies would double the nation's

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and Yeltsin's response to this was viewed as a failure. Additionally, Yeltsin was overseeing a terrible economy. Russian economy was still contracting and many workers had continued to be unpaid for months.

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and still provided the majority of funding to the majority of independent newspapers. In addition, Yeltsin's government also was in charge of supplying licenses to media outlets. Yeltsin's government and

569:, Switzerland, in February 1996, many Western leaders and the international media were eager to see him, and treated him with regards to believing that he would likely be the next president of Russia. 1086: 2796: 1816:

After the election, a group of American consultants that worked for the Yeltsin campaign sought to take credit for Yeltsin's successful re-election in a profile published in the July 1996 issue of

1774:, an ethnic republic which had experienced a very improbable change in voting patterns between rounds, and the vote totals were revised to remedy this. Another instance of fraud was discovered in 3589: 3383: 1698:, the media painted a picture of a fateful choice for Russia, between Yeltsin and a "return to totalitarianism". They even played up the threat of civil war if a Communist was elected president. 891: 1361:, Shakkum was on the right wing of the Russian political spectrum. Like Lebed, although he presented himself with an authoritarian personality, he held moderate positions on many social issues. 849: 5111: 5091: 5081: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 1547:

campaigned on nationalist rhetoric. After his surprisingly strong third-place finish in the 1991 presidential election and the surprisingly strong first-place performance of the LDPR in the

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Public opinion of Yeltsin was at a historical low point. Due to this, there was talk about Yeltsin potentially postponing or canceling the election; he ultimately decided against this.

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that the entire election was fraudulent. In addition to federal subjects in which fraud was discovered by the CEC, some results, such as those from Russia's ethnic republics of

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question (III), Russian voters rejected holding an early presidential election, and the presidential election remained scheduled to be held in the year 1996. Later in 1993, the

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Yeltsin benefited from an immense media bias favoring his campaign. In 1991, at the time of the previous presidential election, Russia had only two major television channels.

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expansion (granted). Clinton refrained from undertaking covert operations to support Yeltsin in order to prevent spurring backlash if such efforts were to be discovered.

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By early 1996, Yeltsin's public approval was so poor that he was polling at fifth place among presidential candidates, with only 8 percent support, while CPRF leader

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Withdrew his candidacy before the election but received 308 votes during the early voting (up to the withdrawal of the candidature), which were credited as valid.

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Some instances of fraud were indicated to have taken place; the various political actors, including the opposition, did not challenge the result. The

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successfully advanced to the second-round of the election, where he was defeated by Yeltsin. Coming off of a very successful CPRF performance in the

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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Yeltsin had managed to enlist Russia's emerging business elite to work in his campaign, including those who ran media corporations. This included

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Shortly before the election campaign, Yeltsin had faced a number of significant political humiliations which harmed his political stature. In the

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Although most contemporaneous reports certified the 1996 election result, the election has been associated with various counts of pro-Yeltsin

4060: 965: 733: 1828:; there was reporting that indicated that their work for Yeltsin's campaign did not play a consequential role in shaping the campaign, with 4674: 4630: 2849: 1448: 1244: 1118: 5389: 5071: 5011: 4769: 4584: 2676: 1560: 831: 3639: 5409: 4881: 4613: 3325: 1518: 1391:. Despite the fact that Tuleyev dropped out of the race before the election, he had already been on the ballot during a portion of the 1327: 715: 701: 3822: 3664: 3473: 2964: 2769: 2529: 1423:

reforms in the Soviet Union, Vlasov had embraced authoritarian political views following its collapse. Vlasov likened his politics to

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on 16 June 1996, with a second round being held on 3 July 1996. It resulted in a victory for the incumbent Russian president

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Brudny, Yitzhak M. (1997). "In pursuit of the Russian presidency: Why and how Yeltsin won the 1996 presidential election".

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participation. Brytsalov was seen as a marginal candidate, and was generally regarded as unlikely to win the election.

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In January 1997, observing the support Yeltsin had received in 1996 from the Clinton administration, former candidate

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in the second round, receiving 54.4% of the vote. Yeltsin's second inauguration ceremony took place on 9 August 1996.

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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been able to win the 1991 presidential election in spite of a strongly unfavorable media bias towards him.

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magazine with the headline "Yanks to the Rescue". Their account was later the basis of the 2003 comedy

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was reported to have said: "There is hardly any doubt who won . It was not Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin."

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ideals. Although he was nominally an independent candidate, Vlasov's campaign was supported by the

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loan for Russia had an impact on the election, with some critics characterizing it as an act of

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visited the United States to rally support from American businesses for a potential run in the

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legislature, Tuleyev was considered to be charismatic, energetic, and well-liked by the CPRF's

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Knowing that his voter base was pro-Western, Yeltsin lobbied the then United States president

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at the time. The next election was scheduled be held sometime in 1996. In late December 1991,

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Sutela, Pekka (1994). "Insider Privatization in Russia: Speculations on Systemic Changes".

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Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies and Movements: Traditions, Tendencies and Movements

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To further guarantee consistent media coverage, Yeltsin had fired the chairperson of the

1291: 1224: 996: 757: 744: 608: 503: 3919:. Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. 6 November 1997. Archived from 2906: 4732: 4335: 3503: 3142: 3066: 2392: 1722: 1664: 1432: 1358: 451: 3770:. Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. 7 August 1996. Archived from 3624: 1585: 855: 5003: 4666: 4620: 4476: 4462: 4442: 4384: 4304: 4028:"Statistical estimates of vote counting fraud in Russian federal elections 1996–2016" 3988: 3867: 3796:. Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. 19 July 1996. Archived from 3742: 3715: 3277: 3052: 3021: 2999: 2992: 2703: 2486: 2479: 2328: 2092: 2026: 1800: 1714: 1513:. Two days after the conclusion of the first round, Yeltsin appointed former general 1453: 1310:

within five years. Fyodorov proclaimed to draw inspiration in his politics from both

1250: 921: 652: 79: 3946:"Rewriting Russian History: Did Boris Yeltsin Steal the 1996 Presidential Election?" 3891: 4573: 4564: 3620: 3560: 2883: 1978: 1624: 1570: 1510: 1072: 1030: 663: 558: 435: 234: 192: 3917:"06.11.1997 ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ИЗБИРАТЕЛЬНОЙ КОМИССИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ" 3794:"19.07.1996 ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ИЗБИРАТЕЛЬНОЙ КОМИССИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ" 3768:"07.08.1996 ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ИЗБИРАТЕЛЬНОЙ КОМИССИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ" 2636: 1085: 4603: 4273: 4088: 3950: 3517: 3046: 3045:

Hough, Jerry F.; Davidheiser, Evelyn; Lehmann, Susan Goodrich (1 December 2010).

2004: 1865: 1818: 1805: 1746: 1733: 1707: 1514: 1384: 1333: 1295: 1254: 798: 474: 470: 459: 3736:"The Election of President of the Russian Federation 1996: A Technical Analysis" 2383:

Depoy, Eric (1996). "Boris Yeltsin and the 1996 Russian Presidential Election".

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a few months earlier. This was the first presidential election to take place in

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The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko: Opposition in a Managed Democracy

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Rus'bez vozhdya (Soyuz zhurnalistov, Vororonzeh, 1995 pages 97–104, 495–512)

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The Russian Presidency, Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic

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The Russian Presidency, Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic

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that "there have been no fair and free elections in Russia since those of

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Transitional Citizens: Voters and What Influences Them in the New Russia

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was in the lead with 21 percent support. When Zyuganov showed up at the

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in which no candidate was able to win on the first round, and as such a

3221:Предвыборная программа кандидата на пост президента России Юрия Власова 3195: 2602: 1682: 1311: 1108: 1051: 955: 900: 821: 777: 631: 542: 466: 86:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

4061:"One Fait Accompli After Another: Mikhail Gorbachev on the New Russia" 3741:. International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 1996. Archived from 3577: 2850:"One Fait Accompli After Another: Mikhail Gorbachev on the New Russia" 1778:

by the CEC. The vote totals were adjusted to remedy for this as well.

621: 1788: 1428: 1414:

ran as an independent candidate. His politics were characterized as

3590:"Report on the Election of the President of the Russian Federation" 3384:"Report on the Election of the President of the Russian Federation" 1771: 1766: 1660: 1424: 1357:

ran as an independent candidate. An associate of radical economist

550: 546: 2994:

Russia's 1996 Presidential Election: The End of Polarized Politics

2705:

Russia's 1996 Presidential Election: The End of Polarized Politics

2481:

Russia's 1996 Presidential Election: The End of Polarized Politics

4625: 3830: 2661: 2031: 1644: 1457: 944: 928: 1383:(CPRF), styled himself as a "Muslim Communist". The head of the 61: 4780: 4130:"Moscow Journal;The Americans Who Saved Yeltsin (Or Did They?)" 1850: 1846: 419: 2356:"Report on the Russian Presidential Elections March 26, 2000" 1253:

ran as an independent candidate. He ran as a self-proclaimed

566: 4217:"Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin Missed Historic Opportunity" 682:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1858: 3863:

Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics

3711:

Authoritarian Russia: Analyzing Post-Soviet Regime Changes

3274:

Law-and-Order Candidate Finds Himself in Role of Kingmaker

3100:

Proselytism and Orthodoxy in Russia: The New War for Souls

2677:"Neither Ridicule Nor Rancor Halts Gorbachev Election Bid" 1894:

Opinion polling for the 1996 Russian presidential election

1730:

All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company

1638:

In a 1996 post-election analysis published in the journal

1277:

when Boris Yeltsin became the first president of Russia."

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Yeltsin campaigning in the Moscow-region on 7 May 1996

1219:

Vladimir Bryntsalov § Presidential campaign, 1996

94:{{Translated|ru|Президентские выборы в России (1996)}} 3359:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs 3357:"Assessing Russia's Democratic Presidential Election" 2932:"Fedorov: 'Revived Russia Will Surpass US and Japan'" 1635:

and voting outside of polling booths were observed."

3411:"CNN - Yeltsin leads election poll - April 22, 1996" 3298: 2499: 1617:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

579:

Candidates in the 1996 Russian presidential election

57: 4331:"Unlikely Meeting of Minds: Lebed Meets The Donald" 3350: 3348: 3346: 3031: 1609:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

4433: 3020: 2991: 2702: 2478: 477:. Critics also argued that Yeltsin had engaged in 4461: 4186: 3326:"Russia Presidential Election Observation Report" 1923: 469:and foreign influence, as well as allegations of 5381: 3889: 3688: 3686: 3343: 2907:"Strategies of the Main Presidential Candidates" 2335:Third force (1996 Russian presidential election) 1287:Svyatoslav Fyodorov § Presidential campaign 377: 4187:Hockstader, Lee; Hoffman, David (7 July 1996). 3890:Ordeshook, Peter; Myagkov, Misha (March 2008). 1535:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 1996 presidential campaign 4021: 4019: 3976: 3859: 3714:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 52. 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3289: 3027:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 1740: 1371:Aman Tuleyev § 1996 presidential campaign 82:accompanying your translation by providing an 48:Click for important translation instructions. 35:expand this article with text translated from 4763: 4508: 4475:/Harvard University Press. pp. 234–235. 4189:"Yeltsin Campaign Rose from Tears to Triumph" 3987:/Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 186–187. 3892:"Russian Elections: An Oxymoron of Democracy" 3823:"Russian Elections: An Oxymoron of Democracy" 3697:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 3683: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3190: 3188: 3186: 2665:. — Коммерсант-Власть, 25 January 2000. — № 3 1832:receiving accusations of poor journalism and 3657: 3354: 3254: 3252: 3166:"Russia's Stubborn Strains of Anti-Semitism" 2634: 1623:followed proper procedures and enforced the 1449:Grigory Yavlinsky 1996 presidential campaign 1245:Mikhail Gorbachev 1996 presidential campaign 1182:Kemerovo Oblast Council of People's Deputies 4103:"Arnie's spin doctors spun for Yeltsin too" 4016: 4001: 3885: 3883: 3855: 3853: 3707: 3449: 3355:Allison, Graham T.; Lantz, Matthew (1996). 3084: 3082: 2959: 2957: 2621: 1631:instances of minor irregularities, such as 1561:Gennady Zyuganov 1996 presidential campaign 1410:Politician and former Olympic weightlifter 1350:Martin Shakkum § Presidential campaign 4770: 4756: 4515: 4501: 4214: 4012:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3866:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 3839:. March 2008. pp. 2–7. Archived from 3398: 3331:. International Republican Institute. 1996 3183: 3097: 3012: 2965:"Russian Election Watch, February 9, 1996" 2827:"Gorbachev, Communists Deplore Media Bias" 2742: 1519:Security Council of the Russian Federation 1328:Alexander Lebed 1996 presidential campaign 454:. As of 2024, this has also been the only 4399: 4058: 3940: 3938: 3817: 3815: 3640:"A defining moment in the Soviet breakup" 3290:Kartsev, Vladimir; Bludeau, Todd (1995). 3249: 3240: 2847: 2422: 1654: 1567:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 1381:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 1098:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 539:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 514:became a sovereign nation in wake of the 432:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 4473:President and Fellows of Harvard College 4239: 4237: 4147: 4025: 4010:Federalism and Democratisation in Russia 3880: 3850: 3516: 3423: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3117:"Russian Election Watch, April 18, 1996" 3079: 2954: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 1910: 1902: 1597: 1584: 1483: 1474:Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign 1406:Yury Vlasov § Presidential campaign 1094:First Secretary of the Central Committee 583: 489: 4377: 4127: 4121: 3692: 3637: 3309: 2929: 2904: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2794: 2727: 2674: 2571: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2378: 2376: 1915:Second round results by federal subject 1589:Yeltsin campaign advertisements on the 1528: 1129: 549:rebels seized thousands of hostages in 296:Second round results by federal subject 5382: 4349: 4328: 4292: 4180: 4153: 3980:The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia 3970: 3935: 3812: 3665:"Russian Election Watch, May 15, 1996" 3610: 3550: 3474:"Russian Election Watch, Aug. 1, 1996" 3294:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3163: 3048:The 1996 Russian Presidential Election 2989: 2770:"Russian Election Watch, May 15, 1996" 2700: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2476: 1907:First round results by federal subject 1280: 1212: 864:Leader of the Socialist People's Party 494:Voter invitation card for the election 4751: 4496: 4405: 4329:Swarns, Rachel L. (23 January 1997). 4322: 4271: 4243: 4234: 4215:Bershidsky, Leonid (31 August 2018). 3371: 3258: 3018: 2577:"Выдвижение и регистрация кандидатов" 2530:"Russian Election Watch, May 9, 1996" 2425:Russia's Path From Gorbachev To Putin 2403: 2382: 2298:Source: Nohlen & Stöver, Colton, 2280: 2263: 2246: 2229: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1811: 541:(CPRF) had achieved dominance in the 4439:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 4080: 4007: 3897:. California Institute of Technology 3613:Communist and Post-Communist Studies 2867: 2431: 2373: 1442: 1238: 418:Presidential elections were held in 17: 4786:Elections and referendums in Russia 4128:Stanley, Alessandra (9 July 1996). 3091: 2829:. Jamestown Foundation. 13 May 1996 2797:"Gorbachev Humiliated In Elections" 2675:Stanley, Alessandra (17 May 1996). 2548: 1782:Allegations of unfairness and fraud 1554: 767:People's Deputy of the Soviet Union 502:was elected to a five-year term as 13: 5390:1996 Russian presidential election 4528:1996 Russian presidential election 4378:Agrawal, Nina (21 December 2016). 3954:. 24 February 2012. Archived from 3241:Shenfield, Stephen (8 July 2016). 3164:Bohlen, Celestine (2 March 1999). 1870:2000 Russian presidential election 1604:International Republican Institute 1541:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 1321: 1041:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 850:Socialist People's Party of Russia 523:1993 Russian government referendum 121:1996 Russian presidential election 14: 5426: 5410:Political controversies in Russia 3638:Englund, William (11 June 2011). 3098:Witte, John; Bourdeaux, Michael. 2967:. 9 February 1996. Archived from 2076:Party of Workers' Self-Government 1575:1995 Russian legislative election 1549:1993 Russian legislative election 1343: 1300:Party of Workers' Self-Government 752:Party of Workers' Self-Government 535:1995 Russian legislative election 5415:Presidential elections in Russia 4779: 4154:McFaul, Michael (21 July 1996). 3143:"Russian Presidential Elections" 2930:Yasmann, Victor (13 June 1991). 2745:"Gorbachev to Run for President" 2743:Hockstader, Lee (2 March 1996). 2635:O'Connor, Eileen (6 June 1996). 2607:Radio Free Euroupe/Radio Liberty 1887: 1849:; they even make claims against 1467: 1170: 1084: 1029: 986: 933: 889: 854: 810: 756: 662: 620: 506:, which was still a part of the 290: 214: 207: 187: 186: 127: 22: 4455: 4427: 4371: 4343: 4286: 4275:The Russian Election Compendium 4265: 4251:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4208: 4095: 4052: 3909: 3786: 3760: 3728: 3701: 3631: 3604: 3582: 3571: 3544: 3510: 3492: 3476:. 1 August 1996. Archived from 3435:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3318: 3283: 3267: 3234: 3225: 3214: 3200:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3157: 3135: 3119:. 18 April 1996. Archived from 3051:. Brookings Institution Press. 2983: 2936:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2923: 2898: 2841: 2819: 2788: 2762: 2736: 2721: 2694: 2668: 2309: 2010:Congress of Russian Communities 1640:Presidential Studies Quarterly, 1364: 1338:Congress of Russian Communities 806:Congress of Russian Communities 516:dissolution of the Soviet Union 5405:Foreign electoral intervention 5369:By-elections to the State Duma 4406:Jones, Owen (5 January 2017). 4293:Shimer, David (26 June 2020). 4244:Eckel, Mike (30 August 2018). 4059:Gallagher, Tom (8 July 2017). 4008:Ross, Cameron (19 July 2013). 3061:. Brookings occasional papers. 2848:Gallagher, Tom (8 July 2017). 2654: 2595: 2385:Presidential Studies Quarterly 2348: 1882:foreign electoral intervention 1399: 1298:, ran as the candidate of the 1207: 92:You may also add the template 1: 3667:. 15 May 1996. Archived from 3625:10.1016/S0967-067X(97)00007-X 2795:Moseley, Ray (20 June 1996). 2772:. 15 May 1996. Archived from 2341: 1663:had supported Yeltsin, while 692:President of the Soviet Union 572: 485: 456:Russian presidential election 4352:"Searching for Trump's Soul" 4350:Singer, Mark (12 May 1997). 3023:Mythmaking in the New Russia 2532:. 9 May 1996. Archived from 1227:ran as the candidate of the 7: 4066:Los Angeles Review of Books 3310:Nichols, Thomas S. (1999). 3019:Smith, Kathleen E. (2002). 2854:Los Angeles Review of Books 2728:Nichols, Thomas S. (1999). 2337:, a proposed electoral bloc 2322: 1878:International Monetary Fund 1763:Central Election Commission 1741:Violations of campaign laws 1649:Central Election Commission 1593:subway station in June 1996 1480:Soskovets campaign strategy 1223:Pharmaceutical businessman 10: 5431: 3708:Gel'man, Vladimir (2015). 3693:Gel-Man, Vladimir (2015). 3520:(November–December 2000). 3431:"Newsline – June 27, 1996" 3263:. Ashgate Publishing, LTD. 3071:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2709:. Hoover Institution Press 2603:"Newsline – March 5, 1996" 1898: 1891: 1745:Following the election, a 1721:(chairman of the Board of 1602:In their 1996 report, the 1591:Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad 1580: 1558: 1532: 1477: 1471: 1446: 1403: 1368: 1347: 1336:ran as the nominee of the 1325: 1294:, a politician and renown 1284: 1242: 1216: 676:leader of the Soviet Union 576: 177:108,589,050 (second round) 151:3 July 1996 (second round) 149:16 June 1996 (first round) 56:Machine translation, like 5363: 5332: 5152: 5002: 4852: 4792: 4714: 4595: 4562: 4534: 4156:"Yanks Brag, Press Bites" 4026:Shpilkin, Sergey (2016). 3837:Voting Technology Project 3565:10.1080/09668139408412171 3196:"Newsline – May 30, 1996" 3088:Obshchaya Gazetta 5/18/95 2297: 2281:Registered voters/turnout 2225: 2208: 2191: 2187: 2167: 2145: 2125: 2105: 2085: 2063: 2041: 2019: 1523:National Security Advisor 1418:. Vlasov openly espoused 1136: 590: 382:President before election 375: 288: 199: 181: 173: 166: 137: 125: 37:the corresponding article 5400:1996 elections in Europe 4280:Harvard University Press 3276:, by CAROL J. WILLIAMS, 2990:McFaul, Michael (1997). 2905:Solovei, Valery (1996). 2701:McFaul, Michael (1997). 2477:McFaul, Michael (1997). 2117:Socialist People's Party 2054:Liberal Democratic Party 1756: 1025:Liberal Democratic Party 448:prime minister of Russia 446:, whom he had appointed 367: 361: 355: 349: 339: 333: 327: 321: 315: 309: 303: 5004:Gubernatorial elections 4272:Lantz, Matthew (1997). 3977:Jerry F. Hough (2001). 3860:M. Steven Fish (2005). 2158:Russian Socialist Party 1503:the lesser of two evils 1462:bread and butter issues 1437:People's National Party 1229:Russian Socialist Party 616:Russian Socialist Party 430:. Yeltsin defeated the 103:For more guidance, see 5395:1996 elections in Asia 4794:Presidential elections 4033:. EPDE. Archived from 3522:"Blaming Russia First" 2579:. 1996. Archived from 1916: 1908: 1874:Clinton administration 1732:and replaced him with 1655:Pro-Yeltsin media bias 1594: 1489: 1456:ran as the nominee of 1375:Independent candidate 527:Constitution of Russia 495: 428:independent politician 4854:Legislative elections 3985:Brookings Institution 3314:. St. Martin’s Press. 3259:White, David (2006). 2732:. St. Martin's Press. 2637:"Russia's Ross Perot" 1914: 1906: 1598:Contemporary analysis 1588: 1487: 1478:Further information: 1249:Former Soviet leader 584:Registered candidates 545:. On 9 January 1996, 493: 105:Knowledge:Translation 76:copyright attribution 4638:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 4437:; Stöver, P (2010). 3695:Authoritarian Russia 2942:on 23 September 2018 2884:"Svyatoslav Fedorov" 2807:on 11 September 2018 2049:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 1627:principle, although 1545:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 1529:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 1521:and the President's 1137:Candidate name, age, 1130:Withdrawn candidates 1018:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 591:Candidate name, age, 563:World Economic Forum 4702:Vladimir Bryntsalov 4655:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 4300:The Washington Post 4194:The Washington Post 4161:The Weekly Standard 4040:on 5 September 2018 3958:on 22 December 2023 3923:on 5 September 2018 3800:on 5 September 2018 3774:on 5 September 2018 3644:The Washington Post 3553:Europe-Asia Studies 2749:The Washington Post 2662:Справочник Вся Дума 2427:. pp. 260–264. 2247:Invalid/blank votes 2153:Vladimir Bryntsalov 2071:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 1920: 1776:Karachay-Cherkessia 1749:investigation (the 1615:Observers from the 1292:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 1281:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 1225:Vladimir Bryntsalov 1213:Vladimir Bryntsalov 1154:Date of withdrawal 997:President of Russia 745:Svyatoslav Fyodorov 609:Vladimir Bryntsalov 504:president of Russia 122: 5154:Regional elections 4733:Viktor Chechevatov 4336:The New York Times 4134:The New York Times 4109:. 7 September 2003 3748:on 3 December 2017 3671:on 27 January 2000 3504:The New York Times 3480:on 28 January 2000 3170:The New York Times 3123:on 5 December 2000 2971:on 29 January 2000 2776:on 27 January 2000 2681:The New York Times 1919: 1917: 1909: 1812:American influence 1595: 1490: 1433:liberal-democratic 1379:, a member of the 1359:Stanislav Shatalin 1151:Registration date 1142:Political offices 602:Registration date 596:Political offices 496: 473:or that it was an 452:post-Soviet Russia 259:Popular vote 168:Opinion polls 120: 84:interlanguage link 5377: 5376: 4745: 4744: 4667:Mikhail Gorbachev 4621:Grigory Yavlinsky 4463:Timothy J. Colton 4448:978-3-8329-5609-7 4385:Los Angeles Times 3721:978-0-8229-8093-3 3278:Los Angeles Times 3058:978-0-8157-0516-1 2583:on 9 October 1999 2536:on 4 January 2001 2329:Red Belt (Russia) 2305: 2304: 2093:Mikhail Gorbachev 2027:Grigory Yavlinsky 1801:Mikhail Gorbachev 1715:Vladimir Gusinsky 1454:Grigory Yavlinsky 1443:Grigory Yavlinsky 1251:Mikhail Gorbachev 1239:Mikhail Gorbachev 1205: 1204: 1127: 1126: 1115: 1104: 1058: 1047: 1003: 962: 951: 922:Grigory Yavlinsky 907: 828: 784: 773: 730: 712: 698: 688: 653:Mikhail Gorbachev 638: 416: 415: 412: 411: 397:Elected President 284: 283: 162: 161: 116: 115: 49: 45: 5422: 4784: 4783: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4596:Other candidates 4574:Gennady Zyuganov 4517: 4510: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4441:. p. 1642. 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4164:. Archived from 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4099: 4093: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3846:on 3 March 2016. 3845: 3827: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3586: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3532:on 3 August 2004 3528:. Archived from 3518:Treisman, Daniel 3514: 3508: 3507:, 30 April 2007. 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3470: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3407: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3380: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3352: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3042: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2997: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2938:. Archived from 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2880: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2803:. Archived from 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2708: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2672: 2666: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2573: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2526: 2497: 2496: 2484: 2474: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2401: 2400: 2391:(4): 1140–1164. 2380: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2352: 2316: 2313: 1979:Gennady Zyuganov 1921: 1918: 1719:Boris Berezovsky 1625:one-man-one-vote 1571:Gennady Zyuganov 1555:Gennady Zyuganov 1275:election of 1991 1180:Chairman of the 1174: 1139:political party 1134: 1133: 1113: 1102: 1088: 1073:Gennady Zyuganov 1056: 1045: 1033: 1001: 990: 960: 949: 937: 905: 893: 858: 826: 814: 782: 771: 760: 728: 710: 696: 686: 666: 636: 624: 593:political party 588: 587: 559:Gennady Zyuganov 436:Gennady Zyuganov 426:, who ran as an 378: 370: 368: 364: 362: 358: 356: 352: 350: 342: 340: 336: 334: 330: 328: 324: 322: 318: 316: 312: 310: 306: 304: 294: 237: 235:Gennady Zyuganov 218: 211: 201: 200: 195:) (second round) 190: 189: 139: 138: 132: 131: 130: 123: 119: 95: 89: 62:Google Translate 47: 43: 26: 25: 18: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5359: 5328: 5148: 4998: 4848: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4746: 4741: 4710: 4604:Alexander Lebed 4591: 4579:Communist Party 4558: 4530: 4521: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4348: 4344: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4291: 4287: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4242: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4168:on 22 July 2018 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3706: 3702: 3691: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3632: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3526:Foreign Affairs 3515: 3511: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3409: 3408: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3308: 3299: 3288: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3257: 3250: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3043: 3032: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2741: 2737: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2633: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2500: 2493: 2475: 2432: 2423:David M. Kotz. 2421: 2404: 2381: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2005:Alexander Lebed 1984:Communist Party 1901: 1896: 1890: 1876:in securing an 1866:Alexander Lebed 1814: 1806:Dmitry Medvedev 1784: 1759: 1747:financial fraud 1743: 1734:Eduard Sagalaev 1708:mayor of Moscow 1657: 1600: 1583: 1563: 1557: 1537: 1531: 1515:Alexander Lebed 1482: 1476: 1470: 1451: 1445: 1408: 1402: 1385:Kemerovo Oblast 1373: 1367: 1352: 1346: 1334:Alexander Lebed 1330: 1324: 1322:Alexander Lebed 1296:ophthalmologist 1289: 1283: 1255:social democrat 1247: 1241: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1166: 1164: 1138: 1132: 1112: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1080:Communist Party 1078: 1076: 1055: 1048: 1044: 1023: 1021: 1000: 982: 980: 959: 952: 948: 927: 925: 904: 885: 883: 848: 846: 825: 804: 802: 799:Alexander Lebed 781: 774: 770: 750: 748: 727: 713: 709: 699: 695: 689: 685: 679: 658: 656: 635: 614: 612: 592: 586: 581: 575: 488: 475:unfair election 471:electoral fraud 462:was necessary. 460:runoff election 404: 399: 389: 384: 376: 371: 366: 365: 360: 359: 354: 353: 348: 347: 343: 338: 337: 332: 331: 326: 325: 320: 319: 314: 313: 308: 307: 302: 301: 297: 289: 233: 150: 133: 128: 126: 112: 111: 110: 93: 87: 50: 44:(February 2022) 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5428: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4775: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4729: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4698: 4688: 4682:Martin Shakkum 4678: 4663: 4651: 4634: 4617: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4569: 4567: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4520: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4481: 4454: 4447: 4426: 4398: 4370: 4357:The New Yorker 4342: 4321: 4285: 4264: 4233: 4221:Bloomberg News 4207: 4179: 4146: 4120: 4094: 4079: 4051: 4015: 4000: 3994:978-0815798590 3993: 3969: 3934: 3908: 3879: 3872: 3849: 3811: 3785: 3759: 3727: 3720: 3700: 3682: 3656: 3630: 3619:(3): 255–275. 3603: 3581: 3570: 3543: 3509: 3491: 3448: 3437:. 27 June 1996 3422: 3397: 3370: 3342: 3317: 3297: 3282: 3280:, 18 June 1996 3266: 3248: 3233: 3224: 3213: 3182: 3156: 3134: 3105: 3102:. p. 127. 3090: 3078: 3057: 3030: 3011: 3004: 2982: 2953: 2922: 2897: 2866: 2840: 2818: 2787: 2761: 2735: 2720: 2693: 2667: 2653: 2620: 2609:. 5 March 1996 2594: 2547: 2498: 2491: 2430: 2402: 2372: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2332: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2113:Martin Shakkum 2110: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1900: 1897: 1892:Main article: 1889: 1886: 1834:sensationalism 1825:Spinning Boris 1813: 1810: 1783: 1780: 1758: 1755: 1742: 1739: 1688:anti-Communist 1656: 1653: 1599: 1596: 1582: 1579: 1569:(CPRF) leader 1559:Main article: 1556: 1553: 1543:(LDPR) leader 1533:Main article: 1530: 1527: 1499:Oleg Soskovets 1472:Main article: 1469: 1466: 1447:Main article: 1444: 1441: 1404:Main article: 1401: 1398: 1389:political base 1369:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1355:Martin Shakkum 1348:Main article: 1345: 1344:Martin Shakkum 1342: 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1285:Main article: 1282: 1279: 1263:The New Russia 1243:Main article: 1240: 1237: 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198:26 April 1996 1196: 1192: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1116: 1114:(1993–present) 1107:Deputy of the 1103:(1993–present) 1091: 1089: 1082: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1050:Deputy of the 1039:Leader of the 1036: 1034: 1027: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1004: 993: 991: 984: 972: 971: 970:19 April 1996 968: 963: 954:Deputy of the 940: 938: 931: 917: 916: 915:26 April 1996 913: 908: 899:Deputy of the 896: 894: 887: 875: 874: 873:22 April 1996 871: 866: 861: 859: 852: 843:Martin Shakkum 838: 837: 836:19 April 1996 834: 829: 820:Deputy of the 817: 815: 808: 794: 793: 792:19 April 1996 790: 785: 776:Deputy of the 763: 761: 754: 740: 739: 738:12 April 1996 736: 731: 724:Supreme Soviet 706:Supreme Soviet 669: 667: 660: 648: 647: 646:26 April 1996 644: 639: 630:Deputy of the 627: 625: 618: 604: 603: 600: 597: 594: 585: 582: 577:Main article: 574: 571: 487: 484: 444:Vladimir Putin 414: 413: 410: 409: 394: 373: 372: 295: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 273: 269: 268: 265: 260: 256: 255: 250: 245: 241: 240: 238: 231: 224: 220: 219: 212: 205: 197: 196: 183: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 164: 163: 160: 159: 153: 146: 135: 134: 114: 113: 109: 108: 101: 90: 68: 65: 54: 51: 32: 31: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5427: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4561: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543:Boris Yeltsin 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4484: 4482:9780674029804 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3873:9781139446853 3869: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3854: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3704: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3559:(3): 420–21. 3558: 3554: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3327: 3321: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3292:!Zhirinovsky! 3286: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3237: 3228: 3222: 3217: 3202:. 30 May 1996 3201: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3144: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3025: 3024: 3015: 3007: 3005:9780817995027 3001: 2996: 2995: 2986: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2908: 2901: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2724: 2707: 2706: 2697: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2492:9780817995027 2488: 2483: 2482: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1955:Boris Yeltsin 1953: 1951: 1950: 1936: 1922: 1913: 1905: 1895: 1888:Opinion polls 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1793:Bashkortostan 1790: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1696:Mikhail Lesin 1693: 1690:paper called 1689: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1633:family voting 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1592: 1587: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1494:Boris Yeltsin 1486: 1481: 1475: 1468:Boris Yeltsin 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1316:Deng Xiaoping 1313: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1123:4 March 1996 1122: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066:5 April 1996 1065: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011:3 April 1996 1010: 1008: 1005: 999: 998: 994: 992: 989: 985: 979: 978: 977:Boris Yeltsin 974: 973: 969: 967: 964: 958: 957: 947: 946: 941: 939: 936: 932: 930: 924: 923: 919: 918: 914: 912: 909: 903: 902: 897: 895: 892: 888: 882: 881: 877: 876: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 853: 851: 845: 844: 840: 839: 835: 833: 830: 824: 823: 818: 816: 813: 809: 807: 801: 800: 796: 795: 791: 789: 786: 780: 779: 769: 768: 764: 762: 759: 755: 753: 747: 746: 742: 741: 737: 735: 732: 726: 725: 721: 717: 708: 707: 703: 694: 693: 684: 683: 678: 677: 675: 670: 668: 665: 661: 655: 654: 650: 649: 645: 643: 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CSCE. 2000 2350: 2311: 2175:Aman Tuleyev 1933:Second round 1863: 1842:Bill Clinton 1839: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1797: 1785: 1760: 1751:Xerox affair 1744: 1727: 1712: 1704:Yury Luzhkov 1700: 1691: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1658: 1639: 1637: 1628: 1620: 1614: 1601: 1564: 1538: 1507: 1491: 1452: 1409: 1393:early voting 1377:Aman Tuleyev 1374: 1365:Aman Tuleyev 1353: 1331: 1304: 1290: 1262: 1259: 1248: 1233: 1222: 1201:8 June 1996 1179: 1167:Independent 1161:Aman Tuleyev 1159: 1106: 1093: 1071: 1049: 1038: 1016: 995: 983:Independent 975: 953: 943:Chairman of 942: 920: 898: 886:Independent 878: 863: 841: 819: 797: 775: 765: 743: 714: 700: 690: 680: 673: 671: 659:Independent 651: 629: 607: 556: 532: 520: 508:Soviet Union 497: 464: 440: 417: 400: 396: 385: 381: 369: 60–65% 363: 55–60% 357: 50–55% 351: 45–50% 344: 341: 75–80% 335: 70–75% 329: 65–70% 323: 60–65% 317: 55–60% 311: 50–55% 305: 45–50% 298: 275: 262: 226: 148: 117: 80:edit summary 71: 42: 34: 15: 5333:Referendums 4737:Independent 4727:Independent 4706:Independent 4696:Independent 4692:Yury Vlasov 4686:Independent 4671:Independent 4547:Independent 4226:1 September 4072:7 September 4044:4 September 3927:4 September 3804:4 September 3778:4 September 2587:4 September 2290:108,589,050 2284:108,495,023 2264:Total votes 2230:Valid votes 2192:Against all 2179:Independent 2137:Independent 2133:Yury Vlasov 2097:Independent 1959:Independent 1930:First round 1706:, the then 1420:antisemitic 1416:nationalist 1412:Yury Vlasov 1400:Yury Vlasov 1208:Campaigning 1057:(1993–2022) 1046:(1991–2022) 1002:(1991–1999) 961:(1993–2003) 950:(1993–2008) 906:(1993–1995) 880:Yury Vlasov 827:(1995–1996) 783:(1995–1999) 772:(1989–1991) 729:(1988–1989) 711:(1989–1990) 697:(1990–1991) 687:(1985–1991) 637:(1995–2003) 479:vote buying 434:challenger 406:Independent 391:Independent 272:Percentage 267:30,102,288 248:Independent 5384:Categories 5367:See also: 5350:1993 (Dec) 5345:1993 (Apr) 4872:1907 (Oct) 4867:1907 (Jan) 4524:Candidates 4139:4 December 3499:Борис-боец 3484:22 January 2342:References 2273:74,691,290 2267:75,587,139 2239:73,910,698 2233:74,515,019 2218:73,910,698 2212:74,515,019 2014:10,974,736 1994:30,102,288 1988:24,211,686 1968:40,203,948 1962:26,665,495 1692:Ne Dai Bog 1683:Kommersant 1492:Incumbent 1312:Ross Perot 1109:State Duma 1052:State Duma 956:State Duma 901:State Duma 822:State Duma 778:State Duma 632:State Duma 573:Candidates 543:State Duma 486:Background 467:media bias 263:40,203,948 174:Registered 39:in Russian 4435:Nohlen, D 4309:0190-8286 3675:1 January 3067:cite book 2975:1 January 2250:1,072,120 2201:3,604,462 2195:1,163,921 2058:4,311,479 2036:5,550,752 1924:Candidate 1799:instead. 1789:Tatarstan 1629:scattered 1621:generally 1511:oligarchs 1429:communist 1145:Campaign 720:Presidium 599:Campaign 498:In 1991, 345:Zyuganov: 98:talk page 4715:Withdrew 4675:campaign 4648:campaign 4631:campaign 4614:campaign 4585:campaign 4563:Lost in 4552:campaign 4465:(2000). 3752:7 August 3206:7 August 2397:27551676 2323:See also 1772:Dagestan 1767:Mordovia 1645:pensions 1425:Gaullism 1332:General 1273:and the 1189:campaign 1148:Details 1119:campaign 1062:campaign 1007:campaign 966:campaign 911:campaign 869:campaign 832:campaign 788:campaign 734:campaign 716:Chairman 702:Chairman 674:De facto 642:campaign 551:Dagestan 299:Yeltsin: 223:Nominee 185:68.78% ( 74:provide 5072:2004–05 5012:1991–92 4626:Yabloko 4526:in the 4419:18 June 4391:18 June 4363:16 June 4314:16 June 4257:16 June 4172:21 July 4113:16 June 3962:17 June 3901:29 July 3831:CALTECH 3596:29 July 3390:29 July 3363:17 June 3335:29 July 3175:19 June 3149:16 June 3127:25 July 2915:24 July 2890:28 July 2859:16 June 2833:16 June 2811:16 June 2780:16 June 2754:16 June 2713:16 June 2686:16 June 2646:24 July 2613:31 July 2540:26 July 2365:19 June 2256:780,592 2162:123,065 2140:151,282 2120:277,068 2100:386,069 2080:699,158 2032:Yabloko 1899:Results 1581:Conduct 1458:Yabloko 1096:of the 945:Yabloko 929:Yabloko 722:of the 718:of the 704:of the 547:Chechen 280:40.73% 204: 182:Turnout 96:to the 78:in the 41:. 4565:runoff 4535:Winner 4479: 4445: 4307: 3991: 3870: 3718: 3536:8 July 3055: 3002: 2489: 2395: 2276:100.00 2270:100.00 2221:100.00 2215:100.00 1851:Alaska 1847:Crimea 537:, the 420:Russia 276:54.40% 244:Party 4038:(PDF) 4031:(PDF) 3895:(PDF) 3844:(PDF) 3826:(PDF) 3746:(PDF) 3739:(PDF) 3329:(PDF) 2910:(PDF) 2393:JSTOR 2359:(PDF) 2293:68.78 2287:69.67 2242:98.95 2236:98.58 2209:Total 2017:14.73 1997:40.73 1991:32.49 1971:54.40 1965:35.79 1944:Votes 1938:Votes 1927:Party 1757:Fraud 567:Davos 521:In a 58:DeepL 5355:2020 5340:1991 5323:2025 5317:2024 5312:2023 5307:2022 5302:2021 5297:2020 5292:2019 5287:2018 5282:2017 5277:2016 5272:2015 5267:2014 5262:2013 5257:2012 5252:2011 5247:2010 5242:2009 5237:2008 5232:2007 5227:2006 5222:2005 5217:2004 5212:2003 5207:2002 5202:2001 5197:2000 5192:1999 5187:1998 5182:1997 5177:1996 5172:1995 5167:1994 5162:1993 5143:2025 5137:2024 5132:2023 5127:2022 5122:2021 5117:2020 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