198:
600:(SEPA) should have a clear role in contingency planning and management of any future emergency. There was a need for operational guidelines for slaughtermen. In formulating movement restriction, the dispersed nature of many holdings should be taken into account. There should be a clear and consistent strategy for compensation for slaughtered animals. The closing down of the country initially for no more than three weeks and then reopening in non-affected areas was recommended. Great importance was placed on contingency planning, on the need for regular exercises and on the setting up of an independent
230:
125:
1952:
626:. Although the vaccine was believed to be effective, export rules would prevent the export of British livestock in the future, and it was decided that this was too great a price to pay, although this was controversial because the value of the export industry (£592 million per year) was small compared to losses to tourism resulting from the measures taken. Following the outbreak, the law was changed to permit vaccinations rather than culling.
341:
256:
near an infected farm. The complete halt on movement of livestock, cull, and extensive measures to prevent humans carrying the disease on their boots and clothing from one site to another, brought the disease under control during the summer. The culling required resources that were not immediately to hand. With about 80,000–93,000 animals per week being slaughtered, MAFF officials were assisted by units from the
655:
73:
489:
out of the UK's livestock markets; without disease testing, infected animals were being quickly moved throughout the
British Isles facilitating the spread of the FMD virus. In 2001, the NFU had accused MAFF of acting too slowly in the early stages of the outbreak even though the UK's Agriculture Minister claimed as late as 11 March that the outbreak was under control.
304:. Holding a general election during the height of the crisis was widely seen as impossible – Government work is much reduced during the four-week campaign and it was seen as inappropriate to divert attention away from management of the crisis. The announcement was leaked to newspapers at the end of March. Prime Minister
22:
638:
and fieldwork took place between 2001 and 2003. Concentrating on
Cumbria as the area that was worst hit by the epidemic, data has been collected via interviews, focus groups and individual diaries to document the consequences that the FMD outbreak had on people's lives. In 2008, a book based on this
484:
As the virus was believed to be not present in the UK prior to the outbreak, and given there were import restrictions for meat from countries known to harbour FMD, it is likely that the infected meat had been illegally imported to the UK. Such imports are likely to be for the catering industry and a
312:
concurred with the reasons for delay, and even suggested a further delay to ensure that the crisis was truly over (though it was alleged that he was hoping the Tories would be more popular and do better at the coming election the later it took place, perhaps because of bad government handling of the
255:
In April, King announced that the disease was "totally under control". The effort to prevent the spread of the disease, which caused a complete ban of the sale of
British pigs, sheep and cattle until the disease was confirmed eradicated, concentrated on a cull and then by burning all animals located
216:
The MAFF adopted a policy of "contiguous cull" – all animals within 3 kilometres (3,000 m) of known cases would be slaughtered. This was immediately clarified as applying only to sheep, not cows or pigs. The policy of MAFF was that where affected carcasses from the cull could not be disposed on
488:
In June 2004, Defra held a simulation exercise in five areas around the UK to test new procedures to be employed in the event of a future outbreak. This was in response to findings that showed that in 2001, MAFF had failed to respond quickly enough to stop the high volume of animal movements coming
394:
festival was cancelled, but later rescheduled two months later in May. Severe precautionary measures had been in place throughout
Ireland since the outbreak of the disease in the UK, with most public events and gatherings cancelled, controls on farm access, and measures such as disinfectant mats at
299:
The outbreak caused the delay by a month of the local elections in the UK. Part of the reason was that bringing together so many farmers at polling stations might cause extensive spread of the disease. However, more importantly, it was widely known before the outbreak that the
Government had chosen
566:
was chaired by
Professor Ian Cunningham. This embraced not only the scientific aspects of the outbreak, but also economic, social and psychological effects of the event. The costs to Scottish agriculture of the FMD outbreak were estimated to be £231m and the loss of gross revenue to tourism to be
375:
was the worst affected country outside the UK, suffering 25 cases. Vaccinations were used to halt the spread of the disease. However, the Dutch went on to slaughter all vaccinated animals and in the end 250,000–270,000 cattle were destroyed, resulting in significantly more cattle slaughtered per
567:
between £200–250m for
Scotland as a whole. It recommended that there should be a regional laboratory in Scotland, and priority be given to the development of testing procedures. The delay in imposing a ban of all movements until the third day after confirmation, the use of less than transparent
87:
had been in 1967, and had been confined to a small area of the country. The
Northumberland report issued after the 1967 outbreak had identified that speed was the key to stopping a future outbreak, with the recommendation of identified animals being slaughtered on the spot on the same day as
110:
Since the 1967 outbreak, there had also been significant changes in farming methods. Specifically animals were being kept in larger numbers and being housed during the winter. The closure of many local abattoirs meant that animals for slaughter were now being transported greater distances.
99:(EC) directive, 85/511. This set out procedures, such as protection and "surveillance zones", the confirmation of diagnosis by laboratory testing and that actions had to be consulted with the EC and its Standing Veterinary Committee. An earlier directive, 80/68, on the protection of
615:, an independent advisory body established by the Government in 1979, also published a report. Its recommendations including material from both The Royal Society Inquiry into Infectious Diseases in Livestock and the Independent Inquiry into Foot and Mouth Disease in Scotland.
542:
All three inquiries reported their findings to the public. However, the inquiries themselves took place in private. The lack of a full public inquiry into the crisis caused a group of farmers, business leaders and media organisations to lodge an appeal at the
596:(Scotland) should be appointed and a "Territorial Veterinary Army" formed from professionals to be called upon should need arise. Burial of carcasses, where conditions permit, was identified as the preferred option for disposal of slaughtered animals. The
237:
By 16 March, the number of cases was at 240. Around the time, the
Netherlands had a small outbreak, though the disease was contained by vaccination; the vaccinated animals would later be destroyed, in line with EU requirements on trading.
579:
should include emergency barrier, or ring, vaccination as an adjunct to slaughter in clinical cases. Reservations about the consumption of meat and milk from vaccinated animals were seen to be unjustified. The importance of
505:, on the previous outbreak). In August 2001 therefore, in an effort to prevent this failure to learn from history from happening again, HM Government launched three inquiries into various aspects of the crisis. They were:
64:, the international dog show, had to be postponed by 2 months from March to May 2001. By the time that the disease was halted in October 2001, the crisis was estimated to have cost the United Kingdom £8bn.
37:
saw 2,000 cases of the disease on farms across most of the
British countryside. Over 6 million cows and sheep were slaughtered on farms in an eventually successful attempt to halt the disease.
634:
The Department of Health (DH) sponsored a longitudinal research project investigating the health and social consequences of the 2001 outbreak of FMD. The research team was led by Maggie Mort of
44:
With the intention of controlling the spread of the disease, public rights of way across land were closed by order. This damaged the popularity of rural areas such as Wales, Cornwall and the
252:
who had been modelling human diseases at Imperial College and was on the committee concerned with BSE. By the end of March the disease was at its height, with up to 50 new cases a day.
2013:
945:
284:(Defra) downgraded to "high risk" the last area to be denoted "infected" on 29 November. The last cull in the UK was performed on 1 January 2002 on 2,000 sheep at Donkley Woods Farm,
571:
techniques and the failure to call on more than a fraction of the considerable relevant scientific expertise available in Scotland were criticised. The case for emergency protective
395:
railway stations, public buildings and university campuses. The 2001 Oireachtas Rince na Cruinne, or Irish Dance World Championships, was cancelled this year due to these measures.
325:
2008:
1988:
291:
With no new positive tests, the UK declared itself free of the foot-and-mouth disease on 14 January 2002, officially ending 11 months of the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak.
2018:
2030:
368:
and mainland Europe, following unknowing transportation of infected animals from the UK. The cases sparked fears of a continent-wide pandemic, but these proved unfounded.
321:
153:
555:, had ruled out a public inquiry on the grounds that it would be too costly and take too long. After a four-day hearing, the court sided with Beckett and the Government.
1140:
845:
The track obstruction by a road vehicle and subsequent train collisions at Great Heck 28 February 2001 (Report). Health and Safety Executive. February 2002. p. 33.
589:
552:
1774:
522:. This inquiry examined the scientific aspects of the crisis, for instance the efficacy of vaccinations, the way the virus spreads and so on. It was chaired by Sir
501:, there was a widespread government and public perception that little had been learnt from the previous epizootic (despite the publication in 1968 of a report, the
2193:
1327:
502:
481:
being fed to pigs at Burnside Farm in Heddon-on-the-Wall. The swill had not been properly heat-sterilized and the virus had thus been allowed to infect the pigs.
167:, Northumberland, from the same location as the pig in the first case; this farm was later confirmed as the source of the outbreak, with the owner, Bobby Waugh of
2023:
213:, investigators visiting the crash site had to go through a decontamination regimen, to prevent possible contamination of the crash site's soil with the virus.
1342:
448:
carried out some precautionary slaughters, but all tests eventually proved negative. Further false alarms that did not result in any culling were signalled in
313:
foot and mouth situation). The general election was eventually held on 7 June, along with the local elections. It was the first delay of an election since the
2266:
2167:
1814:
530:
1981:
1332:
329:
281:
1832:
1113:
390:
wild animals capable of bearing the disease, such as deer, in the area. The outbreak greatly affected the Irish food and tourism industry. The 2001
2296:
2198:
622:
to halt the spread of the disease was repeatedly considered during the outbreak, but the government decided not to use it after pressure from the
2271:
2188:
1726:
1133:
1290:
2286:
2261:
2203:
1974:
320:
Following the election, Blair announced a re-organisation of the government departments. Largely in response to the perceived failure of the
1088:
512:. This inquiry was devoted specifically to the government's handling of the crisis. It was chaired by Sir Iain Anderson CBE, previously a
1520:
1510:
673:
668:
498:
84:
1955:
1126:
593:
95:
In 1980, Foot and Mouth Disease treatment policy passed from the hands of the UK Government to the European level as a result of
2069:
1731:
1108:
597:
535:
156:(MAFF) imposed movement restrictions on livestock in and out of eight kilometres around the infected area. On 21 February, the
952:
1764:
872:
2044:
1997:
1114:
Foot and Mouth Disease Study information, Lancaster University, School of Health and Medicine, Division of Health Research
301:
233:
A government notice on the 2001 UK foot and mouth disease outbreak. King's Sutton is in Northamptonshire, south of Banbury.
57:
1109:
ESDS Qualidata, Health and Social Consequences of the Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemic in North Cumbria, 2001–2003 webpages
868:
Not the foot and mouth report: everything Tony Blair did not want you to know about the biggest blunder in his premiership
2242:
2171:
1804:
1492:
464:. All other European countries imposed livestock movement restrictions from infected or potentially infected countries.
2301:
2157:
1549:
1488:
1103:
741:
2291:
2281:
1741:
1149:
1054:
850:
413:
1093:
1864:
1472:
1467:
1285:
197:
186:
in Devon. Later in the week, cases were found in North Wales. By the beginning of March, the disease had spread to
592:) should take the lead in establishing standards to be applied in normal times and at the start of an outbreak. A
485:
total ban on the feeding of catering waste containing meat or meat products was introduced early in the epidemic.
2276:
1457:
1392:
1312:
1216:
397:
1881:
1799:
1307:
534:. This inquiry focused on the long-term production and delivery of food within the country. It was chaired by
1837:
1792:
1300:
1160:
604:
to monitor the maintenance of effective planning. In all, some twenty seven recommendations were made to the
421:
1787:
1754:
1628:
1611:
694:"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?"
2225:
1842:
1576:
1337:
1072:
623:
612:
1020:
910:
324:
to respond to the outbreak quickly and effectively enough, the ministry was merged with elements of the
1824:
1721:
1267:
563:
285:
53:
820:
2127:
1676:
1357:
794:
977:
1736:
1638:
1021:"The Health and Social Consequences of the 2001 Foot & Mouth Disease Epidemic in North Cumbria"
992:
2117:
2087:
1759:
1594:
1586:
477:
The consensus is that the FMD virus came from infected or contaminated meat that was part of the
265:
175:
and banned from keeping farm animals for 15 years. He was later found guilty of feeding his pigs
1078:
107:
to prohibit farm burials and the use of quicklime unless the site was authorised by the Agency.
2097:
1937:
1779:
1769:
1692:
1599:
1541:
1502:
1442:
1191:
391:
277:
30:
2107:
1554:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1347:
585:
544:
206:
229:
160:
announced a blanket ban on the export of any meat, milk products, or livestock from the UK.
1656:
1648:
1397:
1206:
635:
513:
261:
241:
96:
1089:
Inquiry into Foot and Mouth Disease in Scotland. The Royal Society of Edinburgh, July 2002
575:, without subsequent slaughter, was supported by the evidence and it was recommended that
8:
1809:
1633:
1437:
1432:
409:
405:
365:
157:
49:
1966:
1905:
1447:
718:
693:
605:
601:
510:
Inquiry into the lessons to be learned from the foot and mouth disease outbreak of 2001
384:
172:
164:
104:
33:
in the United Kingdom in 2001 caused a crisis in British agriculture and tourism. This
2077:
2052:
1623:
1452:
1050:
846:
723:
1118:
709:
124:
1819:
1666:
1618:
1569:
1317:
1262:
713:
705:
576:
568:
548:
314:
201:
A disinfectant bath used to disinfect the wheels of vehicles to try to stop spread.
77:
865:
221:; as such, the corpses of infected animals were taken through disease-free areas.
2141:
2101:
1564:
1559:
1352:
1241:
1236:
888:
876:
768:
245:
210:
145:
2231:
1924:
1482:
1295:
1226:
1196:
1181:
1098:
951:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. June 2002. Archived from
660:
249:
152:. Over the next four days, several more cases were announced in Essex, and the
133:
2255:
2111:
2091:
1931:
1661:
1257:
1186:
523:
309:
191:
149:
137:
45:
1083:
2121:
1876:
1402:
1322:
997:
727:
380:
257:
2147:
2151:
2137:
2131:
1912:
1898:
1477:
1407:
1165:
932:
Royal Society of Edinburgh, Inquiry into foot and mouth disease July 2002
581:
572:
417:
372:
344:
Number of outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in Western Europe in 2001 (
100:
21:
1671:
1047:
Animal disease and human trauma : emotional geographies of disaster
383:
in March 2001. A cull of healthy livestock around the farm was ordered.
340:
244:
was appointed to approach MAFF policy in a scientific manner, alongside
2081:
2048:
1422:
1221:
441:
305:
183:
1079:
European Commission for the control of foot and mouth disease homepage
2161:
1427:
1412:
1231:
1211:
1045:
Convery, Ian; Mort, Maggie; Baxter, Josephine; Bailey, Cathy (2008).
1019:
Mort, Maggie; Ian, Convery; Cathy, Bailey; Josephine, Baxter (2004).
176:
89:
34:
1869:
1606:
1201:
402:
187:
48:
as tourist destinations and led to the cancellation of that year's
1104:
Animal Disease and Human Trauma: emotional geographies of disaster
641:
Animal Disease and Human Trauma, emotional geographies of disaster
1462:
1417:
619:
457:
449:
445:
433:
268:. From May to September, about five cases per day were reported.
168:
132:
The first case of the disease to be detected was at Cheale Meats
38:
379:
Ireland suffered one case in a flock of sheep in Jenkinstown in
547:
against the government's decision not to hold such an inquiry.
520:
The Royal Society Inquiry into Infectious Diseases in Livestock
453:
427:
387:
218:
171:, found guilty of having failed to inform the authorities of a
61:
288:. Restrictions on livestock movement were retained into 2002.
478:
461:
437:
141:
654:
41:
was the worst affected area of the country, with 893 cases.
1918:
590:
Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department
560:
Independent Inquiry into Foot and Mouth Disease in Scotland
72:
993:"A catalogue of failures that discredits the whole system"
553:
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
217:
site, they would have to be taken to a rendering plant in
1775:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences
1996:
1328:
Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
326:
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions
1044:
946:"Origin of the UK Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemic 2001"
2168:
Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern
1148:
1026:. Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University
1018:
497:
As the 2001 outbreak seemed to cause as much harm as
308:
confirmed the decision on 2 April. Opposition leader
276:
The last case was reported on Whygill Head Farm near
128:
A government notice on a quarantined Oxfordshire farm
650:
2058:
Appointed prime minister: Tony Blair (Labour Party)
1815:
Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland
691:
531:
Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food
1333:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
330:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
282:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
629:
364:Several cases of foot and mouth were reported in
2253:
25:Slaughtered animals being incinerated on a farm
1291:Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board
588:was emphasised and it stated that SEERAD (The
1982:
1134:
1084:Private Eye's "Not the Foot and Mouth report"
2267:History of agriculture in the United Kingdom
1727:National Farmers' Union of England and Wales
1099:Foot and Mouth Disease Study Project website
2220:2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
821:"Foot and mouth farmer banned for 15 years"
685:
674:2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
669:1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
322:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
300:the day of the local elections to hold the
154:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
88:identification and the carcasses buried in
1989:
1975:
1141:
1127:
870:, Private Eye special report November 2001
194:where it took a particularly strong hold.
1368:Scottish Government Net Zero Directorates
990:
940:
938:
717:
516:to Tony Blair, and reported in July 2002.
692:Knight-Jones, T. J.; Rushton, J (2013).
430:suffered two cases, on 13 and 23 March.
339:
228:
196:
182:On 24 February, a case was announced in
163:On 23 February, a case was confirmed in
123:
71:
20:
2297:Disease outbreaks in the United Kingdom
492:
2272:Public inquiries in the United Kingdom
2254:
1540:
935:
818:
792:
766:
598:Scottish Environment Protection Agency
335:
76:Notice telling people to keep off the
1970:
1765:Country Land and Business Association
1714:
1122:
209:, which took place on 28 February in
2287:2001 United Kingdom general election
2262:2001 disasters in the United Kingdom
1998:2001 United Kingdom general election
294:
2243:2001 United Kingdom local elections
1805:Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre
1732:National Farmers' Union of Scotland
991:Freedland, Jonathan (16 May 2001).
412:cancelled. Three matches involving
224:
13:
2158:Social Democratic and Labour Party
1094:Farm Animal Welfare Council Report
472:
376:infected premises than in the UK.
264:, the local regional commander of
144:on 19 February 2001, in pigs from
14:
2313:
1150:Agriculture in the United Kingdom
1066:
978:"Foot-and-mouth crisis timetable"
467:
424:were postponed until the autumn.
1951:
1950:
1473:Scottish Agricultural Revolution
1468:Rural Reconstruction Association
1286:Agricultural Land Classification
653:
584:at all times and throughout the
280:in Cumbria on 30 September. The
56:for the 2001 season and delayed
1313:British Cattle Movement Service
1038:
1012:
984:
970:
926:
889:"The man waging war on disease"
710:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013
526:and also reported in July 2002.
1800:National Non-Food Crops Centre
1742:Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster
1308:Animal and Plant Health Agency
903:
881:
859:
838:
819:Wilson, Jamie (29 June 2002).
812:
795:"They just wanted a scapegoat"
786:
760:
734:
698:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
630:Health and social consequences
271:
1:
1838:Royal Agricultural University
1793:National Museum of Rural Life
1301:Meat and Livestock Commission
1217:Müller Milk & Ingredients
1161:Economy of the United Kingdom
679:
538:and reported in January 2002.
499:the previous outbreak in 1967
422:2001 Six Nations Championship
119:
67:
1788:Museum of English Rural Life
1755:British Egg Industry Council
1612:Scottish Crofting Foundation
1073:Special report on the crisis
793:Abrams, Fran (31 May 2002).
767:Morris, Doug (30 May 2002).
639:study was published, titled
205:During investigation of the
190:, southern Scotland and the
58:that year's general election
7:
2226:Friends, Voters, Countrymen
1338:Institute for Animal Health
646:
613:Farm Animal Welfare Council
114:
10:
2318:
1829:Universities and colleges
1825:Tenant Farmers Association
1268:Rare Breeds Survival Trust
564:Royal Society of Edinburgh
286:Bellingham, Northumberland
54:British Rally Championship
16:Epidemic in 2001 in the UK
2302:Premiership of Tony Blair
2240:
2212:
2181:
2128:Democratic Unionist Party
2065:
2039:
2004:
1946:
1890:
1857:
1750:
1705:
1685:
1647:
1639:Scotland Food & Drink
1585:
1533:
1501:
1388:
1381:
1358:Rights of way in Scotland
1276:
1250:
1174:
1156:
2292:Foot-and-mouth outbreaks
2282:2001 in economic history
1843:Scotland's Rural College
875:18 December 2008 at the
742:"UK meat exports banned"
594:Chief Veterinary Officer
2118:Scottish National Party
1760:British Poultry Council
1722:Farmers' Union of Wales
1550:Agriculture in Cheshire
1393:Agricultural Revolution
769:"A farmer's negligence"
266:42 (North West) Brigade
260:commanded by Brigadier
2277:2001 disease outbreaks
1780:James Hutton Institute
1770:Fresh Start Initiative
1443:Highland Potato Famine
1049:. Palgrave Macmillan.
624:National Farmers Union
503:Northumberland Inquiry
361:
234:
202:
129:
80:
31:foot-and-mouth disease
26:
2108:Ulster Unionist Party
1737:Ulster Farmers' Union
1555:Agriculture in London
1373:Single Payment Scheme
1363:Rural Payments Agency
1348:Quality Meat Scotland
980:. CNN. 7 August 2001.
586:agricultural industry
343:
232:
207:Great Heck rail crash
200:
127:
75:
24:
1487:Women's Land Army -
1398:British timber trade
1207:Frontier Agriculture
913:. PBS. 30 March 2001
891:. BBC. 29 March 2001
636:Lancaster University
493:Government inquiries
385:Irish special forces
1810:Rothamsted Research
1634:Royal Highland Show
1534:Nations and regions
1438:Highland Clearances
1433:Haughley Experiment
392:Saint Patrick's Day
336:European infections
158:European Commission
103:gave powers to the
50:Cheltenham Festival
2066:Parties elected to
1448:Lowland Clearances
748:. 21 February 2001
606:Scottish Executive
602:standing committee
362:
235:
203:
173:notifiable disease
165:Heddon-on-the-Wall
130:
105:Environment Agency
97:European Community
81:
27:
2249:
2248:
2098:Liberal Democrats
1964:
1963:
1853:
1852:
1701:
1700:
1529:
1528:
1453:Napier Commission
577:contingency plans
562:initiated by the
295:Political effects
177:"untreated waste"
52:, as well as the
2309:
2194:Northern Ireland
2070:House of Commons
2014:Northern Ireland
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1820:Soil Association
1712:
1711:
1706:Non-governmental
1686:Northern Ireland
1667:Royal Welsh Show
1538:
1537:
1386:
1385:
1318:The Country Code
1263:Hedgerow removal
1192:Bernard Matthews
1143:
1136:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1061:
1060:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
988:
982:
981:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
957:
950:
942:
933:
930:
924:
922:
920:
918:
911:"DISEASE DAMAGE"
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
885:
879:
863:
857:
856:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
738:
732:
731:
721:
704:(3–4): 161–173.
689:
663:
658:
657:
549:Margaret Beckett
536:Sir Donald Curry
359:
355:
351:
347:
315:Second World War
302:general election
225:Control measures
78:North York Moors
29:The outbreak of
2317:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2236:
2208:
2182:Results by area
2177:
2142:Ieuan Wyn Jones
2102:Charles Kennedy
2067:
2061:
2035:
2031:Opinion polling
2000:
1995:
1965:
1960:
1942:
1906:Clarkson's Farm
1886:
1849:
1746:
1707:
1697:
1681:
1643:
1581:
1525:
1497:
1377:
1353:Natural England
1278:
1272:
1246:
1242:Vestey Holdings
1237:Saputo Dairy UK
1170:
1152:
1147:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
989:
985:
976:
975:
971:
961:
959:
958:on 2 April 2013
955:
948:
944:
943:
936:
931:
927:
916:
914:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
887:
886:
882:
877:Wayback Machine
864:
860:
853:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
817:
813:
803:
801:
791:
787:
777:
775:
765:
761:
751:
749:
740:
739:
735:
690:
686:
682:
659:
652:
649:
632:
514:special adviser
495:
475:
473:Probable source
470:
357:
353:
349:
345:
338:
297:
274:
262:Alex Birtwistle
246:Roy M. Anderson
227:
211:North Yorkshire
146:Buckinghamshire
122:
117:
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2232:Prescott punch
2229:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2172:Richard Taylor
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2045:prime minister
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1925:Farmers Weekly
1921:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1503:Foot-and-mouth
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1483:Victory garden
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1296:Potato Council
1288:
1282:
1280:
1279:and regulation
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Norbrook Group
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:Faccenda Foods
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:ADAS (company)
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1067:External links
1065:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1037:
1011:
983:
969:
934:
925:
902:
880:
858:
851:
837:
811:
785:
759:
733:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
671:
665:
664:
661:Viruses portal
648:
645:
631:
628:
540:
539:
527:
517:
494:
491:
474:
471:
469:
468:Investigations
466:
337:
334:
296:
293:
273:
270:
250:epidemiologist
226:
223:
121:
118:
116:
113:
69:
66:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2314:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:David Trimble
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:William Hague
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:Farming Today
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:organisations
1704:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Animal breeds
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:Animal breeds
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:Grazing marsh
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Arla Foods UK
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:from BBC News
1074:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1056:9780230227613
1052:
1048:
1041:
1022:
1015:
1000:
999:
994:
987:
979:
973:
954:
947:
941:
939:
929:
912:
906:
890:
884:
878:
874:
871:
869:
862:
854:
852:0-7176-2163-4
848:
841:
826:
822:
815:
800:
796:
789:
774:
770:
763:
747:
743:
737:
729:
725:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
684:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
656:
651:
644:
642:
637:
627:
625:
621:
618:The use of a
616:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
537:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:Brian Follett
521:
518:
515:
511:
508:
507:
506:
504:
500:
490:
486:
482:
480:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
429:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:
398:Causeway 2001
393:
389:
386:
382:
377:
374:
369:
367:
342:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
311:
310:William Hague
307:
303:
292:
289:
287:
283:
279:
269:
267:
263:
259:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
222:
220:
214:
212:
208:
199:
195:
193:
192:Lake District
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
150:Isle of Wight
147:
143:
139:
138:Little Warley
135:
126:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
86:
85:last outbreak
79:
74:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Lake District
42:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2224:
2219:
2122:Alex Salmond
2088:Conservative
1930:
1923:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1877:Fell farming
1515:
1403:Celtic field
1323:Crown Estate
1251:Conservation
1046:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
998:The Guardian
996:
986:
972:
960:. Retrieved
953:the original
928:
915:. Retrieved
905:
893:. Retrieved
883:
867:
861:
840:
828:. Retrieved
825:The Guardian
824:
814:
802:. Retrieved
799:The Guardian
798:
788:
776:. Retrieved
772:
762:
750:. Retrieved
745:
736:
701:
697:
687:
640:
633:
617:
610:
559:
557:
541:
529:
519:
509:
496:
487:
483:
476:
432:
426:
396:
381:County Louth
378:
370:
363:
328:to form the
319:
298:
290:
275:
258:British Army
254:
240:
236:
215:
204:
181:
162:
131:
109:
94:
82:
60:by a month.
43:
28:
18:
2152:Gerry Adams
2138:Plaid Cymru
2132:Ian Paisley
2009:MPs elected
1913:Countryfile
1899:The Archers
1478:Swing Riots
1408:Common land
1343:Legislation
1166:Agriculture
752:11 November
582:biosecurity
573:vaccination
418:rugby union
401:, an Irish
373:Netherlands
272:Final cases
101:groundwater
2256:Categories
2082:Tony Blair
2049:Tony Blair
2043:Incumbent
1865:Beekeeping
1423:Dutch barn
1277:Government
1222:NFU Mutual
1030:26 October
1004:26 October
962:26 October
917:24 January
895:5 November
830:11 October
680:References
545:High Court
442:Luxembourg
306:Tony Blair
242:David King
184:Highampton
120:Beginnings
83:Britain's
68:Background
2162:John Hume
2148:Sinn Féin
1458:Rationing
1428:Enclosure
1413:Corn Laws
1232:Openfield
1175:Companies
866:based on
569:modelling
332:(Defra).
90:quicklime
35:epizootic
2213:See also
2199:Scotland
2019:Scotland
1956:Category
1882:Forestry
1870:June Gap
1784:Museums
1672:Tŷ unnos
1607:Crofting
1600:Shetland
1587:Scotland
1565:Cornwall
1202:Farmcare
873:Archived
804:22 April
778:22 April
773:BBC News
728:23958457
647:See also
406:Jamboree
403:Scouting
348:100-893
188:Cornwall
148:and the
134:abattoir
115:Outbreak
2189:England
1938:Hurdles
1858:Sectors
1693:Cuisine
1677:Fishing
1662:Cuisine
1629:Fishing
1619:Cuisine
1577:Fishing
1560:Cuisine
1542:England
1463:Run rig
1418:Diggers
1382:History
719:3989032
620:vaccine
458:Denmark
450:Finland
446:Germany
434:Belgium
414:Ireland
366:Ireland
352:50-100
278:Appleby
169:Pallion
39:Cumbria
2078:Labour
2053:Labour
1715:Unions
1624:Factor
1053:
849:
726:
716:
454:Sweden
428:France
388:sniped
356:10-50
219:Widnes
62:Crufts
2204:Wales
2024:Wales
1891:Other
1833:CAFRE
1649:Wales
1570:Devon
1212:Genus
1024:(PDF)
956:(PDF)
949:(PDF)
479:swill
462:Italy
438:Spain
360:1-10)
248:, an
142:Essex
2068:the
1919:Eglu
1521:2007
1516:2001
1511:1967
1493:WWII
1051:ISBN
1032:2018
1006:2018
964:2018
919:2008
897:2011
847:ISBN
832:2018
806:2015
780:2015
754:2022
724:PMID
611:The
460:and
444:and
410:also
408:was
371:The
1489:WWI
746:CNN
714:PMC
706:doi
702:112
558:An
420:'s
416:in
136:in
2258::
2047::
1491:/
995:.
937:^
823:.
797:.
771:.
744:.
722:.
712:.
700:.
696:.
643:.
608:.
551:,
456:,
452:,
440:,
436:,
317:.
179:.
140:,
92:.
2174:)
2170:(
2164:)
2160:(
2154:)
2150:(
2144:)
2140:(
2134:)
2130:(
2124:)
2120:(
2114:)
2110:(
2104:)
2100:(
2094:)
2090:(
2084:)
2080:(
2055:)
2051:(
1990:e
1983:t
1976:v
1142:e
1135:t
1128:v
1059:.
1034:.
1008:.
966:.
923:)
921:.
899:.
855:.
834:.
808:.
782:.
756:.
730:.
708::
358:█
354:█
350:█
346:█
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.JPG)