2002 Gujarat riots

1353:. The court case began in 2009, and over three hundred people (including victims, witnesses, doctors, and journalists) testified before the court. For the first time, the verdict acknowledged the role of a politician in inciting Hindu mobs. Activists asserted that the verdict would embolden the opponent of Narendra Modi, the then chief minister of Gujarat, in the crucial run-up to state elections later that year, when Modi would be seeking a third term (The BJP and he eventually went on to win the elections). Modi refused to apologise and denied that the government had a role in the riots. Twenty-nine people were acquitted during the verdict. Teesta Setalvad said "For the first time, this judgment actually goes beyond neighborhood perpetrators and goes up to the political conspiracy. The fact that convictions have gone that high means the conspiracy charge has been accepted and the political influencing of the mobs has been accepted by the judge. This is a huge victory for justice." 1418:, the CCT released its findings in 2003 and stated that, contrary to the government allegation of a conspiracy in Godhra, the incident had not been pre-planned and there was no evidence to indicate otherwise. On the statewide riots, the CCT reported that, several days before the Godhra incident, which was the excuse used for the attacks, homes belonging to Hindus in Muslim areas had been marked with pictures of Hindu deities or saffron flags, and that this had been done to prevent any accidental assaults on Hindu homes or businesses. The CCT investigation also discovered evidence that the VHP and the Bajrang Dal had training camps in which people were taught to view Muslims as an enemy. These camps were backed and supported by the BJP and RSS. They also reported that "The complicity of the state government is obvious. And, the support of the central government to the state government in all that it did is also by now a matter of common knowledge." 810:

trucks, wearing saffron robes and khaki shorts, bearing a variety of weapons. In many cases, attackers damaged or burned Muslim-owned or occupied buildings while leaving adjacent Hindu buildings untouched. Although many calls to the police were made from victims, they were told by the police that "we have no orders to save you." In some cases, the police fired on Muslims who attempted to defend themselves. The rioters used mobile phones to coordinate their attacks. By the end of the day on 28 February a curfew had been declared in 27 towns and cities across the state. A government minister stated that although the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. In Baroda, the administration imposed a curfew in seven areas of the city.

1513:, 241 mosques, 19 temples, and 3 churches were either destroyed or damaged. It is estimated that Muslim property losses were "100,000 houses, 1,100 hotels, 15,000 businesses, 3,000 handcarts and 5,000 vehicles." Overall, 27,780 people were arrested. Of them, 11,167 were arrested for criminal behavior (3,269 Muslim, 7,896 Hindu) and 16,615 were arrested as a preventive measure (2,811 Muslim, 13,804 Hindu). The CCT tribunal reported that 90 percent of those arrested were almost immediately granted bail, even if they had been arrested on suspicion of murder or arson. There were also media reports that political leaders gave those being released public welcomes. This contradicts the state government's statement during the violence that: "Bail applications of all accused persons are being strongly defended and rejected." 1644:, the magazine released hidden camera footage of several members of the BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal admitting their role in the riots. Among those featured in the tapes was the special counsel representing the Gujarat government before the Nanavati-Shah Commission, Arvind Pandya, who resigned from his post after the release. While the report was criticised by some as being politically motivated, some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge. However, the report contradicted official records with regard to Modi's alleged visit to Naroda Patiya and a local police superintendent's location. The Gujarat government blocked telecast of cable news channels broadcasting the expose, a move strongly condemned by the Editors Guild of India. 6517:

described at length. The textbook does not acknowledge Nazi extermination policies or concentration camps except for a passing reference to "a policy of opposition towards the Jewish people and the supremacy of the German race." The Standard 9 social studies textbook implies that Muslims, Christians, Parsees, and Jews are "foreigners." In 2002 the Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board administered an exam, while the riots were ongoing, in which students of English were asked to form one sentence out of the following: "There are two solutions. One of them is the Nazi solution. If you don't like people, kill them, segregate them. Then strut up and down. Proclaim that you are the salt of the earth."

1525:, police officers who followed the rule of law and helped prevent the riots from spreading were punished by the Modi government. They were subjected to disciplinary proceedings and transfers with some having to leave the state. Sreekumar also claims it is common practice to intimidate whistleblowers and otherwise subvert the justice system, and that the state government issued "unconstitutional directives", with officials asking him to kill Muslims involved in rioting or disrupting a Hindu religious event. The Gujarat government denied his allegations, claiming that they were "baseless" and based on malice because Sreekumar had not been promoted. 2109:, retired Judge of Supreme Court, with P. B. Sawant, Hosbet Suresh, K. G. Kannabiran, Aruna Roy, K. S. Subramanian, Ghanshyam Shah and Tanika Sarkar making up the rest. It was appointed by Citizens for Peace and Justice (CPJ), a group formed by some social activists from Mumbai and Ahmedabad. It released its first reports in 2003. CPJ members included Alyque Padamsee, Anil Dharkar, Cyrus Guzder, Ghulam Mohammed, I.M. Kadri, Javed Akhtar, Nandan Maluste, Titoo Ahluwalia, Vijay Tendulkar, Teesta Setalvad, Javed Anand; Indubhai Jani, Uves Sareshwala, Batuk Vora, Fr. Cedric Prakash, Najmal Almelkar. 1076:, the Minister of State for Home, stated that he believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community. Once troops were airlifted in on 1 March, Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control. The violence continued for 3 months with no intervention from the federal government until May. Local and state-level politicians were seen leading violent mobs, restraining the police and arranging the distribution of weapons, leading investigative reports to conclude that the violence was "engineered and launched." 558: 402:. The SIT also rejected claims that the state government had not done enough to prevent the riots. The Muslim community was reported to have reacted with anger and disbelief. In July 2013, allegations were made that the SIT had suppressed evidence. That December, an Indian court upheld the earlier SIT report and rejected a petition seeking Modi's prosecution. In April 2014, the Supreme Court expressed satisfaction over the SIT's investigations in nine cases related to the violence, and rejected a plea contesting the SIT report as "baseless". 2013: 1690:

Jafri's house, were killed and I get no cooperation. The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don't share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do." Teesta Setalvad referred to the stark inequalities between the SIT team's lawyers who are paid 9 lakh (900,000) rupees per day and the government prosecutors who are paid a pittance. SIT officers have been paid Rs. 1.5 lakh (150,000) per month for their participation in the SIT since 2008.

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Muslim women and girls, Renu Khanna writes that the survivors reported that it "consisted of forced nudity, mass rapes, gang-rapes, mutilation, insertion of objects into bodies, cutting of breasts, slitting the stomach and reproductive organs, and carving of Hindu religious symbols on women's body parts." The Concerned Citizens' Tribunal characterised the use of rape "as an instrument for the subjugation and humiliation of a community." Testimony heard by the committee stated that:

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Modi allegedly said Hindus must be allowed to carry out retaliatory violence against Muslims. Ramachandran was of the opinion that Modi could be prosecuted for alleged statements he had made. He said there was no clinching material available in the pre-trial stage to disbelieve Bhatt, whose claim could be tested only in court. "Hence, it cannot be said, at this stage, that Shri Bhatt should be disbelieved and no further proceedings should be taken against Shri Modi."

1999: 10249: 39: 1789:'s annual report on India in 2003 claimed the "Gujarat government did not actively fulfill its duty to provide appropriate relief and rehabilitation to the survivors". The Gujarat government initially offered compensation payments of 200,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the Godhra train fire and 100,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the subsequent riots, which local Muslims took to be discriminatory. 1442:

from the high court. The state government refused. Within a few months Nanavati, before hearing any testimony declared there was no evidence of lapses by either the police or government in their handling of the violence. In 2008 Shah died and was replaced by Justice Akshay Mehta, another retired high court judge. Metha's appointment was controversial as he was the judge who allowed Babu Bajrangi, a prime suspect in the massacre

2027: 1985: 7711: 645: 757: 597: 565: 677: 661: 741: 725: 709: 613: 581: 693: 629: 1386:. It faulted the Gujarat government for failure of intelligence, failure to take appropriate action, and failure to identify local factors and players. NHRC also expressed "widespread lack of faith" in the integrity of the investigation of major incidents of violence. It recommended that five critical cases should be transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). 1311:, was used by the Gujarat government to charge 131 people in connection to the Godhra train fire, but not invoked in prosecuting any of the accused in the post-Godhra riots. In 2005 the POTA Review Committee set up by the central government to review the application of the law opined that the Godhra accused should not have been tried under the provisions of POTA. 930:, has said that when Jafri begged the crowd to spare the women, he was dragged into the street and forced to parade naked for refusing to say "Jai Shri Ram." He was then beheaded and thrown onto a fire, after which rioters returned and burned Jafri's family, including two small boys, to death. After the massacre Gulbarg remained in flames for a week. 7719: 1853:. It is a critically acclaimed 52-minute long film that narrates the journey of a Hindu and a Muslim family during and after the violence. The politics of division is experienced intimately through the lives two families in Ahmedabad. The film, completed in 2003, has been screened at the 9th Open Frame Festival, Artivist Film Festival, 6842: 942:

Hindu residents and destroyed five houses on 1 March. The community head reported that the police responded quickly, but were ineffectual as there were so few of them present to help during the attack. The colony was later visited by Modi on 6 March, who promised the residents that they would be taken care of.

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thereafter quartered and burnt beyond recognition. . . . The leaders of the mobs even raped young girls, some as young as 11 years old . . . before burning them alive. . . . Even a 20-day-old infant, or a fetus in the womb of its mother, was not spared.

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alleged that state and law enforcement officials were harassing and intimidating key witnesses, NGOs, social activists and lawyers who were fighting to seek justice for riot victims. In its 2003 annual report, Amnesty International stated, "the same police force that was accused of colluding with the

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On 8 January 2024, Supreme Court of India ruled that the Gujarat government was not competent to grant remission and struck down the relief granted, in August 2022, to the 11 men who were sentenced to life imprisonment. The court ordered the 11 men to surrender to the jail authorities within 15 days.

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and ordering the police to reopen two thousand cases that had been previously closed. The Supreme Court also lambasted the Gujarat government as "modern day Neros" who looked elsewhere when innocent women and children were burning and then interfered with prosecution. Following this direction, police

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According to official figures, the riots ended with 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured. Of the dead, 790 were Muslim and 254 Hindu. The Concerned Citizens Tribunal Report, estimated that as many as 1,926 may have been killed. Other sources estimated death tolls in excess of 2,000. Many brutal

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The Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board, to which nearly 98 percent of schools in Gujarat belong, requires the use of certain textbooks in which Nazism is condoned. In the Standard 10 social studies textbook, the "charismatic personality" of "Hitler the Supremo" and the "achievements of Nazism" are

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was not present at a late-night meeting of top Gujarat cops held at the Chief Minister's residence in the wake of 27 February 2002 Godhra carnage. It has been Bhatt's claim—made in an affidavit before the apex court and in statements to the SIT and the amicus—that he was present at the meeting where

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against charges of genocide, BJP spokesman V. K. Malhotra said that the official toll of 254 Hindus, killed mostly by police fire, indicates how the state authorities took effective steps to curb the violence. Opposition parties and three coalition partners of the BJP-led central government demanded

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Human Rights Watch has accused the state of orchestrating a cover-up of their role in the violence. Human rights activists and Indian solicitors have urged that legislation be passed so that "communal violence is treated as genocide." Following the violence thousands of Muslims were fired from their

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The court was told that twenty-two witnesses, who had submitted identical affidavits before various courts relating to riot incidents, were questioned by SIT and it was found that the witnesses had not actually witnessed the incidents and they were tutored and the affidavits were handed over to them

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In April 2009, the SIT submitted before the Court that Teesta Setalvad had cooked up cases of violence to spice up the incidents. The SIT which is headed by former CBI director, R. K. Raghavan has said that false witnesses were tutored to give evidence about imaginary incidents by Setalvad and other

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was given praise for showing restraint and for the balanced reportage of the violence. Critical reporting on the Gujarat government's handling of the situation helped bring about the Indian government's intervention in controlling the violence. The Editors Guild rejected the charge that graphic news

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The events in Gujarat were the first instance of communal violence in India in the age of 24-hour news coverage and were televised worldwide. This coverage played a central role in the politics of the situation. Media coverage was generally critical of the Hindu right; however, the BJP portrayed the

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Then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi declared that the attack on the train had been an act of terrorism, and not an incident of communal violence. Local newspapers and members of the state government used the statement to incite violence against the Muslim community by claiming, without proof, that the

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The US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report quoted the NHRC as concluding that the attacks had been premeditated, that state government officials were complicit, and that there was evidence of police not acting during the assaults on Muslims. The US State Department also cited

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The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and the central government was directed to appoint a public prosecutor. Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations. In January

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notes that the SIT was not as independent as commonly believed. Other than Raghavan, half of the six members of the team were recruited from the Gujarat police, and the Gujarat High Court was still responsible for appointing judicial officers. The SIT made efforts to appoint independent prosecutors

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magazine reported that in Ahmedabad of the 249 bodies recovered by 5 March, thirty were Hindu. Of the Hindus that had been killed, thirteen had died as a result of police action and several others had died while attacking Muslim owned properties. Despite the relatively few attacks by Muslim mobs on

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What brother, should we run relief camps? Should I start children-producing centres there? We want to achieve progress by pursuing the policy of family planning with determination. Ame paanch, Amara pachhees! (we are five and we have twenty-five) . . . Can't Gujarat implement family

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By 27 March 2002, nearly one-hundred thousand displaced people moved into 101 relief camps. This swelled to over 150,000 in 104 camps the next two weeks. The camps were run by community groups and NGOs, with the government committing to provide amenities and supplementary services. Drinking water,

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published a hidden camera exposé alleging that BJP legislator Madhu Srivastava bribed Zaheera Sheikh, a witness in the Best Bakery case. Srivastava denied the allegation, and an inquiry committee appointed by the Supreme Court drew an "adverse inference" from the video footage, though it failed to

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to investigate the entire incident, from the initial one at Godhra to the ensuing violence. The commission was caught up in controversy from the beginning. Activists and members of the opposition insisted on a judicial commission to be set up and headed by a sitting judge rather than a retired one

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sentenced thirty-one Hindus to life imprisonment for murdering dozens of Muslims by burning a building in which they took shelter. Forty-one other Hindus were acquitted of murder charges due to a lack of evidence. Twenty-two further people were convicted for attempted murder on 30 July 2012, while

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In 2005, the Vadodara fast-track court acquitted 108 people accused of murdering two youths during a mob attack on a group of displaced Muslims returning under police escort to their homes in Avdhootnagar. The court passed strictures against the police for failing to protect the people under their

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reported that over ten thousand Hindus were displaced during the violence. According to police records, 157 riots after the Godhra incident were started by Muslims. In Mahajan No Vando, a Hindu residential area in Jamalpur, residents reported that Muslim attackers injured approximately twenty-five

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were destroyed during the violence. For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, looting Muslim shops. It is estimated that up to 150,000 people were displaced during the violence. It is estimated that 200 police officers died while trying to control the violence, and

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for Home, believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community for the train burning. Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control, and that if the situation warranted it, the police would be supported by deploying

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Numerous accounts describe the attacks on the Muslim community that began on 28 February (the day after the train fire) as highly coordinated with mobile phones and government-issued printouts listing the homes and businesses of Muslims. Attackers arrived in Muslim communities across the region in

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Reactions to the relief effort were further critical of the Gujarat government. Relief camp organisers alleged that the state government was coercing refugees to leave relief camps, with twenty-five thousand people made to leave eighteen camps which were shut down. Following government assurances

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Throughout the violence, attacks were made in full view of police stations and police officers who did not intervene. In many instances, police joined the mobs in perpetrating violence. At one Muslim locality, of the twenty-nine deaths, sixteen were caused by police firing into the locality. Some

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In 2003, The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT) concluded that the fire had been an accident. Several other independent commentators have also concluded that the fire itself was almost certainly an accident, saying that the initial cause of the conflagration has never been conclusively determined.

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ruled out early elections citing the prevailing law and order situation and held them in December 2002. The BJP capitalised on the violence using posters and videotapes of the Godhra incident and painting Muslims as terrorists. The party gained in all the constituencies affected by the communal

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Further, R. K. Shah, the public prosecutor in the Gulbarg Society massacre, resigned because he found it impossible to work with the SIT and further stated that "Here I am collecting witnesses who know something about a gruesome case in which so many people, mostly women and children huddled in

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Children were killed by being burnt alive and those who dug the mass graves described the bodies interred within them as "burned and butchered beyond recognition." Children and infants were speared and held aloft before being thrown into fires. Describing the sexual violence perpetrated against

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on 28 February in the districts of Morjari Chowk and Charodia Chowk in Ahmedabad of all forty people who had been killed by police shooting were Muslim. An international fact-finding committee formed of all women international experts from US, UK, France, Germany and Sri Lanka reported, "sexual

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or strike. Although the Supreme Court had declared such strikes to be unconstitutional and illegal, and despite the common tendency for such strikes to be followed by violence, no action was taken by the state to prevent the strike. The government did not attempt to stop the initial outbreak of

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The panel which granted remission included two legislators from the BJP, which was the state government at that time, former BJP Godhra municipal councillor, and a BJP women wing member. A BJP MLA, one of the panellists, has said that some of the convicts are "Brahmins" with good 'sanskaar' or

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pilgrims, returning from Ayodhya. An argument erupted between the train passengers and the vendors on the railway platform. The argument became violent and, under uncertain circumstances, four coaches of the train caught fire with many people trapped inside. In the resulting conflagration, 59

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by many scholars, with some commentators alleging that the attacks had been planned, with the attack on the train was a "staged trigger" for what was actually premeditated violence. Other observers have stated that these events had met the "legal definition of genocide," or referred to them as

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Significantly, practically all police officers who had genuinely enforced the rule of law to ensure security to minorities had incurred the wrath of the Modi government and many of these persons who refused to carry out the covert anti-minority agenda of the CM were punished with disciplinary

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2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for rapes and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence. The Mumbai High Court upheld the life imprisonment of the eleven men convicted for the gang rape of Bilkis Bano and the murder of her family members on 8 May 2017.

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but some of them resigned due to their inability to function. No efforts were made to protect the witnesses and Raghavan himself was said to be an "absentee investigator," who spent only a few days every month in Gujarat, with the investigations being conducted by the remainder of the team.

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A chilling technique, absent in pogroms unleashed hitherto but very much in evidence this time in a large number of cases, was the deliberate destruction of evidence. Barring a few, in most instances of sexual violence, the women victims were stripped and paraded naked, then gang-raped, and

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In response to allegations of state involvement, Gujarat government spokesman, Bharat Pandya, told the BBC that the rioting was a spontaneous Hindu backlash fueled by widespread anger against Muslims. He said "Hindus are frustrated over the role of Muslims in the on-going violence in

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the army. A shoot-to-kill order was issued. However the troop deployment was withheld by the state government until 1 March, when the most severe violence had ended. After more than two months of violence a unanimous vote to authorize central intervention was passed in the

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said of the delays "I think the Commission has lost its significance and it now seems to be awaiting the outcome of the 2014 Lok Sabha election." In 2007 Tehelka in an undercover operation had said that the Nanavati-Shah commission had relied on "manufactured evidence."

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On 15 August 2022, the Gujarat government released the eleven men sentenced to life imprisonment in the case. The judge who sentenced the rapists said the early release set a bad precedent by the Gujarat government and warned that the move would have wide ramifications.

515:. The committee concluded that the fire had begun inside the train and was most likely accidental. However, the Gujarat High Court ruled in 2006 that the matter was outside the jurisdiction of the union government, and that the committee was therefore unconstitutional. 6839: 1764:

medical help, clothing and blankets were in short supply at the camps. At least another 100 camps were denied government support, according to a camp organiser, and relief supplies were prevented from reaching some camps due to fears that they may be carrying arms.

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officer named Nanumiyan were presented as the "masterminds" behind the arson. After 24 extensions, the commission submitted its final report on 18 November 2014. The findings of the commission were called into question by a video recording released by

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reported on 20 May 2002 that there were sporadic attacks on Hindus in Ahmedabad. On 5 May, Muslim rioters attacked Bhilwas locality in the Shah Alam area. Hindu doctors were asked to stop practicing in Muslim areas after one Hindu doctor was stabbed.

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In April 2012, the three-member SIT formed in 2008 by the Supreme Court as a response to a petition by one of the aggrieved in the Gulmerg massacre absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.

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were assaulted several times while covering the violence. On a return trip from having interviewed Modi when their car was surrounded by a crowd, one of the crowd claimed that they would be killed should they be a member of a minority community.

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The media has described the attacks as state terrorism rather than "communal riots" due to the lack of state intervention. Many politicians downplayed the incidents, claiming that the situation was under control. One minister who spoke with

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Prosecution of the perpetrators of the violence hampered by witnesses being bribed or intimidated and the perpetrators' names being deleted from the charge sheets. Local judges were also biased. After more than two years of acquittals, the

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organisation led by Dr. Kamal Mitra Chenoy concluded that the violence was more akin to ethnic cleansing or a pogrom rather than communal violence. The report said that the violence surpassed other periods of communal violence such as in

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from travelling to the United States due to his alleged role in the attacks. These allegations center around several ideas. First, the state did little to quell the violence, with attacks continuing well through the Spring. The historian

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An autopsy report conducted on the deceased women states that the doctor who conducted the post-mortem, found the foetus intact. The doctor, who had conducted the autopsy said to the court that the foetus was intact in the woman's womb.

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stated that though the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. The deputy superintendent of police stated that the

6531:"Text - H.Res.160 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India" 886:

of ninety-six bodies, forty-six were women. Rioters also flooded homes and electrocuted entire families inside. Violence against women also included them being stripped naked, violated with objects, and then killed. According to

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Many scholars and commentators have accused the state government of being complicit in the attacks, either in failing to exert any effort to quell the violence or for actively planning and executing the attacks themselves. The

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that probed Prime Minister Narendra Modi's role in the 2002 riots. The Indian government responded to the airing by attempting to block links to the documentary on YouTube and Twitter using provisions of the 'controversial'

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and the Gujarat state administration for failure to address the resulting humanitarian condition of victims who fled their homes for relief camps during the violence, the "overwhelming majority of them Muslim." According to

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accused organisations and the media of needlessly exaggerating the plight of women victims of the riots, which was strongly disputed as Gujarat did not have a State Commission for Women to act on the ground. The newspaper

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denounced the actions as "attempts to clamp down on independent media", noting that the raids had "all the appearance of a reprisal against the BBC for releasing a documentary critical of Prime Minister Narendra Modi".

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supporters and police officers attacked almost a dozen journalists. The state government banned television news channels critical of the government's response, and local stations were blocked. Two reporters working for

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through his government's support of school textbooks in which Nazism is glorified." They also wrote a letter to the US State Department asking it deny Modi a visa to the United States. The resolution was not adopted.

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requested that a sitting judge from the supreme court be appointed. The supreme court overturned the findings by Shah stating, "this judgement is not based on the understanding of any evidence, but on imagination."

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the rapes were part of a well-organized, deliberate and pre-planned strategy, and which facts place the violence into the categories of political pogrom and genocide. Other acts of violence against women included

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reported that "The National Commission for Women has reluctantly agreed to the complicity of Gujarat Government in the communal violence in the state." The tone of their most recent report was reported by the

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On 9 September 2002, Modi mentioned during a speech that he was against running relief camps. In January 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the government to hand over the speech and other documents to the SIT.

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had played a role in increasing the tensions but did not give all of its coverage over to "hawkish and inflammatory reportage in the first few weeks". The paper carried reports to highlight communal harmony.

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agency and that local Muslims had conspired with them to attack Hindus in the state. False stories were also printed by local newspapers which claimed that Muslim people had kidnapped and raped Hindu women.

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also recorded Ranjitsinh Patel where he stated that he and Prabhatsinh Patel had been paid fifty thousand rupees each to amend earlier statements and to identify some Muslims as conspirators. According to

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rioters even had printouts of voter registration lists, allowing them to selectively target Muslim properties. Selective targeting of properties was shown by the destruction of the offices of the Muslim

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Eight people, including a VHP leader and a member of the BJP, were convicted for the murder of seven members of a family and the rape of two minor girls in the village of Eral in Panchmahal district.

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During the Gujarat riots, a pregnant woman named Bilkis Bano was gang-raped and numerous members of her family were killed. After police dismissed the case against her assailants, she approached the

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in a discussion in parliament on the violence caused widespread furor in his defense of the state government, saying that this was not the first time that women had been violated and raped in India.

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subsequently introduced a resolution in the House condemning the conduct of Modi for inciting religious persecution. They stated that Modi's government had a role in "promoting the attitudes of

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coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the "horrors" of the riots as well as the "supine if not complicit" attitude of the state, helping to propel remedial action.

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coverage as an assault on the honor of Gujaratis and turned the hostility into an emotive part of their electoral campaign. With the violence receding in April, a peace meeting was arranged at

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In March 2008, the Supreme Court ordered the setting up of a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to reinvestigate the Godhra train burning case and key cases of post-Godhra violence. The former

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had headlines which would "provoke, communalize and terrorize" people. The newspaper also used a quote from a VHP leader as a headline, "Avenge with blood." The report stated that

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As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK and the EU lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister he was invited to

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believes that the state and police were clearly complicit in the violence, but that some officers were outstanding in the performance of their duties, such as Himanshu Bhatt and

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Nine people were convicted of killing a Hindu man and injuring another during group clashes in Danilimda, Ahmedabad on 12 April 2005, while twenty-five others were acquitted.

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In the aftermath of the violence, it became clear that many attacks were focused not only on Muslim populations, but also on Muslim women and children. Organizations such as

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There were more than sixty investigations by national and international bodies many of which concluded that the violence was supported by state officials. A report from the

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magazine, which showed Arvind Pandya, counsel for the Gujarat government, stating that the findings of the Shah-Nanavati commission would support the view presented by the

5989: 5910: 1114:, and Prabhatsinh Chauhan, among other BJP and RSS leaders, where "detailed plans were made on the use of kerosene and petrol for arson and other methods of killing." The 1059:

the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to the methodical coordination of an anti-Muslim pogrom which was carried out with exceptional brutality .

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have carried out attacks in revenge and to also act as a deterrent against further instances of mass violence against Muslims. They also claimed to have carried out the

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and then burned to death. Children were force fed petrol and then set on fire, pregnant women were gutted and then had their unborn child's body shown to them. In the

395:, was accused of condoning the violence, as were police and government officials who allegedly directed the rioters and gave lists of Muslim-owned properties to them. 3834: 9768: 6736: 6713: 1812:. In February, several weeks after the ban, the Indian tax authorities raided the British media group's local offices, seizing employees' laptops and mobile phones. 1768:

that further camps would not be shut down, the Gujarat High Court bench ordered that camp organizers be given a supervisory role to ensure that assurances were met.

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As of April 2013, 249 convictions had been secured of 184 Hindus and 65 Muslims. Thirty-one of the Muslim convictions were for the massacre of Hindus in Godhra.

7750: 5962: 5240: 9975: 9368: 953:, a man was reportedly found dead with both his eyes gouged out. The Sindhi Market and Bhanderi Pole areas of Ahmedabad were also reportedly attacked by mobs. 488:

to look into the incident, but following outrage among families of victims and in the media over Shah's alleged closeness to Modi, retired Supreme Court judge

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stated that the official story of the attack on the train (that it was organized and carried out by people under orders from Pakistan) was entirely baseless.

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to exhume the mass graves to establish the identity and cause of death of the victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of the victims.

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is a 2007 drama film set after the violence and looks at the aftermath of the riots. It is based on the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody.

10587: 9847: 8638: 8594: 7658: 6415: 4918: 7833: 4094: 833:. Members of the opposition made accusations that the government had failed to protect Muslim people in the worst rioting in India in more than 10 years. 8568: 8118: 8042: 3359: 8428: 1162:

identified nearly 1,600 cases for re-investigation, arrested 640 accused and launched investigations against forty police officers for their failures.

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Chris Ogden. 2012. A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and India's Politics Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 42, Iss. 1, 2012

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This article is extracted and adapted from the author's book Between Memory and Forgetting: Massacre and the Modi Years in Gujarat, Yoda Press, 2019.

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In February 2011 a special fast track court convicted thirty-one Muslims for the Godhra train burning incident and the conspiracy for the crime

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The CCT consisting of eminent high court judges released a detailed three-volume report on the riots. Headed by retired Supreme Court Justice

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is a 2008 political thriller film set one month after the violence and looks at the aftermath in its effects on the lives of everyday people.

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has claimed that they had taped witnesses who stated they had given false testimony after they had been bribed by the Gujarati police force.

269: 158: 4965: 1545:. Cancer is an incurable disease. Its only cure is operation. O Hindus, take weapons in your hands and remove this cancer from your roots." 9915: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9091: 8258: 7534: 8482: 8140: 7772: 7211: 6778: 6180:

Katharine Adeney (2005). "Hindu Nationalists and federal structures in an era of regionalism". In Katharine Adeney; Lawrence Sáez (eds.).

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According to Scott W. Hibbard, the violence had been planned far in advance, and that similar to other instances of communal violence the

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Sonwalkar, Prasun (2006). "Shooting the messenger? Political violence, Gujarat 2002 and the Indian news media". In Cole, Benjamin (ed.).

4341: 3864: 1561:, the then president of the VHP, has said that the violence in Gujarat was a "successful experiment" which would be repeated nationwide. 8446: 6244: 5410: 4867: 2587: 2546: 2504: 9981: 9353: 5525: 3793: 522:

submitted its preliminary report which concluded that the fire was an act of arson, committed by a mob of one to two thousand locals.

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attackers was put in charge of the investigations into the massacres, undermining the process of delivery of justice to the victims."

1936:(2012). The narrative of all these films begin on the same day, 28 February 2002, that is, on the day after the Godhra train burning. 1426: 1375: 1224: 8464: 7282: 5687: 4889: 4406: 11552: 10284: 1641: 542:

In February 2011, the trial court convicted 31 people and acquitted 63 others based on the murder and conspiracy provisions of the

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how Gujarat's high school textbooks described Hitler's "charismatic personality" and the "achievements of Nazism." US Congressmen

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board which was located within the confines of the high security zone and just 500 meters from the office of the chief minister.

6303: 5308: 4364: 4001: 367:, is cited as having instigated the violence. Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in 11623: 10981: 10882: 10877: 9714: 5483: 5380: 5350: 4238: 3273: 1897: 1738: 150: 11030: 9762: 8546: 5661: 4816: 4128: 3586: 2807: 1446:, to be released on bail. In July 2013 the commission was given its 20th extension, and Mukul Sinha of the civil rights group 1055:

described these attacks as state terrorism, saying that they were not riots but "organized political massacres." According to

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and coverage on the incidents stated that the news coverage was exemplary, with only a few minor lapses. The local newspapers

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violence and a number of candidates implicated in the violence were elected, which in turn ensured freedom from prosecution.

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has reported on acts of exceptional heroism by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.

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proceedings, transfers, by-passing in promotion and so on. A few upright officers have to leave the state on deputation.

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Hindu groups in the US also protested and planned to demonstrate in cities in Florida. A resolution was submitted by

1308: 1043: 372: 6266:"Indian court sentences 31 Hindus to life in prison for killing dozens of Muslims 9 years ago - the Washington Post" 1609:

the dismissal of Modi for failing to contain the violence, with some calling for the removal of Union Home Minister

10730: 9945: 9146: 9084: 6647: 6136: 3814: 1843:, but won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival 2004. The ban was later lifted in October 2004. 1785:

announced a 3.2 billion rupee (US$ 80 million) relief package for the victims of the riots. In contrast,

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planning? Whose inhibitions are coming in our way? Which religious sect is coming in the way? . . ."

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requesting Modi be refused a visa. On 19 March Modi was denied a diplomatic visa and his tourist visa was revoked.

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received wide attention after witnesses retracted testimony in court and all of the accused were acquitted. The

11633: 11141: 10777: 10211: 9909: 9280: 9234: 7837: 6580: 5122: 4647:"Communal Violence in Gujarat, India: Impact of Sexual Violence and Responsibilities of the Health Care System" 3125: 2722: 1430: 1421:

The state government commissioned J. G. Shah to conduct, what became, a controversial one man inquiry into the

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values. After being released from the jail, they were welcomed with sweets and their feet touched in respect.

1128:. Sharma was reported to have said "I don't think any other job would have allowed me to save so many lives." 508: 11196: 11135: 10821: 10707: 10229: 10205: 9993: 9792: 8564: 7873: 7742: 7556: 6048: 3385: 1648: 1382:

applied as the state had comprehensively failed to protect uphold the rights of the people as set out in the

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In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the

5511:"Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims? The Supreme Court, the SIT, the Police and the State Judiciary" 896:, beatings and the killing of women who were pregnant. Children were also killed in front of their parents. 11593: 11361: 10607: 10277: 10119: 10017: 9841: 5593: 2375: 1052: 875:

violence was being used as a strategy for terrorizing women belonging to minority community in the state."

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the violence occurred in the aftermath of a fire that broke out in carriage of the Sabarmati Express train

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of the VHP, and other members of the right wing nationalist movement to avenge the 2002 Gujarat violence.

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had endorsed the strike, and that Modi and Rana used inflammatory language which worsened the situation.

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claimed in 2002 that some regional Congress workers collaborated with the perpetrators of the violence.

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for the case, strongly disagreed with a key conclusion of R. K. Raghavan who led SIT: that IPS officer

1621: 10023: 5825:"Bilkis Bano case: Gujarat has set bad precedent by releasing convicts, says judge who sentenced them" 5780: 11643: 11451: 11306: 11241: 10815: 10757: 10747: 10735: 10519: 10509: 10151: 10127: 10095: 9939: 9744: 9726: 9720: 9678: 9375: 9343: 9261: 7369: 3995:""We Have No Orders To Save You:" State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat" 1832: 1813: 1095:(RSS) all took part in the attacks. Following the attack on the train the VHP called for a statewide 519: 8083: 6444: 3198:"Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class'" 1201:, ordered a retrial outside Gujarat in which nine accused were found guilty in 2006. A key witness, 11296: 11105: 10941: 10784: 10524: 10484: 10317: 9957: 9541: 9516: 9458: 9338: 9307: 9129: 5000:

Mehtaa, Nalin (2006). "Modi and the Camera: The Politics of Television in the 2002 Gujarat Riots".

4316: 2443:"Rioting as Maintaining Relations: Hindu-Muslim Violence and Political Mediation in Gujarat, India" 2083:– a 2023 two-part documentary series aired by BBC Two about the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi 2079: 1968: 1803: 1577: 1438: 504: 485: 442:

city. Scholars studying the 2002 riots state that they were premeditated and constituted a form of

427: 406: 274: 246: 446:, and that the state government and law enforcement were complicit in the violence that occurred. 11346: 11246: 11211: 11125: 11090: 11045: 10961: 10956: 10914: 10772: 10469: 10378: 10270: 10234: 9738: 9660: 9251: 8620: 5459:"India: After Gujarat Riots, Witnesses Face Intimidation (Human Rights Watch, 23 September 2004)" 4957: 1592:

places of work, and those who tried to return home had to endure an economic and social boycott.

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The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT) report includes testimony of the then Gujarat BJP minister

523: 392: 251: 221: 186: 7483:"Sting traps footsoldiers of Gujarat riots allegedly boasting about killings with state support" 6220: 6214: 4206: 4200: 2224: 2218: 11396: 11256: 10936: 10872: 10702: 10566: 10312: 10293: 10187: 10163: 9879: 9463: 9436: 9407: 9402: 9328: 9199: 9119: 9050: 8492: 7782: 7221: 6189: 5757: 5298: 4337: 4185: 3964: 3758: 1932: 1576:

and the violence in Gujarat 2002. In September 2002 there was an attack on the Hindu temple of

1443: 1342: 1336: 1194: 1154: 883: 536: 512: 423: 399: 241: 7811: 7241: 5937:"Bilkis Bano case: SC says Gujarat government not competent to remit sentences of 11 convicts" 5579: 5201: 5114: 2918: 2410: 1205:, who repeatedly changed her testimony during the trials and the petition was found guilty of 11406: 11391: 11065: 10549: 10489: 10157: 9816: 9601: 9566: 9536: 9385: 9303: 9022: 8981: 6248: 5059: 4851: 2652: 2571: 2530: 2488: 2442: 1850: 1840: 1786: 1647:

Taking a stand decried by the media and other rights groups, Nafisa Hussain, a member of the

1601: 1550: 1383: 782: 497: 284: 6181: 5458: 5106: 3956: 3561:

Campbell, John (2012). Chris Seiple; Dennis Hoover; Dennis R. Hoover; Pauletta Otis (eds.).

11461: 11356: 11341: 11311: 11261: 11231: 11161: 11110: 10951: 10857: 10802: 10534: 10499: 10494: 10443: 10433: 10413: 10398: 10139: 10075: 9885: 9696: 9581: 9486: 9417: 9380: 9272: 9114: 8820: 7966: 7939: 6503: 5878:"Some convicts in Bilkis Bano case are 'Brahmins with good sanskaar', says Gujarat BJP MLA" 5781:"Rape victim Bilkis Bano hails victory for Muslims as Hindu assailants are jailed for life" 5256:

Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad

3783: 3478: 3193: 3031:

Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad

1422: 1174: 966: 455: 352: 231: 201: 77: 9057: 7335: 7255: 5283: 5138: 4234: 2688: 971:

Hindu neighbourhoods, twenty-four Muslims were reported to have died in police shootings.

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stated that "Young boys have been taught to burn, rape and kill in the name of Hindutva."

8: 11583: 11441: 11421: 11381: 11321: 11291: 11286: 11271: 11100: 11095: 11002: 10862: 10847: 10630: 10539: 10504: 10464: 10423: 10388: 10373: 10368: 10327: 10051: 10031: 9786: 9672: 9616: 9586: 9551: 9441: 9192: 8167:"Readout of the President's Call with Prime Ministerial Candidate Narendra Modi of India" 7062:

Duffy Toft, Monica (2012). Timothy Samuel Shah; Alfred Stepan; Monica Duffy Toft (eds.).

6557: 6511: 6331: 5695: 4897: 4410: 4199:

Margatt, Ruth (2011). Cynthia E. Cohen; Roberto Gutierrez Varea; Polly O. Walker (eds.).

3402:

Jaffrelot, Christophe (25 February 2012). "Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims?".

2187:

The Fundamentalist Mindset: Psychological Perspectives on Religion, Violence, and History

2055: 1926: 1782: 1723: 1617: 1448: 1296: 1115: 1107: 1007: 866: 435: 264: 216: 196: 181: 176: 1345:

case for their involvement in the attacks. The convicted included former state minister

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Sreekumar, R B. (27 February 2012). "Gujarat genocide: The State, law and subversion".

6385: 6295: 6042: 5567: 5235: 5017: 4754: 4676: 3721: 3637: 3379: 3332: 3300: 3235: 3217: 3117: 3098:"Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India" 2941: 2839: 2447:

A Micro-Sociology of Violence: Deciphering Patterns and Dynamics of Collective Violence

2118: 2106: 2050: 2045: 1948: 1862: 1485: 1481: 1415: 1129: 1069: 888: 862: 846: 817: 481: 211: 191: 7887: 7161: 4663: 4646: 3922: 11547: 11513: 11503: 11481: 11456: 11411: 11281: 11266: 11191: 11146: 11115: 11060: 10762: 10474: 10363: 10353: 10348: 10332: 10322: 10199: 9927: 9829: 9702: 9546: 9496: 9491: 8991: 8967: 8948: 8929: 8910: 8888: 8869: 8850: 8828: 8806: 8787: 8763: 8741: 8717: 7867: 7550: 7117: 7092: 7067: 7042: 7017: 6992: 6876: 6801: 6471: 6224: 6193: 6182: 5997: 5885: 5636: 5259: 5209: 5118: 5107: 5085: 5040: 5021: 4857: 4761: 4732: 4702: 4668: 4620: 4595: 4570: 4545: 4489: 4437: 4283: 4210: 4062: 4034: 3994: 3968: 3957: 3566: 3538: 3513: 3221: 3197: 3121: 3059: 3034: 3006: 2981: 2945: 2756: 2751:

Murphy, Eamon (24 March 2011). Richard Jackson; Eamon Murphy; Scott Poynting (eds.).

2670: 2660: 2616: 2577: 2536: 2494: 2450: 2416: 2328: 2228: 2190: 2185:. In Charles B. Strozier; David M. Terman; James W. Jones; Katherine A. Boyd (eds.). 2156: 2150: 1711: 1674: 1565: 1379: 1158: 825: 794: 793:

violence across the state. Independent reports indicate that the state BJP president

543: 461: 8387: 8311: 7622: 7391: 6958: 6110: 6085: 5963:"'Abuse of power': Supreme Court scraps release of Bilkis case rape-murder convicts" 5487: 5372: 5342: 4680: 3265: 1604:

was appointed as security adviser to Modi. Defending the Modi administration in the

11351: 10971: 10966: 10752: 10529: 10307: 10217: 10133: 10113: 9933: 9596: 9521: 9348: 9124: 6873:

Globalization in the Asian Region: Impacts And Consequences edited by Gloria Davies

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The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century

4082: 3209: 3109: 2933: 2380: 1752: 1745: 1243: 1218: 1190: 1013: 981: 897: 443: 419: 256: 85: 8617:"Passengers, by Akanksha Joshi & Nooh Nizami, a trailer by Under Construction" 7991: 6822: 6062: 4812: 4432:

Kabir, Ananya Jahanara (2011). Sorcha Gunne; Zoe Brigley Brigley Thompson (eds.).

4156: 4120: 2376:"The Soul-Wounds of Massacre, or Why We Should Not Forget the 2002 Gujarat Pogrom" 1741:

which condemned Modi for inciting religious persecution. Pitts also wrote to then

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Dugger, Celia W. (Ahmedabad Journal) "In India, a Child's Life Is Cheap Indeed".

8370:"News Analysis: In absolving Modi, SIT mixes up Godhra, post-Godhra perpetrators" 8037: 7688: 7537:. Hinduonnet.com. 27 October 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 7512: 7490: 6846: 6427: 5610: 5432: 4944: 4925: 4389: 4338:"Compounding Injustice: The Government's Failure to Redress Massacres in Gujarat" 3821: 3113: 2610: 2471: 2018: 1734: 1581: 1522: 1198: 1073: 871: 821: 415: 206: 81: 8778: 5807:"Bilkis Bano gangrape: 11 men sentenced to life imprisonment released from jail" 3422: 2919:"The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002" 2324:

The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective

11533: 11301: 11186: 11035: 11014: 10908: 10697: 10358: 9921: 9810: 9798: 9611: 9390: 9363: 8550: 8208: 8171: 4309:

Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangla

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The Concerned Citizen's Tribunal (CCT) was an eight-member committee headed by

1920: 1911: 1893: 1726:

and signed by 125 academics requesting that Modi be refused a diplomatic visa.

1703: 1585: 1546: 1542: 1469: 1234:(CBI) to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from the 1202: 1170: 1136:

Indian-administered Kashmir and other parts of India." In support of this, the

1121: 985: 8635:"PSBT presents Annual International Film Festival / 11th to 17th September 09" 8616: 6355:"Indian court convicts former state minister in deadly 2002 anti-Muslim riots" 5013: 3054:

Ganguly, Rajat (2007). Sumit Ganguly; Larry Diamond; Marc F. Plattner (eds.).

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International Documentary and Short Film Festival and Persistence Resistance,

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not only in the total loss of life, but also in the savagery of the attacks.

1350: 1047: 1028: 923: 917: 893: 489: 384: 380: 344: 3784:"It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge" 3003:

Desi Divas: Political Activism in South Asian American Cultural Performances

1918:

films based on the aftermaths of the Gujarat riots. The trilogy consists of

383:

were reported on as well as widespread looting and destruction of property.

11528: 10852: 10827: 10664: 10644: 10438: 9422: 9397: 4672: 4540:

Gangoli, Geetanjali (2012). Nicole Westmarland; Geetanjali Gangoli (eds.).

2659:(3rd Revised ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 205. 2032: 2004: 1990: 1881: 1730: 1682: 1610: 1573: 1572:

in revenge for mistreatment of Muslims, referencing the destruction of the

1493: 1460: 1391: 1346: 1141: 1103: 1002: 813: 226: 3959:

Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States

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Kabir, Ananya Jahanara (2010). Sorcha Gunne; Zoe Brigley Thompson (eds.).

11476: 11376: 11336: 11331: 11181: 10393: 9690: 9506: 5911:"Bilkis Bano case convicts greeted with sweets; Owaisi questions PM Modi" 4919:

Gujarat riots: As death toll rises, CM Narendra Modi image hits a new low

2881: 1960: 1605: 1111: 1088: 957: 927: 830: 431: 115: 47:

filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by rioting mobs.

7888:"NCM rejects Gujarat report:Directs state to follow its recommendations" 6212: 6029:. India. 26 October 2005. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 5852:"Two BJP legislators on panel that backed remission in Bilkis Bano case" 4986:

Nandini Sundar, "A licene to kill: Patterns of violence in Gujarat", in

9561: 9556: 8709: 7852:"InfoChange India News & Features development news Indian Archives" 4409:. Express India. Press Trust of India. 19 December 2002. Archived from 1064: 1056: 950: 111: 10599: 8780:

Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India

7802: 7800: 6695:"Gujarat government extends term of Nanavati panel till June 30, 2013" 6579:. Official report on godhra riots by the Concerned Citizens Tribunal. 1956:, spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events. 1476: 359:

on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims and

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Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh

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Freedman, Lawrence; Srinath Raghavan (2012). Paul D. Williams (ed.).

5990:"Bilkis Bano case | Supreme Court quashes early release of 11 lifers" 5752: 5303: 4202:

Acting Together: Resistance and reconciliation in regions of violence

4180: 3788: 3753: 3677: 2532:

Communal Violence, Forced Migration and the State: Gujarat since 2002

2490:

The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space

1915: 1870: 1538: 1362:

NGOs. The SIT charged her of "cooking up macabre tales of killings."

1323: 879: 368: 360: 107: 44: 5662:"The meticulous seven, and a seven-day hunt for proof-Amitabh Sinha" 5204:. In Timothy Lubin; Donald R. Davis Jr; Jayanth K. Krishnan (eds.). 3097: 849:

reported that acts of exceptional heroism were committed by Hindus,

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The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future

7797: 7138: 6595: 6572: 6466:

Evans, Carolyn (2011). John Witte, Jr.; M. Christian Green (eds.).

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The Times of India, 28 September 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

2714: 2012: 1888: 1554: 994: 989: 439: 38: 6245:"Pota Review Committee Gives Opinion on Godhra Case To POTA Court" 2808:"Modi's clearance in the Gujarat riots case angers Indian Muslims" 10692: 10649: 10262: 8945:

Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat

5637:"Bilkis Bano: India PM Modi's government okayed rapists' release" 3328:"Death for 11, life sentence for 20 in Godhra train burning case" 1866: 1635: 1595: 1528: 1510: 1455: 1403: 1206: 945:

On 17 March, it was reported that Muslims attacked Dalits in the

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that took place directly adjacent to a police training camp; the

364: 348: 331: 65: 8926:

Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society

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Early in 2003, the state government of Gujarat set up the

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US Ambassador at-large for International Religious Freedom

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is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted riots in its plot.

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Fifty-two people from Pavagadh and Dhikva villages in

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Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

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Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

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(2013). 2901: 2833:Times of India (18 July 2013). 2769: 2707: 2602: 2564: 2522: 2480: 2463: 2099: 1322:On 9 November 2011, a court in 1232:Central Bureau of Investigation 1037:Allegations of state complicity 676: 660: 468:to Ahmedabad, stopped near the 11142:Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi 10212:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 10182:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 9916:Communist Romanian persecution 9235:Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra 8947:. Cambridge University Press. 8786:. Princeton University Press. 8346:. 27 June 2002. Archived from 7965:Dasgupta, Manas (9 May 2012). 7649:"Polls don't tell whole story" 7647:Nag, Kingshuk (October 2007). 6644:Citizens for Justice and Peace 6638:PUCL Bulletin (January 2006). 6065:. Rediff News. 25 October 2005 5688:"A hopeful Bilkis goes public" 5282:Sen, Ayanjit (19 March 2002). 5002:Journal of South Asian Studies 4896:. 4 April 2002. Archived from 4306:Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003). 3336:. 1 March 2011. Archived from 3056:The State of India's Democracy 2315: 1475:A fact finding mission by the 1431:National Minorities Commission 1110:, attended by state ministers 820:to sensitive areas in Godhra. 740: 724: 708: 612: 580: 484:judge K. G. Shah as a one-man 375:of Gujarat for the next year. 1: 11624:February 2002 events in India 11197:Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari 11136:Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari 10230:2024 Istanbul church shooting 10206:Christchurch mosque shootings 9994:Religious violence in Nigeria 9988:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 8202:Cassidy, John (16 May 2014). 7743:"Gujarat: The noose tightens" 7312:Mark Tully (27 August 2002). 6324: 6219:. Sage Publications. p. 5518:Economic and Political Weekly 5084:. Routledge. pp. 93–94. 4664:10.1016/s0968-8080(08)31357-3 4544:. Policy Press. p. 103. 4205:. New Village Press. p. 3421:Concerned Citizens Tribunal. 2449:. Routledge. pp. 18–37. 2087: 1839:in 2004 due to objections by 1649:National Commission for Women 1633:In 2004, the weekly magazine 1584:planned to assassinate Modi, 785:(VHP) called for a statewide 692: 11362:Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib 11061:All India Khilafat Committee 10120:War crimes in the Kosovo War 9910:Communist Polish persecution 9781:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 9709:Crusades against schismatics 8909:. Harvard University Press. 7505:"Gujarat Govt counsel quits" 6758:Soni, Nikunj (3 July 2013). 6161:. Rediff News. 22 April 2006 5668:. New Delhi. 21 January 2008 5160:Puniyani, Ram (2 May 2009). 4484:Kannabiran, Kalpana (2012). 3993:Narula, Smita (April 2002). 3631:Khan, Saeed (21 June 2011). 3508:Metcalf, Barbara D. (2012). 3114:10.1080/01436597.2012.657423 2755:. Routledge. p. 86,90. 2129: 1499: 1369: 1282: 776:Location of major incidents. 528:Central Reserve Police Force 507:party in 2005 also set up a 7: 11447:Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir 11227:Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi 10811:Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya 10768:Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan 9059:Issue of Gujarat CM US visa 9015:Report: Nanavati Commission 8928:. Pearson Education India. 8017:Setalvad, Filed by Teesta, 6441:"Gujarat riot myths busted" 5594:Verdict in Best Bakery case 5037:Global Security Watch—India 4651:Reproductive Health Matters 4594:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 88. 2061:Religious violence in India 1976: 1801:aired a documentary titled 1718:. A petition was set up by 1616:On 18 July, Modi asked the 1093:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 628: 280:Religious violence in India 31:religious violence in India 10: 11660: 11639:Massacres of ethnic groups 11629:March 2002 events in India 11589:Anti-Muslim riots in India 11202:Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi 11026:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 10998:All India Sunni Conference 10977:All Pakistan Ulema Council 10868:National Development Front 10822:Sunni Students' Federation 10726:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami 9257:Coalition Against Genocide 8801:Guha, Ramachandra (2002). 7712:"Everything, but the news" 6714:"A Compromised Commission" 4928:, India Today, 20 May 2002 4615:Wilkinson, Steven (2005). 4488:. Routledge. p. 414. 4457:Campbell, Bradley (2015). 3955:Hibbard, Scott W. (2010). 3565:. Routledge. p. 233. 3202:Studies in Indian Politics 2415:. Routledge. p. 143. 2074:List of massacres in India 1720:Coalition Against Genocide 1702:travel ban imposed by the 1665:Special Investigation Team 1622:Indian Election Commission 1334: 1216: 453: 11542: 11490: 11452:Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria 11307:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 11242:Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani 11083: 10990: 10891: 10793: 10758:Islami Jatiya Oikya Front 10748:Islami Andolan Bangladesh 10736:Islamic Democratic League 10718: 10685: 10678: 10637: 10558: 10452: 10341: 10300: 10244: 10152:South Thailand insurgency 10128:Walisongo school massacre 10096:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 9745:Expulsion of the Moriscos 9721:European wars of religion 9635: 9479: 9314: 9262:Nanavati-Mehta Commission 9244: 9170: 9138: 9107: 8084:"All-American Grand Slam" 7872:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7555:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7041:. ABC-CLIO. p. 532. 7039:Encyclopedia of Terrorism 6800:. Westland. p. 448. 6422:. Retrieved 11 May 2009. 6047:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5258:. 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(2003). 3824:NDTV – 1 March 2011 3820:29 November 2014 at the 3423:"Crime Against Humanity" 3214:10.1177/2321023013482789 3096:Bobbio, Tommaso (2012). 3029:Gupta, Dipankar (2011). 2938:10.1177/0032329212461125 2715:"Report on Godhra riots" 2181:McLane, John R. (2010). 2149:Baruah, Bipasha (2012). 2092: 2080:India: The Modi Question 1969:India: The Modi Question 1804:India: The Modi Question 1739:House of Representatives 1439:Nanavati-Shah commission 1291:Pavagadh and Dhikva case 1191:Best Bakery murder trial 884:Naroda Patiya mass grave 505:Indian National Congress 428:Gulbarg Society massacre 275:Violence against Muslims 247:2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 217:1987 Hashimpura massacre 177:1948 Hyderabad massacres 160:Violence against Muslims 11247:Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad 11212:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi 11126:Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri 11091:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi 11046:Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir 11009:Finality of Prophethood 10962:Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal 10957:Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan 10915:Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan 10773:Bangladesh Islami Front 10235:Crocus City Hall attack 9982:Persecution of Tibetans 9739:French Wars of Religion 9661:Yellow Turban Rebellion 9252:The Truth: Gujarat 2002 8903:Nussbaum, Martha Craven 7718:. India. Archived from 6610:www.home.gujarat.gov.in 4943:5 December 2021 at the 4924:5 December 2021 at the 4731:. Seven Stories Press. 4727:Shiva, Vandana (2003). 4590:Smith, Paul J. (2007). 4278:Rubin, Olivier (2010). 3360:"Probe panel appointed" 3139:(subscription required) 2863:The Wall Street Journal 1863:World Social Forum 2004 1533:Following the violence 393:Prime Minister of India 222:1989 Bhagalpur violence 187:1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots 11619:Bharatiya Janata Party 11397:Delwar Hossain Sayeedi 11257:Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi 10937:Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba 10873:Popular Front of India 10816:Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa 10703:Emirate of Afghanistan 10188:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 10164:Maspero demonstrations 10012:Huế Phật Đản shootings 9200:Bhoomiyude Avakashikal 9120:Naroda Patiya massacre 9051:Sabrang Communications 8982:Varadarajan, Siddharth 8924:Oommen, T. K. (2008). 8843:Kishwar, Madhu Purnima 8143:. NDTV. 6 March 2013. 6796:Verghese, B G (2010). 6270:www.washingtonpost.com 5876:PTI (19 August 2022). 5435:. Human Rights Watch. 5200:Narula, Smita (2010). 5113:. Routledge. pp. 5039:. Praeger. p. 7. 4367:. Human Rights Watch. 4157:"Leads From Purgatory" 4000:. Human Rights Watch. 2653:Schweighauser, Philipp 1933:Bhoomiyude Avakashikal 1779: 1543:cancer to this country 1444:Naroda Patiya massacre 1343:Naroda Patiya massacre 1337:Naroda Patiya massacre 1331:Naroda Patiya Massacre 1155:Supreme Court of India 911: 537:Bharatiya Janata Party 513:Umesh Chandra Banerjee 424:Naroda Patiya massacre 400:Supreme Court of India 242:2006 Malegaon bombings 11634:2002 murders in India 11407:Khalid Mehmood Soomro 11392:Arif Hussain Hussaini 11066:Muslim National Guard 10933:Ahle Sunnat, Pakistan 10731:Islami Chhatra Shibir 10158:Boko Haram insurgency 9817:Pontic Greek genocide 9727:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 9537:Extrajudicial killing 9304:Religious persecution 9023:Government of Gujarat 8943:Shani, Ornit (2007). 8883:Mitta, Manoj (2014). 8864:Marino, Andy (2014). 8821:Jaffrelot, Christophe 7112:Kiernan, Ben (2008). 6426:17 April 2009 at the 6188:. Routledge. p. 5060:Siddharth Varadarajan 4645:Khanna, Renu (2008). 4322:on 11 September 2008. 4061:. SAGE. p. 120. 3194:Jaffrelot, Christophe 3102:Third World Quarterly 1904:won the Silver Lotus 1896:won the Golden Lotus 1857:, Films for Freedom, 1851:Akanksha Damini Joshi 1841:Censor Board of India 1797:In January 2023, the 1787:Amnesty International 1774: 1602:Kanwar Pal Singh Gill 1551:Vishva Hindu Parishad 1384:Constitution of India 1148:Criminal prosecutions 906: 783:Vishva Hindu Parishad 498:Ainslie Thomas Embree 285:Religious persecution 56:February – March 2002 11462:Maulana Sardar Ahmad 11357:Muhammad Taqi Usmani 11342:Motiur Rahman Nizami 11262:Mian Tufail Mohammad 11232:Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi 11162:Maulana Sardar Ahmad 11111:Peer Jamaat Ali Shah 10952:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam 10858:Jamaat-e-Islami Hind 10803:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia 10404:1983 Nellie massacre 10399:1980 Moradabad riots 10140:September 11 attacks 10076:1984 anti-Sikh riots 9940:Rawalpindi massacres 9886:White Terror (Spain) 9697:Massacre at Ayyadieh 9582:Population cleansing 9115:Godhra train burning 8827:. C Hurst & Co. 8762:. Orient Blackswan. 7430:on 28 September 2011 5562:on 5 September 2016. 5531:on 23 September 2015 5243:on 19 December 2012. 5035:Gupta, Amit (2012). 4336:Watch, H R. (2003). 4280:Democracy and Famine 4188:on 20 November 2010. 4093:. 6 September 2003. 4057:Oommen, T K (2005). 3761:on 27 September 2008 3681:. 18 November 2014. 2926:Politics and Society 2691:. BBC. 11 May 2005. 2363:Ghassem-Fachand 2012 1781:On 23 May 2008, the 1541:said "Muslims are a 1195:Indian Supreme Court 1175:Christophe Jaffrelot 773:class=notpageimage| 550:Post-Godhra violence 456:Godhra train burning 450:Godhra train burning 328:, also known as the 232:1993 Pangal massacre 207:1983 Nellie massacre 202:1980 Moradabad riots 162:in independent India 78:Godhra train burning 11594:Mass murder in 2002 11442:Nurul Islam Farooqi 11422:Sanaullah Amritsari 11382:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi 11322:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 11292:Mohammad Ali Jouhar 11287:Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi 11272:Anwar Shah Kashmiri 11101:Habibullah Qurayshi 11096:Abdul Wahid Bengali 11003:Shaheed Ganj Mosque 10863:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 10848:Darul Uloom Deoband 10778:Islami Chhatra Sena 10631:Islam in South Asia 10510:2017 Northern India 10052:Bangladesh genocide 10032:Cultural Revolution 10024:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 9787:Circassian genocide 9673:Rhineland massacres 9587:Population transfer 9552:Forced displacement 9359:Jehovah's Witnesses 9193:Vilapangalkkappuram 9064:US State Department 8990:. Penguin (India). 8760:The Gujarat Carnage 8756:Engineer, Asgharali 8041:. 22 October 2012. 7722:on 26 December 2008 7372:on 26 December 2008 6619:on 19 February 2009 6558:The Washington Post 6512:US State Department 6508:2009-2017.state.gov 6359:The Washington Post 6332:The Washington Post 6276:on 11 November 2011 5728:on 3 September 2004 5524:(8). Archived from 5379:. 8 February 2006. 3485:. 3 February 2022. 3152:, pp. 168–173. 2865:. 26 December 2013. 2409:(1 February 2013). 2056:2006 Vadodara riots 1927:Vilapangalkkappuram 1629:Media investigation 1618:Governor of Gujarat 1570:2008 Delhi bombings 1564:The militant group 1449:Jan Sangharsh Manch 1378:(NHRC) stated that 1297:Panchmahal district 1116:Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind 1108:Panchmahal district 984:, a former home of 265:Freedom of religion 252:2014 Assam violence 197:1970 Bhiwandi riots 182:1964 Calcutta riots 11614:Massacres in India 11574:2002 Gujarat riots 11437:Fazlul Haque Amini 11417:Ehsan Elahi Zaheer 11402:Syed Nazeer Husain 11387:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 11317:Shah Ahmad Noorani 11207:Shah Ahmad Noorani 10947:Jamiat Ahle Hadith 10931:Tanzeem-ul-Madaris 10920:Jamaat Ahle Sunnat 10904:Tanzeem ul Madaris 10581:Religious violence 10485:2013 Muzaffarnagar 10313:Parsi–Muslim riots 10146:2002 Gujarat riots 10070:Cambodian genocide 10064:Lebanese Civil War 9842:Soviet persecution 9679:Jerusalem massacre 9592:Sectarian violence 9577:Political violence 9101:2002 Gujarat riots 8520:The Times of India 8415:The New York Times 8343:The Times of India 8292:on 30 January 2003 8254:The Times of India 8237:, p. 385-393. 7814:on 22 January 2009 7785:on 1 November 2007 7685:The Indian Express 7681:"Ghosts don't lie" 7661:on 23 October 2012 7654:The Times of India 7603:on 5 November 2007 7577:on 26 January 2009 7515:on 1 November 2007 7509:The Indian Express 7487:The Indian Express 7460:on 27 October 2007 7423:The Times of India 7398:. 22 December 2004 7342:. 15 December 2002 7287:The New York Times 7240:has generic name ( 6845:3 May 2013 at the 6699:The Economic Times 6420:The Economic Times 6386:The Times of India 5967:The Indian Express 5760:on 30 January 2005 5666:The Indian Express 5578:has generic name ( 5407:The Indian Express 5349:. 17 August 2004. 5236:The Times of India 4786:The Times of India 3871:. 23 February 2011 3845:on 19 January 2013 3729:on 23 October 2013 3722:The Times of India 3638:The Times of India 3618:The Indian Express 3593:. 22 February 2011 3591:The Indian Express 3333:The Times of India 3301:The Times of India 2840:The Times of India 2810:. Deutsche Welle. 2384:. 27 February 2022 2251:Setalvad, Teesta. 2119:Human Rights Watch 2107:V. R. Krishna Iyer 2051:1985 Gujarat riots 2046:1969 Gujarat riots 1914:made a trilogy of 1821:In popular culture 1505:Rioting in Gujarat 1416:V. R. Krishna Iyer 1406:and the legacy of 1318:Dipda Darwaza case 1130:Human Rights Watch 1091:, the VHP and the 1070:Rapid Action Force 1046:ultimately banned 939:The Times of India 889:Kalpana Kannabiran 863:Human Rights Watch 857:Attacks on Muslims 847:Human Rights Watch 818:Rapid Action Force 482:Gujarat High Court 353:burning of a train 326:2002 Gujarat riots 237:2002 Gujarat riots 212:1985 Gujarat riots 192:1969 Gujarat riots 24:2002 Gujarat riots 11561: 11560: 11514:Hudood Ordinances 11504:Direct Action Day 11482:Sultan Zauq Nadvi 11457:Sheikh Ahmadullah 11412:Siddiq Hasan Khan 11312:Abul A'la Maududi 11282:Ubaidullah Sindhi 11267:Ashraf Ali Thanwi 11192:Shah Turab ul Haq 11147:Ahmad Saeed Kazmi 11079: 11078: 10763:Islami Oikya Jote 10597: 10596: 10379:1967 Ranchi-Hatia 10354:Direct Action Day 10333:Malabar rebellion 10323:1857 Bharuch riot 10260: 10259: 10200:Rohingya genocide 9928:Direct Action Day 9880:Šahovići massacre 9830:Armenian genocide 9824:Assyrian genocide 9711:(13th–15th cent.) 9705:(12th–16th cent.) 9703:Northern Crusades 9547:Forced conversion 9497:Cultural genocide 9492:Communal violence 9369:post–Cold War era 9354:Eastern Orthodoxy 9270: 9269: 8997:978-0-14-302901-4 8973:978-0-415-54377-4 8954:978-0-521-72753-2 8935:978-81-317-1546-8 8916:978-0-674-03059-6 8894:978-93-5029-187-0 8875:978-93-5136-217-3 8856:978-81-929352-0-1 8812:978-0-14-302901-4 8793:978-0-691-15177-9 8769:978-81-250-2496-5 8747:978-0-14-400076-0 8723:978-0-295-98506-0 8686:on 8 October 2012 8553:on 18 March 2014. 8469:www.aljazeera.com 8451:www.aljazeera.com 8433:www.aljazeera.com 8189:National Archives 7493:on 17 April 2008. 7224:on 19 March 2008. 7123:978-0-522-85477-0 7098:978-81-297-0998-1 7073:978-0-19-982797-8 7048:978-0-313-30895-6 7023:978-0-415-78281-4 6998:978-1-4094-2508-3 6882:978-1-84542-219-6 6807:978-93-80283-76-0 6724:on 26 March 2014. 6477:978-0-19-973344-6 6393:on 11 August 2011 6230:978-0-7619-3237-6 6199:978-0-415-35981-8 6117:. 30 October 2007 5813:. 16 August 2022. 5265:978-0-415-61254-8 5215:978-1-139-49358-1 5091:978-0-415-54554-9 5046:978-0-313-39586-4 4964:. 16 March 2002. 4788:. 17 March 2002. 4767:978-0-7456-2210-1 4738:978-1-58322-540-0 4701:. 17 March 2010. 4626:978-0-19-567237-4 4601:978-0-7656-1988-4 4576:978-0-415-80608-4 4551:978-1-84742-621-5 4495:978-0-415-52310-3 4443:978-0-415-89668-9 4289:978-0-415-59822-4 4216:978-0-9815593-9-1 4068:978-0-7619-3359-5 4040:978-1-4051-9131-9 3974:978-0-8018-9669-9 3929:. 10 March 2002. 3662:21 February 2012. 3572:978-0-415-66744-9 3544:978-1-4051-9892-9 3065:978-0-8018-8791-8 3040:978-0-415-61254-8 3012:978-1-61703-732-0 2987:978-0-415-80608-4 2885:. 11 April 2014. 2847:on 9 August 2013. 2762:978-0-415-66447-9 2666:978-1-4426-4601-8 2456:978-1-317-97796-4 2422:978-1-136-19777-2 2234:978-0-8047-5264-0 2196:978-0-19-537965-5 2162:978-0-7748-1928-2 1793:Media suppression 1712:religious freedom 1675:Raju Ramachandran 1566:Indian Mujahideen 1553:(VHP), said "All 1380:res ipsa loquitur 1349:and Hindu leader 1266:Avdhootnagar case 1238:(CFSL) Delhi and 1159:Bombay High Court 949:of Ahmedabad. In 934:Attacks on Hindus 867:Indian government 826:Minister of State 795:Rana Rajendrasinh 544:Indian Penal Code 464:, returning from 462:Sabarmati Express 321: 320: 227:1992 Bombay riots 144: 143: 11651: 11644:Looting in India 10972:Tehrik-e-Jafaria 10967:Tanzeem-e-Islami 10753:Khelafat Majlish 10683: 10682: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10601: 10600: 10520:2018 Ambalapattu 10490:2015 Ballabhgarh 10475:2012 Azad Maidan 10308:Bombay Dog Riots 10287: 10280: 10273: 10264: 10263: 10252: 10251: 10218:2020 Delhi riots 10134:Kosheh massacres 10114:Bosnian genocide 9934:1946 Bihar riots 9597:Social cleansing 9522:Ethnic cleansing 9297: 9290: 9283: 9274: 9273: 9125:Best Bakery case 9094: 9087: 9080: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9053: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9032:on 16 March 2013 9031: 9025:, archived from 9020: 9001: 8977: 8958: 8939: 8920: 8898: 8879: 8860: 8838: 8816: 8797: 8785: 8773: 8751: 8727: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8682:. Archived from 8670: 8664: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8425: 8419: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8288:. Archived from 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8257:. Archived from 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8184: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7871: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7836:. Archived from 7830: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7810:. Archived from 7804: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7657:. Archived from 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7573:. Archived from 7567: 7561: 7560: 7554: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7479: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7225: 7220:. Archived from 7207: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6984: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6959:"BBC UK Website" 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6935:. Archived from 6924: 6918: 6917: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6747:on 24 June 2010. 6743:. Archived from 6732: 6726: 6725: 6720:. Archived from 6709: 6703: 6702: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6650:on 16 March 2012 6646:. Archived from 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6618: 6607: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6443:. Archived from 6437: 6431: 6412: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6389:. Archived from 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6302:. 30 July 2012. 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6272:. Archived from 6262: 6253: 6252: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6187: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5969:. 8 January 2024 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5943:. 8 January 2024 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5917:. 16 August 2022 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5831:. 19 August 2022 5821: 5815: 5814: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5698:on 23 March 2008 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5607: 5601: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5558:. Archived from 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5515: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5413:on 19 March 2008 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5239:. Archived from 5226: 5220: 5219: 5197: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5172:on 21 April 2016 5168:. Archived from 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5112: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5077: 5071: 5068:Varadarajan 2002 5064:Rajdeep Sardesai 5057: 5051: 5050: 5032: 5026: 5025: 4997: 4991: 4988:Varadarajan 2002 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4958:"Saffron Terror" 4954: 4948: 4935: 4929: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4760:. Polity Press. 4759: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4666: 4642: 4631: 4630: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4397: 4394:Varadarajan 2002 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4314: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4275: 4266: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4184:. Archived from 4171: 4165: 4164: 4152: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3962: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3898: 3892: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3831: 3825: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3792:. 6 March 2011. 3780: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3669: 3663: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3641:. Archived from 3628: 3622: 3621: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3427: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3304:. 18 June 2013. 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3242:. 1 March 2011. 3232: 3226: 3225: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3093: 3087: 3086:, p. 50-51. 3081: 3070: 3069: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3026: 3017: 3016: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2950: 2949: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2843:. Archived from 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2438: 2427: 2426: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2381:The Wire (India) 2372: 2366: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2302: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2214: 2201: 2200: 2178: 2167: 2166: 2146: 2123: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1783:Union Government 1746:Condoleezza Rice 1724:Angana Chatterji 1517:Police transfers 1400:racial supremacy 1219:Bilkis Bano case 1213:Bilkis Bano case 1185:Best Bakery case 1053:Gyanendra Pandey 1023:Gujarat Samachar 1014:Gujarat Samachar 982:Sabarmati Ashram 898:George Fernandes 759: 758: 743: 742: 727: 726: 711: 710: 695: 694: 679: 678: 663: 662: 647: 646: 631: 630: 615: 614: 599: 598: 583: 582: 567: 566: 560: 444:ethnic cleansing 420:ethnic cleansing 407:communalist riot 313: 306: 299: 257:2020 Delhi riots 163: 146: 145: 86:Ethnic cleansing 41: 21: 20: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11648: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11538: 11497: 11486: 11472:Asjad Raza Khan 11427:Abul Kalam Azad 11372:Jalaluddin Umri 11277:Mahmud al-Hasan 11252:Syed Hayatullah 11222:Arshadul Qaudri 11177:Ibrahim Chatuli 11172:Asjad Raza Khan 11157:Amjad Ali Aazmi 11121:Hamid Raza Khan 11116:Abdullahil Baqi 11075: 11071:Tablighi Jamaat 11051:Jamaat ul-Fuqra 11041:Jamaat-e-Islami 10986: 10887: 10789: 10743:Hefazat-e-Islam 10714: 10674: 10633: 10628: 10598: 10593: 10554: 10525:2019 Ponparappi 10505:2017 Saharanpur 10448: 10424:1985 Karamchedu 10337: 10296: 10291: 10261: 10256: 10246: 10240: 10176:Yazidi genocide 10082:Revival Process 10018:Thích Quảng Đức 10006:Buddhist crisis 10000:Istanbul pogrom 9868:1970–1987 9863:1958–1964 9858:1928–1941 9853:1921–1928 9848:1917–1921 9733:Goa Inquisition 9667:Battle of Tours 9657:(c.550–c. 1200) 9651:(c. 324–c. 491) 9631: 9532:Ethnic violence 9527:Ethnic conflict 9475: 9474: 9473: 9428:minority Muslim 9310: 9301: 9271: 9266: 9240: 9207:Chand Bujh Gaya 9166: 9134: 9103: 9098: 9056: 9043: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9018: 9012: 9009: 9004: 8998: 8974: 8955: 8936: 8917: 8895: 8876: 8857: 8835: 8813: 8794: 8783: 8770: 8748: 8724: 8704: 8699: 8689: 8687: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8633: 8632: 8628: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8584: 8574: 8572: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8545: 8544: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8527:on 17 June 2013 8513: 8512: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8495:on 4 March 2004 8481: 8480: 8476: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8427: 8426: 8422: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8353: 8351: 8350:on 28 June 2013 8336: 8335: 8331: 8321: 8319: 8318:. 19 March 2002 8310: 8309: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8282:"Camp Comatose" 8278: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8261:on 28 June 2013 8245: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8219: 8217: 8200: 8196: 8182: 8180: 8175:. 16 May 2014. 8165: 8164: 8160: 8150: 8148: 8139: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8062: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8038:TheGuardian.com 8031: 8030: 8026: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7920:on 18 July 2012 7908: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7865: 7864: 7857: 7855: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7840:on 6 June 2002. 7832: 7831: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7754: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7716:Hindustan Times 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7548: 7547: 7540: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7481: 7480: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7310: 7306: 7296: 7294: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7237: 7236: 7227: 7226: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7177: 7173: 7158: 7154: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6985: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6965:. 14 April 2005 6957: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6925: 6921: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6869: 6865: 6857: 6853: 6847:Wayback Machine 6838: 6834: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6794: 6790: 6775: 6771: 6756: 6752: 6733: 6729: 6710: 6706: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6584: 6577:www.sabrang.com 6571: 6570: 6566: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6527: 6523: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6428:Wayback Machine 6413: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6377: 6373: 6363: 6361: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6251:on 26 May 2006. 6243: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6030: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5941:Hindustan Times 5935: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5915:Hindustan Times 5909: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5592:Dionne Bunsha, 5591: 5587: 5575: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5295: 5291: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5252: 5248: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5198: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5078: 5074: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5033: 5029: 4998: 4994: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4945:Wayback Machine 4936: 4932: 4926:Wayback Machine 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4900:on 13 July 2014 4888: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4643: 4634: 4627: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4413:on 30 June 2007 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390:Teesta Setalvad 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4197: 4193: 4172: 4168: 4153: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4027: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3975: 3953: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3822:Wayback Machine 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3654: 3650: 3645:on 5 July 2013. 3629: 3625: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3400: 3393: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3272:. 11 May 2005. 3264: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3168:The Independent 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3131: 3129: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3073: 3066: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3027: 3020: 3013: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2953: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2749: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2719:www.sabrang.com 2713: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2667: 2649: 2645: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2584: 2573:Resurgent India 2570: 2569: 2565: 2552: 2550: 2543: 2527: 2523: 2510: 2508: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2439: 2430: 2423: 2407:Bilgrami, Akeel 2404: 2400: 2387: 2385: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2335: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2289: 2283: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2257:www.youtube.com 2249: 2242: 2235: 2215: 2204: 2197: 2179: 2170: 2163: 2147: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2019:Genocide portal 2017: 2010: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1876:Gujarati play 1823: 1795: 1761: 1735:Joseph R. Pitts 1696: 1673:In his report, 1667: 1631: 1598: 1582:Lashkar-e-Toiba 1531: 1523:R. B. Sreekumar 1519: 1507: 1502: 1423:Godhra incident 1372: 1359: 1339: 1333: 1320: 1305: 1293: 1285: 1277: 1268: 1221: 1215: 1199:Teesta Setalvad 1187: 1150: 1074:Gordhan Zadafia 1039: 977: 936: 872:Teesta Setalvad 865:criticised the 859: 822:Gordhan Zadafia 779: 778: 777: 775: 769: 768: 767: 766: 760: 752: 751: 750: 744: 736: 735: 734: 728: 720: 719: 718: 712: 704: 703: 702: 696: 688: 687: 686: 680: 672: 671: 670: 664: 656: 655: 654: 648: 640: 639: 638: 632: 624: 623: 622: 616: 608: 607: 606: 600: 592: 591: 590: 584: 576: 575: 574: 568: 552: 458: 452: 436:parliamentarian 416:state terrorism 363:returning from 323: 317: 261: 169:Major incidents 161: 159: 131: 84: 82:State terrorism 80: 69: 48: 43:The skyline of 17: 12: 11: 5: 11657: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11534:Noakhali riots 11531: 11526: 11521: 11519:Shah Bano case 11516: 11511: 11506: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11327:Fazl-ur-Rehman 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11302:Muhammad Iqbal 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11187:Ahmad Sirhindi 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11036:Hizb ut-Tahrir 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11015:Dawat e Islami 11012: 11006: 11000: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10928: 10923: 10917: 10912: 10909:Dawat e Islami 10906: 10901: 10895: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10830: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10733: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10700: 10698:Durrani Empire 10695: 10689: 10687: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10641: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10627: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10604: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10588:Caste violence 10584: 10577: 10570: 10562: 10560: 10559:Related topics 10556: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10535:2020 Bangalore 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10500:2016 Dhulagarh 10497: 10495:2016 Kaliachak 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10470:2008 Kandhamal 10467: 10462: 10456: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10446: 10444:1994 Anti-Urdu 10441: 10436: 10434:1990 Hyderabad 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10414:1984 anti-Sikh 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10297: 10294:Riots in India 10290: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10267: 10258: 10257: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10232: 10227: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10203: 10202:(2016–ongoing) 10197: 10196:(2014–ongoing) 10191: 10185: 10184:(2014–ongoing) 10179: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10160:(2009–ongoing) 10155: 10154:(2004–ongoing) 10149: 10143: 10137: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10060:(1971–ongoing) 10055: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10041: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10003: 9997: 9996:(1953–ongoing) 9991: 9985: 9984:(1950–ongoing) 9979: 9978:(1949–ongoing) 9973: 9967: 9961: 9960:(1947–ongoing) 9955: 9954:(1947–ongoing) 9949: 9948:(1947–ongoing) 9943: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9922:Noakhali riots 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9811:Greek genocide 9808: 9802: 9799:Adana massacre 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9663:(c.184–c. 205) 9658: 9652: 9646: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9612:State religion 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9517:Discrimination 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9481: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9469:Zoroastrianism 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9391:Untouchability 9388: 9378: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9308:discrimination 9300: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9277: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9179:Final Solution 9174: 9172: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9097: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9054: 9041: 9008: 9007:External links 9005: 9003: 9002: 8996: 8984:, ed. (2002). 8978: 8972: 8959: 8953: 8940: 8934: 8921: 8915: 8899: 8893: 8880: 8874: 8861: 8855: 8839: 8834:978-1849041386 8833: 8817: 8811: 8798: 8792: 8774: 8768: 8752: 8746: 8732:Bunsha, Dionne 8728: 8722: 8710:Brass, Paul R. 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8665: 8652: 8626: 8608: 8582: 8556: 8538: 8506: 8474: 8456: 8438: 8420: 8418:. 7 March 2002 8405: 8379: 8376:. 15 May 2012. 8361: 8329: 8303: 8272: 8239: 8227: 8209:The New Yorker 8194: 8172:whitehouse.gov 8158: 8132: 8101: 8090:. 4 April 2005 8075: 8056: 8024: 8009: 7983: 7957: 7931: 7901: 7879: 7843: 7825: 7796: 7764: 7733: 7702: 7691:on 9 July 2008 7672: 7639: 7614: 7588: 7562: 7526: 7496: 7471: 7441: 7409: 7383: 7353: 7327: 7304: 7273: 7262:. 19 July 2002 7247: 7202: 7171: 7152: 7129: 7122: 7104: 7097: 7079: 7072: 7054: 7047: 7029: 7022: 7004: 6997: 6976: 6950: 6939:on 3 July 2013 6919: 6900: 6898:, p. 265. 6888: 6881: 6863: 6861:, p. 389. 6859:Jaffrelot 2011 6851: 6832: 6813: 6806: 6788: 6769: 6750: 6727: 6704: 6685: 6673: 6671:, p. 437. 6661: 6630: 6594: 6564: 6547: 6521: 6495: 6493:, p. 262. 6483: 6476: 6458: 6447:on 20 May 2009 6432: 6404: 6371: 6345: 6317: 6287: 6254: 6236: 6229: 6205: 6198: 6172: 6150: 6128: 6102: 6076: 6054: 6014: 5980: 5954: 5928: 5902: 5868: 5842: 5816: 5798: 5771: 5739: 5709: 5679: 5653: 5627: 5602: 5585: 5542: 5501: 5490:on 4 July 2003 5472: 5450: 5424: 5394: 5364: 5334: 5322: 5289: 5271: 5264: 5246: 5221: 5214: 5183: 5152: 5130: 5123: 5097: 5090: 5072: 5052: 5045: 5027: 5008:(3): 395–414. 4992: 4979: 4949: 4930: 4911: 4881: 4862: 4842: 4830: 4803: 4773: 4766: 4744: 4737: 4719: 4686: 4657:(31): 142–52. 4632: 4625: 4607: 4600: 4582: 4575: 4557: 4550: 4532: 4515:The New Yorker 4501: 4494: 4476: 4474:, p. 388. 4472:Jaffrelot 2011 4464: 4449: 4442: 4424: 4398: 4382: 4355: 4325: 4295: 4288: 4267: 4252: 4222: 4215: 4191: 4166: 4142: 4108: 4091:Indian Express 4085:Indian Express 4074: 4067: 4046: 4039: 4018: 3980: 3973: 3944: 3914: 3912:, p. 134. 3899: 3897:, p. 171. 3882: 3856: 3826: 3807: 3772: 3740: 3708: 3706:, p. 398. 3704:Jaffrelot 2011 3696: 3664: 3648: 3623: 3604: 3578: 3571: 3550: 3543: 3525: 3519:978-1107026490 3518: 3500: 3470: 3443: 3413: 3391: 3351: 3340:on 8 July 2012 3319: 3287: 3257: 3227: 3185: 3154: 3142: 3108:(4): 657–672. 3088: 3071: 3064: 3046: 3039: 3018: 3011: 2993: 2986: 2968: 2966:, p. 388. 2951: 2909: 2900: 2868: 2850: 2825: 2798: 2787:on 11 May 2015 2768: 2761: 2736: 2706: 2680: 2665: 2643: 2621: 2601: 2582: 2563: 2541: 2521: 2499: 2479: 2462: 2455: 2428: 2421: 2398: 2367: 2365:, p. 1-2. 2352: 2333: 2314: 2274: 2240: 2233: 2202: 2195: 2168: 2161: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2111: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2071: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2022: 2008: 1994: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1945: 1937: 1921:Kathavasheshan 1912:T. V. Chandran 1909: 1894:Rahul Dholakia 1885: 1874: 1844: 1828:Final Solution 1822: 1819: 1794: 1791: 1760: 1759:Relief efforts 1757: 1704:United Kingdom 1695: 1694:Diplomatic ban 1692: 1666: 1663: 1661:as "lenient". 1630: 1627: 1597: 1594: 1586:Pravin Togadia 1547:Pravin Togadia 1530: 1527: 1518: 1515: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1371: 1368: 1358: 1355: 1335:Main article: 1332: 1329: 1319: 1316: 1304: 1301: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1275:Danilimda case 1273: 1267: 1264: 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1203:Zaheera Sheikh 1186: 1183: 1171:R. K. Raghavan 1149: 1146: 1122:Dipankar Gupta 1038: 1035: 986:Mahatma Gandhi 976: 975:Media coverage 973: 947:Danilimda area 935: 932: 858: 855: 771: 770: 762: 761: 754: 753: 746: 745: 738: 737: 730: 729: 722: 721: 714: 713: 706: 705: 698: 697: 690: 689: 682: 681: 674: 673: 666: 665: 658: 657: 650: 649: 642: 641: 634: 633: 626: 625: 618: 617: 610: 609: 602: 601: 594: 593: 586: 585: 578: 577: 570: 569: 562: 561: 555: 554: 553: 551: 548: 454:Main article: 451: 448: 345:western Indian 319: 318: 316: 315: 308: 301: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 171: 170: 166: 165: 155: 154: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 119: 118: 93: 89: 88: 75: 71: 70: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 42: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11656: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11367:Safdar Nagori 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11082: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017:International 11016: 11013: 11010: 11007: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10926:Sunni Tehreek 10924: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911:International 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10681: 10679:Organisations 10677: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10620: 10618: 10613: 10611: 10606: 10605: 10602: 10590: 10589: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10571: 10569: 10568: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10540:2021 Kawardha 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10465:2006 Vadodara 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10409:1984 Bhiwandi 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10389:1970 Bhiwandi 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10374:1964 Calcutta 10372: 10370: 10369:1961 Jabalpur 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10359:1946 Noakhali 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10288: 10283: 10281: 10276: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10265: 10255: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10144: 10141: 10138: 10135: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102:Yugoslav Wars 10100: 10097: 10094: 10089: 10088:Big Excursion 10086: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10077: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10059: 10056: 10053: 10050: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10001: 9998: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9974: 9971: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9898:The Holocaust 9896: 9893: 9890: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9806: 9803: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9793:Dungan Revolt 9791: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9779: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9758: 9755: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9607:State atheism 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9502:Deprogramming 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9454:Protestantism 9452: 9450: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9364:LDS or Mormon 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9293: 9291: 9286: 9284: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9263: 9260: 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Routledge. 8965: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8782: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8656: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8510: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8417: 8416: 8409: 8394:. 23 May 2008 8393: 8389: 8383: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8231: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8162: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8060: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8020: 8013: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7890:. Fisiusa.org 7889: 7883: 7875: 7869: 7853: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7834:"tehelka.com" 7829: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7801: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7628: 7627:Asian Tribune 7624: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7558: 7552: 7536: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7315: 7308: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7243: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7185:Express India 7182: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6981: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6896:Engineer 2003 6892: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6855: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6836: 6828: 6827:Outlook India 6824: 6817: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6683:, p. 73. 6682: 6677: 6670: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6598: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6560: 6559: 6551: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6492: 6491:Engineer 2003 6487: 6479: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6375: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6327:"Modi3rdterm" 6321: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6209: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6176: 6160: 6154: 6139:. India Today 6138: 6132: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6064: 6058: 6050: 6044: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5722:The Telegraph 5719: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5692:Deccan Herald 5689: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5581: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5460: 5454: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5330:Nussbaum 2008 5326: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5140: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5101: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5070:, p. 272 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4890:"End of Hope" 4885: 4869: 4865: 4863:9780144000760 4859: 4855: 4854: 4846: 4840:, p. 71. 4839: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4748: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4396:, p. 181 4395: 4391: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4330: 4318: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4161:Outlook India 4158: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4113: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3483:Outlook India 3480: 3474: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3396: 3387: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3196:(June 2013). 3195: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3084:Nussbaum 2008 3080: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2983: 2980:. 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Nanavati 487: 483: 478: 475: 471: 467: 463: 457: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 390: 386: 385:Narendra Modi 382: 379:killings and 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341: 335: 333: 327: 314: 309: 307: 302: 300: 295: 294: 292: 291: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 172: 168: 167: 164: 157: 156: 152: 148: 147: 139: 135: 129: 125: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 79: 76: 72: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 46: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 11529:Babri Masjid 11432:Azizul Haque 10853:Ahl-e-Hadith 10828:Raza Academy 10665:Pan-Islamism 10645:Ahl-i Hadith 10586: 10579: 10572: 10565: 10550:2023 Manipur 10545:2021 Tripura 10515:2017 Baduria 10480:2013 Canning 10460:2002 Gujarat 10459: 10453:21st century 10419:1985 Gujarat 10384:1969 Gujarat 10342:20th century 10301:19th century 10145: 10104:(1991–2001) 10084:(1984–1989) 10044:Famen Temple 10034:(1966–1976) 9844:(1922–1991) 9813:(1913–1922) 9344:Christianity 9334:Baháʼí Faith 9233: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9159: 9152: 9145: 9100: 9058: 9045: 9036:25 September 9034:, retrieved 9027:the original 9014: 8986: 8963: 8944: 8925: 8906: 8884: 8865: 8846: 8824: 8802: 8779: 8759: 8736: 8713: 8702:Bibliography 8688:. 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