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2068:. A video, taken by a local restaurant manager from a hill adjacent to the beach, showed that the tsunami's arrival was preceded by a sudden retreat of the sea exposing the seafloor. Many tourists and locals can be seen trying to gather fish. Moments later, the tsunami arrives as a wall of foaming water that slams into the coast, washing away numerous people who had no time to escape. Another amateur video, captured by a German family at beach level, showed the tsunami appearing as a white horizontal line in the distant horizon, gradually becoming bigger (bore-like), engulfing a jet skier and lifting two police boats. A maximum inundation of approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) was measured, the inundated depths were 4–7 m (13–23 ft) and there was evidence that the tsunami reached the third floor of a resort hotel. The tsunami in Khao Lak was bigger due to offshore coral reefs and shallow seafloor which caused the tsunami to pile-up. This was similar to eyewitness accounts of the tsunami at
2374:, there were three tsunami waves. The sea was observed to rise suddenly before the onset of the first wave. The first wave came 5 minutes after the earthquake, preceded by a recession of the sea up to 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft).. The second and third waves came in 10 minutes intervals after the first wave. The third wave was the strongest, with a maximum tsunami wave height of 11 m (36 ft). Waves nearly three stories high devastated the Indian Air Force base, located just south of Malacca. The maximum tsunami wave height of 11 m (36 ft). Inundation limit was found to be up to 1.25 km (0.78 mi) inland. The impact of the waves was so severe that four oil tankers were thrown almost 800 m (2,600 ft) from the seashore near Malacca to the Air force colony main gate. In Chuckchucha and Lapati, the tsunami arrived in a three-wave cycle with a maximum tsunami wave height of 12 m (39 ft).
3566:, which separate Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, by changing the depth of the seabed and by disturbing navigational buoys and old shipwrecks. In one area of the Strait, water depths were previously up to 1,200 m (4,000 ft), and are now only 30 m (100 ft) in some areas, making shipping impossible and dangerous. These problems also made the delivery of relief aid more challenging. Compiling new navigational charts may take months or years. Officials also hoped that piracy in the region would drop off, since the tsunami had killed pirates and destroyed their boats. Due to multiple factors, there was a 71.6% drop in the number of piracy incidents between 2004 and 2005, from 60 to 17 incidents. Levels remained relatively low for some years. However, between 2013 and 2014, piracy incidents rose dramatically by 73.2% to exceed pre-tsunami levels.
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north-east. The inundation was observed to extend 3–4 km (1.9–2.5 mi) inland throughout the city. Within 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) of the shoreline, houses, except for strongly-built reinforced concrete ones with brick walls, which seemed to have been partially damaged by the earthquake before the tsunami attack, were swept away or destroyed by the tsunami. The area toward the sea was wiped clean of nearly every structure, while closer to the river, dense construction in a commercial district showed the effects of severe flooding. The flow depth at the city was just at the level of the second floor, and there were large amounts of debris piled along the streets and in the ground-floor storefronts. In the seaside section of Ulee Lheue, the flow depths were over 9 m (30 ft). Footage showed evidence of back-flowing of the
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1745:. In the distant horizon, gigantic black waves about 30 m (98 ft) high made explosion-like sounds as they broke and approached the shore. The first wave came rapidly landward from the south-west as a turbulent bore about 0.5–2.5 m (1.6–8.2 ft) high. The second and third waves were 15–30 m (49–98 ft) high at the coast and appeared like gigantic surfing waves but "taller than the coconut trees and was like a mountain". The second wave was the largest; it came from the west-southwest within five minutes of the first wave. The tsunami stranded cargo ships, barges and destroyed a cement mining facility near the Lampuuk coast, where it reached the fourth level of the building.
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was the strongest. The tsunami waves wreaked havoc in the densely populated
Jogindar Nagar area, situated 13 km (8.1 mi) south of Campbell Bay. According to local accounts, tsunami waves attacked the area three times. The first wave came five minutes after the mainshock (0629 hrs.) with a marginal drop in sea level. The second wave came 10 minutes after the first one with a maximum height of 4.8 m (16 ft) to 8 m (26 ft) and caused the major destruction. The third wave came within 15 minutes after the second with lower wave height. The maximum inundation limit due to tsunami water was about 500 m (1,600 ft).
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1312:; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200-minute mark. The aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances but is dwarfed by the
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south. The ground level was about 2 m above sea level, where there were many cottages and hotels. The south bay opens to the south-east and faces in the opposite direction from the tsunami. Furthermore, Phi Phi Le Island shields the port of Phi Phi Don Island. The measured tsunami height was 4.6 m (15 ft) in the port. Amateur camcorder footage taken by
Israeli tourists showed the tsunami advancing inland suddenly as a small flood, gradually becoming more powerful and engulfing the whole beach and resort, with the tsunami carrying a yacht out to sea.
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1681:. This was succeeded by the appearance of two large black-coloured steep waves which then travelled inland into the capital city as a large turbulent bore. Eyewitnesses described the tsunami as a "black giant", "mountain" and a "wall of water". Video footage revealed torrents of black water, surging by windows of a two-story residential area situated about 3.2 km (2.0 mi) inland. Additionally, amateur footage recorded in the middle of the city captured an approaching black surge flowing down the city streets, full of debris, inundating them.
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coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large destructive waves. Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of 24 m (80 ft) when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 m (100 ft) in some areas when travelling inland. Radar satellites recorded the heights of tsunami waves in deep water: the maximum height was at 600 mm (2 ft) two hours after the earthquake, the first such observations ever made.
2709:, the Indonesian Minister of Health at the time, estimated the death total to be as high as 220,000 in Indonesia alone, giving a total of 280,000 fatalities. However, the estimated number of dead and missing in Indonesia were later reduced by over 50,000. In their report, the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition stated, "It should be remembered that all such data are subject to error, as data on missing persons especially are not always as good as one might wish". A much higher number of deaths has been suggested for Myanmar based on reports from Thailand.
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3500:(UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it. UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$ 9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004 and 2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
1835:(Dondra Head). The refracted tsunami waves then inundated the southwestern part of Sri Lanka after some of its energy was reflected from impact with the Maldives. In Sri Lanka, the civilian casualties were second only to those in Indonesia, with approximately 35,000 killed. The eastern shores of Sri Lanka were the hardest hit since it faced the epicentre of the earthquake, while the southwestern shores were hit later, but the death toll was just as severe. The southwestern shores are a hotspot for tourists and fishing. The
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of the seabed. 1,500-metre-high (5,000 ft) thrust ridges created by previous geologic activity along the fault had collapsed, generating landslides several kilometres wide. One such landslide consisted of a single block of rock some 100 m (330 ft) high and 2 km (1.2 mi) long. The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock, each weighing millions of tonnes, as far as 10 km (6 mi) across the seabed. An
1777:, and Teunom. Affected or destroyed towns on the region's north and east coast were Pidie Regency, Samalanga, Panteraja, and Lhokseumawe. The high fatality rate in the area was mainly due to lack of preparation of the community towards a tsunami and limited knowledge and education among the population regarding the natural phenomenon. Helicopter surveys revealed entire settlements virtually destroyed, with destruction extending miles inland. Only a few mosques remained standing.
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3981:, the US has pledged additional funds in long-term U.S. support to help the tsunami victims rebuild their lives. On 9 February 2005, President Bush asked Congress to increase the U.S. commitment to a total of US$ 950 million. Officials estimated that billions of dollars would be needed. Bush also asked his father, former President George H. W. Bush, and former President Bill Clinton to lead a U.S. effort to provide private aid to the tsunami victims.
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commonly used, is an important source of fish for local markets; industrial fishery is the major economic activity, providing direct employment to about 250,000 people. In recent years the fishery industry has emerged as a dynamic export-oriented sector, generating substantial foreign exchange earnings. Preliminary estimates indicated that 66% of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure in coastal regions were destroyed by the wave surges.
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3824:, even as there was no sign of turbulence in the region. The announcement generated panic in the Indian Ocean region and caused thousands to flee their homes, which resulted in jammed roads. The announcement was a false alarm, and the Home Affairs minister withdrew their announcement. On further investigation, the India government learned that the consulting company Terra Research was run from the home of a self-described
1593:. This rare sight reportedly induced people, especially children, to visit the coast to investigate and collect stranded fish on as much as 2.5 km (1.6 mi) of exposed beach, with fatal results. However, not all tsunamis cause this "disappearing sea" effect. In some cases, there are no warning signs at all: the sea will suddenly swell without retreating, surprising many people and giving them little time to flee.
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2243:. The rising sea water did not enter the shrine, but the receding waters swept away hundreds of pilgrims who were on the beach. The shrine's compound, nearby villages, hundreds of shops, homes and pilgrims were washed away into the sea. About 600 pilgrims died. Rescue teams extricated more than 400 bodies from the sand and rocks in the vicinity and large number of unidentified bodies were buried in mass graves.
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2116:, a popular tourist destination, the tsunami first arrived as a small flood, which swept away cars and surprised people. About 10 minutes later, the sea receded for a while before the tsunami arrived again as a large wall of water looming over the skyline and flooding the coast. Another video from Kamala Beach showed the tsunami flooding the ground floor of a restaurant sweeping away an elderly couple. On
1769:, a remote coastal city, was among the hardest hit by the tsunami. The waves arrived after the sea receded about 500 m (1,600 ft), followed by an advancing small tsunami. The second and third destructive waves arrived later, which exceeded the height of the coconut trees. The inundation distance is about 5 km (3.1 mi). Other towns on Aceh's west coast hit by the disaster included
2492:. Based on scientific surveys from Ayeyarwady Delta through Taninthayi Division, it was revealed that tsunami heights along the Myanmar coast were between 0.4–2.9 m (1 ft 4 in – 9 ft 6 in). Eyewitnesses compared the tsunami with the "rainy-season high tide"; although at most locations, the tsunami height was similar or smaller than the "rainy-season high tide" level.
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Island, restricted to
Chidiyatapu, Burmanallah, Kodiaghat, Beadnabad, Corbyn's cove and Marina Park/Aberdeen Jetty areas. Along the west coast, the inundation was observed around Guptapara, Manjeri, Wandoor, Collinpur and Tirur regions. Several near-shore establishments and numerous infrastructures such as seawalls and a 20 MW diesel-generated power plant at Bamboo Flat were destroyed. At
2124:, the tsunami came in like a surging flood inland carrying people and cars. On some locations, a coastal road was built which was higher than the shore, protecting a hotel which was behind it. On the east coast of Phuket Island, the tsunami height was about 2 m. In one river mouth, many boats were damaged. The tsunami moved counter-clockwise around Phuket Island, as was the case at
1281:, where vertical movements of 3 mm (0.12 in) were recorded. By February 2005, the earthquake's effects were still detectable as a 20 μm (0.02 mm; 0.0008 in) complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than four months after the earthquake.
2270:. The waves receded before the first tsunami with the highest fatality reported from the densely populated Alappad panchayat (including the villages of Cheriya Azhikkal and Azhikkal) at Kollam district, caused by a 4 m (13 ft) tsunami. A video recorded by locals showed the tsunami flooding the beach and villages, causing despair amongst the villagers.
1677:, the closest major city, suffered severe casualties. The sea receded and exposed the seabed, prompting locals to collect stranded fish and explore the area. Local eyewitnesses described three large waves, with the first wave rising gently to the foundation of the buildings, followed minutes later by a sudden withdrawal of the sea near the port of
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the affected national economies will be minor because losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a relatively small percentage of the GDP. However, others caution that damage to infrastructure is an overriding factor. In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by saltwater from the ocean.
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muddy tsunami ravaged the city of
Karaikal, where 492 people died. The city of Pondicherry, protected by seawalls was relatively unscathed. Local video recorded that before the arrival of the tsunami, people can be seen swarming the beach to check on stranded fish from the exposed beach. Furthermore, at the coastal town of
1851:, the tsunami appeared as a huge brown-orange-coloured bore which reached the first level of a hotel, causing destruction and taking people unaware. Other videos recorded showed that the tsunami appeared like a flood raging inland. The construction of seawalls and breakwaters reduced the power of waves at some locations.
1862:, run-ups measured 11 m (36 ft) with the greatest inundation distance of 2 km (1.2 mi). Run-up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at 2.4–4.11 m (7 ft 10 in – 13 ft 6 in). Waves measured on the east coast ranged from 4.5–9 m (15–30 ft) at Pottuvill to
1134:). This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed, reaching as far as Mexico, Chile, and the Arctic. The raising of the seafloor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 mm (0.004 in).
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2151:. The divers reported being caught in a violent, swirling current suddenly while underwater. Local camcorder footage showed the tsunami surging inland and flooding camping equipment at the Similan Islands while the tsunami caught tourists unaware at the Surin Islands, and dragging them out towards the sea.
2132:. According to interviews, the second wave was the largest. The tsunami heights were 5–6 m (16–20 ft) and the inundated depth was about 2 m (6.6 ft). The tsunami surprised many tourists at Koh Racha Yai, where it flooded the resorts. About 250 people perished directly in the tsunami.
1569:". Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean (the point where the earthquake struck), no warning system exists in that ocean. Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia. The last major tsunami was caused by the
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The level of damage to the economy resulting from the tsunami depends on the scale examined. While the overall impact on the national economies was minor, local economies were devastated. The two main occupations affected by the tsunami were fishing and tourism. Some economists believe that damage to
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Meanwhile, in the Little
Andaman, tsunami waves impinged on the eastern shore about 25 to 30 minutes after the earthquake in a four-wave cycle of which the fourth tsunami was the most devastating with a wave height of about 10 m (33 ft). The tsunami destroyed settlements at Hut Bay within a
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could have been wiped out. Many of the aboriginal tribes evacuated and suffered fewer casualties, however. Oral traditions developed from previous earthquakes helped the aboriginal tribes escape the tsunami. For example, the folklore of the Onges talks of "huge shaking of ground followed by high wall
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Because of the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours to reach the coastlines. The northern regions of the
Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit quickly, while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly 90 minutes to two hours later. Thailand was
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surveyed the seabed around the earthquake zone, which varies in depth between 1,000 and 5,000 m (550 and 2,730 fathoms; 3,300 and 16,400 ft). The survey, conducted using a high-resolution, multi-beam sonar system, revealed that the earthquake had made a considerable impact on the topography
1347:), might have moved south-west by up to 36 m (120 ft), but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about 0.2 m (8 in). Since movement was vertical as well as lateral, some coastal areas may have been moved to below sea level. The
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was needed because of widespread damage to the infrastructure, shortages of food and water, and economic damage. Epidemics were of particular concern due to the high population density and tropical climate of the affected areas. The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide
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Many health professionals and aid workers have reported widespread psychological trauma associated with the tsunami. Even 14 years afterwards, researchers find HPA axis dysregulation and “burnout” in survivors. Traditional beliefs in many of the affected regions state that a relative of the family
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of the atoll chain with offshore coral reefs, deep channels separating individual atolls and its arrival within low tide which decreased the power of the tsunami. After the tsunami, there was some concern that the country might be submerged entirely and become uninhabitable. However, this was proven
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Comparisons with earlier earthquakes are difficult, as earthquake strength was not measured systematically until the 1930s. However, historical earthquake strength can sometimes be estimated by examining historical descriptions of the damage caused, and the geological records of the areas where they
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The widespread devastation caused by the tsunami led GAM to declare a cease-fire on 28 December 2004 followed by the
Indonesian government, and the two groups resumed long-stalled peace talks, which resulted in a peace agreement signed 15 August 2005. The agreement explicitly cites the tsunami as a
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Even though only coastal regions were directly affected by the waters of the tsunami, the indirect effects have spread to inland provinces as well. Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive, many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part of the world, even though their travel
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Consequently, tsunami runup heights vary from 5 m (16 ft) to 9 m (30 ft) with inundation distances varying from 44 m (144 ft) to 704 m (2,310 ft). The maximum runup height of almost 9 m (30 ft) was recorded in
Bandarbeyla. An even higher runup point
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at a distance of 2,500 km (1,600 mi) from the epicentre. Similar to Sri Lanka, survivors reported three waves with the second wave being the most powerful. Being rich in coral reefs, the
Maldives provides an opportunity for scientists to assess the impact of a tsunami on coral atolls. The
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The worst affected island in the
Andaman & Nicobar chain is Katchall Island, with 303 people confirmed dead and 4,354 missing out of a total population of 5,312. The significant shielding of Port Blair and Campbell Bay by steep mountainous outcrops contributed to the relatively low wave heights
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In South Andaman island, based on local eyewitnesses, there were three tsunami waves, with the third being the most destructive. Flooding occurred at the coast and low-lying areas inland, which were connected to open sea through creeks. Inundation was observed, along the east coast of South Andaman
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was battered by the tsunami which swept across the beach taking morning walkers unaware. Amateur video recorded taken at a resort beach showed the tsunami arriving as a large wall of water as it approached the coast and flooding it as it advanced inland. Besides that, a 10 m (33 ft) black
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The tsunami, like all the others, behaved differently in deep water than in shallow water. In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a low, broad hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at the high speed of 500 to 1,000 km/h (310 to 620 mph); in shallow water near
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that exceeded 10 mm (0.4 in) in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on
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reported that over US$ 4 billion in aid promised by governments was behind schedule. Sri Lanka reported that it had received no foreign government aid, while foreign individuals had been generous. Many charities were given considerable donations from the public. For example, in the United Kingdom,
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Island, the tsunami waves hit the area three times with an inundation limit of 250–500 m (820–1,640 ft). A rise in sea level was observed before the first wave came within 5 minutes of the earthquake. The second and third waves came in 10-minute intervals after the first. The second wave
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distance varied between 1,006–500 m (3,301–1,640 ft) in most areas, except at river mouths, where it was more than 1 km (0.62 mi). Areas with dense coconut groves or mangroves had much smaller inundation distances, and those with river mouths or backwaters saw larger inundation
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slides under (or subducts) the overriding Burma Plate. The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over several minutes: Seismographic and acoustic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture about 400 km (250 mi) long and 100 km (60 mi) wide,
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was named by as many respondents. The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami, and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction, were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami-affected areas, in special video-conferences set up by the Asia Pacific
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The last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was about A.D. 1400. In 2008, a team of scientists working on Phra Thong, a barrier island along the hard-hit west coast of Thailand, reported evidence of at least three previous major tsunamis in the preceding 2,800 years, the most recent from about 700
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In addition to other forms of aid, the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from
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are a group of small islands that were affected by the tsunami. The north bay of Phi Phi Don Island opens to the north-west in the direction of the tsunami. The measured tsunami height on this beach was 5.8 m (19 ft). According to eyewitness accounts, the tsunami came from the north and
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The level of destruction was extreme on the northwestern areas of the city, immediately inland of the aquaculture ponds, and directly facing the Indian Ocean. The tsunami height was reduced from 12 m (39 ft) at Ulee Lheue to 6 m (20 ft) a further 8 km (5.0 mi) to the
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The first warning sign of a possible tsunami is the earthquake itself. However, tsunamis can strike thousands of kilometres away where the earthquake is felt only weakly or not at all. Also, in the minutes preceding a tsunami strike, the sea sometimes recedes temporarily from the coast, which was
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in South Africa, about 8,500 km (5,300 mi) away, where a 1.5-metre-high (5 ft) tide surged on shore about 16 hours after the earthquake. It took a relatively long time to reach Struisbaai at the southernmost point of Africa, probably because of the broad continental shelf off South
1027:. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. In comparison to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the death toll from these earthquakes and tsunamis was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas.
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The main effect was caused by poisoning of the freshwater supplies and of the soil by saltwater infiltration and a deposit of a salt layer over arable land. In the Maldives, 16 to 17 coral reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are without fresh water and could be rendered uninhabitable for
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were destroyed. In the Krishna district, the tsunami created havoc in Manginapudi and on Machalipattanam Beach. The most affected was Prakasham District, recording 35 deaths, with maximum damage at Singraikonda. Given the enormous power of the tsunami, the fishing industry suffered the greatest.
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Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 7.2 continued to shake the region daily for three or four months. As well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. A week after the earthquake, its reverberations could
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or Ayeyarwady Delta. The 71 casualties can be attributed to poor housing infrastructure and additionally, the fact that the coastal residents in the surveyed areas live on flat land along the coast, especially in the Ayeyarwady Delta, and that there is no higher ground to which to evacuate. The
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The tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. On 30 December 2004, four days after the tsunami, Terra Research notified the India government that its sensors indicated there was a possibility of 7.9 to 8.1 magnitude tectonic shift in the next 12 hours
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and claimed at least 1,700 lives, the largest single rail disaster death toll in history. Estimates based on the state of the shoreline and a high-water mark on a nearby building place the tsunami 7.5–9 m (25–30 ft) above sea level and 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft
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Nations all over the world provided over US$ 14 billion in aid for damaged regions, with the governments of Australia pledging US$ 819.9 million (including a US$ 760.6 million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US$ 660 million, Japan offering US$ 500 million, Canada offering US$ 343
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The impact on coastal fishing communities and the people living there, some of the poorest in the region, has been devastating with high losses of income earners as well as boats and fishing gear. In Sri Lanka, artisanal fishery, in which the use of fish baskets, fishing traps, and spears are
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As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake resulted in a rise of the seafloor by several metres, displacing an estimated 30 km (7.2 cu mi) of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. The waves radiated outwards along the entire
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satellites happened to pass over the tsunami as it was crossing the ocean. These satellites carry radars that measure precisely the height of the water surface; anomalies in the order of 500 mm (20 in) were measured. Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the
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Salted-over soil becomes sterile, and it is difficult and costly to restore for agriculture. It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms. Thousands of rice, mango, and banana plantations in Sri Lanka were destroyed almost entirely and will take years to recover.
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Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return, pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged. However, tourists were reluctant to do so for psychological reasons. Even beach resorts in parts of Thailand which were untouched by the tsunami were hit by cancellations.
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the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicentre in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude signal is that of the compressional
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Danny Hillman Natawidjaja, a geologist with Indonesia's Institute of Science...cited the example of the eruption of Mount Talang volcano in Indonesia's Sumatra province in April 2005, which geologists have said was connected to the devastating December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and
1957:, about 2 hours after the earthquake. Located about 500 km (310 mi) from the epicentre, at the time, the region was popular with tourists because of Christmas. Many of these tourists were caught off-guard by the tsunami, as they had no prior warning. The tsunami hit during
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offering US$ 250 million. Also, Italy offered US$ 95 million, increased later to US$ 113 million of which US$ 42 million was donated by the population using the SMS system. Australia, India, Japan and the United States formed an ad-hoc corroborative group, and it was the origin of
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can account for a significant fraction of the global seismic moment across century-scale periods. Of all the moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one eighth was due to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. This quake, together with the
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Before the 2004 quake there were three arguments against a large earthquake occurring in the Sumatra region. After the quake it was considered that earthquake hazard risk would need to be reassessed for regions previously thought to have low risk based on these criteria:
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Relief agencies reported that one third of the dead appeared to be children. This was a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and because children were the least able to resist being overcome by the surging waters.
1331:, or perhaps by up to 50 or 60 mm (2.0 or 2.4 in). Because of tidal effects of the Moon, the length of a day increases at an average of 15 microseconds per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural
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the public donated roughly £330 million sterling (nearly US$ 600 million). This considerably outweighed the allocation by the government to disaster relief and reconstruction of £75 million and came to an average of about £5.50 (US$ 10) donated by every citizen.
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In the days following the tsunami, significant effort was spent in burying bodies hurriedly due to fear of disease spreading. However, the public health risks may have been exaggerated, and therefore this may not have been the best way to allocate resources. The
1481:, had few casualties despite being a low-lying country relatively near the epicentre. It also benefited from the fact that the earthquake proceeded more slowly in the northern rupture zone, greatly reducing the energy of the water displacements in that region.
1113:. At this point, the India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate, which carries the Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Islands, and northern Sumatra. The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive
1740:
and famous for its large swathe of white sandy beach and surfing activities. The locals reported 10 to 12 waves, with the second and third being the highest and most destructive. Interviews with the locals revealed that the sea temporarily receded and exposed
2316:. The time between the waves ranged from about 15 minutes to 90 minutes. The tsunami varied in height from 2 m (6.6 ft) to 10 m (33 ft) based on survivors' accounts. The tsunami travelled 2.5 km (1.6 mi) at its maximum inland at
1830:
The island country of Sri Lanka, located about 1,700 km (1,100 mi) from Sumatra, was ravaged by the tsunami around 2 hours after the earthquake. The tsunami first struck the eastern coastline and subsequently refracted around the southern point of
1442:
The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. A tsunami that causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a
3792:(GAM). Some believe that the tsunami was divine punishment for lay Muslims shirking their daily prayers or following a materialistic lifestyle. Others have said that Allah was angry that Muslims were killing each other in an ongoing conflict. Saudi cleric
1842:
The tsunami arrived on the island as a small brown-orange-coloured flood. Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed as much as 1 km (0.62 mi) in places, which was followed by massive second and third waves. Amateur video recorded at the city of
1397:
installed on shores, measurements obtained in the middle of the ocean can be used for computing the parameters of the source earthquake without having to compensate for the complex ways in which proximity to the coast changes the size and shape of a wave.
3992:
In August 2006, fifteen local aid staff working on post-tsunami rebuilding were found executed in north-east Sri Lanka after heavy fighting between government troops and the Tamil Tiger rebels, the main umbrella body for aid agencies in the country said.
2527:
tsunami heights from the 2004 December earthquake were not more than 3 m (9.8 ft) along the Myanmar coast, the amplitudes were slightly large off the Ayeyarwady Delta, probably because the shallow delta caused a concentration in tsunami energy.
8685:
3551:. Given that over 51,000 vessels were lost to the tsunami, the industry boomed. However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process, and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami.
1500:
was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts. Distance alone was no guarantee of safety, as Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away.
2635:
The tsunami was detected in the southern parts of east Africa, where rough seas were reported, specifically on the eastern and southern coasts that face the Indian Ocean. A few other African countries also recorded fatalities; one in Kenya, three in
1086:. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2.1 km/s (1.3 mi/s; 7,600 km/h; 4,700 mph), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to
1533:, which puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the
2751:. Sweden was the European country most severely affected both in absolute numbers, and by a wide margin when considered in relation to the country's population, with a death toll of 543. Germany was close behind with 539 identified victims.
1561:
in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean. Tsunami detection is difficult because while a tsunami is in deep water, it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it.
7523:
1117:
out of the subducting plate. These volatiles rise into the overlying plate, causing partial melting and the formation of magma. The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits the Earth's crust through volcanoes in the form of a
1074:
30 km (19 mi) beneath the sea bed—the largest rupture ever known to have been caused by an earthquake. The rupture proceeded at about 2.8 km/s (1.74 mi/s; 10,100 km/h; 6,260 mph), beginning off the coast of
3515:
appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.
1621:, and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking and before the tsunami struck. These tales and oral folklore from previous generations may have helped the survival of the inhabitants. On Maikhao Beach in north
2705:, as well as the single worst tsunami in history. Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death toll estimates at around 170,000. The death toll for Indonesia alone may be as high as 172,761 lives. An initial report by
9318:
2483:
coastline lies at the proximity of the rupture zone, there were smaller tsunamis than the neighbouring Thai coast, because the main tsunami source did not extend to the Andaman Islands. Another factor is that some coasts of
1524:
Some of the tsunami's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around 200 to 400 mm (7.9 to 15.7 in). At
2235:
and a popular pilgrimage destination was also one of the worst hit by this tsunami that struck at around 9.30 am on that Sunday, when pilgrims who were mostly from Kerala among others were inside the church attending the
6837:
Math, Suresh Bada; Girimaji1, Satish Chandra; Benegal, V; Uday Kumar, GS; Hamza, A; Nagaraja, D (2006). "Tsunami: Psychosocial aspects of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Assessments and intervention in the early phase".
3555:
destinations may not have been affected. This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand, such as Krabi, which acted as a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand.
1196:
associated with the 2004 event. The earthquake produced its own aftershocks (some registering a magnitude of as high as 6.9) and presently ranks as the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on the moment magnitude or
926:. Splay faults, or secondary "pop up faults", caused long, narrow parts of the seafloor to pop up in seconds. This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves, destroying the nearby Indonesian town of
56:
2578:, with 19 dead and 160 people presumed missing out of its 5,000 inhabitants. This was the highest number of casualties in a single African town and the largest tsunami death toll in a single town to the west of the
10092:
Frankenberg, Elizabeth; Friedman, Jed; Gillespie, Thomas; Ingwersen, Nicholas; Pynoos, Robert; Rifai, Iip Umar; Sikoki, Bondan; Steinberg, Alan; Sumantri, Cecep; Suriastini, Wayan; Thomas, Duncan (September 2008).
2329:
distances. Presence of seawalls at the Kerala and Tamil Nadu coasts reduced the impact of the waves. However, when the seawalls were made of loose stones, the stones were displaced and carried a few metres inland.
13968:
3744:, thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths, had probably been the deadliest in the region. In 1782, about 40,000 people are thought to have been killed by a tsunami (or a cyclone) in the
2739:
stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years. Governments and non-governmental organizations feared that the final death toll might double as a result of diseases, prompting a massive
8681:
1599:
1338:
There was 10 m (33 ft) movement laterally and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) vertically along the fault line. Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south-west of Sumatra, which is on the
3718:; radiocarbon dating of bark fragments in the soil below the second sand layer led the scientists to estimate that the most recent predecessor to the 2004 tsunami probably occurred between A.D. 1300 and 1450.
1693:, a 2,600-ton vessel, was flung some 2 km (1.2 mi) to 3 km (1.9 mi) inland. In the years following the disaster, it became a local tourist attraction and has remained where it came to rest.
3270:
3238:
3206:
3174:
3136:
3101:
2728:
went on to report that as many as four times more women than men were killed in some regions because they were waiting on the beach for the fishers to return and looking after their children in the houses.
1411:
The subducting plate at the location of the 2004 quake is older and more dense. Before the 2004 earthquake it was thought that only the subduction of young and buoyant crust could produce giant earthquakes.
8629:
1705:
A group of small islands: Weh, Breueh, Nasi, Teunom, Bunta, Lumpat, and Batee lie just north of the capital city. The tsunami reached a run-up of 10–20 m (33–66 ft) on the western shorelines of
510:
7870:
T. Ghosh, P. Jana, T.S. Giritharan, S. Bardhan, S.R. Basir, A.K. Ghosh Roy. (2007). Tsunami survey in Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands. Geological Survey of India Special Publication no. 89. 165–184.
5460:"Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green's Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth"
1780:
The greatest run-up height of the tsunami was measured at a hill between Lhoknga and Leupung, on the western coast of the northern tip of Sumatra, near Banda Aceh, and reached 51 m (167 ft).
1319:
The shift of mass and the massive release of energy slightly altered the Earth's rotation. Weeks after the earthquake, theoretical models suggested the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68
8311:
4504:
2747:
In addition to a large number of local residents, up to 9,000 foreign tourists (mostly Europeans) enjoying the peak holiday travel season were among the dead or missing, especially people from the
1629:
had studied tsunamis in geography at school and recognised the warning signs of the receding ocean and frothing bubbles. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely.
7482:
7970:
2192:
5 m (16 ft) at the eastern coastline of Tamil Nadu facing tsunami source, inundation distance of 0.4–1.5 km (0.25–0.93 mi) with 800 km (500 mi) of coastline affected
1718:, yet there was little damage with reported runup values of 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft), most likely due to the island being sheltered from the direct attack by the islands to the south-west.
9401:
5150:
2438:
Local footage recorded showed the tsunami flooding the streets up to knee level in town, while another video taken at the beach showed the tsunami slowly flooding and gradually surging inland.
2732:
States of emergency were declared in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Maldives. The United Nations estimated at the outset that the relief operation would be the costliest in human history. Then-
3305:
1473:
Because the 1,600 km (1,000 mi) fault affected by the earthquake was in a nearly north–south orientation, the greatest strength of the tsunami waves was in an east–west direction.
10735:
4636:
2701:, a total of 227,898 people died. Another common total, as given by the UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, is 229,866 dead. Measured in lives lost, this is one of the ten
2292:
The tsunami run-up was only 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in areas in the state of Tamil Nadu shielded by the island of Sri Lanka but was 4–5 m (13–16 ft) in coastal districts such as
11194:
9703:
9670:
2215:, the seabed was exposed briefly before a large wall of water can be seen on the horizon and subsequently flooding the town. Other footage showed the tsunami dramatically crashed into the
6076:
2435:. The tsunami arrived approximately 2 hours after the earthquake. The greatest tsunami inundation occurred at North Male Atoll, Male island at 250 m (820 ft) along the streets.
9937:
3773:
must bury the body of the dead, and in many cases, no body remained to be buried. Women in Aceh required a special approach from foreign aid agencies, and continue to have unique needs.
5777:
3864:
by 25 mm (0.98 in). It also slightly changed the shape of the Earth, specifically by decreasing Earth's oblateness by about one part in 10 billion, consequentially increasing
6658:
13583:
6225:
2661:
823:
603:
565:
377:
9307:
8344:
4537:
Lay, T.; Kanamori, H.; Ammon, C.; Nettles, M.; Ward, S.; Aster, R.; Beck, S.; Bilek, S.; Brudzinski, M.; Butler, R.; DeShon, H.; Ekström, G.; Satake, K.; Sipkin, S. (20 May 2005).
2262:, however, escaped damage, possibly due to the wide turn of the diffracted waves at the peninsular tip. Major damage occurred in two narrow strips of land bound on the west by the
13641:
13631:
8284:
6936:
3442:
Beyond the heavy toll on human lives, the Indian Ocean earthquake caused an enormous environmental impact that affected the region for many years. Severe damage was inflicted on
1573:. Not every earthquake produces large tsunamis: on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami.
9504:
5808:
4361:
Paris, R.; Lavigne F.; Wassimer P.; Sartohadi J. (2007). "Coastal sedimentation associated with the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhoknga, west Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia)".
2101:
wave like tsunami approaching the shore, lifting up a yacht and flooding the beach. At Koh Sriboya, the tsunami advanced inland as a turbulent medium bore, while at Koh Phayam,
9426:
3575:
3547:
While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to Sri Lanka's fishing industry, it also created a demand for fibreglass-reinforced plastic catamarans in the boatyards of
770:
9873:
8707:
Meisl, C.S.; Safaie S.; Elwood K.J.; Gupta R.; Kowsari R. (2006). "Housing Reconstruction in Northern Sumatra after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami".
2189:
4.5 m (15 ft) at the southern coastline of Tamil Nadu, inundation distance of 0.2–2 km (0.12–1.24 mi) with 100 km (62 mi) of coastline affected
2093:
in Krabi Province. Video footage showed that the tsunami appeared as multiple white surfs violently lifting up yachts, boats and crashing onto beaches. Footage captured at
45:
4876:
548:
since modern seismography began in 1900. It had the longest fault rupture ever observed, between 1,200 km to 1,300 km (720 mi to 780 mi), and had the longest duration of
9228:
8802:
Schwartz, D.; Goldberg A.; Ashenasi I.; Nakash G.; Leiba A.; Levei Y.; Bar-Dayan Y. (2006). "Prehospital care of tsunami victims in Thailand: description and analysis".
9545:
2567:. The Puntland coast in northern Somalia was by far the area hardest hit by the waves to the west of the Indian subcontinent. The waves arrived around noon local time.
1299:
Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge
11224:
3796:
attributed it to divine retribution against non-Muslim vacationers "who used to sprawl all over the beaches and in pubs overflowing with wine" during Christmas break.
3020:
627:
10987:
8622:"Hundreds of thousands of people killed as tsunamis devastate large swathes of South and Southeast Asia, coming as far as South Africa | South African History Online"
8254:
6749:
6369:
4310:
4275: 9.5–9.6) (i.e. both ranks second largest) or one of them as the second or third largest (i.e. 1964 event ranks second followed by 2004 event and vice versa).
3877:
2741:
1438:
took 5 hours to reach Western Australia, 7 hours to reach the Arabian Peninsula, and did not reach the South African coast until nearly 11 hours after the earthquake
673:
569:
332:
8556:
8400:
5735:
4453:
3931:
There was also a great concern that the death toll could increase as disease and hunger spread. However, because of the initial quick response, this was minimized.
136:
14107:
8880:
1633:, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground.
8377:
11239:
11214:
8621:
2826:
2787:
2086:
Island and the second-highest at 15.8 m (52 ft) at Ban Nam Kim. Moreover, the largest death toll occurred at Khao Lak, with about 5,000 people killed.
1517:
Africa and because the tsunami would have followed the South African coast from east to west. The tsunami also reached Antarctica, where tidal gauges at Japan's
642:
617:
4960:
West, Michael; Sanches, John J.; McNutt, Stephen R. (20 May 2005). "Periodically Triggered Seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, After the Sumatra Earthquake".
186:
14102:
11244:
11219:
7586:
3949:
million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$ 183 million, the United States offering US$ 35 million initially (increased to US$ 350 million), and the
3839:
The tsunami had a severe humanitarian and political impact in Sweden. The hardest-hit country outside Asia, Sweden, lost 543 tourists, mainly in Thailand. The
3059:
2902:
816:
647:
622:
161:
10578:
10436:
6628:
5567:
11234:
11229:
8959:
2978:
2943:
1557:
Despite a delay of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken by surprise. There were no
659:
637:
632:
10465:
10041:
12396:
664:
9199:
4512:
3473:
monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one-and-a-half years after the event. The
2712:
The tsunami caused severe damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the furthest recorded fatality directly attributed to the tsunami at
11209:
8221:
7043:
6579:
2864:
2198:
2.2 m (7.2 ft) at Andhra Pradesh, inundation distance of 0.2–1 km (0.12–0.62 mi) with 985 km (612 mi) of coastline affected
612:
8609:
A missioner in Ranong, a town on the border between Thailand and Myanmar, says locals talk about 600 victims. Burmese political dissidents say the same.
7951:
6016:
5884:
3458:
collectors and treatment plants threatened the environment even further. The environmental impact took a long time and significant resources to assess.
13948:
13480:
11810:
11056:
10070:
9100:
3730:
3382:
Includes those reported under 'Confirmed'. If no separate estimates are available, the number in this column is the same as reported under 'Confirmed'.
9392:
5659:
5142:
14405:
13613:
13470:
9345:
6153:
5541:
4938:
809:
787:
11115:
10316:
545:
14237:
10731:
9078:
6720:
4403:"Nannoliths abundance and distribution in tsunami deposits: example from the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga (north-west Sumatra, Indonesia)"
2186:
3.4 m (11 ft) at Kerala, inundation distance of 0.5–1.5 km (0.31–0.93 mi) with 250 km (160 mi) of coastline affected
9695:
9659:
7881:
7163:
6883:
6449:
5365:
2341:. The Andaman Islands were moderately affected while the island of Little Andaman and the Nicobar Islands were severely affected by the tsunami.
2195:
4 m (13 ft) at Pondicherry, inundation distance of 0.2–2 km (0.12–1.24 mi) with 25 km (16 mi) of coastline affected
894:
island at a depth of 30 km (19 mi) below mean sea level (initially reported as 10 km or 6.2 mi). The northern section of the
10220:
8151:
6126:
6068:
5366:"Ultralong Period Seismic Study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Implications for Regional Tectonics and the Subduction Process"
3466:
were invaded through porous rock. On the island's east coast, the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers relied for drinking water.
890:
of the main earthquake was approximately 160 km (100 mi) off the western coast of northern Sumatra, in the Indian Ocean just north of
13352:
13324:
11491:
10943:
10609:
9929:
6200:
4486:
1273:
The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth's surface of up to 200–300 mm (8–12 in), equivalent to the effect of the
1078:
and proceeding north-westerly over about 100 seconds. After a pause of about another 100 seconds, the rupture continued northwards towards the
10009:"Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea – challenges associated with developing a new integrated database"
8028:"The Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004: The Effects in Mainland India and in the Andaman-Nicobar Islands"
6246:
5767:
1466:), which is more than twice the total explosive energy used during all of World War II (including the two atomic bombs) but still a couple of
13506:
11277:
10605:
6650:
2621:
was shielded by the full force of the tsunami due to the protection offered by the island of Sumatra, which lies just off the western coast.
509:, devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries in one of the
9985:
9000:
6501:
6222:
14232:
13963:
13958:
13636:
10518:
10251:
8333:
6043:
797:
11144:
10284:
9370:
8456:
6695:
1061:
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. An estimated 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of
13978:
13578:
11185:
3507:
in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result,
2175:
along the southeastern coastline of the Indian mainland about 2 hours after the earthquake. At the same time, it arrived in the state of
8276:
8038:
7200:
6601:
5021:
541:, and the worst tsunami disaster in history. It is also the worst natural disaster in the history of Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
513:. The direct results caused major disruptions to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of surrounded countries, including
14480:
13789:
13386:
11026:
10817:
10705:
10548:
9475:
8659:
8002:
7291:
6929:
6415:
5266:
Hirata, Kenji; Satake, Kenji; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Kuragano, Tsurane; Hasegawa, Yohei; Hayashi, Yutaka; Hamada, Nobuo (1 February 2006).
1327:
of the Earth. It also caused the Earth to minutely "wobble" on its axis by up to 25 mm (1 in) in the direction of 145° east
11163:
9048:
8932:
8754:
8434:
7741:
7453:
6964:
6288:
5800:
2479:, the tsunami caused only moderate damage, which arrived between 2 and 5.5 hours after the earthquake. Although the country's western
1335:
of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to 15 m (50 ft), eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.
13973:
9862:
4585:
1732:
is a small coastal community about 13 km (8.1 mi) south-west of Banda Aceh, located on a flat coastal plain in between two
1492:
Coasts that have a landmass between them and the tsunami's location of origin are usually safe; however, tsunami waves can sometimes
17:
10760:
9827:
9500:
9175:"The South Sandwich Islands earthquake of 27 June 1929: seismological study and inference on tsunami risk for the southern Atlantic"
6347:
5104:
1470:
less than the energy released in the earthquake itself. In many places, the waves reached as far as 2 km (1.2 mi) inland.
14475:
14014:
13626:
13588:
12389:
10709:
6102:
4905:
3474:
3470:
3372:
This table refers only to countries directly affected by the tsunami, not to countries whose citizens were affected while overseas.
1529:, Mexico, a 2.6 m (8.5 ft) crest-to-trough tsunami was measured. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in
4663:
4430:
1854:
The largest run-up measured was at 12.5 m (41 ft) with inundation distance of 390–1,500 m (1,280–4,920 ft) in
1351:
appear to have shifted south-west by around 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in) and to have sunk by 1 m (3 ft 3 in).
1220:
to Australia's north. This is unusual since earthquakes of magnitude eight or more occur only about once per year on average. The
14500:
14490:
12125:
10865:
10786:
10639:
9258:
8910:
8533:
8081:
6549:
5968:
4238:
3722:
3696:
3512:
792:
9797:
7916:
7834:
7320:
6453:
13953:
11803:
8592:
7808:
6906:
6780:
4183:(whom Burst bassist Jesper Liveröd also performed with), who died in the disaster, which led to Nasum's subsequent disbandment.
4017:
9725:
9613:
9224:
8776:
6476:
6311:
4611:"Tsunamis and Earthquakes: Tsunami Generation from the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake – USGS Western Coastal and Marine Geology"
2640:, ten in Tanzania, and South Africa, where two were killed as a direct result of the tsunami—the furthest from the epicentre.
1702:, carrying debris and people from destroyed villages at the coast and transporting them up to 40 km (25 mi) inland.
1277:
caused by the Sun and Moon. The seismic waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet, as far away as the U.S. state of
544:
It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Asia, the most powerful earthquake in the 21st century, and at least the
63:
14495:
14460:
14124:
13345:
12201:
11914:
11838:
11020:
9907:
9527:
7964:
7776:
7240:
5114:
3764:
1721:
432:
10150:
Lawton, Ralph; Frankenberg, Elizabeth; Seeman, Teresa; Crimmins, Eileen; Sumantri, Cecep; Thomas, Duncan (16 October 2023).
7660:
6741:
1505:
struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow
1024:
14470:
14430:
14415:
14054:
13819:
13534:
12251:
12196:
12186:
11109:
10969:
10338:
8854:
8246:
6377:
4614:
4302:
3803:
In a poll conducted in 27 countries, 15% of respondents named the tsunami the most significant event of the year. Only the
3780:, is a religiously conservative Islamic society and has had no tourism nor any Western presence in recent years due to the
3497:
2535:
The tsunami travelled 5,000 km (3,100 mi) west across the open ocean before striking the East African country of
1937:
391:
5990:
2543:, drowned by four tsunami waves. The hardest-hit was a 650 km (400 mi) stretch of the Somalia coastline between
14485:
14079:
13529:
12413:
12382:
8960:"The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster: Evaluation of UNICEF's response (emergency and recovery phase). Maldives Report"
8876:
7120:
6802:
Gupta, Manu; Sharma, Anshu (2006). "Compounded loss: the post tsunami recovery experience of Indian island communities".
5745:
4037:
3854:
2232:
2159:
697:
9863:"Piracy in the Strait of Malacca: The geopolitical background behind piracy and its impacts on Global Financial Centres"
9022:
6550:"Time travel map: Active Fault Research Center: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan"
6523:
5143:"Long-term ocean observing for international capacity development around tsunami early warning | U.S. Geological Survey"
3446:
such as mangroves, coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant
2082:.. The highest-recorded tsunami run-up was measured 19.6 m (64 ft) at Ban Thung Dap, on the south-west tip of
1839:
in Sri Lanka contributed to the high death tolls. Approximately 90,000 buildings and many wooden houses were destroyed.
14465:
14049:
13748:
13411:
13338:
13152:
12135:
12024:
11711:
11484:
10369:
9963:
8369:
6840:
3668:
867: 9.2 is best representative of the earthquake's size. However, more recent studies estimate the magnitude to be M
860:
775:
222:
7950:; Peiris, Navin; Wilkinson, Sean; Del Re, Domenico; Koo, Raymond; Manlapig, Raul; Gallocher, Stewart (February 2006).
6268:
Staff Writer (31 January 2005). "Quake moved Sumatra by only 20 centimeters: Danish scientists". Agence France-Presse.
1847:
showed a large deluge flooding the city, carrying debris and sweeping away people while in the coastal resort town of
13993:
13732:
13043:
12115:
11929:
11796:
11630:
11270:
10495:
8573:
8417:
7654:
4681:
4470:
4271: 9.2–9.3). Depending on estimates, it could place both earthquakes just behind the 1964 Valdivia earthquake (M
3632:
3477:
developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the
1236:
1185:
487:
7582:
5598:
3853:"is going to occur for sure" way back in 1994, was assigned the development of the Thai tsunami warning system. The
2647:
coast that lasted for several hours, resulting in boats losing their moorings and two people needing to be rescued.
2367:
range of 1 km (0.62 mi) from the seashore. Run up level up to 3.8 m (12 ft) have been measured.
2179:, on the southwestern coast. There were two to five tsunamis that coincided with the local high tide in some areas.
14520:
14505:
14410:
13331:
12539:
12246:
12095:
12009:
11819:
11361:
11306:
10570:
10433:
9182:
6620:
5639:
4854:
4832:
4233:
4168:, about the event and the humanitarian efforts, from the perspective of a victim whose family died in the disaster.
3813:
3785:
3701:
1661:
1143:
552:
ever observed, at least ten minutes. It caused the planet to vibrate as much as 10 mm (0.4 in), and also
538:
236:
10385:
8966:
8065:"Inundation of sea water in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Tamil Nadu coast during 2004 Sumatra tsunami"
6930:"Field Survey northern Sumatra and Banda Aceh, Indonesia and after the Tsunami and Earthquake of 26 December 2004"
5768:"How do you determine the magnitude for an earthquake that occurred prior to the creation of the magnitude scale?"
14510:
14420:
14140:
13943:
13722:
13544:
13124:
13001:
12987:
12973:
12927:
12913:
12241:
12105:
12069:
11949:
11924:
11691:
11600:
11590:
11580:
11544:
11534:
11410:
11178:
10453:
9989:
9280:
7616:
4332:
4306:
3955:
3857:
was formed in early 2005 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts.
2702:
1221:
852:
241:
10008:
3714:
years ago. A second team found similar evidence of previous tsunamis in Aceh, a province at the northern tip of
3583:
2356:
5 m (16 ft) in maximum tsunami height with a run-up of 4.24 m (13.9 ft) at Chiriyatapu Beach
14024:
13809:
13682:
13539:
13428:
13379:
13173:
12837:
12581:
12155:
12130:
11726:
11095:
9637:
9174:
4248:
1020:
978:
553:
8182:
7004:
6575:
6020:
5888:
5568:"26th December 2004 great Sumatra–Andaman earthquake: Co-seismic and post-seismic motions in northern Sumatra"
3860:
The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. It
3454:. Also, the spread of solid and liquid waste and industrial chemicals, water pollution and the destruction of
2582:. In Xaafuun, small drawbacks were observed before the third and most powerful tsunami wave flooded the town.
1122:. The volcanic activity that results as the Indo-Australian Plate subducts the Eurasian Plate has created the
14535:
14440:
13697:
13501:
13166:
12906:
12292:
12206:
12181:
11721:
11529:
11477:
10066:
9452:
8877:"India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Somalia, Thailand: Earthquake and Tsunami OCHA Situation Report No. 14"
8480:"A statistical analysis and comparison of historical earthquake and tsunami disasters in Japan and Indonesia"
7443:"Chapter 4: Field Survey and Numerical Simulation on the 2004 Off-Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in Thailand"
4699:"Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami"
3943:
2426:
significantly lower tsunami impact on the Maldives compared to Sri Lanka is mostly due to the topography and
11048:
9107:
6391:
898:
ruptured over a length of 1,300 km (810 mi). The earthquake (followed by the tsunami) was felt in
14540:
14530:
14217:
14145:
13836:
13717:
12869:
12714:
12363:
12271:
12266:
12064:
12059:
11954:
11500:
11263:
9342:
8565:
8409:
5689:"Revised Tectonic Forecast of Global Shallow Seismicity Based on Version 2.1 of the Global Strain Rate Map"
5624:
4462:
3891:
2698:
2362:
6.6 m (22 ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up of 4.63 m (15.2 ft) at Wandoor Beach
2321:
1289:
752:
722:
6166:
5500:
4928:
4211:
2349:, the water receded before the first wave, and the third wave was the tallest and caused the most damage.
1521:
recorded oscillations of up to a metre (3 ft 3 in), with disturbances lasting a couple of days.
14059:
14019:
13677:
13549:
13299:
13187:
13138:
12844:
12747:
12507:
12486:
12236:
12150:
11736:
11701:
11404:
11292:
11289:
11286:
10309:
9074:
7548:
Yamazaki, Fumio; et al. "Tsunami Reconnaissance Survey in Thailand Using Satellite Images and GPS".
7005:"Northern Sumatra Field Survey after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami"
5935:
5910:
4228:
2338:
2097:
showed a wall of water swamping the beach, while another video taken at another location showed a large
1590:
1458:, vice-president of the Tsunami Society, the total energy of the tsunami waves was equivalent to about 5
1348:
1147:
7888:
7345:
Goff, James; et al. (2006). "Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami".
6717:
14515:
14435:
14279:
14222:
13784:
13758:
13727:
13208:
13078:
13057:
13015:
12885:
12858:
12851:
12546:
12405:
12120:
12014:
11999:
11751:
11655:
11640:
11610:
11514:
11430:
11321:
11193:
11171:
11130:
4747:
4099:
1447:
and is much more likely to be produced by the vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion.
1209:
1101:, and is moving north-east at an average of 60 mm/a (0.075 in/Ms). The India Plate meets the
211:
11378:
10217:
8111:"Tsunami heights and damage along the Myanmar coast from the December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake"
7068:
Borrero, Jose C. (10 June 2005). "Field Data and Satellite Imagery of Tsunami Effects in Banda Aceh".
6130:
3816:
announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami was likely along the southern Indian coast and the
3416:
Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa (e.g., tourists in Thailand).
447:
307:
14450:
14425:
14191:
14160:
13983:
13707:
13603:
13524:
13372:
13230:
13145:
12810:
12721:
12567:
12322:
12317:
12297:
12256:
12231:
12160:
12019:
11959:
11944:
11873:
11833:
11772:
11706:
11315:
8110:
6339:
5688:
4662:
Goff, James; Dudley, Walter C. (2021). "Boxing Day: The World's Worst Disaster of the 21st Century".
4490:
3478:
2352:
Results of the tsunami survey in South Andaman along Chiriyatapu, Corbyn's Cove and Wandoor beaches:
2216:
1836:
1570:
572:, with donations totalling more than US$ 14 billion (equivalent to US$ 23 billion in 2023 currency).
10932:
10601:
10152:"Exposure to the Indian Ocean Tsunami shapes the HPA-axis resulting in HPA "burnout" 14 years later"
9986:"Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World (Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths)"
7562:
6192:
4222:
3828:
who had no telephone listing and maintained a website where he sold copies of his detection system.
2460:
2.3–3 m (7 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Dhiffushi Island
2451:
1.7–2.8 m (5 ft 7 in – 9 ft 2 in) at South Male Atoll, Embudhu Finothu
1565:
Tsunamis are more frequent in the Pacific Ocean than in other oceans because of earthquakes in the "
14525:
14445:
14064:
14039:
13662:
13071:
12775:
12165:
12145:
12140:
12049:
11969:
11964:
11650:
6254:
6107:
5412:
5220:
5017:
4141:
3882:
3737:, with an estimated death toll of 830,000, though figures from this period may not be as reliable.
2129:
1643:
of the Andaman Islands to be badly affected by the tsunami and even feared the already depopulated
1036:
1008:
1001:
745:
9993:
7201:"Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on Jan 21–31 at North of Sumatra"
6509:
5625:"Rupture Properties of the Giant Sumatra Earthquake Imaged by Empirical Green's Function Analysis"
2463:
2.2–2.4 m (7 ft 3 in – 7 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Huraa Island
14170:
13423:
13306:
13180:
13117:
13103:
13085:
13022:
12934:
12899:
12892:
12817:
12693:
12679:
12672:
12623:
12595:
12588:
12574:
12553:
12479:
12312:
12216:
12090:
12074:
12044:
11939:
11934:
11909:
11904:
11878:
11858:
11848:
11777:
11731:
11686:
11676:
11660:
11615:
11549:
11524:
11519:
11341:
10839:
10007:
Lau, A. Y. A.; Switzer, A. D.; Dominey-Howes, D.; Aitchison, J. C.; Zong, Y. (1 September 2010).
8992:
7178:
7142:
4858:
4836:
3961:
3749:
3740:
Before 2004, the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of
3734:
3686:
3650:
3614:
2454:
2.5–3.3 m (8 ft 2 in – 10 ft 10 in) at Laamu Atoll, Fonadhoo Island
2445:
1.3–2.4 m (4 ft 3 in – 7 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Male Island
2227:, with many villages destroyed. Most of the people killed were members of the fishing community.
1618:
1198:
1193:
1114:
962:
10526:
10243:
7959:. London: Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team, Institution of Structural Engineers.
6681:
4853:
4333:"Astonishing Wave Heights Among the Findings of an International Tsunami Survey Team on Sumatra"
4154:(2012), two people stranded on a Maldives uninhabited island are rescued because of the tsunami.
1184:
and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days that followed. The magnitude 8.6
14455:
14150:
13672:
13159:
13131:
13036:
12980:
12966:
12959:
12920:
12796:
12665:
12307:
12261:
12004:
11716:
11696:
11625:
11585:
11575:
11570:
11539:
10571:"Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center | Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System | What is IOTWS"
10273:
9696:"Food supply and food security situation in countries affected by the Asia tsunami – Indonesia"
9474:. UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme. 2008.
9362:
8452:
7557:
6162:
5772:
4067:
3985:
2713:
2432:
2240:
1558:
1192:, is not considered an aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicentre, and was most likely
997:
848:
707:
11140:
6053:
5317:"Review of the source characteristics of the Great Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 2004"
1613:
One of the few coastal areas to evacuate ahead of the tsunami was on the Indonesian island of
228:
14377:
14155:
14112:
14034:
13897:
13657:
13464:
13274:
13267:
13260:
13253:
13239:
13215:
13201:
13194:
13064:
13050:
13029:
13008:
12994:
12941:
12803:
12789:
12782:
12754:
12700:
12686:
12651:
12433:
12276:
12191:
12039:
11989:
11984:
11974:
11888:
11756:
11746:
11741:
11645:
11635:
11620:
11605:
11595:
11554:
8027:
7207:
6877:
6686:
6654:
6605:
5078:
4831:
4091:
3825:
3462:
decades. Uncountable wells that served communities were invaded by sea, sand, and earth, and
2628:
was relatively little on the northern section of the rupture zone, which ruptured slowly. In
2407:
2258:, and Kollam, due to diffraction of the waves around Sri Lanka. The southernmost district of
2220:
1417:
Before the 2004 quake it was thought that giant earthquakes only occurred in regions without
1094:
1032:
984:
471:
367:
11010:
10809:
10540:
9466:
8651:
8558:
Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report
8525:
8402:
Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report
8306:
Fritz, Hermann M.; Borrero, Jose C.; Synolakis, Costas E.; Okal, Emile A. (1 January 2006).
8129:
7995:
7501:
7266:
6406:
6280:
5586:
5283:
4637:"A decade after the 2004 Asian Tsunami: recalling the turning point for disaster management"
4455:
Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report
2289:
Moreover, the cost of damage in the transport sector was reported in the tens of thousands.
13826:
13593:
13246:
12761:
12461:
12440:
12343:
12302:
12226:
12221:
12211:
12100:
12054:
12034:
12029:
11994:
11979:
11919:
11883:
11868:
11863:
11853:
11843:
11398:
10895:
10413:
10163:
10023:
9773:
9145:
9052:
8936:
8750:
8716:
8491:
8438:
8197:
8125:
7717:
7702:
7497:
7442:
7354:
7019:
6975:
6811:
5841:
5700:
5643:
5582:
5515:
5424:
5377:
5328:
5279:
5232:
5185:
5038:
4971:
4798:
4710:
4553:
4370:
4243:
3936:
3793:
3508:
2733:
2499:
0.6–2.3 m (2 ft 0 in – 7 ft 7 in) around the Ayeyarwady delta
2401:
2301:
2043:
1866:
at 2.6–5 m (8 ft 6 in – 16 ft 5 in) in the north-east around
1819:
1012:
468:
13692:
9394:
Australia's response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005
5315:
Menke, William; Abend, Hannah; Bach, Dalia; Newman, Kori; Levin, Vadim (1 November 2006).
2457:
2.2–2.9 m (7 ft 3 in – 9 ft 6 in) at Laamu Atoll, Gan Island
2182:
The tsunami runup height measured in mainland India by Ministry of Home Affairs includes:
1015:(magnitude 9.2). The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off
8:
14165:
13774:
13458:
13281:
12707:
12521:
12454:
12447:
10884:"The international humanitarian system and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis"
10757:
10229:
9822:
6335:
5120:
4787:"The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake"
4673:
4538:
4146:
4129:
4087:(2010), a main character's life is affected after surviving the tsunami while on vacation
3902:
sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as
3865:
3726:
2706:
2618:
2595:
2579:
2523:
2485:
2337:
Due to close proximity to the earthquake, the tsunami took just minutes to devastate the
1810:
3 m (9.8 ft) on the opposite side of the coast of Weh Island facing the tsunami
1748:
1354:
1016:
10899:
10697:
10194:
10167:
10151:
10027:
9777:
9149:
8720:
8495:
8201:
7953:
The Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004: Mission Findings in Sri Lanka and Thailand
7882:"Damage to Andaman & Nicobar Islands due to Earthquake and Tsunami of Dec. 26, 2004"
7721:
7608:
7358:
7199:
Yalciner, A.C.; Perincek, D.; Ersoy, S.; Presateya, G.; Hidayat, R.; McAdoo, B. (2005).
7023:
6815:
6112:
5845:
5704:
5647:
5519:
5428:
5381:
5332:
5236:
5189:
5042:
4975:
4901:
4802:
4714:
4557:
4374:
4201:
13667:
13475:
12637:
12630:
12616:
12560:
12500:
10127:
10094:
9789:
9785:
9584:
8827:
8732:
8213:
8143:
7733:
7515:
7417:
7370:
7101:
7035:
6865:
6250:
5865:
5070:
4995:
4577:
4126:
Paint the Sky with Stars: Selected Poetry in Remembrance of the Boxing Day Tsunami 2004
3846:
3789:
3781:
3490:
2644:
2406:
10–12 m (33–39 ft) high at Malacca (in Car Nicobar Island) and at Hut Bay on
2259:
2224:
1855:
1752:
1526:
1467:
10862:
10778:
10631:
10274:"Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement"
9250:
8902:
8064:
6553:
5960:
4402:
2000:
Thailand experienced the second largest tsunami run-up. The tsunami heights recorded:
1678:
1414:
Slow plate motion. Previously it was thought that the convergence rate had to be fast.
14242:
14069:
13917:
13862:
13621:
12644:
12602:
12514:
11126:"Compilation of videos that show the moment the quake and the subsequent tsunami hit"
11016:
10979:
10913:
10908:
10883:
10365:
10199:
10181:
10132:
10114:
9758:
9567:
Gunatillake, Daya (2007). "The 2004 Tsunami in Sri Lanka: Destruction and recovery".
9446:
8819:
8736:
8569:
8507:
8413:
8307:
8277:"International Tsunami Information Center - International Tsunami Information Center"
8217:
8147:
7960:
7924:
7842:
7838:
7737:
7650:
7449:
7409:
7374:
7328:
7157:
7093:
7085:
7039:
6857:
6441:
5857:
5832:
5716:
5481:
5440:
5393:
5346:
5297:
5248:
5201:
5110:
5062:
4987:
4962:
4814:
4767:
4763:
4728:
4677:
4569:
4466:
4422:
4267:
Estimates of this earthquake are on par or smaller than the 1964 Alaska earthquake (M
4176:
3753:
3430:
2666:
2625:
2489:
2267:
1933:
1715:
1640:
1087:
687:
11085:
9602:
9134:"On the weak impact of the 26 December Indian Ocean tsunami on the Bangladesh coast"
8831:
8596:
7798:
7519:
7483:"The 2004 Indian tsunami in Thailand: Surveyed runup heights and tide gauge records"
7421:
6898:
6869:
6772:
6486:
6321:
5869:
5173:
4999:
4581:
2386:
at these locations, whereas the open terrain along the eastern coast at Malacca and
2163:
Tree stumps and debris remain on Karaikal beach several years after the 2004 tsunami
2143:
Moreover, the tsunami was detected by scuba divers around offshore islands like the
2060:
is located on a stretch of golden sandy beach, famed for its hotels overlooking the
14317:
14305:
14074:
13872:
13406:
13395:
12609:
12493:
12348:
10903:
10672:
10667:
10461:
10429:
10244:"Associated Press û Tsunami survivors cling tightly to faith across ravaged region"
10189:
10171:
10122:
10106:
10031:
9781:
9732:
9580:
9576:
9535:
9191:
9153:
8811:
8780:
8724:
8499:
8432:
8205:
8133:
7947:
7725:
7553:
7505:
7401:
7389:
7362:
7281:
7105:
7077:
7027:
6935:. Los Angeles: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California.
6849:
6819:
6604:. West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (USGS). 31 December 2004. Archived from
5849:
5708:
5651:
5590:
5533:
5523:
5471:
5432:
5385:
5336:
5287:
5240:
5193:
5074:
5054:
5046:
5029:
4979:
4806:
4759:
4718:
4669:
4561:
4414:
4401:
Paris, Raphaël; Cachão, Mário; Fournier, Jérôme; Voldoire, Olivier (1 April 2010).
4378:
4104:
4083:
3898:
2748:
2359:
5.5 m (18 ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up at Corbyn's Cove Beach
1435:
1370:
1217:
1213:
895:
738:
692:
682:
9899:
9132:
Ioualalen, M.; Pelinovsky, E.; Asavanant, J.; Lipikorn, R.; Deschamps, A. (2007).
7766:
7232:
2466:
more than 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) at North Male Atoll, Kuda Huraa Island
2250:
experienced tsunami-related damage in three southern densely populated districts,
1205:
still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the Earth's interior.
431:"Boxing Day earthquake" redirects here. For the 2010 Christchurch earthquake, see
110:
rescue workers recovering a body under debris • a man searching through rubble in
14329:
14288:
14117:
13902:
13877:
13867:
13418:
12768:
12417:
12358:
11103:
11099:
10869:
10764:
10440:
10224:
9831:
9617:
9349:
8072:
7644:
6724:
6229:
6048:
5740:
5458:
Fujii, Yushiro; Satake, Kenji; Watada, Shingo; Ho, Tung-Cheng (1 December 2021).
4382:
3840:
3821:
3817:
3745:
3729:. The earthquake was the third-most-powerful earthquake recorded since 1900. The
3563:
2144:
2136:
2125:
2109:
2102:
1994:
1978:
1534:
1332:
1324:
1293:
1181:
1177:
1083:
1079:
1062:
1048:
1031:
occurred. Some examples of significant historical megathrust earthquakes are the
983:
Great earthquakes, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, are associated with
549:
14256:
10662:
10334:
8846:
8503:
7286:
5994:
5219:
Tsai, Victor C.; Nettles, Meredith; Ekström, Göran; Dziewonski, Adam M. (2005).
4610:
4418:
3511:
become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to
2632:, the tsunami killed two people with a maximum runup of 2 m (6.6 ft).
2397:
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) at Diglipur and Rangat at North Andaman Island
2039:
5 m (16 ft) at Hat Praphat (Ranong Coastal Resources Research Station)
1710:
and Nasi Island. Coastal villages were destroyed by the waves. On the island of
1577:
observed on the eastern earthquake rupture zone such as the coastlines of Aceh,
14365:
14353:
14227:
14201:
14044:
13922:
13912:
13892:
13687:
12658:
12353:
10844:
10036:
9757:
Rigg, Johnathan; Lisa Lawt; May Tan-Mullins; Carl Grundy-Warr (December 2005).
9195:
7646:
Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters: Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation
6370:"TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite Data on 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean"
5594:
5476:
5459:
4902:"Analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Reveals Longest Fault Rupture Ever"
2571:
was measured on a cliff near the town of Eyl, solely on an eyewitness account.
2544:
2540:
2522:
Interviews with local people indicate that they did not feel the earthquake in
2285:
2223:, with 6,051 fatalities caused by a 5 m (16 ft) tsunami, followed by
2168:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1870:
and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda.
1636:
1550:
1484:
1459:
1418:
1385:
1378:
1358:
1227:
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is thought to have triggered activity in both
1164:
1106:
992:
856:
11124:
9960:"Scientists Find Evidence of Tsunamis on Indian Ocean Shores Long Before 2004"
9540:
8815:
8479:
7996:"Quick Report on the Study of the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Effects"
7182:
7146:
7124:
6853:
6823:
6129:. National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. Archived from
5341:
5316:
5268:"The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Tsunami source model from satellite altimetry"
4810:
4723:
4698:
3831:
2624:
Bangladesh escaped major damage and deaths because the water displaced by the
1648:
of water". Almost all of the Onge people seemed to have survived the tsunami.
595:
14399:
13907:
12374:
11119:
10983:
10185:
10118:
10110:
9607:
9158:
9133:
9026:
8511:
7089:
6965:"Chapter 2 Earthquake, Tsunami and Damage in Banda Aceh and Northern Sumatra"
6527:
6481:
6316:
5720:
5528:
5485:
5444:
5397:
5350:
5301:
5252:
5205:
5174:"Seismological Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake"
4818:
4771:
4732:
4426:
4075:
2556:
2378:
2300:. On the western coast, the runup elevations were 4.5 m (15 ft) at
2148:
2083:
1990:
1707:
1630:
1606:
1478:
1300:
1098:
836:
347:
334:
11150:
10756:
Chapter 3, "The matter of money", in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley,
10488:"Ministers Admit Handling of Tsunami Crisis Caused Suffering - Radio Sweden"
10176:
9959:
9756:
7405:
7081:
5885:"Poster of the Northern Sumatra Earthquake of 28 March 2005 – Magnitude 8.7"
5853:
4983:
4786:
4565:
1007:
Since 1900, the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the
14389:
14341:
14261:
14196:
14186:
14097:
13998:
13887:
13753:
13453:
12338:
11788:
11116:
Asian Tsunami Anniversary – Thailand Tsunami Then and Now Comparison Series
10974:
10917:
10203:
10143:
10136:
8823:
7609:"Zoltán Grossman – Member of the Faculty in Geography & Native Studies"
7413:
7097:
6861:
5861:
5066:
4991:
4573:
4172:
4165:
4111:
3939:
provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami.
3861:
3532:
3447:
3392:
Does not include approximately 19,000 missing people initially declared by
2510:
2293:
2113:
2003:
1566:
1320:
1232:
1228:
1119:
1110:
1070:
934:
712:
483:
81:
11255:
10676:
10487:
9660:"Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihoods"
8001:. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.
7703:"Effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Indian Mainland"
5050:
1308:, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the
14293:
13857:
13702:
9844:
8751:"One year after the tsunami, Sri Lankan survivors still live in squalour"
5537:
5436:
5244:
3924:
3919:
3451:
3393:
2605:
The tsunami also reached Malaysia, mainly on the northern states such as
2480:
2371:
2263:
2212:
2117:
2065:
2061:
1950:
1867:
1742:
1644:
1626:
1622:
1506:
1493:
1444:
1430:
1344:
1340:
1284:
1131:
1102:
942:
479:
107:
9588:
8308:"Field Surveys of 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami From Sumatra to East Africa"
4005:
3868:
a little and thus shortening the length of the day by 2.68 microseconds.
2089:
In addition, the tsunami inflicted damage to the popular resort town of
74:
13927:
11469:
10389:
9793:
8801:
8138:
7771:
7510:
5712:
5655:
5501:"Earthquake related tsunami hazard along the western coast of Thailand"
5413:"A Bayesian source model for the 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake"
5389:
5292:
5267:
4336:
4137:(2006), two teenagers struggle to survive in the days after the tsunami
3966:
3950:
3907:
3887:
3548:
2736:
2637:
2515:
0.4–2.6 m (1 ft 4 in – 8 ft 6 in) around
2509:
0.7–2.2 m (2 ft 4 in – 7 ft 3 in) around
2431:
untrue. The highest tsunami wave measured was 4 m (13 ft) at
2427:
2346:
2325:
2228:
2203:
2172:
2121:
2112:, the island province's western beaches were struck by the tsunami. At
2069:
1863:
1859:
1824:
1804:
1760:
1756:
1733:
1699:
1674:
1518:
1513:
1474:
1394:
1366:
1173:
1066:
1053:
988:
938:
899:
887:
534:
522:
502:
443:
439:
285:
279:
273:
99:
9288:
8728:
8209:
7729:
7366:
7031:
5411:
Bletery, Quentin; Sladen, Anthony; Jiang, Junle; Simons, Mark (2016).
5197:
5058:
4360:
4300:
3562:
Both the earthquake and the tsunami may have affected shipping in the
1684:
847:
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was initially documented as having a
13882:
13852:
13831:
12828:
12738:
11081:
10091:
3970:
3911:
3504:
3443:
2717:
2564:
2516:
2309:
2255:
2251:
2237:
2094:
2007:
1958:
1909:
1832:
1711:
1530:
1455:
1328:
1313:
1309:
1240:
1123:
966:
919:
702:
518:
464:
456:
103:
11091:
10732:"United Nations: World Food Programme: Report on the Tsunami Crisis"
9629:
9131:
8433:
UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery (January 2006).
7390:"Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka"
7267:"Survey of the December 26th 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka"
7003:
Borrero, Jose C.; Synolakis, Costas E.; Fritz, Hermann (June 2006).
4095:(2011), an Indonesian movie with the tsunami as the initial incident
2590:
2502:
0.9–2.9 m (2 ft 11 in – 9 ft 6 in) at
2024:
2 m (6 ft 7 in) along the east coast of Phuket island
1401:
13364:
10849:
10416:(30 December 2004) "Alert scaled down, capping day long confusion."
9848:
9501:"United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development"
8183:"Somalia Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami"
7887:. Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee. Archived from
7803:
4063:(2005), educational television-series documentary about the tsunami
3804:
3741:
3435:
2614:
2599:
2560:
2422:
2317:
2273:
2075:
2057:
2053:
2018:
3–6 m (9.8–19.7 ft) along the west coast of Phuket island
1966:
1954:
1929:
1919:
1897:
1848:
1766:
1614:
1582:
1278:
923:
915:
907:
891:
561:
530:
111:
10940:
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
8593:"Myanmar is withholding true casualties figures, says Thai priest"
7239:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 31 March 2015.
4859:"M 9.5 - 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake) 1960"
2662:
Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
2277:
A car deposited on top of a fence and various pieces of debris in
1545:
1152:
9821:
Chapter 6, "Thailand", in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley,
9433:. 30 December 2004. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005
9343:
Water sanitation and health: WHO technical notes for emergencies.
9308:"Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami"
8706:
8062:
7143:"Great Tsunami 12-26-04 at Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia 3 of 3"
5830:
Bilham, Roger (20 May 2005). "A Flying Start, Then a Slow Slip".
3915:
3903:
3850:
3715:
3528:
3524:
3463:
2536:
2476:
2448:
2 m (6 ft 7 in) at North Male Atoll, Huhule Island
2412:
3 m (9.8 ft) high at Port Blair on South Andaman Island
2387:
2297:
2278:
2207:
2098:
2090:
2079:
1986:
1878:
1770:
1729:
1689:
1553:
at 10:25 a.m., prior to the third—and strongest—tsunami wave
1389:
1130:
1,600 km (1,000 mi) length of the rupture (acting as a
927:
911:
717:
494:
460:
10006:
6247:"Italian scientists say Asian quakes cause Earth's axis shifted"
2563:
province. Most of the victims were reported along the low-lying
1224:
sees no evidence of a causal relationship between these events.
1090:(the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions).
193:
168:
143:
13598:
11112: – Amateur Seismic Centre (ASC) (archived 21 January 2007)
10149:
9630:"Tsunamis Devastate Fisherfolk of Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea"
6836:
4837:"M 9.2 - The 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska Earthquake 1964"
4103:(2012), an English-language Spanish film based on the story of
3455:
2610:
2313:
2305:
2247:
2176:
1962:
1774:
1586:
1578:
1497:
1305:
1267:
1156:
Initial earthquake and aftershocks measuring greater than 4.0 M
954:
557:
115:
114:• people running away from the tsunami • a tsunami memorial in
9759:"The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Socio-Economic Impacts in Thailand"
9427:"Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami"
9367:
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government
7945:
7274:
Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering
7198:
3576:
Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
2078:
also experienced the largest tsunami run-up height outside of
1665:
Tsunami inundation height can be seen on a house in Banda Aceh
1393:
understanding of the earthquake and tsunami. Unlike data from
1208:
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake came just three days after a
875: 9.25, while a 2021 study revised its 2007 estimate of M
13814:
13779:
13712:
10600:
Cook-Anderson, Gretchen; Beasley, Dolores (10 January 2005).
8176:
8174:
8172:
7547:
7480:
6959:
6957:
6191:
Cook-Anderson, Gretchen; Beasley, Dolores (10 January 2005).
6155:
Studies of earth dynamics with the superconducting gravimeter
5221:"Multiple CMT source analysis of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake"
4180:
3978:
2725:
2629:
2606:
2575:
2552:
2548:
2503:
2021:
3 m (9.8 ft) along the south coast of Phuket island
1887:
1844:
1797:
1463:
1274:
1235:, volcanoes in Aceh along the same range of peaks, while the
1065:
slipped (or ruptured) about 15 m (50 ft) along the
958:
903:
526:
119:
10758:"The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster"
9225:"YEMEN: Tsunami damage over US$ 1 million – UNEP assessment"
5498:
5218:
5015:
4115:(2014), a Tamil drama film which culminates with the tsunami
4071:(2006), a two-part television miniseries about its aftermath
1381:
several kilometres wide was exposed in the earthquake zone.
497:
with waves up to 30 m (100 ft) high, known as the
13988:
13493:
8684:(in Finnish). Onnettomuustutkintakeskus. 26 December 2004.
6621:"Tsunami Waves Channeled Around the Globe in 2004 Disaster"
6442:"NOAA Scientists able to Measure Tsunami Height from Space"
6343:
6196:
6069:"Volcano erupts on same Indonesian island as earlier quake"
5265:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4301:
National Earthquake Information Center (26 December 2004).
3849:, a meteorologist who had predicted that an earthquake and
3777:
1670:
1189:
1188:, which originated off the coast of the Sumatran island of
1075:
950:
946:
840:
514:
9824:
The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster
8990:
8674:
8169:
7911:
7909:
6954:
6578:. Hydrographic and Oceanographic Dept. Japan Coast Guard.
6336:"NASA/French Satellite Data Reveal New Details of Tsunami"
5565:
5106:
The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster
4539:"The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004"
1262:) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was estimated at 1.1
9528:"Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way?"
8305:
7828:
7826:
7018:(S3). Earthquake Engineering Research Institute: 93–104.
6691:
6526:. Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia. Archived from
4933:
4748:"Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disaster, Generosity and Recovery"
3878:
Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
3812:
between Sumatra and New Zealand. In response, the Indian
1961:. Major locations damaged included the western shores of
1737:
546:
third most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the world
11136:
10434:
False tsunami alarm sparks panic in Indian Ocean region.
7700:
7340:
7338:
5410:
4785:
Gross, Richard S.; Chao, Benjamin F. (1 November 2006).
4389:
4225:– notable people killed in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
2052:
The province of Phang Nga was the most affected area in
871: 9.3. A 2016 study estimated the magnitude to be M
10767:. Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar, 2010.
9834:. Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar, 2010.
7906:
6404:
5993:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. 10 December 2012. Archived from
4536:
3756:
where the earthquake and tsunami killed about 123,000.
1617:, close to the epicentre. Island folklore recounted an
1537:
which run along the margins of the continental plates.
9317:(10). International Water Management Institute. 2010.
8108:
7823:
7638:
7636:
7634:
6044:"Thousands flee as Indonesian volcano spews into life"
6017:"Magnitude 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake FAQ"
3318:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3248:
3243:
3216:
3211:
3184:
3179:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2983:
2962:
2953:
2948:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2390:
contributed to the great height of the tsunami waves.
1787:
15–30 m (49–98 ft) on the west coast of Aceh
478:, was caused by a rupture along the fault between the
14277:
8903:"Asia-Pacific | 'Hundreds feared dead' in Burma"
7335:
7002:
5801:"How do they measure earthquakes from 250 years ago?"
1004:(1960), account for almost half of the total moment.
27:
Earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean
11457:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
10599:
9603:
Tsunami's salt water may leave islands uninhabitable
8951:
8587:
8585:
7615:. Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen State College.
7327:. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Archived from
6576:"Indian Ocean Tsunami" at Syowa Station, Antarctica"
6190:
5314:
2720:, 8,000 km (5,000 mi) from the epicentre.
1803:
3–6 m (9.8–19.7 ft) on the north coast of
1361:
release of the largest earthquakes from 1906 to 2005
1137:
11110:
M9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami, 2004
8993:"Death toll in Asian tsunami disaster tops 159,000"
7631:
7476:
7474:
7344:
5457:
4303:"M 9.1 - 2004 Sumatra - Andaman Islands Earthquake"
4079:(2008), a Tamil thriller film involving the tsunami
2010:
boat stranded almost 2 km (1.2 mi) inland
1790:
6–12 m (20–39 ft) on the Banda Aceh coast
13481:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
8104:
8102:
7577:
7575:
7573:
6998:
6996:
5102:
5016:Nalbant, Suleyman S.; Steacy, Sandy; Sieh, Kerry;
4668:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 189.
2304:in Tamil Nadu and 3.4 m (11 ft) each at
1985:and small offshore islands like Ko Racha Yai, the
1288:Vertical-component ground motions recorded by the
1011:(magnitude 9.5) and the 1964 Alaska earthquake in
10386:"Asia Pacific Journalism Centre – Home Page"
9172:
8582:
8426:
8181:Fritz, Hermann M.; Borrero, Jose C. (June 2006).
8063:Ramanamurthy, M. V.; et al. (10 June 2005).
5109:. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
5022:"Seismology: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench"
4959:
4929:"Scientists: Sumatra quake longest ever recorded"
3748:. The deadliest tsunami before 2004 was Italy's
2027:4–6 m (13–20 ft) on the Phi Phi Islands
1673:province, about 20 minutes after the earthquake.
1402:Assessment of potential earthquakes in the future
1216:, an uninhabited region west of New Zealand, and
945:that runs along the south and west from Sumatra,
537:reported the largest number of deaths. It is the
14397:
14238:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic
9468:UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007
9101:"Tsunami Evaluation Coalition: Initial Findings"
9051:. Australia: ABC. 3 January 2005. Archived from
8484:International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
7471:
5693:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
5632:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
5370:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
4407:Géomorphologie: Relief, Processus, Environnement
3965:Memorial dedicated to victims of the tsunami in
3721:The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined is the
3496:In response to the unprecedented situation, the
1969:in Phang Nga Province, the coastal provinces of
1714:, strong surges were experienced in the port of
1625:, Thailand, a 10-year-old British tourist named
1160: from 26 December 2004 to 10 January 2005
11049:"Book Review: The Killing Sea by Richard Lewis"
10881:
10663:"Mass graves not necessary for tsunami victims"
10156:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8554:
8398:
8099:
7570:
7260:
7258:
6993:
6742:"Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives"
6682:"Sri Lankans Seek Lost Relatives After Tsunami"
6450:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4451:
4036:The 2004 disaster prompted the creation of the
3481:as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines.
2206:, the 13 km (8.1 mi) Marina Beach in
511:deadliest natural disasters in recorded history
13353:Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority
12404:
11462:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
10602:"NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth"
10248:Media and Public Relations | Baylor University
9930:"Researchers uncover 2004 tsunami predecessor"
8991:english@peopledaily.com.cn (13 January 2005).
8753:. World Socialist Web Site. 29 December 2005.
8682:"A2/2004Y Aasian luonnonkatastrofi 26.12.2004"
6477:"Radar satellites capture tsunami wave height"
6408:Earthquakes and tsunamis: high school textbook
6193:"NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth"
5364:Stein, Seth; Okal, Emile A. (1 January 2007).
4877:"What are the biggest historical earthquakes?"
2400:8 m (26 ft) high at Campbell Bay on
2332:
1941:10 in) higher than the top of the train.
1793:6 m (20 ft) on the Krueng Raya coast
969:, preceding the main event by over two years.
539:deadliest natural disaster of the 21st century
13380:
12390:
11804:
11485:
11271:
11179:
11155:
10606:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8595:. AsiaNews.it. 4 January 2005. Archived from
8477:
7939:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7314:
7312:
6770:
6500:Pearce, Fred; Holmes, Bob (15 January 2005).
6009:
5687:Bird, Peter; Kreemer, Corné (February 2015).
5499:Løvholt, F.; et al. (30 November 2006).
3396:authorities from regions under their control.
2539:. Around 289 fatalities were reported in the
817:
438:On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (
14233:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks
11818:
10970:"15 tsunami aid staff executed in Sri Lanka"
10882:Telford, John; Cosgrave, John (March 2007).
10776:
10095:"Mental Health in Sumatra After the Tsunami"
8844:
8478:Parwanto, Novia Budi; Oyama, Tatsuo (2014).
8180:
7255:
7176:
7121:"Seconds From Disaster S03E13 Asian Tsunami"
6499:
6392:"Rethinking the Causes of Giant Earthquakes"
6267:
5566:Sibuet, J.; et al. (15 November 2007).
5417:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
5103:Jayasuriya, Sisira; McCawley, Peter (2010).
4904:. National Science Foundation. 19 May 2005.
2219:. The worst affected area in Tamil Nadu was
1928:A regular passenger train operating between
1251:The energy released on the Earth's surface (
1105:(which is considered a portion of the great
937:along the north-eastern islands adjacent to
11285:
10810:"The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of the 'Quad'"
10807:
10801:
10359:
9566:
7233:"Tsunami Wave Run-ups: Indian Ocean – 2004"
7162:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6882:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6801:
6716:Campbell, Matthew; Loveard, Keith; et al. "
6502:"Tsunami: The impact will last for decades"
5686:
5011:
5009:
2680: moderate damage and some loss of life
2105:, the tsunami appeared as a wall of water.
1949:The tsunami travelled eastward through the
1540:
1496:around such landmasses. Thus, the state of
1168:Aftershocks of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
1025:Tōhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.1) in March 2011
474:, known by the scientific community as the
13790:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
13387:
13373:
12397:
12383:
11811:
11797:
11492:
11478:
11278:
11264:
11186:
11172:
11015:. Rayne, Essex, England: Re-invention UK.
10706:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
10519:"'Mad' Scientist Gets Belated Recognition"
9385:
9125:
7917:"Tsunami in Andaman & Nicobar Islands"
7879:
7675:
7428:
7309:
7140:
7118:
6718:Tsunami disaster: Focus: Nature's timebomb
6602:"Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004"
6405:Lorca, Emilio; Recabarren, Margot (1997).
6312:"Asian tsunami seabed pictured with sonar"
4745:
4661:
3835:Patong Beach in Thailand after the tsunami
1997:. Approximately 8,000 people were killed.
1918:4.8 m (16 ft) at North Beach of
824:
810:
10907:
10409:
10407:
10193:
10175:
10126:
10035:
10016:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
9845:Tsunami redrew ship channels, ocean floor
9726:"Demand for FRP boats rise after tsunami"
9539:
9459:
9157:
9138:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
9049:"Asian tsunami death toll passes 144,000"
8795:
8769:
8137:
7880:Paul, D.K.; Singh, Yogendra; Dubey, R.N.
7866:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7649:. Springer Science & Business Media.
7561:
7509:
7285:
7130:on 11 September 2016 – via YouTube.
6066:
5936:"M 7.2 - 284 km WNW of Sabang, Indonesia"
5911:"M 6.9 - 89 km WSW of Singkil, Indonesia"
5876:
5527:
5508:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
5475:
5363:
5340:
5291:
5135:
4847:
4784:
4722:
4505:"Indian Ocean Tsunami – Economic Aspects"
3843:was heavily criticized for its inaction.
2030:19.6 m (64 ft) at Ban Thung Dap
972:
448:
308:
14406:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
11499:
11199:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
10424:
10422:
9860:
9302:
9300:
9298:
7318:
6151:
6145:
6019:. USGS. 29 December 2014. Archived from
5171:
5006:
4825:
4489:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
4487:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths"
4335:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
4212:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
3960:
3881:
3871:
3830:
3763:
3523:
3503:Evidence suggested that the presence of
3471:International Water Management Institute
3429:
3406:Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners.
2665:
2589:
2272:
2158:
2036:6.8 m (22 ft) at Ban Thale Nok
2002:
1818:
1747:
1720:
1683:
1669:The tsunami devastated the coastline of
1660:
1595:
1544:
1483:
1477:, which lies at the northern end of the
1429:
1353:
1283:
1163:
1151:
1052:
835:
564:and mainland Sumatra. The plight of the
33:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
10337:. BBC World Service. 30 December 2005.
10315:. BBC World Service. 30 December 2005.
9519:
8518:
7188:on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube.
7152:on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube.
7067:
6927:
6896:
6103:"Volcano on Indonesia's Sumatra Erupts"
6041:
4356:
4354:
4239:List of natural disasters by death toll
3886:German tsunami relief mission visiting
3513:ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction
3425:
2015:6–10 m (20–33 ft) in Khao Lak
1549:Maximum recession of tsunami waters at
1097:, which underlies the Indian Ocean and
14:
14398:
13325:National Disaster Management Authority
11092:The Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake
10967:
10404:
9978:
9897:
9525:
8957:
8743:
8700:
8555:Telford, John; Cosgrave, John (2006).
8399:Telford, John; Cosgrave, John (2006).
8380:from the original on 22 September 2019
8087:from the original on 27 September 2016
7976:from the original on 27 September 2016
7857:
7779:from the original on 24 September 2015
7701:Sheth, Alpa; et al. (June 2006).
7583:"Tsunami Affected Areas in India 2004"
7529:from the original on 21 September 2016
7481:Tsuji, Yoshinobu; et al. (2006).
7179:"Boxing Day Tsunami Banda Aceh 4 of 4"
7049:from the original on 27 September 2016
6909:from the original on 30 September 2009
6439:
6421:from the original on 29 September 2018
6309:
5991:"USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: FAQ"
5829:
5798:
5622:
5616:
4926:
4696:
4452:Telford, John; Cosgrave, John (2006).
4313:from the original on 26 September 2019
4296:
4294:
4292:
4048:
3493:, in Australia's northeastern waters.
2686: minor damage and no loss of life
1938:derailed and overturned by the tsunami
1905:4.7 m (15 ft) at Ambalangoda
1837:degradation of the natural environment
13368:
13346:State Disaster Response Force (Assam)
12378:
11792:
11473:
11259:
11167:
11154:
10930:
10820:from the original on 13 February 2021
10738:from the original on 12 December 2013
10581:from the original on 27 February 2019
10551:from the original on 26 February 2021
10454:"Suspect quake forecast causes panic"
10419:
10067:"The world's worst natural disasters"
9940:from the original on 17 December 2013
9910:from the original on 15 February 2009
9295:
9261:from the original on 10 February 2009
9166:
9025:. Channelnewsasia.com. Archived from
8757:from the original on 23 November 2012
8632:from the original on 15 November 2022
8314:from the original on 30 December 2021
8257:from the original on 15 November 2019
8227:from the original on 24 February 2021
7767:"Velankanni: Death in the churchyard"
7619:from the original on 30 December 2021
7459:from the original on 15 February 2017
7243:from the original on 30 December 2016
6783:from the original on 12 December 2010
6698:from the original on 23 November 2016
6679:
6661:from the original on 23 February 2015
6631:from the original on 20 December 2016
6618:
6474:
6291:from the original on 20 December 2016
6278:
6079:from the original on 16 February 2020
5811:from the original on 10 December 2022
5780:from the original on 10 December 2022
5733:
5682:
5680:
4941:from the original on 14 February 2012
4617:from the original on 26 December 2018
4179:, frontman of Swedish grindcore band
4043:
3569:
2703:worst earthquakes in recorded history
2697:According to the final report of the
2655:
2643:Tidal surges also occurred along the
2370:In Malacca, located on the island of
1258:, the energy magnitude, which is the
433:December 2010 Christchurch earthquake
13820:The State of the Humanitarian System
13394:
11059:from the original on 26 January 2021
11008:
10949:from the original on 12 January 2019
10702:Natural Disasters and Severe Weather
10660:
10612:from the original on 27 January 2011
10516:
10468:from the original on 16 October 2019
10360:Brighton, Paul; Foy, Dennis (2007).
10073:from the original on 19 January 2011
9706:from the original on 21 January 2020
8913:from the original on 4 November 2012
8857:from the original on 1 December 2012
8459:from the original on 19 January 2011
8350:from the original on 10 October 2017
8044:from the original on 10 October 2016
8008:from the original on 10 October 2017
7811:from the original on 2 November 2014
7791:
7759:
7663:from the original on 3 December 2016
7589:from the original on 7 December 2015
7297:from the original on 27 January 2016
7264:
7206:. ITST of UNESCO IOC. Archived from
6942:from the original on 10 October 2016
6928:Borrero, Jose C. (9 February 2005).
6899:"Tsunami folklore 'saved islanders'"
6752:from the original on 25 January 2017
6223:Earthquakes vs. the Earth's Rotation
6203:from the original on 27 January 2011
6127:"USGS Energy and Broadband Solution"
5971:from the original on 3 November 2012
5882:
5665:from the original on 10 October 2016
5153:from the original on 18 October 2022
4532:
4530:
4351:
4000:
3768:Tsunami aftermath in Aceh, Indonesia
3498:United Nations Environment Programme
2674: severe damage and loss of life
2441:The Maldives tsunami wave analysis:
1953:and hit the south-western coasts of
1736:-covered hills, overlooking a large
1725:Overturned cement carrier in Lhoknga
1057:Epicentre and associated aftershocks
411:15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft);
10712:from the original on 31 August 2023
10341:from the original on 2 October 2013
10335:"Iraq war and tsunami top BBC poll"
10322:from the original on 2 October 2013
9879:from the original on 11 August 2021
9548:from the original on 16 August 2021
9481:from the original on 11 August 2021
9407:from the original on 11 August 2021
9400:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2005.
9373:from the original on 11 August 2021
9067:
8779:. 28 September 2007. Archived from
8536:from the original on 21 August 2021
8247:"Tsunami death toll passes 283,000"
8157:from the original on 4 October 2018
8109:Satake, Kenji; et al. (2006).
7642:
7387:
6680:Block, Melissa (27 December 2004).
5575:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4908:from the original on 12 August 2021
4665:Tsunami: The World's Greatest Waves
4289:
4038:Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
3855:Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
2296:in Tamil Nadu directly across from
1893:8.7 m (29 ft) at Nonagama
1886:4.8 m (16 ft) around the
1883:6 m (20 ft) at Galle port
933:Indonesia lies between the Pacific
24:
14125:The State of the World's Cash 2020
14050:Central African Republic Civil War
13339:Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force
11137:International Seismological Centre
10840:Clinton, Bush: Tsunami Aid Helping
10734:. Reliefweb.int. 4 November 2005.
10642:from the original on 12 April 2013
9851:/Associated Press. 5 January 2005.
9786:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00175_3.x
9507:from the original on 12 April 2006
9285:United Nations Atlas of the Oceans
9281:"Impact of Tsunamis on Ecosystems"
9251:"Tsunami devastates Somali island"
9231:from the original on 26 March 2014
9227:. Irinnews.org. 22 February 2005.
9205:from the original on 17 April 2012
9173:Okal, E.A.; Hartnady C.J. (2010).
8847:"Tsunami: Somalia's slow recovery"
8652:"Most tsunami dead female – Oxfam"
8526:"Indonesia quake toll jumps again"
8287:from the original on 19 April 2016
7832:
7799:"Tsunami sufferers question faith"
6897:Bhaumik, Subir (20 January 2005).
6841:International Review of Psychiatry
6804:Disaster Prevention and Management
6773:"Andaman aborigines' fate unclear"
6771:Subir Bhaumik (30 December 2004).
6552:. Staff.aist.go.jp. Archived from
6279:Bagla, Pallava (28 January 2005).
6253:. 29 December 2004. Archived from
5961:"Sumatra shaken by new earthquake"
5677:
4746:Athukorala, Prema-chandra (2012).
4697:Satake, Kenji (13 November 2014).
4674:10.1093/oso/9780197546123.001.0001
4055:Children of Tsunami: No More Tears
3519:
2585:
2421:The tsunami severely affected the
2167:The tsunami reached the states of
2048:6.8 m (22 ft) at Rai Dan
1924:6 m (20 ft) at Paiyagala
1902:4 m (13 ft) at Dodundawa
1807:directly facing the tsunami source
1512:The tsunami was noticed as far as
1246:
1042:
879: 9.1 to a new magnitude of M
861:California Institute of Technology
25:
14552:
14481:Megathrust earthquakes in Sumatra
13994:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
13733:Koyamada International Foundation
11075:
11029:from the original on 24 July 2020
10968:Ramesh, Randeep (7 August 2006).
10789:from the original on 22 June 2006
10632:"UN upbeat on tsunami hunger aid"
10498:from the original on 25 July 2021
10310:"Most significant events of 2005"
10290:from the original on 29 June 2006
10254:from the original on 24 July 2020
10218:Divining a Reason for Devastation
10099:American Journal of Public Health
9962:. Newswise.com. 27 October 2008.
9900:"Tsunami in 2004 'not the first'"
9898:Palmer, Jason (29 October 2008).
9803:from the original on 24 July 2020
9676:from the original on 8 March 2021
9640:from the original on 3 March 2019
9526:Zimmer, Katarina (22 July 2021).
9324:from the original on 2 March 2012
9075:"The Seychelles raises its voice"
8845:Martin Plaut (26 December 2005).
8804:Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
8688:from the original on 25 July 2021
8662:from the original on 26 July 2008
7747:from the original on 3 March 2016
7177:geoffmackley (19 November 2009).
6582:from the original on 21 June 2017
6350:from the original on 5 March 2016
6310:Knight, Will (10 February 2005).
6042:Rinaldo, Aditya (12 April 2005).
5799:Palmer, Brian (14 January 2010).
5547:from the original on 25 July 2021
5020:; McCloskey, John (9 June 2005).
4591:from the original on 22 July 2021
4527:
4433:from the original on 25 July 2020
2559:region), which forms part of the
2231:a sea shore town with a Catholic
1873:Sri Lanka tsunami height survey:
1343:(the southern regions are on the
1138:Aftershocks and other earthquakes
14383:
14371:
14359:
14347:
14335:
14323:
14311:
14299:
14287:
14255:
13332:National Disaster Response Force
11041:
11002:
10961:
10924:
10909:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00337.x
10875:
10863:Tsunami aid shortfall over $ 4bn
10855:
10832:
10808:Tanvi Madan (16 November 2017).
10779:"Tsunami aid: Who's giving what"
10777:Staff Writer (27 January 2005).
10770:
10750:
10724:
10690:
10654:
10624:
10593:
10563:
10533:
10510:
10480:
10446:
10378:
10353:
10302:
10266:
10236:
10210:
10085:
10059:
10047:from the original on 6 July 2020
10000:
9966:from the original on 31 May 2013
9952:
9922:
9891:
9854:
9837:
9815:
9750:
9718:
9688:
9652:
9622:
9595:
9560:
9493:
9419:
9355:
9352:Page. Retrieved 25 February 2011
9336:
9273:
9243:
9217:
9183:South African Journal of Geology
9093:
9041:
9015:
9003:from the original on 9 June 2011
8984:
8925:
8895:
8869:
8838:
8644:
8614:
8548:
8471:
8445:
8392:
8370:"WA feels the tsunami's ripples"
8362:
8326:
8299:
8269:
8239:
8056:
8020:
7988:
7873:
6475:McKee, Maggie (6 January 2005).
6456:from the original on 3 June 2018
6440:Leslie, John (10 January 2005).
5640:Seismological Society of America
4764:10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x
4234:List of earthquakes in Indonesia
4194:
4004:
3759:
3725:natural disaster since the 1976
3677:
3659:
3641:
3623:
3605:
3589:
3582:
3299:
3264:
3232:
3200:
3168:
3130:
3095:
3053:
3014:
2972:
2937:
2896:
2858:
2820:
2781:
2613:and on offshore islands such as
2393:Reports of tsunami wave height:
1915:10 m (33 ft) at Kahawa
1783:The tsunami heights in Sumatra:
1301:Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves
1243:, a massive caldera in Sumatra.
1144:List of earthquakes in Indonesia
1093:The Indian Plate is part of the
594:
192:
185:
167:
160:
142:
135:
80:
73:
62:
55:
44:
14476:Megathrust earthquakes in India
14141:Attacks on humanitarian workers
13545:Inter-Agency Standing Committee
11309:(7.0 & 7.3, Feb 5 & 7)
11195:Regional humanitarian situation
10990:from the original on 4 May 2020
10661:Ball, Philip (7 January 2005).
10541:"A "Natural Disaster" Foretold"
10517:Tima, Raffy Jr. (12 May 2010).
10428:Tran, Tina. (30 December 2004)
9990:United States Geological Survey
9287:. 10 March 2005. Archived from
9081:from the original on 6 May 2008
8883:from the original on 7 May 2008
7601:
7550:Asian Journal of Geoinformatics
7541:
7381:
7321:"Tsunami Disaster in Sri Lanka"
7225:
7192:
7170:
7141:red17khmer (30 November 2008).
7134:
7112:
7061:
6921:
6890:
6830:
6795:
6764:
6734:
6710:
6673:
6643:
6619:Carey, Bjorn (25 August 2005).
6612:
6594:
6568:
6542:
6516:
6493:
6468:
6433:
6398:
6384:
6362:
6328:
6303:
6272:
6261:
6239:
6215:
6184:
6119:
6111:. 11 April 2005. Archived from
6095:
6060:
6035:
5983:
5953:
5928:
5903:
5823:
5792:
5760:
5727:
5559:
5492:
5451:
5404:
5357:
5308:
5259:
5212:
5165:
5096:
4953:
4920:
4894:
4869:
4778:
4739:
4690:
4655:
4629:
4307:United States Geological Survey
4261:
4057:(2005), a 24-minute documentary
3956:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
2033:5 m (16 ft) at Ramson
853:United States Geological Survey
459:off the west coast of northern
384:
14501:Natural disasters in Sri Lanka
14491:Natural disasters in Indonesia
14156:Health Care In Danger Campaign
14055:Western African Ebola outbreak
13683:International Rescue Committee
13540:Humanitarian-Development Nexus
13429:International humanitarian law
10933:"Funding the Tsunami Response"
10523:Southeast Asian Press Alliance
9861:Birchard, Emma Louise (2020).
9581:10.1080/00167487.2007.12094208
8035:EERI Special Earthquake Report
7319:Helgeson, T.J. (Spring 2005).
7119:Kaget Mera (25 January 2016).
4927:Walton, Marsha (20 May 2005).
4881:Earth Observatory of Singapore
4603:
4509:indianoceantsunami.web.unc.edu
4497:
4479:
4445:
4325:
4249:List of megathrust earthquakes
3409:
3399:
3385:
3375:
3365:
2574:The highest death toll was in
2284:Many villages in the state of
1619:earthquake and tsunami in 1907
979:List of megathrust earthquakes
554:remotely triggered earthquakes
13:
1:
14103:Sexual exploitation and abuse
13502:History of the United Nations
7388:Liu, P. L.-F. (1 July 2005).
7265:Goff, James (December 2005).
6651:"The 2004 Boxing Day tsunami"
4282:
4119:
4061:The Wave That Shook The World
3944:Health risks from dead bodies
2753:
2692: loss of citizens abroad
1796:5 m (16 ft) on the
1237:2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake
1186:2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake
575:
566:affected people and countries
14496:Natural disasters in Somalia
14461:December 2004 events in Asia
14218:2015 European migrant crisis
14146:Aid Worker Security Database
14020:Great Indian Famine of 1870s
13837:Global Humanitarian Overview
12364:Flores Back Arc Thrust Fault
11053:The Therapeutic Care Journal
10931:Flint, Michael (July 2006).
10698:"Health Effects of Tsunamis"
10364:. London: Sage. p. 44.
10069:. CBC News. 31 August 2010.
8566:Tsunami Evaluation Coalition
8410:Tsunami Evaluation Coalition
6067:Eileen Ng (3 October 2018).
5225:Geophysical Research Letters
4463:Tsunami Evaluation Coalition
4383:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.009
3678:
3660:
3642:
3624:
3606:
3590:
2699:Tsunami Evaluation Coalition
1814:
1651:
1609:an hour after the earthquake
1589:island of Malaysia, and the
1290:Global Seismographic Network
1260:seismic potential for damage
723:World Cricket Tsunami Appeal
560:. Its epicentre was between
446:with a magnitude of 9.2–9.3
414:max. 51 m (167 ft)
378:Indian Ocean coastline areas
7:
14471:History of the Indian Ocean
14431:2004 disasters in Indonesia
14416:2004 disasters in Sri Lanka
13678:International Medical Corps
13550:Humanitarian Cluster System
10872:." BBC News. 18 March 2005.
8965:. p. i. Archived from
8504:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.10.003
7835:"Tsunami's Impact on India"
7287:10.5459/bnzsee.38.4.235-244
5464:Pure and Applied Geophysics
4419:10.4000/geomorphologie.7865
4229:List of earthquakes in 2004
4187:
3708:, six occurred near Sumatra
2416:
2339:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2333:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2056:. The quiet resort town of
2042:6.3 m (21 ft) at
1965:island, the resort town of
1944:
1908:4.7 m (15 ft) at
1896:4.9 m (16 ft) at
1639:had initially expected the
1591:Andaman and Nicobar islands
1488:Average height of the waves
1349:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1323:, due to a decrease in the
1194:triggered by stress changes
1148:List of earthquakes in 2004
965:is believed to have been a
10:
14557:
14486:Natural disasters in India
14223:Detention Centres in Libya
14108:Core Humanitarian Standard
13785:Network for Refugee Voices
13759:Global Refugee-Led Network
12406:Natural disasters in India
10037:10.5194/nhess-10-1793-2010
9196:10.2113/gssajg.112.3-4.359
6972:tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
6748:. London. 1 January 2005.
5595:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.005
5477:10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6
4171:"Where the Wave Broke" by
3941:
3875:
3731:deadliest-known earthquake
3573:
3411:
3401:
3387:
3377:
3367:
2659:
2530:
2470:
1773:, Lhokruet, Lamno, Patek,
1605:Tsunami wave field in the
1425:
1141:
1046:
1039:in western North America.
976:
855:has its estimate of 9.1.
476:Sumatra–Andaman earthquake
430:
14466:History of Southeast Asia
14251:
14210:
14192:International development
14179:
14161:Kunduz hospital airstrike
14133:
14088:
14007:
13936:
13845:
13802:
13767:
13741:
13708:Norwegian Refugee Council
13650:
13612:
13571:
13562:
13525:World Humanitarian Summit
13515:
13491:
13444:
13437:
13402:
13316:
13291:
13229:
13153:October Hindu Kush (2015)
13095:
12951:
12877:
12868:
12827:
12737:
12531:
12471:
12425:
12412:
12331:
12285:
12202:2011 Aceh Singkil Regency
12187:May 2010 Northern Sumatra
12174:
12083:
11897:
11826:
11773:Earthquake zones of India
11765:
11669:
11563:
11507:
11452:
11423:
11391:
11371:
11354:
11334:
11299:
11205:
11161:
11156:Links to related articles
10868:12 September 2005 at the
10223:14 September 2017 at the
9541:10.1146/knowable-072221-1
9451:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8816:10.1017/S1049023X0000368X
8374:The Sydney Morning Herald
8251:The Sydney Morning Herald
7671:– via Google Books.
6854:10.1080/09540260600656001
6824:10.1108/09653560610654248
6524:"Tsunami time travel map"
6340:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
6152:Virtanen, Heikki (2006).
5342:10.1007/s10712-006-9013-4
4865:. U.S. Geological Survey.
4843:. U.S. Geological Survey.
4811:10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1
4724:10.1186/s40562-014-0015-7
4369:(1–4). Elsevier: 93–106.
3996:
3479:World Health Organization
3361:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2650:
2217:Vivekananda Rock Memorial
1877:9 m (30 ft) at
1823:Fishing boat stranded in
1571:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
421:
404:
383:
373:
363:
326:
318:
302:
294:
265:
247:
234:
221:
210:
129:
37:
18:2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
14065:South Sudanese Civil War
14040:2011 East Africa drought
13698:Médecins Sans Frontières
13663:Catholic Relief Services
11820:Earthquakes in Indonesia
11012:Paint the sky with Stars
10111:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120915
9934:ABC Radio Australia News
9766:The Geographical Journal
9348:12 February 2016 at the
9159:10.5194/nhess-7-141-2007
5529:10.5194/nhess-6-979-2006
5272:Earth, Planets and Space
5172:Kanamori, Hiroo (2006).
4254:
4158:
3862:displaced the North Pole
3814:Minister of Home Affairs
2495:Tsunami survey heights:
2154:
2130:1993 Hokkaido earthquake
1755:survived the tsunami in
1541:Early signs and warnings
1210:magnitude 8.1 earthquake
1037:1700 Cascadia earthquake
1009:1960 Valdivia earthquake
1002:Great Chilean earthquake
998:Great Alaskan earthquake
490:up to IX in some areas.
151:Show map of Indian Ocean
14521:2000s in Andhra Pradesh
14506:Earthquakes in Thailand
14411:2004 disasters in India
14171:Dolo hospital airstrike
14015:Chinese Famine of 1870s
13507:1951 Refugee Convention
13424:Humanitarian principles
11778:Geology of the Himalaya
11712:October 2015 Hindu Kush
11098:21 October 2015 at the
10177:10.1073/pnas.2306497120
8777:"TsunamiMemorial.or.th"
8130:2006EP&S...58..243S
7502:2006EP&S...58..223T
7406:10.1126/science.1110730
7082:10.1126/science.1110957
6281:"After the Earth Moved"
5854:10.1126/science.1113363
5736:"Cumulative Moment Mag"
5587:2007E&PSL.263...88S
5284:2006EP&S...58..195H
4984:10.1126/science.1112462
4566:10.1126/science.1112250
4223:Deaths in December 2004
4175:, written in memory of
3750:1908 Messina earthquake
3733:in history occurred in
2266:and on the east by the
1656:
1559:tsunami warning systems
1509:off its western coast.
1199:Richter magnitude scale
963:2002 Sumatra earthquake
322:30 km (19 mi)
96:From top, left to right
14511:Earthquakes in Myanmar
14421:Earthquakes in Sumatra
14151:World Humanitarian Day
14025:Ethiopian famine 1980s
13803:Analysis and reporting
13673:Danish Refugee Council
13651:International agencies
12988:Andaman Islands (1941)
12166:September 2009 Sumatra
12136:September 2007 Sumatra
11930:1931 Southwest Sumatra
11915:1913 Sulawesi–Mindanao
11009:Kuta, Stephen (2005).
9363:"Indian Ocean tsunami"
8455:. Islamic Relief USA.
8334:"Unesco Yemen Tsunami"
7921:Andamanconnections.com
7613:academic.evergreen.edu
6163:University of Helsinki
5773:U.S. Geological Survey
4752:Asian Economic Journal
4613:. Walrus.wr.usgs.gov.
4068:Tsunami: The Aftermath
3986:Asian Development Bank
3974:
3894:
3836:
3776:The hardest-hit area,
3769:
3735:1556 in Shaanxi, China
3702:Indonesian earthquakes
3536:
3439:
3434:Tsunami inundation in
2694:
2602:
2488:were protected by the
2281:
2164:
2011:
1827:
1763:
1726:
1694:
1666:
1610:
1554:
1489:
1439:
1365:In February 2005, the
1362:
1296:
1222:U.S. Geological Survey
1176:were reported off the
1169:
1161:
1058:
973:Historical comparisons
844:
843:Shakemap for the event
708:Tsunami Relief Cardiff
587:earthquake and tsunami
253:; 19 years ago
106:, after the tsunami •
14113:Sphere (organization)
14035:2010 Haiti earthquake
13898:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe
13658:Action Against Hunger
13632:The Federation (IFRC)
13465:A Memory of Solferino
12508:Andhra Pradesh (1990)
12487:Andhra Pradesh (1977)
12247:19 August 2018 Lombok
12010:1984 Northern Sumatra
10677:10.1038/news050103-10
9616:22 April 2008 at the
6687:All Things Considered
6655:Australian Geographic
6489:on 24 September 2008.
6115:on 19 September 2005.
5883:USGS (22 July 2010).
5321:Surveys in Geophysics
5051:10.1038/nature435756a
4863:Comprehensive Catalog
4841:Comprehensive Catalog
4791:Surveys in Geophysics
4092:Hafalan Shalat Delisa
3964:
3942:Further information:
3885:
3872:Humanitarian response
3834:
3826:earthquake forecaster
3767:
3700:Of the ten strongest
3527:
3433:
2742:humanitarian response
2669:
2593:
2408:Little Andaman Island
2276:
2221:Nagapattinam district
2162:
2006:
1822:
1751:
1724:
1687:
1664:
1641:aboriginal population
1604:
1548:
1487:
1436:tsunami's propagation
1433:
1357:
1292:and displayed by the
1287:
1212:in the sub-antarctic
1167:
1155:
1095:Indo-Australian Plate
1056:
1033:1868 Arica earthquake
839:
776:Sri Lanka train wreck
674:Humanitarian response
570:humanitarian response
568:prompted a worldwide
472:megathrust earthquake
251:26 December 2004
14536:Tsunamis in Thailand
14441:2004 in the Maldives
13827:The New Humanitarian
12907:Rann of Kutch (1819)
12344:Great Sumatran fault
12242:5 August 2018 Lombok
12106:November 2004 Nabire
12096:February 2004 Nabire
12070:2000 Banggai Islands
11692:2009 Andaman Islands
11591:1941 Andaman Islands
11545:1881 Nicobar Islands
11535:1833 Kathmandu–Bihar
11501:Earthquakes in India
10763:22 July 2011 at the
10575:iotic.ioc-unesco.org
10545:The Internationalist
10494:. 16 February 2006.
10464:. 31 December 2004.
10439:21 June 2009 at the
10414:Press Trust of India
9996:on 1 September 2009.
9830:22 July 2011 at the
9702:. 18 February 2005.
9369:. 19 December 2014.
9257:. 29 December 2004.
8933:"TsunamiMaldives.mv"
8783:on 28 September 2007
8715:(3_suppl): 777–802.
8626:www.sahistory.org.za
8376:. 28 December 2004.
7775:. 28 December 2004.
7325:Waves of Devastation
6657:. 18 December 2014.
6324:on 27 February 2005.
6228:12 June 2018 at the
6056:on 17 February 2006.
5437:10.1002/2016JB012911
5245:10.1029/2005GL023813
4244:Lists of earthquakes
4145:(2013), a memoir by
3937:World Food Programme
3794:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
3697:class=notpageimage|
3509:mangrove restoration
3426:Environmental impact
2734:UN Secretary-General
2402:Great Nicobar Island
2302:Kanyakumari District
2044:Thai Mueang District
1239:sparked activity in
1023:(magnitude 9.0) and
1013:Prince William Sound
14541:Tsunamis in Myanmar
14531:2000s in Tamil Nadu
14166:Airstrikes on Yemen
13459:Battle of Solferino
13111:Indian Ocean (2004)
12156:2009 Talaud Islands
11950:1943 Alahan Panjang
11925:1926 Padang Panjang
11439:(9.1–9.3, Dec 26)
11290:Earthquakes in 2004
11055:. 1 December 2006.
10900:2007Disas..31....1T
10852:. 21 February 2005.
10230:The Washington Post
10168:2023PNAS..12006497L
10162:(44): e2306497120.
10028:2010NHESS..10.1793L
9936:. 30 October 2008.
9778:2005GeogJ.171..374R
9150:2007NHESS...7..141I
9077:. 4 November 2005.
8958:UNICEF (May 2006).
8721:2006EarSp..22..777M
8532:. 25 January 2005.
8496:2014IJDRR...7..122P
8341:smartech.gatech.edu
8281:itic.ioc-unesco.org
8253:. 28 January 2005.
8202:2006EarSp..22..219F
8118:Earth Planets Space
7946:Pomonis, Antonios;
7927:on 16 December 2016
7722:2006EarSp..22..435S
7490:Earth Planets Space
7359:2006EarSp..22..155G
7237:Science on a Sphere
7024:2006EarSp..22...93B
6981:on 15 February 2017
6816:2006DisPM..15...67G
6723:16 May 2018 at the
6608:on 4 February 2012.
6346:. 11 January 2005.
6023:on 13 December 2014
5997:on 20 November 2014
5940:earthquake.usgs.gov
5915:earthquake.usgs.gov
5846:2005Sci...308.1126B
5840:(5725): 1126–1127.
5748:on 20 November 2022
5705:2015BuSSA.105..152B
5648:2007BuSSA..97S.103V
5623:Vallée, M. (2007).
5520:2006NHESS...6..979L
5429:2016JGRB..121.5116B
5382:2007BuSSA..97S.279S
5333:2006SGeo...27..603M
5237:2005GeoRL..3217304T
5190:2006EarSp..22....1K
5043:2005Natur.435..756N
4976:2005Sci...308.1144W
4970:(5725): 1144–1146.
4803:2006SGeo...27..615G
4715:2014GSL.....1...15S
4558:2005Sci...308.1127L
4552:(5725): 1127–1133.
4375:2007MGeol.238...93P
4147:Sonali Deraniyagala
4130:Stephen Robert Kuta
4049:Film and television
3808:Journalism Centre.
3786:Indonesian military
3727:Tangshan earthquake
2707:Siti Fadilah Supari
2619:Peninsular Malaysia
2580:Indian subcontinent
2524:Taninthayi Division
2486:Taninthayi Division
2377:In Campbell Bay of
2202:Along the coast of
2120:, Kamala Beach and
1995:Similan archipelago
1468:orders of magnitude
731:Military operations
505:holiday, or as the
344: /
217:2004-12-26 00:58:53
176:Show map of Sumatra
34:
13937:Donors and funding
13642:Protective Emblems
13637:National Societies
13614:Red Cross Movement
13476:Geneva Conventions
13471:Red Cross Movement
13445:1850s, Creation of
13188:Uttarakhand (2017)
13139:Nepal (April 2015)
13030:Pithoragarh (1980)
12974:Nepal–India (1934)
12859:Uttarakhand (2022)
12852:Uttarakhand (2021)
12811:Uttarakhand (2023)
12708:South India (2023)
12694:North India (2023)
12680:South India (2021)
12673:Maharashtra (2021)
12666:Uttarakhand (2021)
12624:West Bengal (2017)
12596:South India (2015)
12582:North India (2014)
12575:North India (2013)
12547:Maharashtra (2005)
12515:North India (1993)
12293:2021 West Sulawesi
12182:April 2010 Sumatra
12131:March 2007 Sumatra
12116:2005 Nias–Simeulue
11631:1988 Myanmar–India
11530:1819 Rann of Kutch
11145:authoritative data
10638:. 9 January 2005.
10392:on 13 October 2007
10283:. 15 August 2005.
9870:Radboud University
9669:. 7 January 2005.
9291:on 20 August 2008.
9029:on 23 October 2012
8972:on 18 January 2012
8909:. 4 January 2005.
8709:Earthquake Spectra
8190:Earthquake Spectra
8139:10.1186/BF03353384
7845:on 8 February 2008
7710:Earthquake Spectra
7643:Jha, M.K. (2010).
7511:10.1186/BF03353382
7347:Earthquake Spectra
7213:on 10 October 2016
7012:Earthquake Spectra
5713:10.1785/0120140129
5656:10.1785/0120050616
5390:10.1785/0120050617
5293:10.1186/BF03353378
5178:Earthquake Spectra
5018:Natawidjaja, Danny
4703:Geoscience Letters
4643:. 24 December 2014
4044:In popular culture
4016:. You can help by
3984:In mid-March, the
3975:
3895:
3847:Smith Dharmasaroja
3837:
3790:Free Aceh Movement
3770:
3570:Historical context
3537:
3491:Great Barrier Reef
3469:The Colombo-based
3440:
2695:
2656:Countries affected
2645:Western Australian
2603:
2282:
2260:Thiruvananthapuram
2225:Cuddalore district
2165:
2012:
1828:
1764:
1753:Baiturrahim Mosque
1727:
1695:
1667:
1611:
1585:area in Thailand,
1555:
1490:
1440:
1363:
1297:
1170:
1162:
1059:
845:
754:Unified Assistance
604:Countries affected
499:Boxing Day Tsunami
488:Mercalli intensity
32:
14516:Tsunamis in India
14436:2004 in Sri Lanka
14275:
14274:
14269:
14268:
14243:Aid effectiveness
14134:Aid worker safety
14070:Rohingya genocide
14008:Major emergencies
13918:Michael Bloomberg
13863:Christos Christou
13798:
13797:
13723:Save the Children
13693:Médecins du Monde
13622:Seville Agreement
13558:
13557:
13412:in conflict zones
13362:
13361:
13307:Dust storm (2018)
13225:
13224:
13209:Badakhshan (2023)
13079:North East (1997)
13058:Uttarkashi (1991)
13016:Koynanagar (1967)
12886:Lo Mustang (1505)
12733:
12732:
12659:East India (2020)
12568:East India (2010)
12540:East India (2000)
12480:Rameswaram (1964)
12372:
12371:
12313:2022 West Sumatra
12272:2019 Sunda Strait
12267:2019 North Maluku
12207:2012 Indian Ocean
12111:2004 Indian Ocean
12065:1999 Sunda Strait
12060:1998 North Maluku
11955:1943 Central Java
11786:
11785:
11682:2004 Indian Ocean
11467:
11466:
11253:
11252:
11022:978-0-9549899-0-3
10608:(press release).
10529:on 19 March 2018.
10458:The Seattle Times
10233:. 8 January 2005.
10216:Broadway, Bill. "
9532:Knowable Magazine
8879:. Reliefweb.int.
8729:10.1193/1.2201668
8658:. 26 March 2005.
8599:on 9 October 2006
8441:on 23 April 2006.
8210:10.1193/1.2201972
8196:(S3): S219–S233.
8080:(11): 1736–1740.
7966:978-0-901297-41-9
7948:Rossetto, Tiziana
7894:on 1 October 2018
7839:Evergreen College
7833:Cramer, Brandon.
7807:. 27 March 2005.
7730:10.1193/1.2208562
7716:(S3): S435–S473.
7585:. Maps of India.
7450:Tohoku University
7367:10.1193/1.2205897
7032:10.1193/1.2206793
6731:. 2 January 2005.
6512:on 17 April 2008.
6236:27 December 2004.
6221:Schechner, Sam. "
6195:(Press release).
5967:. 10 April 2005.
5734:Callender, Rick.
5470:(12): 4777–4796.
5376:(1A): S279–S295.
5198:10.1193/1.2201969
5184:(3_suppl): 1–12.
5116:978-1-84844-692-2
5037:(7043): 756–757.
4339:on 27 August 2016
4177:Mieszko Talarczyk
4128:(2005) edited by
4034:
4033:
3892:Northern Province
3754:Mediterranean Sea
3723:world's deadliest
3535:after the tsunami
3423:
3422:
2763:Estimated deaths
2760:Confirmed deaths
2757:Affected country
2626:strike-slip fault
2565:Xaafuun Peninsula
2490:Myeik Archipelago
2268:Kerala backwaters
1602:
834:
833:
698:Reach Out to Asia
688:Football for Hope
588:
584:2004 Indian Ocean
429:
428:
201:Show map of Earth
16:(Redirected from
14548:
14451:2004 in Thailand
14426:2004 earthquakes
14388:
14387:
14386:
14376:
14375:
14374:
14364:
14363:
14362:
14352:
14351:
14350:
14340:
14339:
14338:
14328:
14327:
14326:
14316:
14315:
14314:
14304:
14303:
14302:
14292:
14291:
14283:
14262:World portal
14260:
14259:
14211:Related articles
14080:Yemeni Civil War
14075:Syrian civil war
13873:Martin Griffiths
13569:
13568:
13442:
13441:
13407:Humanitarian aid
13396:Humanitarian aid
13389:
13382:
13375:
13366:
13365:
13355:
13348:
13341:
13334:
13327:
13309:
13302:
13300:Cold wave (2017)
13284:
13277:
13270:
13263:
13256:
13249:
13242:
13218:
13211:
13204:
13197:
13190:
13183:
13176:
13169:
13162:
13155:
13148:
13146:Nepal (May 2015)
13141:
13134:
13127:
13120:
13113:
13106:
13088:
13081:
13074:
13067:
13060:
13053:
13046:
13039:
13032:
13025:
13018:
13011:
13004:
12997:
12990:
12983:
12976:
12969:
12962:
12944:
12937:
12930:
12923:
12916:
12909:
12902:
12895:
12888:
12875:
12874:
12861:
12854:
12847:
12840:
12820:
12813:
12806:
12799:
12792:
12785:
12778:
12776:Pettimudi (2020)
12771:
12764:
12757:
12750:
12724:
12717:
12710:
12703:
12701:Himalayas (2023)
12696:
12689:
12687:Balrampur (2022)
12682:
12675:
12668:
12661:
12654:
12652:Hyderabad (2020)
12647:
12640:
12633:
12626:
12619:
12612:
12605:
12598:
12591:
12584:
12577:
12570:
12563:
12556:
12549:
12542:
12524:
12517:
12510:
12503:
12496:
12489:
12482:
12464:
12457:
12450:
12443:
12436:
12423:
12422:
12399:
12392:
12385:
12376:
12375:
12349:Sunda megathrust
12237:July 2018 Lombok
12126:2006 Pangandaran
11813:
11806:
11799:
11790:
11789:
11737:2017 Uttarakhand
11702:April 2015 Nepal
11621:1980 Pithoragarh
11601:1950 Assam–Tibet
11581:1934 Nepal–India
11494:
11487:
11480:
11471:
11470:
11280:
11273:
11266:
11257:
11256:
11188:
11181:
11174:
11165:
11164:
11152:
11151:
11127:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11064:
11045:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11034:
11006:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10995:
10965:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10948:
10937:
10928:
10922:
10921:
10911:
10879:
10873:
10859:
10853:
10836:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10814:War on the Rocks
10805:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10774:
10768:
10754:
10748:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10728:
10722:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10694:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10647:
10628:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10617:
10597:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10567:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10547:. January 2005.
10537:
10531:
10530:
10525:. Archived from
10514:
10508:
10507:
10505:
10503:
10484:
10478:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10462:Associated Press
10450:
10444:
10430:Associated Press
10426:
10417:
10411:
10402:
10401:
10399:
10397:
10388:. Archived from
10382:
10376:
10375:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10331:
10329:
10327:
10321:
10314:
10306:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10295:
10289:
10278:
10270:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10240:
10234:
10214:
10208:
10207:
10197:
10179:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10130:
10105:(9): 1671–1677.
10089:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10052:
10046:
10039:
10022:(9): 1793–1806.
10013:
10004:
9998:
9997:
9992:. Archived from
9982:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9956:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9945:
9926:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9915:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9878:
9867:
9858:
9852:
9841:
9835:
9819:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9802:
9763:
9754:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9743:
9737:
9731:. Archived from
9730:
9722:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9692:
9686:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9675:
9664:
9656:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9626:
9620:
9612:5 January 2005.
9599:
9593:
9592:
9564:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9543:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9486:
9480:
9473:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9450:
9442:
9440:
9438:
9423:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9406:
9399:
9389:
9383:
9382:
9380:
9378:
9359:
9353:
9340:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9323:
9312:
9304:
9293:
9292:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9204:
9190:(3–4): 359–370.
9179:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9113:on 24 March 2006
9112:
9106:. Archived from
9105:
9097:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9071:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9019:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9008:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8971:
8964:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8944:
8935:. Archived from
8929:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8899:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8747:
8741:
8740:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8606:
8604:
8589:
8580:
8579:
8563:
8552:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8437:. Archived from
8435:"The Human Toll"
8430:
8424:
8423:
8407:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8349:
8338:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8226:
8187:
8178:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8156:
8141:
8115:
8106:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8086:
8069:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8043:
8032:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
8007:
8000:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7975:
7958:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7923:. Archived from
7913:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7893:
7886:
7877:
7871:
7868:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7841:. Archived from
7830:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7746:
7707:
7698:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7640:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7579:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7554:Chiba University
7545:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7528:
7513:
7487:
7478:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7458:
7447:
7439:
7426:
7425:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7342:
7333:
7332:
7331:on 17 June 2008.
7316:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7296:
7289:
7271:
7262:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7212:
7205:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7181:. Archived from
7174:
7168:
7167:
7161:
7153:
7151:
7145:. Archived from
7138:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7123:. Archived from
7116:
7110:
7109:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7048:
7009:
7000:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6980:
6974:. Archived from
6969:
6961:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6881:
6873:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6738:
6732:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6508:. Archived from
6497:
6491:
6490:
6485:. Archived from
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6380:on 24 June 2011.
6376:. Archived from
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6320:. Archived from
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6243:
6237:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6171:
6165:. Archived from
6161:(Dissertation).
6160:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6073:Associated Press
6064:
6058:
6057:
6052:. Archived from
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5887:. Archived from
5880:
5874:
5873:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5744:. Archived from
5731:
5725:
5724:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5629:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5597:. Archived from
5572:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5531:
5505:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5423:(7): 5116–5135.
5408:
5402:
5401:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5119:. Archived from
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5077:. Archived from
5026:
5013:
5004:
5003:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4515:on 18 April 2019
4511:. Archived from
4501:
4495:
4494:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4460:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4398:
4387:
4386:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4298:
4276:
4265:
4198:
4197:
4029:
4026:
4008:
4001:
3973:written in Tamil
3927:
3899:humanitarian aid
3897:A great deal of
3866:Earth's rotation
3681:
3680:
3663:
3662:
3645:
3644:
3627:
3626:
3609:
3608:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3415:
3405:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3320:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3218:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2754:
2749:Nordic countries
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2433:Vilufushi Island
1603:
1535:mid-ocean ridges
1265:
1218:Macquarie Island
1214:Auckland Islands
1035:in Peru and the
896:Sunda megathrust
863:estimates that M
849:moment magnitude
826:
819:
812:
693:Music for Relief
683:Classic Response
598:
586:
580:
579:
486:, and reached a
453:
400:
398:
386:
359:
358:
356:
355:
354:
349:
348:3.316°N 95.854°E
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
313:
261:
259:
254:
202:
196:
195:
189:
177:
171:
170:
164:
152:
146:
145:
139:
84:
77:
66:
59:
48:
35:
31:
21:
14556:
14555:
14551:
14550:
14549:
14547:
14546:
14545:
14526:2000s in Kerala
14446:2004 in Somalia
14396:
14395:
14394:
14384:
14382:
14372:
14370:
14360:
14358:
14348:
14346:
14336:
14334:
14324:
14322:
14312:
14310:
14300:
14298:
14286:
14278:
14276:
14271:
14270:
14265:
14254:
14247:
14206:
14175:
14129:
14118:Sphere Handbook
14090:
14084:
14003:
13932:
13903:MacKenzie Scott
13878:Jemilah Mahmood
13868:Winnie Byanyima
13841:
13794:
13763:
13737:
13646:
13608:
13564:
13554:
13518:reform attempts
13517:
13511:
13487:
13446:
13433:
13419:Humanitarianism
13398:
13393:
13363:
13358:
13351:
13344:
13337:
13330:
13323:
13312:
13305:
13298:
13287:
13280:
13273:
13266:
13259:
13252:
13245:
13238:
13221:
13214:
13207:
13200:
13193:
13186:
13179:
13172:
13165:
13158:
13151:
13144:
13137:
13130:
13123:
13116:
13109:
13102:
13091:
13084:
13077:
13072:Jabalpur (1997)
13070:
13063:
13056:
13049:
13042:
13035:
13028:
13021:
13014:
13007:
13000:
12993:
12986:
12979:
12972:
12965:
12958:
12947:
12940:
12933:
12926:
12919:
12912:
12905:
12898:
12891:
12884:
12864:
12857:
12850:
12843:
12836:
12823:
12816:
12809:
12802:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12774:
12767:
12760:
12753:
12748:Amarnath (1996)
12746:
12729:
12720:
12713:
12706:
12699:
12692:
12685:
12678:
12671:
12664:
12657:
12650:
12643:
12636:
12629:
12622:
12615:
12608:
12601:
12594:
12587:
12580:
12573:
12566:
12559:
12552:
12545:
12538:
12527:
12520:
12513:
12506:
12499:
12492:
12485:
12478:
12467:
12460:
12453:
12446:
12439:
12434:Calcutta (1737)
12432:
12408:
12403:
12373:
12368:
12359:Palu-Koro Fault
12327:
12281:
12170:
12151:2009 West Papua
12121:2006 Yogyakarta
12079:
12015:1989 Irian Jaya
12000:1981 Irian Jaya
11893:
11822:
11817:
11787:
11782:
11761:
11752:2023 Badakhshan
11665:
11656:1997 Chittagong
11641:1991 Uttarkashi
11611:1967 Koynanagar
11559:
11515:1505 Lo Mustang
11503:
11498:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11448:
11437:Sumatra–Andaman
11419:
11387:
11367:
11350:
11330:
11295:
11284:
11254:
11249:
11201:
11192:
11157:
11147:for this event.
11125:
11104:IRIS Consortium
11100:Wayback Machine
11088:for this event.
11078:
11073:
11072:
11062:
11060:
11047:
11046:
11042:
11032:
11030:
11023:
11007:
11003:
10993:
10991:
10966:
10962:
10952:
10950:
10946:
10935:
10929:
10925:
10880:
10876:
10870:Wayback Machine
10861:Staff Writer. "
10860:
10856:
10838:Staff Writer. "
10837:
10833:
10823:
10821:
10806:
10802:
10792:
10790:
10775:
10771:
10765:Wayback Machine
10755:
10751:
10741:
10739:
10730:
10729:
10725:
10715:
10713:
10696:
10695:
10691:
10681:
10679:
10659:
10655:
10645:
10643:
10630:
10629:
10625:
10615:
10613:
10598:
10594:
10584:
10582:
10569:
10568:
10564:
10554:
10552:
10539:
10538:
10534:
10515:
10511:
10501:
10499:
10486:
10485:
10481:
10471:
10469:
10452:
10451:
10447:
10441:Wayback Machine
10427:
10420:
10412:
10405:
10395:
10393:
10384:
10383:
10379:
10372:
10358:
10354:
10344:
10342:
10333:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10312:
10308:
10307:
10303:
10293:
10291:
10287:
10276:
10272:
10271:
10267:
10257:
10255:
10242:
10241:
10237:
10225:Wayback Machine
10215:
10211:
10148:
10144:
10090:
10086:
10076:
10074:
10065:
10064:
10060:
10050:
10048:
10044:
10011:
10005:
10001:
9984:
9983:
9979:
9969:
9967:
9958:
9957:
9953:
9943:
9941:
9928:
9927:
9923:
9913:
9911:
9896:
9892:
9882:
9880:
9876:
9865:
9859:
9855:
9843:Staff Writer. "
9842:
9838:
9832:Wayback Machine
9820:
9816:
9806:
9804:
9800:
9761:
9755:
9751:
9741:
9739:
9738:on 24 June 2011
9735:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9709:
9707:
9694:
9693:
9689:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9662:
9658:
9657:
9653:
9643:
9641:
9628:
9627:
9623:
9618:Wayback Machine
9601:Pearce, Fred. "
9600:
9596:
9565:
9561:
9551:
9549:
9524:
9520:
9510:
9508:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9460:
9444:
9443:
9436:
9434:
9425:
9424:
9420:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9376:
9374:
9361:
9360:
9356:
9350:Wayback Machine
9341:
9337:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9315:Success Stories
9310:
9306:
9305:
9296:
9279:
9278:
9274:
9264:
9262:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9234:
9232:
9223:
9222:
9218:
9208:
9206:
9202:
9177:
9171:
9167:
9130:
9126:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9103:
9099:
9098:
9094:
9084:
9082:
9073:
9072:
9068:
9058:
9056:
9055:on 17 June 2009
9047:
9046:
9042:
9032:
9030:
9021:
9020:
9016:
9006:
9004:
8989:
8985:
8975:
8973:
8969:
8962:
8956:
8952:
8942:
8940:
8939:on 17 June 2009
8931:
8930:
8926:
8916:
8914:
8901:
8900:
8896:
8886:
8884:
8875:
8874:
8870:
8860:
8858:
8843:
8839:
8800:
8796:
8786:
8784:
8775:
8774:
8770:
8760:
8758:
8749:
8748:
8744:
8705:
8701:
8691:
8689:
8680:
8679:
8675:
8665:
8663:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8635:
8633:
8620:
8619:
8615:
8602:
8600:
8591:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8568:. p. 159.
8561:
8553:
8549:
8539:
8537:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8476:
8472:
8462:
8460:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8405:
8397:
8393:
8383:
8381:
8368:
8367:
8363:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8317:
8315:
8304:
8300:
8290:
8288:
8275:
8274:
8270:
8260:
8258:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8185:
8179:
8170:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8113:
8107:
8100:
8090:
8088:
8084:
8073:Current Science
8067:
8061:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8030:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8011:
8009:
8005:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7973:
7967:
7956:
7944:
7940:
7930:
7928:
7915:
7914:
7907:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7878:
7874:
7869:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7831:
7824:
7814:
7812:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7782:
7780:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7705:
7699:
7676:
7666:
7664:
7657:
7641:
7632:
7622:
7620:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7592:
7590:
7581:
7580:
7571:
7563:10.1.1.564.5976
7546:
7542:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7485:
7479:
7472:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7445:
7441:
7440:
7429:
7386:
7382:
7353:(S3): 155–172.
7343:
7336:
7317:
7310:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7269:
7263:
7256:
7246:
7244:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7197:
7193:
7185:
7175:
7171:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7139:
7135:
7127:
7117:
7113:
7066:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7007:
7001:
6994:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6955:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6932:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6910:
6895:
6891:
6875:
6874:
6835:
6831:
6800:
6796:
6786:
6784:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6725:Wayback Machine
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6678:
6674:
6664:
6662:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6634:
6632:
6617:
6613:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6585:
6583:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6556:on 17 July 2012
6548:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6530:on 3 April 2012
6522:
6521:
6517:
6498:
6494:
6473:
6469:
6459:
6457:
6438:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6262:
6257:on 5 July 2009.
6245:
6244:
6240:
6230:Wayback Machine
6220:
6216:
6206:
6204:
6189:
6185:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6134:
6133:on 4 April 2010
6125:
6124:
6120:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6082:
6080:
6065:
6061:
6049:Hindustan Times
6040:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5942:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5881:
5877:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5741:IRIS Consortium
5732:
5728:
5685:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5581:(1–2): 88–103.
5570:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5456:
5452:
5409:
5405:
5362:
5358:
5313:
5309:
5264:
5260:
5217:
5213:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5123:on 22 July 2011
5117:
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5024:
5014:
5007:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4942:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4852:
4848:
4830:
4826:
4783:
4779:
4744:
4740:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4541:
4535:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4493:on 5 June 2013.
4485:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4399:
4390:
4359:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4299:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4161:
4135:The Killing Sea
4122:
4051:
4046:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4014:needs expansion
3999:
3946:
3923:
3890:in Sri Lanka's
3880:
3874:
3841:Persson Cabinet
3822:Nicobar Islands
3800:justification.
3762:
3746:South China Sea
3711:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3578:
3572:
3564:Malacca Straits
3522:
3520:Economic impact
3428:
3419:
3329:Total estimates
3300:
3298:
3265:
3263:
3233:
3231:
3201:
3199:
3169:
3167:
3131:
3129:
3096:
3094:
3054:
3052:
3015:
3013:
2973:
2971:
2938:
2936:
2897:
2895:
2859:
2857:
2821:
2819:
2782:
2780:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2588:
2586:Other locations
2533:
2473:
2419:
2335:
2157:
2145:Similan Islands
2137:Phi Phi Islands
2126:Okushiri Island
2110:Phuket Province
2103:Ranong Province
1947:
1912:Fishery Harbour
1817:
1659:
1654:
1637:Anthropologists
1596:
1543:
1460:megatons of TNT
1428:
1419:back-arc basins
1404:
1333:Chandler wobble
1294:IRIS Consortium
1263:
1257:
1249:
1247:Energy released
1229:Leuser Mountain
1182:Nicobar Islands
1178:Andaman Islands
1159:
1150:
1140:
1084:Nicobar Islands
1069:zone where the
1051:
1049:Plate tectonics
1045:
1043:Tectonic plates
1021:5 November 1952
1000:(1964) and the
993:seismic moments
981:
975:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
830:
778:
585:
578:
556:as far away as
455:struck with an
452:
436:
417:
392:
390:
352:
350:
346:
343:
338:
335:
333:
331:
330:
312:
290:
266:Local time
257:
255:
252:
248:Local date
206:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:
180:
179:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
125:
124:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
85:
78:
69:
68:
67:
60:
51:
50:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14554:
14544:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14393:
14392:
14380:
14378:Earth sciences
14368:
14356:
14344:
14332:
14320:
14308:
14296:
14273:
14272:
14267:
14266:
14252:
14249:
14248:
14246:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14228:Crisis mapping
14225:
14220:
14214:
14212:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14204:
14202:Neocolonialism
14199:
14194:
14189:
14183:
14181:
14180:Related fields
14177:
14176:
14174:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14143:
14137:
14135:
14131:
14130:
14128:
14127:
14122:
14121:
14120:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14094:
14092:
14086:
14085:
14083:
14082:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14045:Typhoon Haiyan
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14017:
14011:
14009:
14005:
14004:
14002:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13940:
13938:
13934:
13933:
13931:
13930:
13925:
13923:Warren Buffett
13920:
13915:
13913:Jamshedji Tata
13910:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13893:James Orbinski
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13849:
13847:
13846:Notable people
13843:
13842:
13840:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13823:
13822:
13812:
13806:
13804:
13800:
13799:
13796:
13795:
13793:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13771:
13769:
13768:Local agencies
13765:
13764:
13762:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13745:
13743:
13739:
13738:
13736:
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13718:Guardian Girls
13715:
13710:
13705:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13688:Islamic Relief
13685:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13647:
13645:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13618:
13616:
13610:
13609:
13607:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13581:
13575:
13573:
13566:
13560:
13559:
13556:
13555:
13553:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13527:
13521:
13519:
13513:
13512:
13510:
13509:
13504:
13498:
13496:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13485:
13484:
13483:
13473:
13468:
13461:
13456:
13450:
13448:
13439:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13415:
13414:
13403:
13400:
13399:
13392:
13391:
13384:
13377:
13369:
13360:
13359:
13357:
13356:
13349:
13342:
13335:
13328:
13320:
13318:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13310:
13303:
13295:
13293:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13285:
13278:
13271:
13264:
13257:
13250:
13243:
13235:
13233:
13227:
13226:
13223:
13222:
13220:
13219:
13212:
13205:
13198:
13191:
13184:
13181:Tripura (2017)
13177:
13170:
13167:Sagaing (2016)
13163:
13156:
13149:
13142:
13135:
13128:
13125:Andaman (2009)
13121:
13118:Kashmir (2005)
13114:
13107:
13104:Gujarat (2001)
13099:
13097:
13093:
13092:
13090:
13089:
13086:Chamoli (1999)
13082:
13075:
13068:
13061:
13054:
13047:
13040:
13033:
13026:
13023:Kinnaur (1975)
13019:
13012:
13005:
12998:
12991:
12984:
12977:
12970:
12963:
12955:
12953:
12949:
12948:
12946:
12945:
12938:
12935:Kashmir (1885)
12931:
12928:Nicobar (1881)
12924:
12917:
12910:
12903:
12900:Garhwal (1803)
12896:
12893:Kashmir (1555)
12889:
12881:
12879:
12872:
12866:
12865:
12863:
12862:
12855:
12848:
12841:
12838:Siachen (2016)
12833:
12831:
12825:
12824:
12822:
12821:
12818:Wayanad (2024)
12814:
12807:
12800:
12797:Manipur (2022)
12793:
12786:
12779:
12772:
12765:
12758:
12751:
12743:
12741:
12735:
12734:
12731:
12730:
12728:
12727:
12726:
12725:
12711:
12704:
12697:
12690:
12683:
12676:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12641:
12634:
12627:
12620:
12617:Gujarat (2017)
12613:
12606:
12599:
12592:
12589:Gujarat (2015)
12585:
12578:
12571:
12564:
12557:
12550:
12543:
12535:
12533:
12529:
12528:
12526:
12525:
12518:
12511:
12504:
12497:
12490:
12483:
12475:
12473:
12469:
12468:
12466:
12465:
12458:
12451:
12444:
12441:Coringa (1839)
12437:
12429:
12427:
12420:
12410:
12409:
12402:
12401:
12394:
12387:
12379:
12370:
12369:
12367:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12354:Sumatra Trench
12351:
12346:
12341:
12335:
12333:
12329:
12328:
12326:
12325:
12323:2024 West Java
12320:
12318:2022 West Java
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12298:2021 East Java
12295:
12289:
12287:
12283:
12282:
12280:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12257:2018 East Java
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12232:2018 West Java
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12178:
12176:
12172:
12171:
12169:
12168:
12163:
12161:2009 West Java
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12087:
12085:
12081:
12080:
12078:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11960:1965 Ceram Sea
11957:
11952:
11947:
11945:1938 Banda Sea
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11901:
11899:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11874:1852 Banda Sea
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11834:1629 Banda Sea
11830:
11828:
11824:
11823:
11816:
11815:
11808:
11801:
11793:
11784:
11783:
11781:
11780:
11775:
11769:
11767:
11766:Related topics
11763:
11762:
11760:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11707:May 2015 Nepal
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11673:
11671:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11567:
11565:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11511:
11509:
11505:
11504:
11497:
11496:
11489:
11482:
11474:
11465:
11464:
11453:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11446:
11434:
11427:
11425:
11421:
11420:
11418:
11417:
11413:(7.1, Nov 26)
11408:
11402:
11395:
11393:
11389:
11388:
11386:
11385:
11381:(6.8, Oct 23)
11375:
11373:
11369:
11368:
11366:
11365:
11358:
11356:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11348:
11344:(6.3, May 28)
11338:
11336:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11328:
11324:(6.3, Feb 24)
11319:
11313:
11303:
11301:
11297:
11296:
11283:
11282:
11275:
11268:
11260:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11191:
11190:
11183:
11176:
11168:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11149:
11148:
11133:
11122:
11113:
11107:
11089:
11077:
11076:External links
11074:
11071:
11070:
11040:
11021:
11001:
10960:
10923:
10874:
10854:
10845:The Early Show
10831:
10800:
10769:
10749:
10723:
10689:
10653:
10623:
10592:
10562:
10532:
10509:
10492:Sveriges Radio
10479:
10445:
10418:
10403:
10377:
10371:978-1412946001
10370:
10352:
10301:
10265:
10235:
10209:
10142:
10084:
10058:
9999:
9977:
9951:
9921:
9890:
9853:
9836:
9814:
9772:(4): 374–379.
9749:
9717:
9687:
9651:
9621:
9594:
9575:(3): 285–293.
9559:
9518:
9492:
9458:
9431:United Nations
9418:
9384:
9354:
9335:
9294:
9272:
9242:
9216:
9165:
9144:(1): 141–147.
9124:
9092:
9066:
9040:
9023:"Killer Waves"
9014:
8997:People's Daily
8983:
8950:
8924:
8894:
8868:
8837:
8810:(3): 204–210.
8794:
8768:
8742:
8699:
8673:
8643:
8613:
8581:
8574:
8547:
8517:
8470:
8444:
8425:
8418:
8412:. p. 33.
8391:
8361:
8325:
8298:
8268:
8238:
8168:
8124:(2): 243–252.
8098:
8055:
8037:. April 2005.
8019:
7987:
7965:
7938:
7905:
7872:
7856:
7822:
7790:
7758:
7674:
7655:
7630:
7600:
7569:
7540:
7496:(2): 223–232.
7470:
7427:
7400:(5728): 1595.
7380:
7334:
7308:
7280:(4): 235–244.
7254:
7224:
7191:
7169:
7133:
7111:
7076:(5728): 1596.
7060:
6992:
6953:
6920:
6889:
6848:(3): 233–239.
6829:
6794:
6763:
6733:
6709:
6672:
6642:
6611:
6593:
6567:
6541:
6515:
6492:
6467:
6432:
6397:
6383:
6361:
6327:
6302:
6271:
6260:
6238:
6214:
6183:
6172:on 5 June 2011
6144:
6118:
6094:
6059:
6034:
6008:
5982:
5952:
5927:
5902:
5891:on 14 May 2011
5875:
5822:
5805:Slate Magazine
5791:
5759:
5726:
5699:(1): 152–166.
5676:
5615:
5604:on 19 May 2009
5558:
5514:(6): 979–997.
5491:
5450:
5403:
5356:
5327:(6): 603–613.
5307:
5278:(2): 195–201.
5258:
5211:
5164:
5134:
5115:
5095:
5084:on 4 June 2010
5005:
4952:
4919:
4893:
4868:
4846:
4824:
4797:(6): 615–632.
4777:
4758:(3): 211–231.
4738:
4689:
4682:
4654:
4628:
4602:
4526:
4496:
4478:
4471:
4465:. p. 33.
4444:
4413:(1): 109–118.
4388:
4363:Marine Geology
4350:
4324:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4256:
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4185:
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4169:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4138:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4107:and her family
4100:The Impossible
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4058:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4025:September 2024
4011:
4009:
3998:
3995:
3876:Main article:
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3597:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3568:
3521:
3518:
3489:work with the
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3417:
3407:
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2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2660:Main article:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2587:
2584:
2541:Horn of Africa
2532:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
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2452:
2449:
2446:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2334:
2331:
2286:Andhra Pradesh
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2169:Andhra Pradesh
2156:
2153:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
1946:
1943:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1551:Kata Noi Beach
1542:
1539:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1386:TOPEX/Poseidon
1379:oceanic trench
1359:Seismic moment
1255:
1248:
1245:
1157:
1139:
1136:
1107:Eurasian Plate
1047:Main article:
1044:
1041:
974:
971:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:Hiroo Kanamori
832:
831:
829:
828:
821:
814:
806:
803:
802:
801:
800:
795:
790:
782:
781:
780:
779:
773:
771:Library damage
765:
764:
763:Related topics
760:
759:
758:
757:
750:
747:Sumatra Assist
743:
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423:
419:
418:
416:
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412:
408:
406:
402:
401:
388:
381:
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375:
374:Areas affected
371:
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365:
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360:
328:
324:
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9:
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14456:2004 tsunamis
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13909:
13908:Melinda Gates
13906:
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13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
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13574:
13570:
13567:
13565:organizations
13561:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13530:Grand Bargain
13528:
13526:
13523:
13522:
13520:
13514:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13499:
13497:
13495:
13490:
13482:
13479:
13478:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13466:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13451:
13449:
13447:the Red Cross
13443:
13440:
13436:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13413:
13410:
13409:
13408:
13405:
13404:
13401:
13397:
13390:
13385:
13383:
13378:
13376:
13371:
13370:
13367:
13354:
13350:
13347:
13343:
13340:
13336:
13333:
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13321:
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13315:
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13255:
13251:
13248:
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13236:
13234:
13232:
13228:
13217:
13213:
13210:
13206:
13203:
13199:
13196:
13192:
13189:
13185:
13182:
13178:
13175:
13174:Magway (2016)
13171:
13168:
13164:
13161:
13160:Imphal (2016)
13157:
13154:
13150:
13147:
13143:
13140:
13136:
13133:
13132:Sikkim (2011)
13129:
13126:
13122:
13119:
13115:
13112:
13108:
13105:
13101:
13100:
13098:
13094:
13087:
13083:
13080:
13076:
13073:
13069:
13066:
13062:
13059:
13055:
13052:
13048:
13045:
13041:
13038:
13037:Cachar (1984)
13034:
13031:
13027:
13024:
13020:
13017:
13013:
13010:
13006:
13003:
12999:
12996:
12992:
12989:
12985:
12982:
12981:Quetta (1935)
12978:
12975:
12971:
12968:
12967:Dhubri (1930)
12964:
12961:
12960:Kangra (1905)
12957:
12956:
12954:
12950:
12943:
12939:
12936:
12932:
12929:
12925:
12922:
12921:Cachar (1869)
12918:
12915:
12911:
12908:
12904:
12901:
12897:
12894:
12890:
12887:
12883:
12882:
12880:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12867:
12860:
12856:
12853:
12849:
12846:
12842:
12839:
12835:
12834:
12832:
12830:
12826:
12819:
12815:
12812:
12808:
12805:
12804:Raigad (2023)
12801:
12798:
12794:
12791:
12790:Mumbai (2021)
12787:
12784:
12783:Idukki (2020)
12780:
12777:
12773:
12770:
12766:
12763:
12759:
12756:
12755:Mumbai (2000)
12752:
12749:
12745:
12744:
12742:
12740:
12736:
12723:
12719:
12718:
12716:
12712:
12709:
12705:
12702:
12698:
12695:
12691:
12688:
12684:
12681:
12677:
12674:
12670:
12667:
12663:
12660:
12656:
12653:
12649:
12646:
12642:
12639:
12635:
12632:
12631:Kerala (2018)
12628:
12625:
12621:
12618:
12614:
12611:
12607:
12604:
12600:
12597:
12593:
12590:
12586:
12583:
12579:
12576:
12572:
12569:
12565:
12562:
12561:Ladakh (2010)
12558:
12555:
12551:
12548:
12544:
12541:
12537:
12536:
12534:
12530:
12523:
12522:Odisha (1999)
12519:
12516:
12512:
12509:
12505:
12502:
12501:Punjab (1988)
12498:
12495:
12491:
12488:
12484:
12481:
12477:
12476:
12474:
12470:
12463:
12459:
12456:
12455:Odisha (1885)
12452:
12449:
12448:Bengal (1876)
12445:
12442:
12438:
12435:
12431:
12430:
12428:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12407:
12400:
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12393:
12388:
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12381:
12380:
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12360:
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12350:
12347:
12345:
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12340:
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12306:
12304:
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12299:
12296:
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12284:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12252:2018 Sulawesi
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12217:2016 Mentawai
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12197:2010 Mentawai
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12173:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12146:2008 Simeulue
12144:
12142:
12141:2008 Sulawesi
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12088:
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12082:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12050:1996 Sulawesi
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12020:1991 Kalabahi
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11970:1969 Sulawesi
11968:
11966:
11965:1968 Sulawesi
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
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11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11668:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11651:1997 Jabalpur
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11566:
11562:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11495:
11490:
11488:
11483:
11481:
11476:
11475:
11472:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11445:
11442:
11438:
11435:
11433:(8.1, Dec 23)
11432:
11429:
11428:
11426:
11422:
11416:
11412:
11409:
11407:(6.3, Nov 21)
11406:
11403:
11401:(7.5, Nov 11)
11400:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11390:
11384:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11370:
11364:(5.1, July 2)
11363:
11360:
11359:
11357:
11353:
11347:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11333:
11327:
11323:
11320:
11318:(5.5, Feb 14)
11317:
11314:
11312:
11308:
11305:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11291:
11288:
11281:
11276:
11274:
11269:
11267:
11262:
11261:
11258:
11246:
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11241:
11238:
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11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11207:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11189:
11184:
11182:
11177:
11175:
11170:
11169:
11166:
11160:
11153:
11146:
11142:
11138:
11134:
11132:
11128:
11123:
11121:
11120:Zoriah Miller
11117:
11114:
11111:
11108:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11090:
11087:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11058:
11054:
11050:
11044:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11014:
11013:
11005:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10976:
10971:
10964:
10945:
10941:
10934:
10927:
10919:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10878:
10871:
10867:
10864:
10858:
10851:
10847:
10846:
10841:
10835:
10819:
10815:
10811:
10804:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10773:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10753:
10737:
10733:
10727:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10693:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10669:
10664:
10657:
10641:
10637:
10633:
10627:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10596:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10550:
10546:
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10528:
10524:
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10513:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10483:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10449:
10442:
10438:
10435:
10431:
10425:
10423:
10415:
10410:
10408:
10391:
10387:
10381:
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10367:
10363:
10356:
10340:
10336:
10318:
10311:
10305:
10286:
10282:
10275:
10269:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10239:
10232:
10231:
10226:
10222:
10219:
10213:
10205:
10201:
10196:
10191:
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10178:
10173:
10169:
10165:
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10146:
10138:
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10124:
10120:
10116:
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10062:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10021:
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10010:
10003:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9981:
9965:
9961:
9955:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9925:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9894:
9875:
9871:
9864:
9857:
9850:
9846:
9840:
9833:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9818:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9760:
9753:
9734:
9727:
9721:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9691:
9672:
9668:
9661:
9655:
9639:
9635:
9634:www.ukabc.org
9631:
9625:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9609:
9608:New Scientist
9604:
9598:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9563:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9522:
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9432:
9428:
9422:
9403:
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9388:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9358:
9351:
9347:
9344:
9339:
9320:
9316:
9309:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9276:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9246:
9230:
9226:
9220:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9176:
9169:
9160:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9128:
9109:
9102:
9096:
9080:
9076:
9070:
9054:
9050:
9044:
9028:
9024:
9018:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8987:
8968:
8961:
8954:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8882:
8878:
8872:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8841:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8798:
8782:
8778:
8772:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8703:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8647:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8617:
8610:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8586:
8577:
8575:0-85003-807-3
8571:
8567:
8560:
8559:
8551:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8458:
8454:
8448:
8440:
8436:
8429:
8421:
8419:0-85003-807-3
8415:
8411:
8404:
8403:
8395:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8365:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8329:
8313:
8309:
8302:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8242:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
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8191:
8184:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8153:
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8140:
8135:
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8123:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8103:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8066:
8059:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8023:
8004:
7997:
7991:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7942:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7829:
7827:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7778:
7774:
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7768:
7762:
7743:
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7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7662:
7658:
7656:9789048124985
7652:
7648:
7647:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7544:
7525:
7521:
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7512:
7507:
7503:
7499:
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7491:
7484:
7477:
7475:
7455:
7451:
7444:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7339:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7315:
7313:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7259:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7165:
7159:
7148:
7144:
7137:
7126:
7122:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7064:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6997:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6751:
6747:
6746:The Telegraph
6743:
6737:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6713:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6676:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6511:
6507:
6506:New Scientist
6503:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6482:New Scientist
6478:
6471:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6446:NOAA Magazine
6443:
6436:
6417:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6323:
6319:
6318:
6317:New Scientist
6313:
6306:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6264:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6156:
6148:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6098:
6091:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6038:
6022:
6018:
6012:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5826:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5681:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5642:: S103–S114.
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5543:
5539:
5538:11250/2426119
5535:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5099:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5012:
5010:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4923:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4683:9780197546123
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4472:0-85003-807-3
4468:
4464:
4457:
4456:
4448:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4355:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4153:
4152:On the Island
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:Dasavathaaram
4073:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4041:
4039:
4028:
4019:
4015:
4012:This section
4010:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3977:According to
3972:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3760:Other effects
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3703:
3698:
3688:
3670:
3652:
3634:
3616:
3585:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2982:
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1989:islands, the
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
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520:
517:(Indonesia),
516:
512:
508:
507:Asian Tsunami
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
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14253:
14197:Peacekeeping
14187:Human Rights
14098:CHS Alliance
14091:power, abuse
14030:2004 tsunami
14029:
13999:Yield Giving
13888:Peter Maurer
13749:NEAR Network
13728:World Vision
13563:Humanitarian
13535:Localisation
13516:21st-century
13463:
13454:Henry Dunant
13216:Nepal (2023)
13202:Nepal (2022)
13195:Assam (2021)
13110:
13096:2000–present
13065:Latur (1993)
13051:Bihar (1988)
13044:India (1988)
13009:Anjar (1956)
13002:Assam (1950)
12995:Assam (1947)
12942:Assam (1897)
12914:Bihar (1833)
12845:Gurez (2017)
12769:Malpa (1998)
12762:Malin (2014)
12715:India (2024)
12645:Assam (2020)
12638:India (2019)
12610:Bihar (2017)
12603:Assam (2016)
12554:India (2007)
12532:2000–present
12494:Bihar (1987)
12462:Gohna (1894)
12339:Sunda Trench
12110:
12091:2002 Sumatra
12075:2000 Enggano
12045:1995 Kerinci
11940:1935 Sumatra
11935:1933 Sumatra
11910:1909 Kerinci
11905:1907 Sumatra
11898:20th century
11879:1861 Sumatra
11859:1833 Sumatra
11849:1797 Sumatra
11732:2017 Tripura
11722:2016 Sagaing
11687:2005 Kashmir
11681:
11677:2001 Gujarat
11670:21st century
11661:1999 Chamoli
11616:1975 Kinnaur
11564:20th century
11550:1885 Kashmir
11525:1803 Garhwal
11520:1555 Kashmir
11459:
11454:
11443:
11440:
11436:
11414:
11382:
11345:
11325:
11310:
11198:
11141:bibliography
11061:. Retrieved
11052:
11043:
11031:. Retrieved
11011:
11004:
10992:. Retrieved
10975:The Guardian
10973:
10963:
10951:. Retrieved
10939:
10926:
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10877:
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10843:
10834:
10822:. Retrieved
10813:
10803:
10791:. Retrieved
10782:
10772:
10752:
10740:. Retrieved
10726:
10716:13 September
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10682:13 September
10680:. Retrieved
10666:
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10635:
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10595:
10583:. Retrieved
10574:
10565:
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10544:
10535:
10527:the original
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10491:
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10470:. Retrieved
10457:
10448:
10394:. Retrieved
10390:the original
10380:
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10345:26 September
10343:. Retrieved
10326:26 September
10324:. Retrieved
10304:
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10268:
10256:. Retrieved
10247:
10238:
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10019:
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10002:
9994:the original
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9733:the original
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9314:
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9108:the original
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8967:the original
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8937:the original
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8781:the original
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8597:the original
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8250:
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8193:
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8121:
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8091:25 September
8089:. Retrieved
8077:
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8058:
8046:. Retrieved
8034:
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7990:
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7978:. Retrieved
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7925:the original
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7397:
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7208:the original
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7136:
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7114:
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7069:
7063:
7053:25 September
7051:. Retrieved
7015:
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6983:. Retrieved
6976:the original
6971:
6944:. Retrieved
6923:
6911:. Retrieved
6902:
6892:
6878:cite journal
6845:
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6832:
6810:(1): 67–78.
6807:
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6797:
6785:. Retrieved
6776:
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6754:. Retrieved
6745:
6736:
6729:Times Online
6728:
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6700:. Retrieved
6685:
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6624:
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6606:the original
6596:
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6528:the original
6518:
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6186:
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5599:the original
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5079:the original
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4327:
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4208:profile for
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3448:biodiversity
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2294:Nagapattinam
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2114:Patong Beach
2107:
2088:
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1999:
1948:
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1782:
1779:
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1612:
1581:island, and
1575:
1567:Ring of Fire
1564:
1556:
1523:
1511:
1503:
1491:
1472:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1405:
1383:
1372:
1364:
1337:
1321:microseconds
1318:
1298:
1275:tidal forces
1272:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1233:Mount Talang
1226:
1207:
1203:
1171:
1128:
1120:volcanic arc
1111:Sunda Trench
1092:
1071:Indian Plate
1060:
1029:
1006:
982:
935:Ring of Fire
932:
885:
883: 9.2.
851:of 8.8. The
846:
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746:
739:
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583:
543:
533:(Thailand).
506:
498:
492:
484:Indian Plate
475:
437:
425:227,898 dead
394:
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29:
13858:Jan Egeland
13742:Consortiums
13703:Mercy Corps
13572:UN agencies
12878:Before 1900
12426:Before 1900
12308:2021 Flores
12262:2019 Lombok
12025:1992 Flores
12005:1982 Flores
11727:2016 Magway
11717:2016 Imphal
11697:2011 Sikkim
11626:1984 Cachar
11586:1935 Quetta
11576:1930 Dhubri
11571:1905 Kangra
11540:1869 Cachar
11405:Les Saintes
11399:Alor Island
11362:Doğubayazıt
11197:due to the
11063:15 December
10894:(1): 1–28.
10824:22 February
10742:24 December
10646:24 December
10555:16 December
10502:15 December
10362:News Values
10294:24 December
9970:24 December
9265:24 December
9235:24 December
9033:24 December
8943:24 December
8917:24 December
8861:24 December
8787:24 December
8761:24 December
8692:26 December
8666:24 December
8636:15 November
8603:12 February
8540:24 December
8490:: 122–141.
8354:13 November
8231:22 December
8161:22 December
8048:21 December
8012:21 December
7931:20 December
7898:20 December
7849:22 December
7247:20 December
7217:20 December
6985:20 December
6946:20 December
6913:20 December
6787:13 February
6756:20 December
6702:20 December
6635:17 December
6625:LiveScience
6586:17 December
6560:24 December
6460:16 December
6425:16 December
6354:16 December
6295:16 December
6285:Science Now
6207:16 December
6083:16 February
6001:24 December
5975:24 December
5945:26 December
5920:26 December
5815:10 December
5784:10 December
5752:20 November
5669:10 February
5551:1 September
4945:15 December
4912:15 December
4641:www.who.int
4164:"12/26" by
4105:María Belón
3925:hepatitis B
3920:hepatitis A
3452:groundwater
3394:Tamil Tiger
2716:, close to
2596:George Town
2481:Andaman Sea
2372:Car Nicobar
2264:Arabian Sea
2213:Kanyakumari
2118:Karon Beach
2066:rainforests
2062:Andaman Sea
1951:Andaman Sea
1868:Trincomalee
1743:coral reefs
1627:Tilly Smith
1623:Phuket City
1507:Andaman Sea
1445:teletsunami
1395:tide gauges
1345:Sunda Plate
1341:Burma Plate
1174:aftershocks
1132:line source
1103:Burma Plate
1088:strike-slip
943:Alpide belt
480:Burma Plate
442:), a major
351: /
225: event
14400:Categories
14089:Standards,
13928:Bill Gates
12870:Earthquake
12277:2019 Ambon
12192:2010 Papua
12040:1995 Timor
11990:1979 Yapen
11985:1977 Sumba
11975:1976 Papua
11889:1899 Ceram
11864:1834 Bogor
11839:1674 Ambon
11827:Historical
11757:2023 Nepal
11747:2022 Nepal
11742:2021 Assam
11646:1993 Latur
11636:1988 Nepal
11606:1956 Anjar
11596:1947 Assam
11555:1897 Assam
11508:Historical
11431:Tasman Sea
11322:Al Hoceima
11033:16 October
10616:11 January
10472:17 October
10396:24 October
10077:19 October
8564:. London:
8408:. London:
8384:10 January
8318:29 January
8291:17 October
8261:10 January
7772:Rediff.com
7593:17 October
7463:10 October
5157:18 October
5127:6 December
5059:10220/8668
4461:. London:
4283:References
4120:Literature
3967:Batticaloa
3951:World Bank
3908:diphtheria
3888:Mullaitivu
3782:insurgency
3574:See also:
3549:Tamil Nadu
3444:ecosystems
3438:, Thailand
3306:Madagascar
3175:Bangladesh
3137:Seychelles
2772:Displaced
2737:Kofi Annan
2638:Seychelles
2428:bathymetry
2347:Port Blair
2326:inundation
2322:Puducherry
2229:Velankanni
2204:Tamil Nadu
2173:Tamil Nadu
2122:Kata Beach
2070:Banda Aceh
2064:and hilly
1864:Batticaloa
1860:Hambantota
1825:Batticaloa
1805:Weh Island
1761:Banda Aceh
1757:Ulee Lheue
1734:rainforest
1700:Aceh River
1679:Ulèë Lheue
1675:Banda Aceh
1645:Onge tribe
1527:Manzanillo
1519:Showa Base
1514:Struisbaai
1475:Bangladesh
1367:Royal Navy
1325:oblateness
1142:See also:
1067:subduction
989:subduction
987:events in
985:megathrust
977:See also:
941:, and the
939:New Guinea
900:Bangladesh
888:hypocentre
658:Indirect:
576:Earthquake
535:Banda Aceh
523:Tamil Nadu
503:Boxing Day
501:after the
493:A massive
444:earthquake
422:Casualties
368:Megathrust
339:95°51′14″E
298:10 minutes
258:2004-12-26
214: time
100:Banda Aceh
14318:Sri Lanka
14306:Indonesia
13969:ECHO (EU)
13959:FCDO (UK)
13883:Hugo Slim
13853:Degan Ali
13832:ReliefWeb
13231:Heat wave
12952:1900–2000
12829:Avalanche
12739:Landslide
12472:1901–2000
12303:2021 Bali
12227:2017 Java
12222:2016 Aceh
12212:2013 Aceh
12101:2004 Alor
12055:1996 Biak
12035:1994 Java
12030:1994 Liwa
11995:1979 Bali
11980:1976 Bali
11920:1917 Bali
11884:1867 Java
11869:1843 Nias
11854:1815 Bali
11844:1699 Java
11316:Battagram
11240:Sri Lanka
11215:Indonesia
11086:main page
11082:ReliefWeb
10984:0261-3077
10888:Disasters
10186:0027-8424
10119:0090-0036
9914:12 August
9883:11 August
9742:12 August
9700:ReliefWeb
9667:reliefweb
9569:Geography
9552:11 August
9485:11 August
9437:3 October
9411:11 August
9377:11 August
9328:11 August
9117:12 August
9085:12 August
9059:12 August
9007:12 August
8887:12 August
8737:110185015
8512:2212-4209
8463:12 August
8218:220297402
8148:129597697
7815:21 August
7783:21 August
7738:110385551
7558:CiteSeerX
7375:220297852
7090:0036-8075
7040:109582188
6137:12 August
6027:6 January
5721:0037-1106
5486:1420-9136
5445:2169-9313
5398:1943-3573
5351:1573-0956
5302:1880-5981
5253:0094-8276
5206:8755-2930
4819:1573-0956
4772:1351-3958
4733:2196-4092
4709:(1): 15.
4621:12 August
4519:4 January
4427:1266-5304
4084:Hereafter
3971:Sri Lanka
3912:dysentery
3505:mangroves
3354:1,740,000
2827:Sri Lanka
2788:Indonesia
2718:Cape Town
2517:Kawthaung
2310:Ernakulam
2256:Alappuzha
2252:Ernakulam
2238:Malayalam
2095:Koh Lanta
2008:Thai Navy
1959:high tide
1910:Hikkaduwa
1833:Sri Lanka
1815:Sri Lanka
1712:Pulau Weh
1652:Indonesia
1531:Vancouver
1462:(21
1456:Tad Murty
1371:HMS
1329:longitude
1314:mainshock
1241:Lake Toba
1172:Numerous
1124:Sunda Arc
1115:volatiles
1109:) at the
1017:Kamchatka
967:foreshock
920:Sri Lanka
703:Rugby Aid
643:Sri Lanka
618:Indonesia
519:Sri Lanka
465:Indonesia
457:epicentre
387:intensity
336:3°18′58″N
327:Epicentre
303:Magnitude
286:UTC+08:00
284:08:58:53
280:UTC+07:00
278:07:58:53
274:UTC+06:30
272:07:28:53
104:Indonesia
14330:Thailand
14060:Iraq War
13317:Agencies
11424:December
11392:November
11300:February
11245:Thailand
11225:Maldives
11220:Malaysia
11118: –
11102: –
11096:Archived
11057:Archived
11027:Archived
10994:11 March
10988:Archived
10953:11 March
10944:Archived
10918:17367371
10866:Archived
10850:CBS News
10818:Archived
10793:22 April
10787:Archived
10783:BBC News
10761:Archived
10736:Archived
10710:Archived
10640:Archived
10636:BBC News
10610:Archived
10585:11 March
10579:Archived
10549:Archived
10496:Archived
10466:Archived
10437:Archived
10339:Archived
10317:Archived
10285:Archived
10281:BBC News
10258:11 March
10252:Archived
10221:Archived
10204:37844215
10195:10622908
10137:18633091
10071:Archived
10051:6 August
10042:Archived
9964:Archived
9944:13 April
9938:Archived
9908:Archived
9904:BBC News
9874:Archived
9849:NBC News
9828:Archived
9807:20 March
9798:Archived
9710:11 March
9704:Archived
9680:10 March
9671:Archived
9644:11 March
9638:Archived
9614:Archived
9589:40574342
9546:Archived
9511:22 April
9505:Archived
9476:Archived
9447:cite web
9402:Archived
9371:Archived
9346:Archived
9319:Archived
9259:Archived
9255:BBC News
9229:Archived
9200:Archived
9079:Archived
9001:Archived
8911:Archived
8907:BBC News
8881:Archived
8855:Archived
8851:BBC News
8832:25251413
8824:16892886
8755:Archived
8686:Archived
8660:Archived
8656:BBC News
8630:Archived
8534:Archived
8530:BBC News
8457:Archived
8378:Archived
8345:Archived
8312:Archived
8285:Archived
8255:Archived
8222:Archived
8152:Archived
8082:Archived
8039:Archived
8003:Archived
7971:Archived
7809:Archived
7804:BBC News
7777:Archived
7751:4 August
7742:Archived
7661:Archived
7617:Archived
7587:Archived
7533:3 August
7524:Archived
7520:23896058
7454:Archived
7422:11312069
7414:15947179
7292:Archived
7241:Archived
7158:cite web
7098:15947180
7044:Archived
6937:Archived
6907:Archived
6903:BBC News
6870:10258905
6862:16753660
6781:Archived
6777:BBC News
6750:Archived
6721:Archived
6696:Archived
6659:Archived
6629:Archived
6580:Archived
6454:Archived
6416:Archived
6348:Archived
6289:Archived
6226:Archived
6201:Archived
6108:ABC News
6090:tsunami.
6077:Archived
5969:Archived
5965:BBC News
5870:30721065
5862:15905391
5809:Archived
5778:Archived
5660:Archived
5542:Archived
5151:Archived
5067:15944691
5000:27869948
4992:15905395
4939:Archived
4906:Archived
4615:Archived
4595:20 March
4586:Archived
4582:43739943
4574:15905392
4431:Archived
4317:24 April
4311:Archived
4188:See also
3805:Iraq War
3742:Krakatoa
3464:aquifers
3436:Khao Lak
3102:Tanzania
3060:Malaysia
3021:Maldives
2903:Thailand
2769:Missing
2766:Injured
2714:Rooi-Els
2617:island.
2615:Langkawi
2600:Malaysia
2561:Puntland
2423:Maldives
2417:Maldives
2318:Karaikal
2233:Basilica
2147:and the
2076:Khao Lak
2058:Khao Lak
2054:Thailand
1993:and the
1967:Khao Lak
1955:Thailand
1945:Thailand
1930:Maradana
1920:Beruwala
1898:Weligama
1849:Beruwala
1767:Meulaboh
1615:Simeulue
1583:Khao Lak
1494:diffract
1310:antipode
1306:(P) wave
1279:Oklahoma
924:Maldives
922:and the
916:Thailand
908:Malaysia
892:Simeulue
798:Timeline
788:Category
648:Thailand
628:Maldives
623:Malaysia
562:Simeulue
550:faulting
531:Khao Lak
482:and the
469:undersea
393:MMI IX (
306:9.2–9.3
295:Duration
112:Meulaboh
14366:Somalia
14354:Myanmar
14280:Portals
13438:History
12414:Cyclone
12332:Related
11379:Chūetsu
11372:October
11342:Baladeh
11235:Somalia
11230:Myanmar
11143:and/or
11131:YouTube
10896:Bibcode
10164:Bibcode
10128:2509591
10024:Bibcode
9794:3451210
9774:Bibcode
9209:26 June
9146:Bibcode
8976:26 June
8717:Bibcode
8492:Bibcode
8198:Bibcode
8126:Bibcode
7718:Bibcode
7498:Bibcode
7394:Science
7355:Bibcode
7301:3 April
7186:(Video)
7150:(Video)
7128:(Video)
7106:9702107
7070:Science
7020:Bibcode
6812:Bibcode
6665:5 March
6534:20 July
5895:26 June
5842:Bibcode
5833:Science
5701:Bibcode
5644:Bibcode
5583:Bibcode
5516:Bibcode
5425:Bibcode
5378:Bibcode
5329:Bibcode
5280:Bibcode
5233:Bibcode
5186:Bibcode
5075:4321796
5039:Bibcode
4972:Bibcode
4963:Science
4886:21 June
4799:Bibcode
4711:Bibcode
4554:Bibcode
4546:Science
4371:Bibcode
4343:16 June
4202:Scholia
3916:typhoid
3904:cholera
3851:tsunami
3818:Andaman
3752:on the
3716:Sumatra
3704:≥ 8.3 M
3529:Chennai
3344:125,000
3339:227,898
3334:184,167
2979:Myanmar
2944:Somalia
2887:647,599
2849:516,150
2810:500,000
2798:167,540
2793:130,736
2553:Xaafuun
2545:Garacad
2537:Somalia
2531:Somalia
2477:Myanmar
2471:Myanmar
2388:Hut Bay
2298:Sumatra
2279:Chennai
2208:Chennai
2128:in the
2099:surfing
2091:Ao Nang
2080:Sumatra
1987:Phi Phi
1879:Koggala
1771:Leupung
1730:Lhoknga
1690:Apung 1
1426:Tsunami
1390:Jason-1
1369:vessel
1080:Andaman
928:Lhoknga
912:Myanmar
859:of the
793:Commons
718:WaveAid
660:Finland
638:Somalia
633:Myanmar
495:tsunami
461:Sumatra
405:Tsunami
395:Violent
256: (
229:7453151
13984:France
13979:Turkey
13974:Canada
13964:Norway
13599:UNICEF
13292:Others
11411:Nabire
11307:Nabire
11139:has a
11019:
10982:
10916:
10668:Nature
10368:
10332:, and
10202:
10192:
10184:
10135:
10125:
10117:
9792:
9587:
8830:
8822:
8735:
8572:
8510:
8453:"Home"
8416:
8216:
8146:
7963:
7736:
7667:9 June
7653:
7623:9 June
7560:
7518:
7420:
7412:
7373:
7104:
7096:
7088:
7038:
6868:
6860:
6251:Xinhua
6234:Slate.
5868:
5860:
5719:
5638:(1A).
5608:16 May
5484:
5443:
5396:
5349:
5300:
5251:
5231:(17).
5204:
5113:
5088:16 May
5073:
5065:
5030:Nature
4998:
4990:
4817:
4770:
4731:
4680:
4647:18 May
4580:
4572:
4469:
4437:2 June
4425:
4204:has a
3997:Legacy
3456:sewage
3349:43,789
3043:15,000
2875:16,269
2870:12,405
2842:21,411
2837:35,322
2832:35,322
2805:37,063
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2651:Impact
2611:Penang
2324:. The
2314:Kerala
2306:Kollam
2248:Kerala
2177:Kerala
1979:Ranong
1963:Phuket
1934:Matara
1775:Calang
1716:Sabang
1587:Penang
1579:Phuket
1498:Kerala
1268:joules
1180:, the
961:. The
955:Flores
740:Garron
665:Norway
558:Alaska
529:) and
467:. The
242:ComCat
116:Kerala
108:Korean
14390:2000s
14342:India
13954:Japan
13949:USAID
13815:ALNAP
13780:Adeso
13713:Oxfam
13579:UNHCR
13492:Post
12722:Bihar
12418:flood
12286:2020s
12175:2010s
12084:2000s
11210:India
10947:(PDF)
10936:(PDF)
10320:(PDF)
10313:(PDF)
10288:(PDF)
10277:(PDF)
10045:(PDF)
10012:(PDF)
9877:(PDF)
9866:(PDF)
9801:(PDF)
9790:JSTOR
9762:(PDF)
9736:(PDF)
9729:(PDF)
9674:(PDF)
9663:(PDF)
9585:JSTOR
9479:(PDF)
9472:(PDF)
9405:(PDF)
9398:(PDF)
9322:(PDF)
9311:(PDF)
9203:(PDF)
9178:(PDF)
9111:(PDF)
9104:(PDF)
8970:(PDF)
8963:(PDF)
8828:S2CID
8733:S2CID
8562:(PDF)
8406:(PDF)
8348:(PDF)
8337:(PDF)
8225:(PDF)
8214:S2CID
8186:(PDF)
8155:(PDF)
8144:S2CID
8114:(PDF)
8085:(PDF)
8068:(PDF)
8042:(PDF)
8031:(PDF)
8006:(PDF)
7999:(PDF)
7974:(PDF)
7957:(PDF)
7892:(PDF)
7885:(PDF)
7745:(PDF)
7734:S2CID
7706:(PDF)
7527:(PDF)
7516:S2CID
7486:(PDF)
7457:(PDF)
7446:(PDF)
7418:S2CID
7371:S2CID
7295:(PDF)
7270:(PDF)
7211:(PDF)
7204:(PDF)
7102:S2CID
7047:(PDF)
7036:S2CID
7008:(PDF)
6979:(PDF)
6968:(PDF)
6940:(PDF)
6933:(PDF)
6866:S2CID
6419:(PDF)
6412:(PDF)
6374:Aviso
6170:(PDF)
6159:(PDF)
5866:S2CID
5663:(PDF)
5628:(PDF)
5602:(PDF)
5571:(PDF)
5545:(PDF)
5504:(PDF)
5082:(PDF)
5071:S2CID
5025:(PDF)
4996:S2CID
4589:(PDF)
4578:S2CID
4542:(PDF)
4459:(PDF)
4255:Notes
4206:topic
4181:Nasum
4173:Burst
4159:Music
4112:Kayal
3979:USAID
3319:1,000
3271:Kenya
3239:Yemen
3085:5,000
3005:3,200
2991:–600
2963:5,000
2928:7,000
2923:2,817
2918:8,457
2913:8,212
2908:5,395
2882:3,874
2865:India
2726:Oxfam
2630:Yemen
2607:Kedah
2576:Hafun
2549:Mudug
2511:Myeik
2504:Dawei
2155:India
1983:Trang
1975:Satun
1971:Krabi
1890:coast
1888:Galle
1858:. In
1845:Galle
1800:coast
1798:Sigli
1373:Scott
959:Timor
904:India
613:India
527:India
440:UTC+7
319:Depth
235:USGS-
120:India
14294:Asia
13989:OECD
13944:CERF
13775:BRAC
13754:CALP
13668:CARE
13627:ICRC
13584:OCHA
13494:WWII
13282:2023
13275:2022
13268:2019
13261:2016
13254:2015
13247:2007
13240:2002
11355:July
11135:The
11084:'s
11065:2020
11035:2019
11017:ISBN
10996:2019
10980:ISSN
10955:2019
10914:PMID
10826:2021
10795:2006
10744:2012
10718:2023
10684:2023
10648:2012
10618:2005
10587:2019
10557:2020
10504:2020
10474:2019
10398:2007
10366:ISBN
10347:2013
10328:2013
10296:2012
10260:2019
10200:PMID
10182:ISSN
10133:PMID
10115:ISSN
10079:2019
10053:2013
9972:2012
9946:2011
9916:2010
9885:2021
9809:2019
9744:2010
9712:2019
9682:2019
9646:2019
9554:2021
9513:2006
9487:2021
9453:link
9439:2019
9413:2021
9379:2021
9330:2021
9267:2012
9237:2012
9211:2011
9119:2010
9087:2010
9061:2010
9035:2012
9009:2010
8978:2011
8945:2012
8919:2012
8889:2010
8863:2012
8820:PMID
8789:2012
8763:2012
8694:2019
8668:2012
8638:2022
8605:2011
8570:ISBN
8542:2012
8508:ISSN
8465:2010
8414:ISBN
8386:2020
8356:2017
8320:2018
8293:2015
8263:2020
8233:2018
8163:2018
8093:2016
8050:2016
8014:2016
7982:2016
7961:ISBN
7933:2016
7900:2016
7851:2018
7817:2014
7785:2014
7753:2016
7669:2016
7651:ISBN
7625:2016
7595:2015
7535:2016
7465:2015
7410:PMID
7303:2016
7249:2016
7219:2016
7164:link
7094:PMID
7086:ISSN
7055:2016
6987:2016
6948:2016
6915:2016
6884:link
6858:PMID
6789:2010
6758:2016
6704:2016
6667:2015
6637:2016
6588:2016
6562:2012
6536:2012
6462:2016
6427:2016
6356:2016
6344:NASA
6297:2016
6209:2016
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