858:) will be floated up, to foster an interbank money market. From 2013 to 2014, the most widely used informal black market rate will be completely eliminated. The informal exchange rates are used for most daily transactions, while the overvalued official exchange rate is used to calculate government revenue and state-owned enterprises. There are other informal exchange rates, such an exchange rate used by UN agencies and international NGOs (450 kyat to US$ 1 in 2010), a customs rate, and an official market rate. Such discrepancies have distorted national accounts (since firms are required to report all transactions in Burmese kyat at the official rate) and reduced transparency and accountability. According to some banking sources, the official exchange rate will be raised and set at 820 kyat per USD. On 2 April 2012, the
875:
75:
672:, said that the country was undergoing a 3-step process in reforming the media regulation: (1) relaxation of regulations to allow individual publications to exercise self-censorship and accountability, (2) promulgation of a new print media law, (3) regulation of print media through the new print media law. On a similar note, Yi Htut, the Information and Public Relations Division's Director-General stated that the new media law would avoid the extremes of the past, outline journalists' rights and responsibilities and that he was in consultation with
945:. The legislation seeks to set "'benchmarks and guidelines' on sanctions relief by calling on the U.S. Secretary of State to assess and make recommendations regarding modifying or lifting sanctions, with a focus on issues such as democracy and ethnic reconciliation." The legislation would also authorize humanitarian aid; authorize economic aid to support Burmese civil society groups; create a Burma-America Development Fund to foster private-sector investment; and authorize limited military-to-military relations.
982:"Ultimate power still rests with the army so until we have the army solidly behind the process of democratisation we cannot say that we have got to a point where there will be no danger of a U-turn. Many people are beginning to say that the democratisation process here is irreversible. It's not so. We must wait until after the elections to find out whether or not there have been real changes. And depending on these changes, there should be suitable changes in policy."
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25:
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783:-approved legislation that allows for labour unions with at least 30 members, the right to strike, given 2 weeks' notice. This law, effective 9 March 2012, also provides for punishment of employers who dismiss workers on strike or unionised workers with up to a year in prison and a fine of 100,000 kyat, as well punishment of workers who stage illegal strikes, with up to a year in jail and a fine of 30,000 kyat.
3456:
595:, a weekly news journal published an article that highlighted 6 ministries: the Ministry of Information, Ministry of Mines, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Ministry of Industry 1 and Ministry of Industry 2, as misusing funds and misstating finances, based on internal parliamentary audit reports. Two days later, the Ministry of Mines announced that it would file a lawsuit against the journal.
615:. Although the discussions were not publicised, the state media reported that "the two sides have agreed to set aside the differences and work together in matters of common interests that will really benefit the country and the people" Aung San Suu Kyi's ability to travel freely throughout the country is seen as an improvement compared to her trips in 2003 which met with a
542:
2394:(14 September 2016): "The Obama administration has done much to reward Myanmar, also known as Burma, for its transformation. The White House restored full diplomatic relations in 2012 and rolled back many of the sanctions. Most significantly, U.S. companies may now do business with companies in Myanmar, with some exceptions."
865:
In March 2012, a draft foreign investment law emerged, the first in more than 2 decades. This law would oversee unprecedented liberalisation of the economy. Foreigners will no longer require a local partner to start a business in the country, because they will be able to legally lease land. The draft
798:
of planting bombs, destroying bridges and trading in illegal drugs. Insurgent groups have resumed fighting since a 2008 ceasefire in opposition to the new constitution of
Myanmar that requires all armed forces be under the control of the national Defense Service. Peace talks were held in November to
622:
Aung San Suu Kyi's party, National League for
Democracy boycotted the 2010 election. The election law enacted by the SPDC did not allow ex-prisoners to become members of registered political parties. If NLD decided to register, it would have to expel its members who were imprisoned. But in November,
688:(NHRC) consisting of 15 retired bureaucrats and academics. Analysts have questioned the panel's will and ability to challenge the government, but the commission has challenged the President's claims that there are no political prisoners in Myanmar, calling for all political prisoners' release.
1062:
Myanmar lacks an independent, impartial and effective judiciary, which is not only essential for its transition to democracy but also necessary to uphold the rule of law, ensure checks and balances on the executive and the legislative, and safeguard human rights and fundamental freedoms in
1027:
and failing to meet international standards. The law requires would-be protesters to seek permission from township police five days in advance, including such details on the demonstration as the slogans to be used, and gives authority arbitrary powers to deny citizens the right to protest.
933:
to the country, the U.S. announced several initiatives, including the removal of some curbs on foreign aid, aimed at re-engagement with
Myanmar, a step toward the restoration of full diplomatic relations. In January 2012, following the release of prominent political prisoners including
481:
held on 1 April 2012 after the government abolished laws that led to the NLD's boycott of the 2010 general election. She led the NLD in winning the by-elections in a landslide, winning 41 out of 44 of the contested seats, with Aung San Suu Kyi herself winning a seat representing
1083:
and
Burmese government soldiers. According to the report, forced labour and military conscription, blockage of international aid, attacks on civilians and private properties, rape and torture, as well as use of landmines, continue to be practised in the country.
642:, said that censorship is incompatible with democratic practices and should be abolished. A presidential adviser has indicated that press censorship will be abolished in 2012 under new media legislation. In September 2011, several banned websites including
665:(National Parliament), borrows some language from similar laws in Cambodia, Indonesia and Vietnam. The draft law, which is adapted from the 1962 Printers and Publishers Registration Law, will not be submitted during the second parliamentary session.
793:
The government has however, denied the presence of other human right issues such as alleged army abuses against ethnic minorities, claiming that in ethnic areas, only local insurgent groups violate human rights. The government has accused the
853:
is currently embarking on a plan to unify the country's multiple exchange rate system. From April 2012 to April 2013, the official exchange rate of 6.4 kyats to US$ 1 (a rate that has not changed since 1977, when it was pegged to the IMF's
637:
The government has relaxed press and internet censorship laws, for example allowing photographs of Aung San Suu Kyi to be published on the front page of local newspapers. Tint Swe, the head of the country's censorship authority, the
1907:
827:(Burmese currency) by about 25 percent. In response, the government relaxed import restrictions and abolished export taxes. Despite current currency problems, the Burmese economy is expected to grow by about 8.8 percent in 2011.
913:
have called for further action, such as the unconditional release of all political prisoners, as a prerequisite for the lifting of international sanctions on the
Myanmar government. The United States appointed a special envoy,
1099:. However, many human rights activists and people in Burma believe that this ethnic hatred is a direct result of military rule, as the military promoted an extreme form of Burman nationalism during the years 1962–2011.
711:
remained in prison. The government also approved the NHRC's suggestion to relocate political prisoners so that their family members can easily contact them. There are varying definitions of "political prisoner", but
776:, there are currently 176 political prisoners, in Burmese prisons. On 23 July 2013, another amnesty was announced and 73 political prisoners were released, but about 100 political prisoners were still remained.
528:
and advance voting. Nevertheless, on 15 May 2008, the junta announced that the constitution had been approved by 92.4% of voters, claiming a 99% turnout in the two-thirds of the region that had held the vote.
584:(US$ 38), along with a daily wage increase of 1,100 to 2,100 kyat ($ 1.40–$ 2.70) for full-time employees, purportedly to tackle corruption in the government. The law will be effective 1 April 2012, when the
532:
An election was held in 2010. The military backed Union
Solidarity and Development Party declared victory. The United Nations and Western countries expressed concerns about the conduct of the elections.
2714:
2329:
1004:
Despite these initial signs of progress, it remained unclear how far the reforms would go, and numerous conflicts between the government and the country’s ethnic minority militias remained unresolved.
1000:, the country's civil liberties rating improved from 7 to 6, because of increased public discussion and news and politics media coverage, and reduced restrictions on education. The report also noted:
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law also stipulates that
Burmese citizens must constitute at least 25% of the firm's skilled workforce, and with training, increased in increments of 25% up to 75% in subsequent years.
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Two general amnesties were held in 2011 releasing between 10,000 and 40,000 prisoners, although only about 300 of them are considered political prisoners by monitor groups such as the
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Experts caution that the reforms will be disproved by the hardliners and probably lead to counterrevolution. But, Minister U Kyaw Hsan said there is no intention to retract reforms.
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has observed that military representatives and MPs have not necessarily voted on party lines on important issues, noting that party organisations are still relatively undeveloped.
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2008:
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has said that the reforms can still be reversed and urged observers to wait until after the 2012 by-elections and any subsequent policy changes to make a better assessment:
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The motives of such reforms are also debated. Marie Lall, a BBC South Asia analyst attributes Burma's bid for the Asean chair in 2014, the needs to reform the economy for
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announced that it had forwarded a draft of a new media and press law to the
Attorney General's Office for review. The draft law, which will need to be approved by the
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legislature's seats for military, is seen by the opposition as a tool for continuing military control of the country. A constitution referendum was held in 2008 amid
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visited
Myanmar on 1 December 2011, to encourage further progress; it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years. United States President
401:
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Burma was under military rule from 1962 to 2010. In 2008, the ruling Junta, State Peace and
Development Council, announced the new constitution as a part of
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increased from US$ 300 million in 2009–10 to a US$ 20 billion in 2010–11, (about 667%). The large inflow of capital resulted in a stronger valuation of the
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2523:
623:
the government erased the clause in a parliamentary section. After the amendments, NLD leaders have unanimously decided to register for the by-election.
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minority suffered further repression in part because "Free speech empowered preachers of anti-Muslim hatred." This atmosphere led to events such as the
1458:
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1978:
1821:
1590:
938:, the U.S. and Myanmar restored full diplomatic relations and exchanged ambassadors, though further ties would be dependent on additional reforms.
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are routinely stripped of their license to practice law, while sentences are arbitrarily administered. A March 2012 United Nations report states:
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has criticised a new assembly law, the Law Relating to Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Procession, signed on 2 December 2011, for restricting the
2066:
773:
692:
1799:
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834:, foreign exchange certificates, and multiple exchange rates. On request of the government to alleviate its souring currency conditions, an
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1312:
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In September 2016, the Cardin-McCain Burma Strategy Act of 2016, a piece of bipartisan proposed U.S. legislation, was introduced to the
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has pointed out irregularities in voter lists, rule violations by local election committees and vote-buying practices by the
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and the NLD consider Myanmar to have 600 political prisoners. On 13 January 2012, another amnesty was announced, freeing
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was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010. After her release, she held a series of dialogues with President
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Neither Western sanctions nor Asian constructive engagement should be credited for what we are witnessing today.
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490:. However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between
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Although the government has been applauded for the reforms, many countries remain "cautiously optimistic".
375:
259:
105:
1079:, where 75,000 civilians have been displaced, since hostilities broke out in 2011 between the rebel group
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3228:
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Ironically, after the military regime started to lift autocratic controls, the already persecuted Muslim
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was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."
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undertaken by the military-backed government. These reforms include the release of pro-democracy leader
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system, which remains politicised and closely tied to the government. For instance, lawyers who defend
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820:
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226:
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3105:
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1080:
795:
116:
786:
On 16 March 2012, the Ministry of Labour signed a memorandum of understanding with the ILO to end
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274:
2381:
Editorial: Myanmar has made a lot of progress but not enough that all sanctions should be lifted
2152:
Export diversification and economic growth: the experience of selected least developed countries
1250:
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3078:
2648:
855:
812:
3343:
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1123:
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has resumed sending aid which was suspended after the 2007 killing of a Japanese journalist.
713:
632:
487:
455:
289:
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and the government's desire to win the election in 2015 as the main motives of the reforms.
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reporters. As of March 2012, various organisations have identified upwards of 619 remaining
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3134:
3095:
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2950:
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997:
942:
721:
513:
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has approved Myanmar's bid for the chairmanship in 2014. United States Secretary of State
8:
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38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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838:(IMF) team visited Myanmar in October. After the visit, the government allowed private
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Progress report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar
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557:, and reconciliation, although the motives of such reforms are still debated.
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visited one year later, becoming the first US president to visit the country.
3493:
3363:
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2841:
2826:
2816:
2709:
2576:"Burma's push for freedom is held back by its institutionally corrupt courts"
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1281:
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began trading at the new reference exchange rate of 818 kyat to 1 US dollar.
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342:
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458:, and regulations of currency practices. As a consequence of the reforms,
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report, released in March 2012, states that human rights abuses by the
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347:
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906:
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U.S. senators set bill to keep focus on rights in Myanmar – document
545:
Aung San Suu Kyi appears on front pages after decades of censorship.
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1149:
1088:
1072:
816:
700:
612:
491:
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were a series of political, economic and administrative reforms in
327:
1583:"Burma undergoing 'three-step' media reform: information minister"
573:
of all public sector employees, including soldiers, an additional
2763:
2093:"Exclusive: Myanmar to float currency in 2012/13, unify FX rates"
1908:"Myanmar law allowing labor unions and strikes comes into effect"
1348:
772:(AAP has identified 413) in jail. As of April 2013, according to
733:
643:
517:
435:
419:
66:
2150:
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2004).
2033:"Taste of democracy sends Burma's fragile economy into freefall"
2322:"Clinton to Visit Myanmar as Dissident Leader Rejoins Politics"
2185:"UPDATE 1-Myanmar to set kyat at 820 per dollar-bank officials"
883:
673:
483:
332:
524:. Observers criticised the referendum for voter intimidation,
891:
459:
2299:"Clinton Says U.S. Will Relax Some Curbs on Aid to Myanmar"
1520:"Media law to protect rights of journalists, says ministry"
839:
824:
581:
570:
322:
1461:. Australia Network News. 22 November 2011. Archived from
926:
Following the government reforms in 2011 and the visit of
918:, to chart a new policy from Myanmar away from isolation.
2617:(Report). United Nations General Assembly. Archived from
2483:"Myanmar Invites Americans and Europeans to Monitor Vote"
695:(AAPP). After the second general amnesty, some prominent
549:
Nevertheless, the government has embarked reforms toward
2239:"Exclusive: Myanmar drafts new foreign investment rules"
1313:"The Voice to be sued after alleging ministries' errors"
921:
430:
and subsequent dialogues with her, establishment of the
1705:"Viewpoint: Has a year of civilian rule changed Burma?"
1177:"US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to visit Burma"
807:
Since 2011, Myanmar has embarked on policy reforms of
1613:"Burma's press reform will be 'evolutionary process'"
1551:"Press law to wait until next hluttaw session: govt"
2001:"Burma leaders hold peace talks with ethnic armies"
1796:"Myanmar: Final push on political prisoners needed"
1402:"Suu Kyi party launches Myanmar political comeback"
1243:"The Slow Thaw of Burma's Notorious Military Junta"
830:Myanmar has a complex foreign exchange system with
2779:
2422:"Myanmar's Suu Kyi says reforms could be reversed"
2031:
1486:"Burmese junta relaxes access to foreign websites"
2320:Fuller, Thomas; Landle, Mark (18 November 2011).
2124:Myanmar: the state, community and the environment
1916:. Associated Press. 10 March 2012. Archived from
1459:"Burma says it plans to abolish press censorship"
1429:"Burma censor chief calls for more media freedom"
16:Liberal reforms by the military-backed government
3491:
2269:"US appoints Burma special envoy Derek Mitchell"
2023:
1766:"US Envoy Told 619 Political Prisoners in Burma"
1735:"High-profile dissidents freed in Burma amnesty"
1277:"Burma Announces Wage Increase for Govt Workers"
1075:continue, especially in border regions, such as
2645:"Rights Group: Abuses in Burma Despite Reforms"
1483:
1341:
1240:
1145:"Obstacles lie ahead in Burma's bid for reform"
2516:"Burma: New Law on Demonstrations Falls Short"
2510:
2508:
2064:
2029:
1344:"Myanmar's Suu Kyi holds talks with president"
774:Assistance Association for Political Prisoners
693:Assistance Association for Political Prisoners
516:. The constitution, which reserves 25% of the
2748:
2705:"The Rohingyas: Apartheid on the Andaman Sea"
2236:
1426:
395:
2319:
1879:"Burma Govt Releases 73 Political Prisoners"
1559:. Vol. 31, no. 613. Archived from
1526:. Vol. 31, no. 612. Archived from
898:has approved Burma's bid for chair in 2014.
2505:
2402:
2400:
1548:
779:In October 2011, the government passed new
684:The government has convened an independent
2755:
2741:
2675:"Burma: Reforms Yet to Reach Kachin State"
1848:"Myanmar set to release some 70 prisoners"
1702:
1142:
402:
388:
73:
2419:
1673:"Myanmar 'to move key jailed dissidents'"
1513:
1511:
1310:
869:
703:have been released, while others such as
295:Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
2609:
2397:
1517:
1376:"Burma Eases Limits on Party Membership"
1274:
873:
668:In March 2012, Minister of Information,
640:Press Scrutiny and Registration Division
540:
2642:
2605:
2603:
2352:"US to exchange ambassadors with Burma"
1902:
1900:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1643:"Burma sets up human rights commission"
1199:
1050:The country still lacks an independent
3492:
2567:
2543:
2541:
2480:
2232:
2230:
2121:
2067:"Burma tells IMF of economic optimism"
1965:
1963:
1508:
1217:from the original on 23 September 2011
1041:Union Solidarity and Development Party
2736:
2610:Quintana, Tomás Ojea (7 March 2012).
2462:from the original on 11 November 2013
2420:Ljunggren, David (29 February 2012).
2332:from the original on 18 November 2011
2309:from the original on 1 December 2011.
2205:
2145:
2143:
1763:
1715:from the original on 17 November 2011
1653:from the original on 24 November 2011
1484:Andrew Buncombe (17 September 2011).
1439:from the original on 18 November 2011
1382:from the original on 28 November 2011
1187:from the original on 20 November 2011
1157:from the original on 18 November 2011
922:Improvement in U.S.-Burmese relations
494:and local insurgent groups continue.
3455:
2762:
2655:from the original on 13 October 2014
2600:
2573:
2549:"Western Election Observers Invited"
2444:
2362:from the original on 13 January 2012
2182:
2065:Joseph Allchin (23 September 2011).
2030:Joseph Allchin (20 September 2011).
1981:from the original on 2 February 2016
1897:
1885:from the original on 2 November 2013
1876:
1858:from the original on 2 November 2013
1822:"Burma Frees 56 Political Prisoners"
1788:
1745:from the original on 13 January 2012
1691:
1496:from the original on 20 October 2011
1306:
1304:
1270:
1268:
676:experts with regard to the new law.
598:
569:passed a law that will increase the
285:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
18:
2914:State Peace and Development Council
2538:
2227:
1960:
1824:. Voice of America. 22 April 2013.
1356:from the original on 25 August 2011
1236:
1234:
1232:
1207:"Burma 'approves new constitution'"
504:State Peace and Development Council
416:2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms
128:State Peace and Development Council
13:
2685:from the original on 22 March 2012
2588:from the original on 28 March 2012
2526:from the original on 17 March 2012
2493:from the original on 22 March 2012
2432:from the original on 10 March 2012
2279:from the original on 16 April 2011
2249:from the original on 16 March 2012
2183:Ngui, Yantoultra (20 March 2012).
2140:
1828:from the original on 26 April 2013
1623:from the original on 22 March 2012
1342:Aung Hla TunHla (19 August 2011).
1323:from the original on 15 March 2012
14:
3546:
2717:from the original on 13 June 2015
2126:. ANU E Press. pp. 118–120.
2103:from the original on 8 March 2012
1301:
1265:
1241:Andrew Marshall (11 April 2011).
781:International Labour Organization
3466:
3454:
3443:
3442:
2481:Fuller, Thomas (21 March 2012).
2208:"Myanmar Sets Rate for Currency"
2011:from the original on 18 May 2013
1427:Rachel Harvey (8 October 2011).
1229:
878:Thein Sein meets U.S. President
686:National Human Rights Commission
432:National Human Rights Commission
23:
2697:
2667:
2643:Pittman, Todd (20 March 2012).
2636:
2474:
2413:
2374:
2344:
2313:
2291:
2261:
2237:Aung Hla Htun (16 March 2012).
2206:Barta, Patrick (2 April 2012).
2199:
2176:
2154:. United Nations Publications.
2115:
2085:
2058:
2046:from the original on 1 May 2022
1993:
1932:
1870:
1840:
1814:
1802:from the original on 1 May 2013
1757:
1727:
1665:
1635:
1605:
1589:. 19 March 2012. Archived from
1575:
1549:Yadana Htun (6 February 2012).
1542:
1477:
1451:
1420:
1143:David Loyn (19 November 2011).
679:
3510:Political movements in Myanmar
2410:, Reuters (13 September 2016).
1940:"Myanmar to end forced labour"
1764:Nyein, Nyein (16 March 2012).
1703:Marie Lall (7 November 2011).
1394:
1368:
1335:
1169:
1136:
974:In a February 2012 interview,
815:, foreign investment laws and
473:Aung San Suu Kyi's party, the
1:
2574:Ross, James (20 March 2012).
1129:
1119:2015 Myanmar general election
1037:National League for Democracy
1015:
764:, and a number of imprisoned
626:
617:government sponsored massacre
560:
508:2010 Myanmar general election
497:
475:National League for Democracy
255:National League for Democracy
3505:Political history of Myanmar
3500:Internal conflict in Myanmar
3123:State Administration Council
2869:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1518:Myo Lwin (30 January 2012).
1097:2015 Rohingya refugee crisis
802:
376:Foreign relations of Myanmar
260:88 Generation Students Group
139:State Administrative Council
106:Internal conflict in Myanmar
7:
3525:Burmese democracy movements
2924:2011–2015 political reforms
1877:Weng, Lawi (24 July 2013).
1311:Myo Thant (14 March 2012).
1102:
948:
836:International Monetary Fund
718:88 Generation Student Group
10:
3551:
1275:Ba Kaung (14 March 2012).
630:
603:The pro-democracy leader,
536:
501:
486:in the lower house of the
3438:
3304:
3236:
3227:
3175:
3166:
3044:
3035:
2958:
2949:
2792:
2780:Myanmar is also known as
2778:
2774:
766:Democratic Voice of Burma
648:Democratic Voice of Burma
586:2012 Burmese by-elections
300:National Unity Government
79:The fighting peacock flag
32:This article needs to be
3049:Administrative divisions
1093:2012 Rakhine State riots
1081:Kachin Independence Army
796:Kachin Independence Army
756:, former prime minister
720:activists Min Ko Naing,
117:Burmese Way to Socialism
3419:Twelve Auspicious Rites
3200:Myanmar kyat (currency)
2458:. Freedom House. 2012.
2386:8 November 2020 at the
2213:The Wall Street Journal
2122:Wilson, Trevor (2007).
1056:prisoners of conscience
928:U.S. Secretary of State
860:Central Bank of Myanmar
851:Central Bank of Myanmar
844:foreign exchange market
813:currency exchange rates
697:prisoners of conscience
659:Ministry of Information
366:Human rights in Myanmar
275:U.S. Campaign for Burma
95:Post-independence Burma
65:Democracy movements in
60:Part of a series on the
1065:
1006:
990:
962:
887:
870:International reaction
856:special drawing rights
546:
305:People's Defence Force
2069:. DVB. Archived from
1798:. 27 September 2012.
1675:. AFP. Archived from
1404:. AFP. Archived from
1124:2021 Myanmar protests
1060:
1002:
980:
969:ASEAN Free Trade Area
952:
877:
714:Amnesty International
657:In January 2012, the
654:have been unblocked.
633:Censorship in Myanmar
544:
442:, institution of new
3256:Environmental issues
3215:Units of measurement
2862:First Toungoo Empire
2651:. Associated Press.
2456:Freedom in the World
2073:on 26 September 2011
1948:. AFP. 17 March 2012
1649:. 6 September 2011.
1183:. 18 November 2011.
1043:. On 21 March 2012,
998:Freedom in the World
799:reach a compromise.
514:roadmap to democracy
270:Free Burma Coalition
185:Roadmap to democracy
2894:Japanese occupation
2847:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2406:Patricia Zengerle,
2358:. 13 January 2012.
2305:. 1 December 2011.
1913:The Washington Post
1741:. 13 January 2012.
1253:on 1 September 2011
770:political prisoners
565:In March 2012, the
484:Kawhmu Constituency
440:political prisoners
371:Politics of Myanmar
3479:Outline of Myanmar
3195:Telecommunications
3111:commander-in-chief
2904:Socialist Republic
2852:Kingdom of Mrauk U
2679:Human Rights Watch
2520:Human Rights Watch
2487:The New York Times
2326:The New York Times
2303:The New York Times
1679:on 25 January 2013
1530:on 29 October 2012
1408:on 24 January 2013
1114:Saffron Revolution
1069:Human Rights Watch
1021:Human Rights Watch
888:
886:, 19 November 2012
821:Foreign investment
750:Saffron Revolution
663:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
591:On 12 March 2012,
567:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
547:
488:Myanmar Parliament
477:, participated in
162:Saffron Revolution
3530:Reform in Myanmar
3487:
3486:
3434:
3433:
3271:Human trafficking
3223:
3222:
3162:
3161:
3130:Political parties
3069:Foreign relations
3031:
3030:
2822:Myinsaing Kingdom
2788:
2787:
2681:. 20 March 2012.
2522:. 15 March 2012.
2392:Los Angeles Times
2275:. 15 April 2011.
2169:978-92-1-120369-1
2160:20.500.12870/2774
2133:978-0-7315-3811-9
1852:The Myanmar Times
1619:. 19 March 2012.
1556:The Myanmar Times
1524:The Myanmar Times
1033:2012 by-elections
842:to engage in the
699:such as comedian
599:Political reforms
551:liberal democracy
438:of more than 200
412:
411:
265:Burma Campaign UK
167:Spring Revolution
53:
52:
3542:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3446:
3445:
3404:National symbols
3234:
3233:
3190:Opium production
3173:
3172:
3042:
3041:
2956:
2955:
2874:Konbaung dynasty
2776:
2775:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2713:. 13 June 2015.
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2099:. 6 March 2012.
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:on 11 March 2012
1904:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:. 24 July 2013.
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1776:on 17 March 2012
1772:. Archived from
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1700:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1593:on 22 March 2012
1587:The Mizzima News
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1465:on 23 April 2012
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:on 15 March 2012
1285:. Archived from
1272:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1249:. Archived from
1238:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1140:
1045:Aung San Suu Kyi
1025:right to protest
988:
987:Aung San Suu Kyi
976:Aung San Suu Kyi
960:
652:Voice of America
605:Aung San Suu Kyi
456:press censorship
454:, relaxation of
424:Aung San Suu Kyi
404:
397:
390:
358:
338:Aung San Suu Kyi
315:
247:
208:
197:2021 coup d'état
189:New constitution
177:
149:
87:
77:
57:
56:
48:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3535:Democratization
3520:2012 in Myanmar
3515:2011 in Myanmar
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3430:
3409:Public holidays
3300:
3296:Sex trafficking
3219:
3158:
3096:Law enforcement
3027:
3003:Protected areas
2945:
2857:Toungoo dynasty
2832:Sagaing Kingdom
2807:Pyu city-states
2784:
2770:
2761:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2624:on 4 April 2012
2621:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2555:. 21 March 2012
2553:Radio Free Asia
2547:
2546:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2398:
2388:Wayback Machine
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
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2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2314:
2297:
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2235:
2228:
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2204:
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2148:
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2106:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2039:The Independent
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1906:
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1886:
1875:
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1820:
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1815:
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1779:
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1670:
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1654:
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1626:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1563:on 25 July 2013
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1490:The Independent
1482:
1478:
1468:
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1456:
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1409:
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1369:
1359:
1357:
1340:
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1309:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1273:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1213:. 15 May 2008.
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1105:
1018:
989:
986:
961:
958:
951:
931:Hillary Clinton
924:
872:
809:anti-corruption
805:
682:
635:
629:
601:
563:
539:
526:electoral fraud
510:
502:Main articles:
500:
464:Hillary Clinton
408:
356:
313:
280:Generation Wave
245:
206:
195:
193:Reforms of 2011
191:
187:
175:
147:
85:
80:
49:
43:
40:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3485:
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3476:
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3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
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3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3210:Transportation
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3147:Prime Minister
3144:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:Women's rights
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
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3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Union of Burma
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Karenni States
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Kingdom of Ava
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Thaton Kingdom
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2696:
2666:
2635:
2599:
2566:
2537:
2504:
2473:
2443:
2412:
2396:
2373:
2343:
2312:
2290:
2260:
2226:
2198:
2175:
2168:
2139:
2132:
2114:
2084:
2057:
2022:
1992:
1959:
1931:
1896:
1869:
1839:
1813:
1787:
1756:
1726:
1690:
1664:
1634:
1604:
1574:
1541:
1507:
1476:
1450:
1419:
1393:
1367:
1334:
1300:
1264:
1228:
1198:
1168:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1031:Regarding the
1017:
1014:
984:
956:
950:
947:
923:
920:
916:Derek Mitchell
871:
868:
804:
801:
762:Nay Phone Latt
681:
678:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
600:
597:
575:cost-of-living
562:
559:
538:
535:
522:Cyclone Nargis
499:
496:
492:Myanmar troops
410:
409:
407:
406:
399:
392:
384:
381:
380:
379:
378:
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360:
359:
357:Related topics
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3327:
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3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
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3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:Ethnic groups
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
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3235:
3232:
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3208:
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3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
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3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:military rule
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
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3062:
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3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
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3038:
3034:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Deforestation
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:2007 protests
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:8888 Uprising
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
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3344:Censorship
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3118:Parliament
3059:Corruption
2983:Ecoregions
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627:Censorship
609:Thein Sein
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3276:Languages
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2998:Mountains
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3329:Capitals
3281:Religion
3101:Military
3091:Conflict
3037:Politics
3013:Wildlife
2934:Protests
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2683:Archived
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2491:Archived
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1063:Myanmar.
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3168:Economy
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2973:Climate
2963:Borders
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2452:"Burma"
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2243:Reuters
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744:leader
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314:Figures
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