39:
3104:
3044:
3037:
2987:
2980:
2915:
2890:
2865:
727:, unanimously approved Abadi’s reforms, and also announced their own plan to replace the system of awarding governmental positions to party loyals with professional recruitment criteria. On 16 August 2015, Abadi issued a second package of reforms, considerably reducing the number of ministries. After August 2015, weekly protests over perceived corruption and mismanagement and Baghdad's failure to provide basic services such as electricity held on, peacefully, into the next year.
407:
1171:
3111:
1389:
475:, ruling Iraq since 2003, holding that governmental posts and power should be proportionally distributed over the political parties or over the "ethnic, religious and sectarian groups" of Iraq, had, according to many analysts and protesters, led to twelve years of incompetent government up to 2015, failing public services, neglected infrastructure, massive youth unemployment (30% in 2014), political
1166:, reaping enormous profits from Iraq's natural riches, profits that stayed out of reach and out of sight of the average Iraqi citizens who were hardly even hired for work on the oil installations where the companies employed mostly foreign nationals rather than the local Iraqis around Basra, jobless and (as stated above) often deprived of basic supplies.
1155:) – Shiite parties that often were presumed to be under Iranian influence and were presumed to be protecting their corrupt, rifling personnel. Iraqi citizens often didn’t feel themselves heard nor represented by those politicians; the only Member of Parliament known to have expressed solidarity with the protesters in 2018 was
759:, which often resulted in unqualified ministers and other officials, had often been criticized for encouraging such corruption. Therefore, Abadi in February 2016 had proposed a fundamental change to the cabinet, replacing the party-affiliated ministers with non-partisan "professional and technocratic figures and academics".
1360:
On 8 September 2018, a student was shot dead by one of those militias in Basra because he was protesting outside their office. The three-way-tensions in Basra between tribes, militias and government had for a long time been exacerbated by unclearness and confusion over the separation of competencies
821:
to do what he had announced in
February: install a "government of independent technocrats" free of influence from "the political blocks" within parliament. On 31 March, those "blocks" gave in and agreed to pass Abadi's new cabinet within ten days. Sadr ended his sit-in and asked his followers to end
961:
again, hundreds of them this time broke through the barricades of the Green Zone and stormed the parliament, and occupied the parliament's chamber. Security forces again did not clash with protesters, nor attempted to stop them from entering the parliament; members of a
Sadrist armed group checked
801:
in a main street near the Green Zone in
Baghdad and then set up tents for a sit-in, to pressure the parliament to agree with PM Abadi's plan for replacing party-affiliated cabinet ministers with non-partisan people. In his call on 17 March, Sadr had branded the Green Zone "a bastion of support for
1191:
in June, just like previous years demanding improved public services and jobs. The protest movement this year was hardly or not organised, and not united behind one clear goal or agenda; it consisted of at best loosely connected groups, often with (partly) different grievances or motivations. The
903:
are the reason for the failure of the government," protesters explained. That
Tuesday, only a handful of ministers were approved by the parliament, the voting couldn’t be completed due to disruptive behaviour of a dozen Members of Parliament, throwing water bottles towards the Prime Minister and
718:
needed to be "more daring and braver in his reforms" combatting the corruption in his government: Abadi "should make the political parties accountable and identify who is hampering the march of reform, whoever they are", Mr al-Safi added. Similar protests were held that day in Shiite cities like
969:
Then, on a call from
Muqtada al-Sadr to evacuate the parliament and set up tents outside, the protesters set up a camp on the lawn outside the parliament and, by pulling barbed wire across an exit road, effectively stopped some scared MP's from fleeing the parliament building and the chaos.
722:
Two days later already, on 9 August, Abadi released a first package of reforms, including the abolition of a great number of non-essential government posts responsible for vast expenditures. On 11 August, the Iraqi parliament, pressured by the mass protests and the appeals from
1291:
outbreak in Basra, caused by contaminated drinking water, evoked a second, more violent outburst of protests that year. The tap water in Basra being severely contaminated brought 30,000 people in need of medical treatment within ten days. Citizens and officials suspected
962:
the entering protesters on the carriage of explosives while the remaining thousands of Sadr's protesters at the gates chanted: "Peaceful !" Some protesters nevertheless began ransacking or rampaging parts of the parliament building. Security forces declared a
1301:
promised to address the water pollution crisis in Basra, but offered no specifics. Later that day, the heavy rioting in Basra began, with demonstrators setting the Basra governor's building on fire; seven protesters that day were shot dead by security forces.
1005:, demanding an overhaul and replacement of the High Electoral Commission (election committee) which they, on the orders of al-Sadr, accused of corruption. Sadr himself claimed, that the commission members were loyal to his Shia rival and former prime minister
857:
followers protested in
Baghdad for reforms. For three weeks, up to 26 April, in which parliament repeatedly failed to vote on a new cabinet list, the parliament could not agree on a new line-up of non-partisan ministers, proposed by PM Abadi.
1373:", and called further demonstrations off. Another leader of those September protests, sheikh Wessam al-Gharrawi, was killed in November 2018 by unknown attackers. Protests in Basra lasted at least until December 2018 (and Iraqi protests
802:
corruption" but also asked his followers to refrain from violence should they be stopped by security forces. Riot police initially blocked the protesters but then relented and let them march almost to the entrance of the Zone. Waving
1031:
for the same purposes as in
February: the accusation that the Iraqi election committee would be "corrupt" and that therefore, unless that committee would be overhauled, al-Sadr and his (Shiite) followers would boycott the upcoming
1587:
2805:
2501:
2473:
1296:
to have pumped contaminated water into Iraqi territory. On 3 September, one of the leaders of the protests, tribesman Makki Yassir al-Kaabi, was killed in Basra by security forces. Early on 4 September, Prime
Minister
454:(distributing ministerial positions including budgets over 'ethnic and religious groups', thus undermining and obliterating any sense of Iraqi national unity) were considered the root of most of those Iraqi problems.
1266:
announced $ 3 billion in emergency funds to restore water, electricity and health services in Basra and develop further infrastructure and promised jobs for civilians living near the oil fields and in Basra.
666:
office, protesting the electricity blackouts, chanting: "You are stealing from us in the name of religion", and saying: "Those people have high salaries and electricity 24 hours a day." On 2 August, in
2027:
1369:
again promised extra funds for Basra, like he had pledged in July 2018. Around 10 September, the organisers of the protests in Basra disassociated themselves from the violence which they blamed on "
853:"Days of chaos" in parliament followed, the sit-in-rebelling MPs on 14 april "voted to dismiss speaker al-Jabouri", in presumably a procedurally invalid voting. On 18 April 2016, again thousands of
2323:
1987:
529:, a city in the centre of the southern Iraqi oil industry but with a relatively low socio-economic development and living standard, was the shortage of fresh drinking water, due to five factors:
2104:
3011:
899:
Hundreds of thousands of Sadr-followers that day gathered in Tahrir Square in
Baghdad and marched towards the heavily-fortified Green Zone, chanting that politicians "are all thieves". "The
440:
against the corruption and incompetence in their government which according to analysts and protesters had led to long-running problems in electricity supplies, clean water availability,
2191:
1085:
The main, and often shared, cause for protests in 2018 was the failing of basic, public services, like electricity supplies in (parts of) Iraq and clean drinking water especially around
1579:
631:). During the protest on 16 July, a man was killed in a clash with police. On another protest on 19 or 20 July in Basra, again "violence erupted". Those protests spread to more cities.
2699:
2555:
2529:
1545:
2388:
1097:
A third, and connected, cause of protests was the very high unemployment in Iraq, especially under youths, who felt marginalized and cut out of opportunities by that same corrupt and
1779:
1732:
1192:
protesting mood was tightened when on 8 July in Basra a first protester was shot dead by security forces. Soon, the protests spread through all southern and central Iraq (where
2595:
2301:
2797:
2465:
1009:. Security forces fired tear gas and rubber-coated bullets at the protesters; five protesters and two policemen were killed, 320 protesters and seven police officers wounded.
2497:
2444:
1048:
Just like in the summers of 2015 and 2016, protests in Iraq's south were held also in the summer of 2017 in response to corruption, unemployment and failing public services.
2132:
1033:
522:) – was the government's inability to reliably provide electricity, which was commonly provided only twelve hours a day but often in the cities only a few hours per day.
896:), and "compel" them to accept the prime minister's reforms, and again protest against the government’s failure to provide basic commodities like water and electricity.
2633:
2272:
2059:
1690:
888:, where the government and parliament are based, to "frighten" MPs from "powerful parties" unwilling to approve the cabinet's reshuffle, announced by Prime Minister
1128:
which between 1998 and 2018—according to Iraqi officials—had cut more than half of their water flowing to Iraq, specifically contributing to the water shortages in
308:
2416:
1484:
1211:, but due to strong security measures around the oil installations there was no risk of Iraq's oil production being seriously disrupted. On Friday 13 July, in
1143:
Furthermore, there was (connected) anger over the inability and/or unwillingness of the quarreling political parties in the newly elected parliament since the
1452:
2019:
706:
who was (and is) regarded as the voice of Shiite moderation, revered by millions of Iraqis, and Iraq's "supreme religious authority". In a sermon during the
1979:
1417:
822:
theirs. Within two weeks, however, the "heads" of those "political blocks" in parliament changed their minds and between them again agreed to maintain "
2776:
2244:
3145:
2729:
1919:
1812:
2096:
576:
empties; similarly, Iraqi officials have stated that Iran at times pumped contaminated water, left over from its farmlands, towards Iraqi territory;
2750:
942:, in a televised news conference again condemnded the political deadlock, criticised the "corrupt and quotas" – backed later by Iraqi President
1262:. By 20 July, ten protesters had been killed, by security forces or by rivalling civilian groups or individuals. Around 20 July, Prime Minister
950:
cannot be delayed" – and stated that he was "waiting for the great popular uprising and the major revolution to stop the march of the corrupt".
2187:
2691:
2551:
1942:
1535:
2525:
1163:
301:
2663:
1771:
1724:
767:
Weekly protests over financial and administrative corruption and the lack of basic services were still going on, since August 2015 (see
2844:
2157:
2587:
2297:
1649:
755:
to create a sense of political unity, to improve the failing economy, and to cut off the political and financial corruption. Iraq's
3068:
2440:
582:
Iraq's infrastructure generally was crumbling; specifically, the neglect of Iraq's water management had allowed saltwater from the
2859:
2368:
1112:
in the forming of a new Iraqi government; stagnation of the Iraqi economy being blamed on
Iranian-backed Iraqi Shia parties like
294:
2128:
2625:
3006:
2276:
1235:
for a while, and government offices were sacked. On 14 or 15 July, the Internet in the Iraqi Shi'ite heartland (the country
2055:
3083:
3016:
1686:
785:, around 17 March 2016 backed these protesters, and asked his followers to start a sit-in on 18 March at the gates of the
3063:
1305:
On 6 September 2018, more official buildings in Basra were set on fire; on 6 or 7 September the offices of the state-run
1342:
947:
900:
847:
823:
756:
642:, which they blamed on government corruption. On Saturday, 1 August, another protest was held in Basra, in front of the
468:
448:
92:
2408:
843:
146:
139:
1834:
38:
2924:
2874:
1350:
1276:
1144:
1137:
1125:
782:
1476:
2939:
1871:
1444:
1916:"Social Protest in Iraq and Reality of the Internal Shia Dispute (section: 'Rising factors of social discontent')"
379:
360:
353:
1151:, to form a government and start heeding the many needs of the Iraqi population (even by late December 2018 the
2974:
2837:
1232:
187:
838:
of Parliament, Salim al-Jabouri, ended a parliamentary session before parliament could vote on Prime Minister
1020:-type rockets purportedly were fired at the Green Zone from within Baghdad, but with no casualties reported.
487:
violence, economic underdevelopment, and had therefore already for years drawn widespread popular criticism.
744:
603:
499:
3140:
3130:
3053:
2248:
1412:
1407:
1374:
1066:
613:
429:
384:
279:
2949:
2944:
2768:
2721:
1341:, Iraq's most prominent Shia cleric, that day stated: the suffering of Basra is the result of "successive
1152:
1098:
3226:
1915:
1808:
850:" and "the heads of political blocks". (Another source counted "more than 100 MPs" holding that sit-in.)
617:
411:
365:
3088:
3058:
1842:
1208:
794:
683:
525:
Another long-running problem triggering the Iraqi protests in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, especially in
616:(oil generating 96% of the state's income) and a strong increase of military expenditures (due to the
3171:
3166:
2830:
1835:"Iraq: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption (section 'The Muhasasa power-sharing agreement')"
1017:
152:
3231:
3078:
495:
340:
123:
912:
On 30 April 2016, again the Iraqi parliament didn't vote on the full proposal of Prime Minister
3221:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3181:
2659:
1334:
846:) to rebel against speaker Jabouri and begin a sit-in inside the parliament, chanting against "
389:
374:
370:
335:
1809:"Social Protest in Iraq and Reality of the Internal Shia Dispute (section: 'Economic crisis')"
1365:, twelve protesters were killed, and 75 protests were counted. On 8 September, Prime Minister
1309:
TV station in Basra were attacked. On Friday, 7 September, protesters stormed and torched the
3216:
3206:
3196:
3186:
3176:
1345:" and "cannot change if the new government would be formed on the same basis and standards".
2153:
3073:
2929:
1326:
1228:
1216:
826:
and deepen the influence of the political blocks over top government posts and decisions".
262:
135:
8:
3120:
2996:
2959:
2954:
1540:
1402:
1236:
1197:
1062:
663:
491:
425:
348:
330:
235:
1061:
The motives for the public protests in Iraq in 2018 were at least partly the same as in
803:
687:
620:) strongly affected the state's ability to satisfy the needs and demands of the people.
612:) escalated in the summer of 2015 into public street protests when a lasting decline in
3021:
3001:
2964:
1220:
1113:
963:
835:
659:
318:
43:
Scenes from the streets of Iraq during demonstrations across the country, 11 March 2016
30:
2226:
1622:
3031:
2744:
2360:
1879:
1362:
1330:
1259:
1258:, was burnt on a main street. In two weeks in July 2018, 46 protests were counted in
1247:
1224:
1129:
1120:'; Iran cutting off its electricity supplies to Iraq, early 2018; Iranian dams along
643:
498:
had been suppressed by detainment and intimidation of the organizers. His successor,
245:
1321:
while chanting: "Iran out, out!" Also the headquarters in Basra of most Iran-backed
1215:, protesters targeted offices of parties and militias with close ties to Iran (like
3125:
1361:
between the local and the federal authorities. Between 3 and 10 September 2018, in
1251:
998:
939:
877:
503:
479:
and self-enrichment of politicians hence corruption hence a depleted public purse,
1337:, and of all further political parties connected to Iran, were torched. Ayatollah
2934:
2909:
1946:
1366:
1353:, tweeted at Prime Minister Abadi: "quickly release Basra's money and give it to
1346:
1298:
1263:
1156:
1024:
1006:
984:
925:
913:
889:
866:
854:
839:
818:
810:
778:
741:
715:
702:
groups, the one on 7 August was backed by "the powerful Shiite factions", and by
1094:
The incompetence and corruption of the federal as well as the local authorities;
2884:
2864:
2692:"Two protesters killed in clashes with Iraqi police as unrest spreads in south"
1338:
1246:
around 15 July 2018 spoke out in support of the protesters. On 15 July, In the
1243:
916:
for replacing party-affiliated cabinet ministers with non-partisan people (see
724:
703:
579:
Streams and canals in southern Iraq had become clogged with trash being dumped;
3160:
2822:
2154:"The political crisis rocking Baghdad and why it matters for the war on ISIS"
1883:
1178:’ in southern and central Iraq where most of the protests in 2018 took place.
798:
714:, ahead of the demonstration that day, al-Sistani stated that Prime Minister
707:
569:
210:
205:
2466:"State of emergency declared in Baghdad as protesters take Iraqi parliament"
2361:"Sadr followers storm into Baghdad's Green Zone, political crisis deepens -"
646:
office, over frequent electricity blackouts and salty tap water (see above,
2899:
1318:
1314:
1012:
The Iraqi security forces sealed off routes leading to Baghdad’s fortified
797:
is based. So, on Friday, 18 March, thousands of Sadr-supporters held their
698:". In contrast to the demonstration of 31 July which had been organized by
639:
583:
506:
had become less open but the mechanisms of corruption were still in place.
444:
interference in Iraqi politics, high unemployment, and a stagnant economy.
256:
2020:"Iraqi protesters burn pictures of Khomeini in Basra (including a VIDEO)"
1394:
1239:) was blocked by the authorities, to stop the spreading of the protests.
591:
rainfall in Iraq was decreasing as an effect of the global climate change
2188:"Iraq's former Prime Minister Maliki said behind troubles in parliament"
880:, on Tuesday 26 April 2016 called on his supporters to show up again in
502:
with promises of tough action against corrupt practices, and indeed the
1687:"Water bottles thrown in Iraqi parliament as thousands take to streets"
1354:
1306:
1193:
1175:
1148:
1013:
988:
954:
953:
Thousands of Sadr's followers after that speech of Al-Sadr came to the
943:
929:
885:
870:
814:
786:
772:
699:
651:
496:
government under then-ruling prime minister Nouri al-Maliki (2006–2014)
224:
156:
2798:"Iran flights to Iraq's Najaf redirected to Baghdad: Iranian state TV"
1580:"'We've had enough': Baghdad protests challenge Iraq's prime minister"
806:, the protesters chanted: "Yes, yes, to Iraq; no, no, to corruption!"
2498:"Thousands of Iraqis protest in central Baghdad to press for reforms"
2245:"Moqtada al-Sadr's followers begin anti-corruption sit-in in Baghdad"
1370:
1121:
861:
668:
562:
542:
538:
476:
286:
201:
168:
2626:"'Yellow Jackets' inspire protesters thousands of miles from France"
2056:"Prominent protest figure in Iraq's Basra assassinated - Iraqi News"
1279:
still dragging on, the money promised in July 2018 to help overcome
514:
The most obvious failure – blamed by analysts and protesters on the
2364:
1132:; Iran polluting Iraqi drinking water resources (especially around
842:'s proposed new cabinet list. That incited more than 170 MPs (in a
695:
590:
196:
103:
Oil companies making large profits in Iraq while Iraqis stayed poor
1980:"In Basra, PM Abadi condemns 'unacceptable' Iran consulate attack"
1287:) still hadn't materialised by September 2018. Early September, a
1207:
On 10 July 2018, protesters around Basra blocked roads leading to
1170:
2324:"Protests in Baghdad throw administration's Iraq plan into doubt"
1322:
1288:
1201:
1109:
1028:
1002:
958:
881:
790:
711:
682:
On Friday 7 August 2015, several thousand protested at Baghdad's
655:
635:
231:
214:
192:
177:
1725:"Mass protests sweep Iraq, target pro-Iran militias and parties"
557:
had diminished those rivers on Iraqi territory; for the city of
462:
2392:
1872:"Thousands of Iraqis protest against corruption and power cuts"
1772:"More turmoil in Iraq as deadly protests ravage oil-rich south"
1117:
994:
935:
921:
873:
775:
691:
676:
546:
534:
266:
227:
130:
2552:"At Baghdad rally, Iraq cleric threatens to boycott elections"
2298:"Thousands Of Iraqis Answer Moqtada al-Sadr's Call To Protest"
907:
757:
system of sharing government positions among political parties
1280:
1212:
1188:
1133:
1086:
1037:
991:
932:
675:, hundreds protested over electricity and corruption, and in
672:
624:
573:
558:
550:
526:
221:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1650:"Muhasasa, the political system reviled by Iraqi protesters"
1623:'Iraq: Sadr supporters in mass protest for political reform'
762:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3043:
3036:
2986:
2979:
2914:
2889:
2588:"Seven dead, more than 30 wounded in southern Iraq's rally"
2395:
shall be fulfilled by an absolute majority of its members".
1943:'Why water is a growing faultline between Turkey and Iraq'.
1310:
1293:
1255:
1105:
1078:
586:
to leak into southern Iraqi farmland and freshwater canals;
554:
484:
480:
441:
252:
242:
165:
61:
2409:"Thousands of protesters storm Iraq parliament green zone"
1349:, leader of the largest coalition in parliament since the
768:
752:
2230:
1896:
1626:
1043:
627:, triggered mainly by the poor electricity supplies (see
568:
Citizens accused Iran of throwing saline drainage in the
2660:"Two killed in protests on Friday: Iraq health ministry"
983:
On Saturday 11 February 2017, thousands of followers of
901:
political quotas and the parties that control everything
597:
500:
Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi, had taken office in 2014
2441:"Thousands of protesters break into Baghdad Green Zone"
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1536:"Analysis: How violent protests in Iraq could escalate"
920:), because too few members (less than the 165 members
829:
679:
a thousand people protested over poor public services.
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
978:
747:, he had promised to stamp out corruption (see above,
634:
On Friday 31 July 2015, hundreds protested in capital
2129:"Iraqis protest over power outages and poor services"
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
710:
delivered by his aide and spokesman Ahmed al-Safi in
1793:
1384:
1091:
which many protesters considered to be a symptom of:
997:
and also oppositional politician of political party
572:
river, the Iraqi river into which the Iranian river
2769:"Badr militia security guard kills Iraqi protester"
2171:
2123:
2121:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1275:Due to negotiations for a new government since the
1036:. Al-Sadr instead incited his followers to join a "
438:
in 2015 up until 2018 often and massively protested
2267:
2265:
1953:
862:Massive demonstration against 'quotas and parties'
3146:2020 Kurdish protests in Sulaymaniyah Governorate
2762:
2760:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1357:to start at once with (…) development projects".
1099:clientelist political class and political economy
604:Haider al-Abadi § Prime Minister (2014–2018)
3158:
2722:"Katyusha rockets fired at Iraq's Basra airport"
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2227:'Iraqi Shia protesters storm Baghdad parliament'
2118:
1855:
1533:
1153:installation of a full cabinet was not completed
735:
2273:"Thousands demonstrate at Baghdad's Green Zone"
2262:
1913:
1806:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1418:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
1242:Just like in 2015, the Shi'ite Grand Ayatollah
563:new dams around 2009 in the Iranian river Karun
2852:
2757:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2041:
2001:
1471:
1469:
492:2011, demonstrations against the corruption of
2838:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2340:
2275:. muscatdaily.com. 2016-04-19. Archived from
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
1938:
1936:
1023:On Friday, 24 March 2017, again thousands of
608:All the years of smouldering discontent (see
463:Twelve years incompetent and corrupt politics
302:
173:Attacking, torching political party's offices
2549:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1666:
1618:
1616:
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1610:
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1606:
1604:
1174:Map of Iraq (in 2003) indicating the Iraqi ‘
2749:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2719:
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908:Occupation of parliament by Sadr-supporters
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2520:
2518:
2403:
2401:
2205:
1933:
1643:
1641:
1639:
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1635:
1477:"Corruption Continues to Destabilize Iraq"
1270:
1147:, especially the parties chosen by Iraq’s
647:
628:
309:
295:
2766:
2526:"Violence grips protest rally in Baghdad"
2492:
2490:
2233:, 30 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
2097:"The violent protests in Iraq, explained"
1704:
1629:, 26 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
1601:
1182:
1162:Another stone of offence were the large,
1056:
1001:– held a protesting rally in the capital
763:Civilian sit-in, pressing for new cabinet
638:over the enduring problem of electricity
2677:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2435:
2433:
2290:
2094:
1826:
1746:
1559:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1169:
1136:) by throwing saline drainage into that
813:also started his own sit-in, inside the
509:
161:Attacking, torching governmental offices
2515:
2398:
2190:. middleeasteye.net. 16–18 April 2016.
2146:
1950:, 4 July 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
1647:
1632:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1164:foreign, oil companies in southern Iraq
1116:that were perceived as instruments of '
1108:on Iraq: Iranian officials meddling in
3159:
2713:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2487:
1445:"One Killed as Iraqi Protests Rage on"
1317:and pictures of Iran's Supreme Leader
1044:Against corruption, failing government
658:marched from the vicinity of the holy
650:). The same day, a large crowd in the
316:
2826:
2569:
2430:
2389:Iraqi Constitution (2005), article 57
1769:
1534:Robin-D'Cruz, Benedict (2018-09-11).
1430:
1313:consulate in Basra. They also burned
824:the political power-sharing agreement
719:Basra, Najaf, Nasiriyah and Karbala.
598:2015: Protests and reform resolutions
290:
3069:1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq
1878:. Agence France-Presse. 2015-08-07.
1833:Schöberlein, Jennifer (2020-12-10).
1498:
948:regime of party and sectarian quotas
830:Parliament blocks renewal of cabinet
690:, chanting: "All of you together to
113:Competent and non-corrupt government
2609:
1555:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
979:Protests against election committee
13:
1839:U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre
938:and leader of the political party
844:parliament counting only 329 seats
783:second largest party in parliament
753:2015, he had set out a reform plan
623:In July 2015, protests sparked in
14:
3243:
2095:Williams, Jennifer (2018-09-07).
1689:. middleeasteye.net. 2016-04-26.
3109:
3102:
3042:
3035:
2985:
2978:
2913:
2888:
2863:
1387:
1375:would be resumed in October 2019
1104:Presumed negative influences of
1027:followers protested in downtown
406:
405:
157:governmental district of Baghdad
37:
3064:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
3007:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
2808:from the original on 2019-10-09
2790:
2779:from the original on 2019-10-09
2732:from the original on 2019-09-30
2702:from the original on 2018-09-29
2666:from the original on 2018-07-21
2636:from the original on 2019-01-06
2598:from the original on 2019-10-09
2558:from the original on 2017-03-25
2543:
2532:from the original on 2020-07-26
2504:from the original on 2020-07-26
2476:from the original on 2018-11-27
2458:
2447:from the original on 2016-05-02
2419:from the original on 2016-05-01
2382:
2371:from the original on 2020-03-06
2304:from the original on 2016-04-30
2194:from the original on 2016-04-20
2160:from the original on 2016-04-22
2135:from the original on 2020-05-14
2107:from the original on 2019-11-30
2062:from the original on 2019-10-06
2030:from the original on 2018-07-24
1990:from the original on 2019-10-06
1922:from the original on 2020-07-26
1815:from the original on 2020-07-26
1782:from the original on 2019-10-09
1735:from the original on 2019-09-11
1693:from the original on 2016-04-29
1590:from the original on 2020-05-31
1548:from the original on 2019-10-06
1487:from the original on 2020-03-28
1455:from the original on 2019-10-09
1070:
1016:. Later that day, six or seven
748:
648:section 'Long-running problems'
609:
565:had been especially disastrous;
519:
3084:1996 Iraqi coup d'état attempt
3017:1966 Iraqi coup d'état attempt
3012:1965 Iraqi coup d'état attempt
2930:1931–1932 Ahmed Barzani revolt
2767:Catherine, John (2018-07-21).
1914:Harith al-Hasan (2015-08-30).
1807:Harith al-Hasan (2015-08-30).
1233:Al Najaf International Airport
1198:prevailing or strongly present
904:preventing him from speaking.
876:and leader of political party
725:Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani
704:Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani
188:Al Najaf International Airport
16:Protests starting in July 2015
1:
3099:Republic of Iraq (since 2003)
1770:Turak, Natasha (2018-07-19).
1423:
1138:Tigris–Euphrates river system
1126:Tigris–Euphrates river system
946:who agreed that "burying the
736:Developments up to early 2016
457:
452:quota agreements of 2003–2006
3032:Republic of Iraq (1968–2003)
2940:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
1648:Ibrahim, Arwa (2019-12-04).
1187:Protests in 2018 started in
533:Upstream dams in the rivers
84:Lack of reliable electricity
7:
2925:1922 Mahmud Barzanji revolt
2910:Kingdom of Iraq (1921–1958)
2875:1919 Mahmud Barzanji revolt
1380:
848:the power-sharing agreement
380:2019–2021 Lebanese protests
366:2019 Gaza economic protests
361:2019–2021 Algerian protests
354:2019–2022 Sudanese protests
78:Poor basic services, like:
10:
3248:
3089:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
3059:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2975:Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
2885:Mandatory Iraq (1920–1932)
2853:Protests and coups in Iraq
2720:Kurdistan24 (2018-09-08).
2322:Jaffe, Greg (2016-04-30).
2243:Saif Hameed (2016-03-18).
2131:. Al Jazeera. 2015-08-03.
1843:Transparency International
1277:May 2018 general elections
1145:May 2018 general elections
1034:Iraqi provincial elections
601:
3097:
3030:
3022:17 July Revolution (1968)
3002:Ramadan Revolution (1963)
2973:
2965:14 July Revolution (1958)
2908:
2883:
2858:
2247:. Reuters. Archived from
1284:
1237:south and east of Baghdad
1074:
917:
893:
398:
326:
274:
117:
109:
68:
56:
52:July 2015 – December 2018
48:
36:
28:
23:
3141:2019–2021 Iraqi protests
3136:2015–2018 Iraqi protests
3131:2012–2013 Iraqi protests
3054:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
2960:1948 Al-Wathbah uprising
2300:. ndtv.com. 2016-04-26.
1413:2019–2021 Iraqi protests
1408:2012–2013 Iraqi protests
1283:'s urgent problems (see
1256:Islamic Republic of Iran
1250:, a poster of Ayatollah
817:, urging Prime Minister
483:political infiltration,
385:2019–2021 Iraqi protests
124:Political demonstrations
24:2015–2018 Iraqi protests
3079:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
2156:. vox.com. 2016-04-19.
1271:Second wave of protests
1051:
973:
730:
341:2018 Jordanian protests
2950:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
2945:1936 Iraqi coup d'état
1183:First wave of protests
1179:
1057:Six causes for protest
892:in February 2016 (see
834:On 13 April 2016, the
809:Around 26 March 2016,
390:2021 Tunisian protests
375:2020 Egyptian protests
336:2018 Tunisian protests
186:Storming and blocking
164:Storming, torching an
2900:1920 Iraqi Revolution
2662:. Rudaw. 2018-07-21.
1343:governments of quotas
1254:, the founder of the
1173:
781:, also leader of the
745:came to power in 2014
664:provincial governor's
644:provincial governor's
510:Long-running problems
263:Members of Parliament
251:Burning a picture of
241:Burning a poster of
236:provincial governor's
3074:1991 Iraqi uprisings
2935:1933 Simele massacre
749:section ‘Background’
740:When Prime Minister
176:Attacking, torching
100:Iranian infiltration
81:Lack of fresh water,
3121:2011 Iraqi protests
2997:1959 Mosul uprising
2955:1943 Barzani revolt
1584:The Washington Post
1541:The Washington Post
1403:2011 Iraqi protests
1335:Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
543:contributory rivers
434:Iraqi citizens have
349:Sudanese Revolution
331:2018 Iraqi protests
3227:Second Arab Spring
2550:Ali Abdul-Hassan.
1351:May 2018 elections
1180:
964:state of emergency
924:) had showed up.
660:Imam Husayn Shrine
561:and surroundings,
319:Second Arab Spring
246:Ayatollah Khomeini
31:Second Arab Spring
3154:
3153:
1984:www.aljazeera.com
1654:www.aljazeera.com
1331:Badr Organisation
1327:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
1248:province of Basra
1229:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
1217:Kata'ib Hezbollah
1200:) and in capital
1130:Basra Governorate
469:elite cartel and
421:
420:
285:
284:
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3172:Protests in Iraq
3167:2010s in Baghdad
3126:2011 Duhok riots
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1252:Ruholla Khomeini
1176:Shiite heartland
999:Sadrist Movement
940:Sadrist Movement
878:Sadrist Movement
426:protests in 2011
409:
408:
321:
311:
304:
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288:
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248:in a main street
96:quota agreements
89:State corruption
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2500:. Kurdistan24.
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2470:Washington Post
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1947:Financial Times
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1449:Asharq al-Awsat
1443:
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1393:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1347:Muqtada al-Sadr
1273:
1185:
1157:Muqtada al-Sadr
1149:Shiite majority
1090:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1025:Muqtada al-Sadr
1007:Nouri al-Maliki
985:Muqtada al-Sadr
981:
976:
926:Muqtada al-Sadr
914:Haider al-Abadi
910:
890:Haider al-Abadi
867:Muqtada al-Sadr
864:
855:Muqtada al-Sadr
832:
819:Haider al-Abadi
811:Muqtada al-Sadr
779:Muqtada al-Sadr
765:
742:Haider al-Abadi
738:
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512:
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255:supreme leader
126:
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64:
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12:
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2818:
2804:. 2018-07-15.
2789:
2756:
2712:
2698:. 2018-07-16.
2676:
2646:
2632:. 2018-12-05.
2608:
2568:
2554:. Philly.com.
2542:
2528:. Al Jazeera.
2514:
2486:
2472:. 2016-04-30.
2457:
2429:
2415:. 2012-01-16.
2397:
2381:
2367:. 2016-04-30.
2339:
2314:
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2261:
2235:
2204:
2170:
2145:
2117:
2072:
2058:. 2018-11-18.
2040:
2026:. 2018-07-16.
2000:
1986:. 2018-09-10.
1952:
1932:
1918:. Al Jazeera.
1895:
1854:
1825:
1811:. Al Jazeera.
1792:
1745:
1731:. 2018-07-16.
1729:Jerusalem Post
1703:
1665:
1631:
1600:
1586:. 2015-08-07.
1558:
1497:
1483:. 2019-10-01.
1465:
1451:. 2018-07-20.
1428:
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1363:Basra province
1339:Ali al-Sistani
1272:
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1260:Basra province
1244:Ali al-Sistani
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799:Friday prayers
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708:Friday prayers
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3207:2018 in Iraq
3197:2017 in Iraq
3187:2016 in Iraq
3177:2015 in Iraq
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2773:Kurdistan24
2726:Kurdistan24
1395:Iraq portal
1355:clean hands
1122:tributaries
804:Iraqi flags
696:are thieves
688:Iraqi flags
686:, carrying
618:war on ISIL
217:main street
183:Road blocks
3161:Categories
2812:2018-07-16
2783:2018-08-30
2736:2019-02-15
2706:2018-07-20
2670:2018-08-30
2640:2019-02-15
2602:2018-09-05
2592:Yeni Şafak
2562:2020-04-18
2536:2017-02-12
2508:2017-02-11
2480:2020-04-18
2451:2016-04-30
2423:2018-08-30
2375:2016-05-01
2333:2016-05-17
2308:2016-04-30
2283:2016-04-30
2255:2016-04-30
2198:2016-04-30
2164:2016-04-30
2139:2020-04-18
2111:2019-02-15
2066:2019-10-02
2034:2018-07-20
2024:Al-Arabiya
1994:2019-02-15
1926:2020-04-18
1889:2023-02-23
1848:2022-10-19
1819:2020-04-18
1786:2018-07-20
1739:2018-08-30
1697:2016-04-30
1659:2022-10-19
1594:2020-04-18
1552:2019-10-02
1491:2019-11-04
1459:2018-08-30
1424:References
1209:oil fields
1194:Shia Islam
1014:Green Zone
955:Green Zone
944:Fuad Masum
886:Green Zone
815:Green Zone
795:parliament
793:where the
787:Green Zone
614:oil prices
602:See also:
458:Background
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180:'s offices
147:Parliament
145:Rampaging
140:Parliament
136:Occupation
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692:the court
669:Nasiriyah
541:or their
539:Euphrates
485:sectarian
477:patronage
197:elections
169:consulate
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129:Civilian
69:Caused by
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2777:Archived
2745:cite web
2730:Archived
2700:Archived
2696:ABC News
2664:Archived
2634:Archived
2630:NBC News
2596:Archived
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1371:vandals
1323:militia
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1124:to the
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178:militia
166:Iranian
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