599:, becoming the first socialistic government in the Americas. Once it was learned that Cuba would adopt a strict MarxistâLeninist political and economic system, opposition was raised not only by dissident party members, but by the United States as well. Fidel Castro's government seized private land, nationalized hundreds of private companiesâincluding several local subsidiaries of U.S. corporationsâand taxed American products so heavily that U.S. exports were cut half in just two years. The Eisenhower Administration then imposed trade restrictions on everything except food and medical supplies. As a result, Cuba turned to the Soviet Union for trade instead. The US responded by cutting all diplomatic ties to Cuba and has had a rocky relationship with the country ever since. In April 1961, a CIA-trained force of
637:(FMC) to integrate women into Cuban political, social, and economic life and to eradicate prostitution. Castro and the M-26-7 also emphasized racial integration as a key platform of the movement, and after Batista's overthrow, the M-26-7 quickly desegregated public spaces and implemented reforms, such as the redistribution of land and improved government education and medical services, that disproportionately benefited the Afro-Cuban population. However, the M-26-7's racial policies have been criticized for repressing black political organization and for emphasizing pre-Revolution rhetoric that devalues racial consciousness and asserts that racism in Cuba has been ended by the Revolution despite the lingering presence of prejudiced and discriminatory attitudes on the island.
531:
Batista's soldiers and liberating and governing increasing amounts of territory taken from
Batista's control. The M-26-7 incorporated large numbers of peasant men and women into the ranks of the M-26-7 where they served as soldiers, collaborators, and informants to fight Batista's regime. Many peasant leaders were also affiliated with the PSP and used their connections with Communist Party members and sympathizers to recruit support for the M-26-7. Most notably, the Campesino Association, which had been an active Communist organization since 1934, allowed the M-26-7 to access and build on the network of peasant political organizing. The leaders of the
582:
strike spread and its popularity meant that a future nationwide strike could destabilize
Batista's regime enough to lead to his overthrow. However, a subsequent national strike held on 9 April 1958 ended up being a failure for the M-26-7 due to the preparedness of Batista's forces for such an event and poor communication between the M-26-7 and labor groups as to the time of the strike. Many M-26-7 members were also killed in firefights with the police and army as they tried to stage an armed uprising during the chaos.
1884:
544:
decrees. In return, the M-26-7 taxed the peasants under its control and enforced prison sentences and fines against those convicted of tax evasion as well as other crimes including banditry, the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana, and cockfighting. Castro created bureaucratic organizations to administer the rebel-controlled territories including the
AdministraciĂłn Civil para los Territorios Liberados (ACTL) in September 1958, which was active in the
2163:
816:
509:
cane fields and oil refineries, blocked bridges and trains, and attacked
Batista's soldiers, while in the cities, M-26-7 members cut telephone lines, coordinated strikes, kidnapped public figures, bombed government buildings, and assassinated government officials. The M-26-7 ran its propaganda operations to portray the violence of its actions in a positive light, and notable propaganda efforts included the broadcasting of
505:
hidden in the Sierra between April and August 1958, this campaign ended in a decisive failure for the development of the conflict. Finally, after two years of war, the rebels defeated the
Batista forces, causing them to flee to the Dominican Republic and take power 1 January 1959. At that time, they added around 20,000 to 30,000 guerrillas and the war had cost the lives of between 1,000 and 2,500 people.
285:
273:
261:
249:
38:
620:
Young
Catholic Workers (JOC). After the Bay of Pigs invasion, the M-26-7 closed more churches and detained a number of priests and bishops on 17 April 1961, and the Catholic Church was expelled from Cuba on 1 May in the wake of the nationalization of all private colleges and the expulsion of foreign priests from the island.
565:
headquarters from Havana to
Santiago. He also created six separate sections of the M-26-7 which were responsible for organization, labor outreach, civic resistance among the middle class, sabotage activities and an urban militia, propaganda, and a treasury to raise funds. PaĂs attempted to support Castro's landing from the
640:
Since 1959, 26 July has been celebrated as a national holiday in Cuba. Celebrations involving community mobilizations and programs, reenactments, and recitations occur on the local and national level each year to honor the
Moncada Barracks attack and the role of the M-26-7 in overthrowing the Batista
581:
Frank PaĂs's assassination by
Santiago police in July 1957 prompted mass demonstrations and worker strikes in the city that quickly spread across the island, leading to a nationwide general strike on 5 August 1957. Though the strike saw limited success, the M-26-7 believed that the speed at which the
543:
As they occupied increasing large parts of the rural countryside, the M-26-7 provided public services to local peasants ranging from elementary schooling and literacy education, setting up hospitals and medical services, maintaining toll roads, providing protection from bandits, and enacting laws and
614:
Despite the support that the M-26-7 received from many
Catholic students and priests during the fight against Batista, the movement's victory in 1959 created a split between the M-26-7 and Catholic Church, which resisted the agrarian reform program and what members of the Church saw as Castro's turn
508:
Sabotage and the dissemination of propaganda were key parts of the M-26-7's strategy in both the urban and rural theaters of operation and were used to generate an atmosphere of crisis and to destabilize the public and economic order of the Batista regime. In the countryside, guerrillas burned sugar
504:
The guerrillas increased their ranks to 400 men in February 1958. In comparison, the forces of Batista reached 50,000 men, but only 10,000 were able to be used at once to confront the guerrillas. Batista launched an offensive of 10,000 with air and land support to encircle and destroy the guerrillas
573:
on 30 November 1956, and after Castro and the surviving guerrillas regrouped in the Sierra Maestra, the guerrillas depended on their urban counterparts for medicines, weapons, ammunition, food, equipment, clothing, money, propaganda production, and domestic and international publicity. In addition,
475:
While the revolutionaries were setting up camp in the mountains, "Civic Resistance" groups were forming in the cities, putting pressure on the Batista regime. The poor and many middle-class and professional persons flocked toward Castro and his movement being tired of the corruption of Batista and
619:
involving representatives of the Catholic Church and pro-Castro protestors, Castro publicly denounced the leadership of the Roman Catholic church on 12 August. On 6 January 1960, M-26-7 militants then occupied Catholic seminaries, churches, and schools across Cuba and arrested the leaders of the
590:
After the takeover, anti-Batistas, liberals, urban workers, peasants, and idealists became the dominant followers of the M-26-7 movement, which gained control over Cuba. The Movement was joined with other bodies to form the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution, which in turn became the
530:
The M-26-7 divided its operations between the rural guerrillas, who were based in the Sierra Maestra mountains, and the urban underground, which consisted mostly of middle-class and professional Cubans living in towns and cities. Castro focused his efforts in the rural countryside on fighting
460:
and suffered numerous casualties. The landing party was split into two and wandered lost for two days, most of their supplies abandoned where they landed. They were also betrayed by their peasant guide in an ambush, which killed more of those who had landed. Batista mistakenly announced Fidel
564:
as chief of action of the Oriente province after PaĂs merged his organization, Oriente Revolutionary Action (ARO), with the M-26-7. As the head of the M-26-7's urban underground, PaĂs centralized its operations under a core leadership known as the National Directorate and moved the M-26-7's
628:
During the struggle against Batista, the M-26-7 portrayed itself as a unifying movement for all Cubans that would bring about democracy and social justice after Batista's overthrow, particularly for women and the Afro-Cuban minority. Despite only making up 10% of the Cuban workforce, women
574:
the urban underground organized worker strikes as well as patriotic clubs for Cuban exiles in the United States, which provided funds for the purchasing of arms and ammunition. The M-26-7 frequently coordinated its actions with other urban-based anti-Batista groups such as the PSP, the
521:
and U.S. military intelligence agent Andrew St. George. Both domestic and international propaganda efforts were aimed at informing audiences of the goals and policies of the M-26-7 and glorifying the lives and exploits of the guerrilla fighters to generate sympathy for the movement.
381:
Castro was captured and sentenced to 15 years in prison but, along with his group, was granted an amnesty after two years following a political campaign on their behalf. Castro traveled to Mexico to reorganize the movement in 1955 with several other exiled revolutionaries (including
1767:
539:
and their constituents of small, medium, and wealthy landowners supported M-26-7 as well through funding and protection from Batista's forces, although Castro's platform of agrarian reform would lead to the eventual break between wealthy farmers and landowners and M-26-7.
413:
would join. Because of the commonality in their ideology and their goal of wanting to topple the Batista regime, the M-26-7 would quickly add more young people from diverse political backgrounds. Castro sought to frame the Movement as a direct continuation of the
288:
578:(DRE), and the Organización Auténtica (OA), but by May 1957, the arrests and killings of large numbers of the DRE and the OA and the history of the PSP's collaboration with the Batista regime led the M-26-7 to be the dominant anti-Batista force in the cities.
347:. The Movement fought the Batista regime on both rural and urban fronts. The movement's main objectives were distribution of land to peasants, nationalization of public services, industrialization, honest elections, and large-scale education reform.
976:"Victory of the revolution on the 1st of January. Family members of the persecuted of the Batista Regime who took refuge are waiting for their return at Havana Airport. They're holding a flag of the revolutionary movement '26.07'"
378:, on 26 July 1953. This attack was led by a young Fidel Castro, who was a legislative candidate in a free election that had been cancelled by Batista. The attack had been intended as a rallying cry for the revolution.
629:
disproportionately participated in the M-26-7 during the Revolution in a number of capacities that included the manufacturing of propaganda and demonstrations and picketing. In addition, the
276:
615:
to Soviet Communism. Following the National Catholic Congress's protest against the lack of Catholic values in the policies of the M-26-7 and a riot on 17 July 1959 in front of the
252:
900:
633:
was established in September 1958 as an all-female military unit in the M-26-7. After the Revolution, the revolutionary government, controlled by the M-26-7, established the
641:
regime. From 1967 to 1973, three museums were also opened in Santiago, Villa Blanca, and Moncada to commemorate the Moncada Barracks assault and the actions of the M-26-7.
3059:
476:
his government. While in the Sierra Maestra mountains, the guerrilla forces attracted hundreds of Cuban volunteers and won several battles against the Cuban Army.
975:
2993:
944:
873:
264:
2768:
1772:
1738:
917:
CUBA. La Havana. 1959. Fidel Castro and Camilo Cienfuegos aboard a military vehicle as he rides into La Havana escorted by Cuban Naval officers.
874:"Trucks carry crowds celebrating the removal of dictator Fulgencio Batista and the arrival of Fidel Castro's 'July 26th Movement,' Havana, Cuba"
3109:
3054:
405:
The original core of the group was organized around the attack on the Moncada Barracks, merged with the National Revolutionary Movement led by
3089:
839:
343:. This base defeated the troops of Batista on 31 December 1958, setting into motion the Cuban Revolution and installing a government led by
3104:
2201:
480:
was shot in the neck and chest during the fighting but was not severely injured. (Guevara, who had studied medicine, continued to give
456:
ready to organize and lead a revolution. The early signs were not good for the movement. They landed in daylight, were attacked by the
2241:
607:
against Cuba, shortly after Castro had declared the revolution socialist. After the invasion, Castro formally proclaimed himself a
3003:
2775:
2001:
3094:
3079:
2981:
2674:
2487:
1807:
1606:
1363:
1091:
575:
488:, which continued for the next two years. It ended in January 1959, after the right-wing Dictator Batista fled Cuba for the
2707:
2352:
1978:
3099:
630:
2591:
2517:
1120:
2581:
1269:
1830:
2731:
2218:
3024:
3013:
2417:
2194:
2100:
1953:
1083:
371:
355:
325:
2018:
1986:
1943:
2763:
2432:
2756:
2497:
139:
130:
2422:
1742:
1339:
Guerra, Lillian (2019). "Searching for the Messiah: Staging Revolution in the Sierra Maestra, 1956â1959".
1243:
Guerra, Lillian (2019). "Searching for the Messiah: Staging Revolution in the Sierra Maestra, 1956â1959".
1228:
Guerra, Lillian (2019). "Searching for the Messiah: Staging Revolution in the Sierra Maestra, 1956â1959".
2839:
2477:
3074:
3069:
2927:
2697:
2667:
1053:
406:
2457:
2187:
1800:
1447:
634:
423:
211:
2851:
2377:
358:(PSP) and the 13 March Revolutionary Directorate. On 26 March 1962, the party dissolved to form the
3008:
2535:
2130:
2040:
1993:
1598:
1080:
The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba
181:
2530:
1963:
1586:
1163:
Political Terrorism: A new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature
2908:
2876:
2726:
2718:
2231:
971:
936:
829:
592:
359:
351:
224:
2791:
3018:
2892:
2821:
2507:
2372:
2266:
2105:
1568:
676:
513:
beginning on 24 February 1958 and the invitation of foreign journalists and reporters, such as
199:
2467:
1544:
344:
3064:
2943:
2935:
2660:
2412:
2362:
2278:
2120:
2095:
1853:
1356:
A Hidden History of the Cuban Revolution: How the Working Class Shaped the Guerillas' Victory
945:"Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro with soldiers of the Rebel Army en route for Havana"
207:
147:
1302:"Guerrillas, Peasants, and Communists: Agrarian Reform in Cuba's 1958 Liberated Territories"
409:
and with a majority of the Orthodox Youth. Soon after, National Revolutionary Action led by
3084:
2746:
2741:
2606:
2601:
2167:
1863:
1858:
1793:
1768:
Guide to the Cuban Revolution Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
604:
2815:
1685:"Representing the Revolution: Public History and the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba"
1630:"Representing the Revolution: Public History and the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba"
532:
8:
2736:
2596:
2525:
2327:
2322:
2246:
2087:
1938:
1136:
1028:
1003:
776:
732:
391:
71:
2797:
2347:
350:
In July 1961, the 26th of July Movement was one of the parties that integrated into the
2551:
2273:
2261:
2251:
2047:
1720:
1712:
1665:
1657:
1564:
1504:
1321:
849:
489:
203:
195:
163:
158:
143:
2833:
2402:
2317:
757:
671:
2951:
2900:
2884:
2556:
2367:
1928:
1873:
1724:
1704:
1669:
1649:
1602:
1496:
1455:
1359:
1325:
1275:
1265:
1116:
1087:
834:
781:
722:
603:
and dissidents, including former supporters of the M-26-7, launched the unsuccessful
419:
399:
395:
387:
329:
177:
167:
67:
1777:
1560:
1165:. Amsterdam, New York, North-Holland, New Brunswick: Transaction Books. p. 528.
2751:
2702:
2312:
2256:
2226:
2210:
1835:
1700:
1696:
1645:
1641:
1594:
1556:
1313:
844:
752:
649:
616:
608:
570:
549:
536:
518:
485:
375:
336:
301:
191:
151:
2472:
2462:
786:
737:
79:
2442:
2342:
2285:
2026:
1958:
1898:
595:
in 1965. Cuba modeled itself after the Eastern European nations that made up the
457:
317:
2502:
1948:
1177:"La Fuerza Aérea de Cuba contra la guerrilla de Fidel Castro ⹠Rubén Urribarres"
3030:
2845:
2809:
2387:
2236:
2071:
1913:
1840:
940:
869:
747:
661:
The first national leadership of the M-26-7 was made up of the revolutionaries:
645:
545:
492:, in the early hours of New Year's Day when the Movement's forces marched into
469:
466:
440:
415:
340:
313:
2827:
2803:
2382:
2357:
1968:
1918:
727:
383:
63:
3048:
2959:
2641:
2452:
2437:
2407:
2332:
2125:
1708:
1653:
1500:
1459:
1279:
1082:. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California:
922:
548:, and the Agrarian Bureau, which was created on 3 August 1958 to oversee the
510:
2447:
1176:
762:
561:
410:
75:
2986:
2683:
2397:
2147:
1933:
1923:
1908:
1868:
949:
878:
696:
666:
600:
484:
to other wounded guerrillas.) This was the opening phase of the war of the
321:
112:
59:
55:
1883:
1259:
2636:
2586:
2561:
2427:
2392:
2337:
2054:
1903:
1816:
1542:
1112:
821:
742:
717:
596:
477:
135:
51:
1716:
1684:
1661:
1629:
1508:
1484:
1317:
918:
1301:
2613:
2110:
935:
644:
The flag of the 26th of July Movement is on the shoulder of the
481:
42:
A modern impression of one of the flags of the 26th of July Movement
2179:
1261:
Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the urban underground
712:
Other political leaders who were part of the 26 July Movement were:
449:
103:
2998:
1485:"The Catholic Church in Cuba:, 1959â1962: The Clash of Ideologies"
901:"ÎÎżÏÎČα, 1 ÎÎ”ÎœÎŹÏη 1959: ÎÏÎčαΌÎČÎčÎșÏ ÎÎŒÎČαÏÎźÏÎčÎż ÏÎżÏ
ÎÎœÏÎŹÏÏÎčÎșÎżÏ
ÎŁÏÏαÏÎżÏ"
328:
in Santiago de Cuba, part of an attempt to overthrow the dictator
370:
The 26th of July Movement's name originated from the failed
339:. At the end of 1956, Castro established a guerrilla base in the
2652:
1773:
Fidel Castro and the founding of the 26th of July Movement
493:
453:
445:
107:
99:
1785:
461:
Castro's death at this point. Of the 82 who sailed aboard the
2618:
2115:
2033:
435:
123:
1264:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 14.
1358:. New York City: New York University Press. p. 108.
37:
1689:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
1634:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
1593:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 153â197,
335:
M-26-7 is considered the leading organization of the
1543:
Salim Lamrani; Translated by Larry R. Oberg (2016).
811:
648:
uniform and continues to be used as a symbol of the
1160:
1054:"Cuba â The Republic of Cuba | history â geography"
324:. The movement's name commemorates the failed 1953
3060:Military units and formations established in 1956
362:(PURSC), which held a communist ideology.
3046:
499:
1781:Articles by Che Guevara from the Sierra Maestra
1682:
1627:
429:
1436:. (University of Connecticut. 2007) pp. 207â08
868:
360:United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution
225:United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution
2668:
2195:
1801:
1423:Sweig 2002, p. 136; Cushion 2016, p. 161-172.
1257:
970:
840:List of political movements named after dates
1599:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626727.003.0005
1545:"Women in Cuba: The Emancipatory Revolution"
1106:
1341:The Revolution from within: Cuba, 1959â1980
1245:The Revolution from within: Cuba, 1959â1980
1230:The Revolution from within: Cuba, 1959â1980
2675:
2661:
2202:
2188:
1808:
1794:
1209:Sweig 2002, p. 100; Cushion 2016, p. 106.
394:). Their task was to form a disciplined
1482:
1387:Sweig 2002, p. 14; Cushion 2016, p. 125.
1378:Sweig 2002, p. 15; Cushion 2016, p. 154.
1077:
2002:Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War
1683:Waters, Anita; Fernandes, Luci (2012).
1628:Waters, Anita; Fernandes, Luci (2012).
1445:
1434:Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements
1353:
1299:
1137:"26th of July Movement | Cuban history"
1029:"26th of July Movement | Cuban history"
1004:"26th of July Movement | Cuban history"
316:revolutionary organization and later a
3047:
1585:Benson, Devyn Spence (25 April 2016),
1584:
1549:International Journal of Cuban Studies
1489:International Journal of Cuban Studies
1338:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1242:
1227:
1161:Schmid, Alex; Jongman; Albert (1988).
3110:Organizations of the Cuban Revolution
3055:Political parties established in 1956
2656:
2183:
1789:
1580:
1578:
1538:
1536:
1478:
1476:
434:On 2 December 1956, 82 men landed in
352:Integrated Revolutionary Organization
3090:Guerrilla movements in Latin America
2209:
998:
996:
465:only 22 eventually regrouped in the
1741:. 28 September 2007. Archived from
1739:"LibrĂnsula: La Isla de los libros"
1286:
555:
525:
13:
2592:United States embargo against Cuba
2518:Second National Front of Escambray
1575:
1533:
1473:
1181:Aviación Cubana ⹠Rubén Urribarres
374:, an army facility in the city of
14:
3121:
3105:Defunct communist militant groups
2582:Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution
2242:Havana Presidential Palace attack
1761:
1446:Suddath, Claire (15 April 2009).
1109:Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life
993:
576:Student Revolutionary Directorate
2682:
2162:
2161:
1882:
814:
569:with a failed armed uprising in
283:
277:Arm patch, Castro on Jeep, night
271:
259:
247:
36:
1815:
1731:
1676:
1621:
1569:10.13169/intejcubastud.8.1.0109
1561:10.13169/intejcubastud.8.1.0109
1524:
1515:
1439:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1347:
1332:
1251:
1236:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1169:
1154:
1129:
1701:10.1080/08263663.2012.10817030
1646:10.1080/08263663.2012.10817030
1300:Kozameh, Sara (October 2019).
1100:
1084:University of California Press
1071:
1046:
1021:
964:
929:
893:
862:
372:attack on the Moncada Barracks
326:attack on the Moncada Barracks
1:
3095:National liberation movements
3080:Left-wing nationalist parties
855:
500:Political and military action
289:Flag, family holds at Airport
265:Arm patch, Castro in daylight
585:
438:, having sailed in the boat
430:Role in the Cuban Revolution
16:Cuban political organization
7:
1328:– via Cambridge Core.
807:
767:AgustĂn Navarrete Sarbabous
560:In 1955, Castro designated
10:
3126:
3100:National liberation armies
2418:José Ramón Machado Ventura
1107:Lee Anderson, Jon (1997).
655:
365:
2974:
2919:
2868:
2861:
2784:
2690:
2629:
2574:
2544:
2516:
2488:Directorio Revolucionario
2486:
2423:Fernando MartĂnez Heredia
2303:
2294:
2217:
2157:
2139:
2080:
2064:
2027:Che (Part 1 & Part 2)
2011:
1977:
1891:
1880:
1823:
1483:Holbrook, Joseph (2010).
1414:Cushion 2016, p. 152-160.
1354:Cushion, Stephen (2016).
1078:Cederlöf, Gustav (2023).
800:Pedro Luis Boitel Abraham
635:Federation of Cuban Women
623:
282:
270:
258:
253:Flag, Truck carries crowd
246:
241:
236:
217:
212:Santiago de Cuba Uprising
187:
173:
157:
129:
119:
95:
85:
47:
35:
29:
28:
23:
2840:Fidel Castro DĂaz-Balart
2536:William Alexander Morgan
2478:Sergio del Valle Jiménez
2041:The Hands of Che Guevara
690:Pedro Celestino Aguilera
3019:Relationship with dairy
2909:638 Ways to Kill Castro
2877:Fidel: The Untold Story
2776:Death and state funeral
2719:History Will Absolve Me
2498:JosĂ© Antonio EcheverrĂa
2458:Carlos Rafael RodrĂguez
2232:History Will Absolve Me
1530:Cushion 2016, p. 60-69.
1141:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1058:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1033:Encyclopedia Britannica
1008:Encyclopedia Britannica
830:Clandestine cell system
593:Communist Party of Cuba
356:Popular Socialist Party
159:Political position
2982:Assassination attempts
2852:Alejandro Castro EspĂn
2822:Natalia Revuelta Clews
2757:Intervention in Angola
2508:Rolando Cubela Secades
2378:Abelardo Colomé Ibarra
2373:Norberto Collado Abreu
2267:Battle of Las Mercedes
2020:The Motorcycle Diaries
1988:The Motorcycle Diaries
1944:Harry "Pombo" Villegas
1396:Sweig 2002, p. 17, 60.
1258:Sweig, Julia. (2002).
306:Movimiento 26 de julio
305:
200:Battle of Las Mercedes
30:Movimiento 26 de julio
2944:Fidel Castro Handbook
2936:The Real Fidel Castro
2713:26th of July Movement
2531:Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo
2433:Antonio NĂșñez JimĂ©nez
2413:Neill W. Macaulay Jr.
2363:Mario Chanes de Armas
2305:26th of July Movement
2279:Battle of Santa Clara
1964:Canek SĂĄnchez Guevara
1854:Battle of Santa Clara
1849:26th of July Movement
1521:Cushion 2016, p. 111.
1448:"U.S.-Cuba Relations"
937:Keystone Press Agency
687:José A. "Pepe" Suårez
478:Ernesto "Che" Guevara
407:Rafael GarcĂa BĂĄrcena
354:(ORI) as well as the
298:26th of July Movement
208:Battle of Santa Clara
148:Left-wing nationalism
2792:Ăngel Castro y Argiz
2747:Cuban Missile Crisis
2742:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2607:Cuban Missile Crisis
2602:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1864:Cuban Missile Crisis
1859:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1745:on 28 September 2007
1115:. pp. 269â270.
770:RaĂșl MartĂnez ArarĂĄs
605:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2597:La Coubre explosion
2526:Escambray rebellion
2468:Humberto SorĂ Marin
2328:Efigenio Ameijeiras
2323:Juan Almeida Bosque
2247:Humboldt 7 massacre
2089:Guerrillero Heroico
1939:Simeon Cuba Sarabia
1318:10.1017/tam.2019.69
1218:Sweig 2002, p. 104.
1200:Sweig 2002, p. 120.
777:Efigenio Ameijeiras
733:Juan Almeida Bosque
707:Juan Manuel MĂĄrquez
701:Luis Barreto MiliĂĄn
617:Cathedral of Havana
424:War of Independence
398:force to overthrow
392:Juan Almeida Bosque
345:Manuel Urrutia LleĂł
140:Political pluralism
120:Active regions
72:Juan Almeida Bosque
2994:Awards and honours
2769:Transfer of duties
2274:Battle of Yaguajay
2262:Battle of La Plata
2252:Attack on El Uvero
2101:In popular culture
2048:Che: Rise and Fall
1591:Antiracism in Cuba
1405:Sweig 2002, p. 20.
974:(4 January 1959).
943:(1 January 1959).
872:(1 January 1959).
850:Political movement
684:Pedro Miret Prieto
681:Antonio Ăico LĂłpez
517:war correspondent
490:Dominican Republic
204:Battle of Yaguajay
196:Battle of La Plata
144:Left-wing populism
87:Dates of operation
3075:Far-left politics
3070:Communism in Cuba
3042:
3041:
2970:
2969:
2901:Looking for Fidel
2816:Mirta DĂaz-Balart
2650:
2649:
2570:
2569:
2557:Pedro Luis Boitel
2368:Camilo Cienfuegos
2177:
2176:
1995:Guerrilla Warfare
1929:Camilo Cienfuegos
1874:Bolivian Campaign
1608:978-1-4696-2672-7
1432:DeFronzo, James.
1365:978-1-58367-584-7
1093:978-0-520-39313-4
835:Guerrilla warfare
782:Osmany Cienfuegos
723:Camilo Cienfuegos
677:HaydĂ©e SantamarĂa
388:Camilo Cienfuegos
330:Fulgencio Batista
294:
293:
232:
231:
221:Succeeded by
178:Fulgencio Batista
68:Camilo Cienfuegos
3117:
3004:Eponymous things
2866:
2865:
2798:RamĂłn Castro Ruz
2752:Machurucuto raid
2703:Cuban Revolution
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2348:RamĂłn Castro Ruz
2313:Alfredo Abon Lee
2301:
2300:
2257:Operation Verano
2227:Moncada Barracks
2211:Cuban Revolution
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2165:
2164:
1886:
1836:Cuban Revolution
1810:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1540:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1495:(3/4): 264â275.
1480:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1000:
991:
990:
988:
986:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
933:
927:
926:
914:
912:
907:. 1 January 2019
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
866:
845:Moncada Barracks
824:
819:
818:
817:
797:Teodulio Mitchel
794:José Pardo Llada
650:Cuban Revolution
631:Mariana Grajales
556:Urban activities
550:Oriente province
526:Rural activities
519:Herbert Matthews
486:Cuban Revolution
418:struggle of the
376:Santiago de Cuba
337:Cuban Revolution
287:
286:
275:
274:
263:
262:
251:
250:
234:
233:
192:Operation Verano
188:Battles and wars
152:Anti-imperialism
88:
40:
31:
24:26 July Movement
21:
20:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3014:Religious views
2966:
2915:
2862:Popular culture
2857:
2834:Alina FernĂĄndez
2830:(sister-in-law)
2780:
2686:
2681:
2651:
2646:
2625:
2566:
2540:
2512:
2489:
2482:
2443:Enrique Oltuski
2403:Melba HernĂĄndez
2343:Orlando Borrego
2318:Ricardo AlarcĂłn
2296:
2290:
2286:Battle of Guisa
2213:
2208:
2178:
2173:
2153:
2135:
2131:Jim Fitzpatrick
2076:
2060:
2007:
1973:
1959:Orlando Borrego
1954:FĂ©lix RodrĂguez
1899:Alberto Granado
1887:
1878:
1831:Guatemalan Coup
1819:
1814:
1779:El Cubano Libre
1764:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1681:
1677:
1640:(73): 125â154.
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1583:
1576:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1481:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1333:
1298:
1287:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
994:
984:
982:
969:
965:
955:
953:
934:
930:
910:
908:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
867:
863:
858:
820:
815:
813:
810:
758:Abel SantamarĂa
713:
672:Melba HernĂĄndez
662:
658:
626:
588:
558:
533:Authentic Party
528:
502:
458:Cuban Air Force
432:
368:
318:political party
284:
272:
260:
248:
228:
227:
223:
180:'s Government,
150:
146:
142:
138:
111:
86:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2952:Castro's Beard
2948:
2940:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2846:Mariela Castro
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2810:Juanita Castro
2807:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Carlos Franqui
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Aleida Guevara
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1762:External links
1760:
1757:
1756:
1730:
1675:
1620:
1607:
1574:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1472:
1438:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1364:
1346:
1331:
1312:(4): 641â673.
1285:
1270:
1250:
1235:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1168:
1153:
1128:
1122:978-0802144119
1121:
1099:
1092:
1070:
1045:
1020:
992:
963:
941:Hulton Archive
928:
892:
870:Hulton Archive
860:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
826:
825:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:Renato Guitart
789:
784:
779:
774:
771:
768:
765:
760:
755:
750:
748:Carlos Franqui
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
711:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
694:
693:Faustino PĂ©rez
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
674:
669:
660:
657:
654:
646:Cuban military
625:
622:
587:
584:
557:
554:
546:Sierra Maestra
537:Orthodox Party
527:
524:
515:New York Times
501:
498:
470:mountain range
467:Sierra Maestra
431:
428:
420:Ten Years' War
367:
364:
341:Sierra Maestra
312:) was a Cuban
292:
291:
280:
279:
268:
267:
256:
255:
244:
243:
239:
238:
237:1 January 1959
230:
229:
219:
218:
215:
214:
189:
185:
184:
175:
171:
170:
161:
155:
154:
133:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
97:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3122:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2960:The Cuba Wars
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:Guerrilla War
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Participation
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2643:
2642:Radio Rebelde
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:RamĂłn BarquĂn
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Ramiro Valdés
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Celia SĂĄnchez
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Jorge Risquet
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Arnaldo Ochoa
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Mario Llerena
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Gustavo Arcos
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:Organizations
2293:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Alberto Korda
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:"Cuba Calls!"
1581:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:0-674-04419-3
1267:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
981:
977:
973:
972:ullstein bild
967:
952:
951:
946:
942:
938:
932:
925:
924:
923:Magnum Photos
920:
906:
902:
896:
881:
880:
875:
871:
865:
861:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
823:
812:
803:Manuel Artime
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
788:
787:Ramiro Valdés
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Celia SĂĄnchez
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
706:
704:JesĂșs MontanĂ©
703:
700:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
653:
651:
647:
642:
638:
636:
632:
621:
618:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
583:
579:
577:
572:
568:
563:
553:
551:
547:
541:
538:
534:
523:
520:
516:
512:
511:Radio Rebelde
506:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
473:
471:
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:anti-colonial
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
379:
377:
373:
363:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
281:
278:
269:
266:
257:
254:
245:
240:
235:
226:
222:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
84:
81:
80:Celia SĂĄnchez
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
3065:Fidel Castro
3031:
3023:
2987:Robert Maheu
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2712:
2684:Fidel Castro
2503:Faure ChomĂłn
2398:Armando Hart
2353:Fidel Castro
2304:
2166:
2148:Vida del Che
2146:
2088:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1949:RĂ©gis Debray
1934:Tamara Bunke
1924:Fidel Castro
1909:Aleida March
1869:Congo Crisis
1848:
1841:
1778:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1733:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1612:, retrieved
1590:
1552:
1548:
1526:
1517:
1492:
1488:
1463:. Retrieved
1451:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1309:
1306:The Americas
1305:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:
1131:
1108:
1102:
1079:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1048:
1038:20 September
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
983:. Retrieved
980:Getty Images
979:
966:
954:. Retrieved
950:Getty Images
948:
931:
916:
909:. Retrieved
904:
895:
883:. Retrieved
879:Getty Images
877:
864:
710:
697:Armando Hart
667:Fidel Castro
659:
643:
639:
627:
613:
601:Cuban exiles
589:
580:
566:
559:
542:
529:
514:
507:
503:
474:
462:
439:
433:
404:
380:
369:
349:
334:
322:Fidel Castro
309:
297:
295:
220:
113:Havana, Cuba
96:Headquarters
60:Fidel Castro
56:Alberto Bayo
18:
3085:Che Guevara
2828:Vilma EspĂn
2804:RaĂșl Castro
2737:Land reform
2732:Premiership
2637:Escopeteros
2587:Cuban exile
2562:Rafael Cruz
2490:Estuciantil
2428:Huber Matos
2393:Che Guevara
2383:Vilma EspĂn
2358:RaĂșl Castro
2338:Bob Baldock
2072:Che'r Cycle
2055:Chevolution
1969:Mario TerĂĄn
1919:RaĂșl Castro
1904:Hilda Gadea
1817:Che Guevara
1695:(73): 135.
1614:25 November
1465:22 November
1186:21 November
1146:22 November
1113:Grove Press
1063:22 November
822:Cuba portal
753:RaĂșl ChibĂĄs
743:Huber Matos
728:RaĂșl Castro
718:Che Guevara
597:Warsaw Pact
384:RaĂșl Castro
136:Vanguardism
64:RaĂșl Castro
52:Che Guevara
3049:Categories
2893:Comandante
2836:(daughter)
2764:Presidency
2698:Early life
2448:Frank PaĂs
2297:and people
2106:In fashion
1555:(1): 109.
1013:1 December
919:Burt Glinn
856:References
773:JosuĂ© PaĂs
763:Frank PaĂs
562:Frank PaĂs
411:Frank PaĂs
242:"26 julio"
182:Cuban Army
76:Frank PaĂs
2806:(brother)
2800:(brother)
2614:Guevarism
2121:Mausoleum
2111:Guevarism
1749:18 August
1725:145379748
1709:0826-3663
1670:145379748
1654:0826-3663
1501:1756-3461
1460:0040-781X
1326:210568992
1280:433551015
609:communist
586:Post-1959
535:(PA) and
482:first aid
396:guerrilla
174:Opponents
164:Left-wing
91:1955â1962
3009:Politics
2854:(nephew)
2812:(sister)
2794:(father)
2691:Timeline
2219:Timeline
2168:Category
1717:41800548
1662:41800548
1509:41945906
1343:: 79â80.
1232:: 68â69.
905:ÎαÏÎčÎżÏÏα
808:See also
571:Santiago
450:Veracruz
422:and the
314:vanguard
168:far-left
131:Ideology
104:Veracruz
3034:(yacht)
3025:My Life
2848:(niece)
2824:(lover)
2727:Primacy
2630:Related
2065:Theatre
985:22 July
956:22 July
911:22 July
885:22 July
656:Members
463:Granma,
400:Batista
366:Origins
320:led by
302:Spanish
110:(first)
48:Leaders
3032:Granma
2963:(2008)
2955:(2006)
2947:(2006)
2939:(2003)
2931:(1987)
2912:(2006)
2904:(2004)
2896:(2003)
2888:(2002)
2880:(2001)
2818:(wife)
2785:Family
2575:Impact
2237:Granma
2140:Comics
2096:Legacy
1892:People
1844:Voyage
1842:Granma
1824:Events
1723:
1715:
1707:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1605:
1567:
1507:
1499:
1458:
1362:
1324:
1278:
1268:
1119:
1090:
624:Legacy
567:Granma
494:Havana
454:Mexico
446:Tuxpan
441:Granma
390:, and
310:M-26-7
115:(last)
108:Mexico
100:Tuxpan
2999:BirĂĄn
2975:Other
2920:Other
2885:Fidel
2869:Films
2842:(son)
2545:Other
2091:photo
2012:Films
1979:Books
1721:S2CID
1713:JSTOR
1666:S2CID
1658:JSTOR
1565:JSTOR
1505:JSTOR
1322:S2CID
1247:: 71.
444:from
2619:Foco
2116:Foco
2081:Icon
2034:Che!
1751:2020
1705:ISSN
1650:ISSN
1616:2020
1603:ISBN
1497:ISSN
1467:2016
1456:ISSN
1452:Time
1360:ISBN
1276:OCLC
1266:ISBN
1188:2019
1148:2016
1117:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1065:2016
1040:2021
1015:2019
987:2024
958:2024
913:2024
887:2024
436:Cuba
296:The
124:Cuba
1697:doi
1642:doi
1595:doi
1557:doi
1314:doi
166:to
3051::
1719:.
1711:.
1703:.
1693:37
1691:.
1687:.
1664:.
1656:.
1648:.
1638:37
1636:.
1632:.
1601:,
1589:,
1577:^
1563:.
1551:.
1547:.
1535:^
1503:.
1491:.
1487:.
1475:^
1454:.
1450:.
1320:.
1310:76
1308:.
1304:.
1288:^
1274:.
1179:.
1139:.
1111:.
1086:.
1056:.
1031:.
1006:.
995:^
978:.
947:.
939:,
915:.
903:.
876:.
652:.
611:.
552:.
496:.
472:.
452:,
448:,
426:.
402:.
386:,
332:.
308:;
304::
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
106:,
102:,
2721:"
2717:"
2676:e
2669:t
2662:v
2203:e
2196:t
2189:v
1809:e
1802:t
1795:v
1753:.
1727:.
1699::
1672:.
1644::
1597::
1571:.
1559::
1553:8
1511:.
1493:2
1469:.
1368:.
1316::
1282:.
1190:.
1150:.
1125:.
1096:.
1067:.
1042:.
1017:.
989:.
960:.
921:-
889:.
300:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
