267:). Scores were awarded for required elements and presentation by assigning a base mark determined by the quality and difficulty of the elements, and then applying specific deductions for errors. The ISU's criteria in the assessment of the required elements in the short program included the following: the length, technique, and "the clean starting and landing" of all required jumps; the perfect completion of jump combinations in relation to their difficulty; well-controlled and strong spins; the difficulty, swing, carriage, and smooth flow of step and spiral sequences; and the difficulty of the connecting steps and/or movements; and speed. The criteria for presentation marks included: "harmonious composition of the program as a whole" and how well it conformed with the music; variety of speed; the utilization of the ice surface; sureness in time to the music and easy movement; expression of the music's character; carriage and style; and originality. Pair teams were evaluated for their unison in their presentation marks. The criteria for technical merit marks in the free skate included the following: the difficulty of the skaters' performance; cleanness and sureness; variety; and speed.
87:: one for technical merit and one for presentation, and each mark expressed as a number on a scale from 0 to 6.0. They were assessed in required elements for technical merit in the short program and could perform whatever elements they chose during the free skate, which represented the difficulty of a "well-balanced program". The presentation mark did not include what reporter Sandra Loosemore called "artistry". It also did not include the judges' opinions or a measure of how much they liked a skater's performance, music, costume, or hairstyle. Criticism of the 6.0 system included that it did not provide statistics and points of comparison between skaters' performances and lent itself to judging discrepancies, inconsistencies, and dishonesty. Skating order during competitions, due to the ranking nature of the system, also impacted marks.
285:
coaches, and judges to compare the quality of competitors' skating. The system did not encourage consistency among judges, since it was difficult for them to remember the performances of all skaters in a competition in order to rank them appropriately. Although the system ranked skaters sequentially, it did not measure exact differences between skaters' performances. Judges were unable to mark the quality of each element of a skater's program, which reduced the scope of analysis of the marks judges awarded and encouraged dishonest judging because judges were not required to explain the reasons for their marks. As the ISU says, "Unless there is overt, demonstrable evidence of misconduct, the judge will continue to officiate at events".
271:
criteria. The presentation mark did not include what reporter Sandra
Loosemore called "artistry". It also did not include the judges' opinions or a measure of how much they liked a skater's performance, music, costume, or hairstyle. According to Loosemore, the presentation mark in the free skate included the following: "harmonious composition" of the skater's program and conformity with their program's music; the expression of the music's character; variation of speed; "utilization of the ice surface"; ease of movement in time to the music; carriage and style; originality; and for pair skaters, unison. Harmonious composition of the program and conformity with the chosen music, which measured the skill of the
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their individual performances, based on the assumption, which was "questioned by many observers, and the public", that skaters placed in the final groups during the free skating program were more skilled and would earn higher marks because they earned higher marks in their short programs. The 6.0 system provided few statistics of the best scores of individual skating performances and elements, and of world records.
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required elements skated, and one for presentation, which was an evaluation of the program as a whole (composition, utilization of the ice, style, music expression, and originality). The ISU required that each judge, "guided by general criteria in the ISU Special
Regulations", award a skater two marks, each expressed as a number on a scale from 0 to 6.0. The ISU calls this system "relative judging" and
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of the judges. Ease of movement in time to the music had to do with the skater's technical ability to perform the movements in a program. Carriage and style also had to do with the technical qualities of the skater's basic technique, such as good posture (a straight back and upright carriage) and smooth skating.
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calls the scores "relative rankings", meaning that the judges had to compare the quality of each skater's performances with the quality of the performance of their competitors. According to the ISU, the marks of the 6.0 system did not express any value, but served the purpose of placing a skater into
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as much as the skater, was a consideration of how the steps and movements fit with the style of the music. Skaters had to demonstrate their ability to skate both slow and fast sections and cover the entirety of the ice surface, and not, for example, skate in the middle of the rink directly in front
157:
The 6.0 system was a placement judging system: scores were issued based on how each skater compared to others in the same competition, not on any absolute scale. Judges awarded two marks in both the short program and free skate: one for technical merit, which was an evaluation of the quality of the
288:
Skating order impacted marks; judges, for example, tended to give lower marks to skaters who performed earlier in the competition, even if they skated better than competitors who performed later on, in order to "leave room" in their markings. Skaters were ranked in comparison to each other, not on
148:
Hines calls the 6.0 system "age-old" and "unique to figure skating and deeply entrenched". He says that it was a tradition understood and appreciated by skaters, judges, officials, and fans and that fans found it easy to relate to the 6.0 system, which "represented skating perfection and served as
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Skaters could perform whatever elements they chose during the free skating program, which represented the difficulty of the program, and within guidelines for what made up a "well-balanced program". Presentation marks in the free skate represented how well it was performed and encompassed several
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protested against the results, and although the protests were denied, figure skating historian James R. Hines states that it "demonstrated again problems stemming from subjective judging", especially in ice dance, and "underscored the need for reevaluation of figure skating's judging system".
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The ISU, when switching from the 6.0 system to the IJS in 2003, described what it considered the weaknesses of the 6.0 system. According to the ISU, the 6.0 system did not include statistics for each program component and did not provide feedback and detailed information that allowed skaters,
40:. Skaters performed each figure three times on each foot, for a total of six, which as writer Ellyn Kestnbaum states, "gave rise to the system of awarding marks based on a standard of 6.0 as perfection". It was used in competitive figure skating until 2004, when it was replaced by the
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The number of rotations in the required position, the speed of rotation, and centering were all criteria taken into consideration in the assessment of spins. For flying spins, the height of the jump and the skater's position in the air and landing were also taken into
114:; skaters performed each figure three times on each foot, for a total of six, which as writer Ellyn Kestnbaum states, "gave rise to the system of awarding marks based on a standard of 6.0 as perfection".
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promoted a replacement system, the IJS. After two years of testing, IJS was adopted at the ISU Congress in 2004. The last time the 6.0 system was used in the U.S. was at
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led to the organisers declaring a tie; the
Canadians and Russians were both awarded gold medals, the first time that duplicate medals were awarded in figure skating.
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was developed during the early days of the sport, when skaters would trace figures in the ice. The earliest competitions consisted of only
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The 6.0 system was used in international figure skating competitions until 2004, when it was replaced by the
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was developed during the early days of the sport, when early international competitions consisted of only
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366:. Le Gougne later denied that any pressure had been applied. Media coverage and a protest filed by the
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This article is about the competitive skating scoring system. For the
Macintosh operating system, see
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called "an ode to the 6.0" because the judges awarded the competitors so many scores of 6.0.
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from Russia has earned nine 6.0s with two different partners, the most in pair skating.
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The 6.0 system was a placement judging system. Judges awarded two marks in both the
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were awarded to skaters when they executed a specified number of required moves (
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102:, pictured in 2011. This pair received more perfect 6.0 scores than any other.
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from the original on 27 July 2021. 8 September 2003. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
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125:, who earned the most overall 6.0s with 56, earned 19 perfect 6.0s at the
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324:(IJS). This was in response to two scandals that occurred in 2002.
20:
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768:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on the ISU New Judging System"
770:(ISU FAQ). Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union.
72:
from Russia, with two different partners, has the most 6.0s in
781:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6859-5.
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was overheard saying that she had been "pressured" by the
788:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press.
740:"Final Nod to 6.0 Before Scoring System Is Deep-Sixed"
377:, another judging scandal occurred, surrounding the
786:
Culture on Ice: Figure
Skating and Cultural Meaning
605:"Numbers About up for Skating's Old Judging System"
44:in international competitions, as a result of the
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1424:World Professional Figure Skating Championships
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46:2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal
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170:An example scoreboard using the 6.0 system
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779:Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating
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484:Loosemore, Sandra (2 December 1998).
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582:from the original on 26 January 2020
316:Jamie Salé and David Pelletier, 2002
338:in Salt Lake City, Utah. After the
13:
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16:Competitive skating scoring system
14:
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1465:World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
1194:Competition elements in ice dance
842:International Skating Union (ISU)
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1531:Highest historical junior scores
738:Zinser, Lynn (17 January 2005).
373:Less than a month later, at the
137:from Japan has the most 6.0s in
64:from Japan has the most 6.0s in
56:earned the most overall 6.0s in
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611:. 22 March 2004. Archived from
486:"It's the Presentation, Stupid"
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163:a "specific ranking position".
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181:Marks scale of the 6.0 system
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1062:Four Continents Championships
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243:Technical merit marks in the
719:Hines (2011), pp. xxxiv–xxxv
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7:
391:International Skating Union
350:to favor the Russian team,
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1501:Figure skaters (ice dance)
1470:World Figure Sport Society
1128:Junior World Challenge Cup
1123:World Junior Championships
1092:World Junior Championships
358:, over the Canadian team,
106:The 6.0 system of judging
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1521:Highest historical scores
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784:Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003).
127:1984 Olympic Winter Games
1445:Doping in figure skating
777:Hines, James R. (2011).
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375:2002 World Championships
131:1984 World Championships
578:. U.S. Figure Skating.
401:, which Lynn Zinser of
259:, and in pair skating,
1633:1901 in figure skating
1496:Figure skaters (pairs)
1491:Figure skaters (women)
1164:Choreographic sequence
1057:European Championships
857:Records and statistics
728:Hines (2011), p. 12–14
514:Hines (2011), p. xxvii
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149:every skater's goal".
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48:. British ice dancers
1526:Highest junior scores
560:Hines (2011), p. xxxv
383:Lithuanian federation
344:Marie-Reine Le Gougne
315:
300:
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98:
1486:Figure skaters (men)
1440:Adult figure skating
1111:Synchronized skating
953:Synchronized skating
847:National federations
523:Hines (2006), p. 430
340:free skating program
336:2002 Winter Olympics
117:British ice dancers
1118:World Championships
1087:Youth Olympic Games
1052:World Championships
710:Hines (2011), p. 13
548:Hines (2011), p. 17
539:Hines (2011), p. 14
368:Canadian federation
334:competition at the
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1360:Moves in the field
979:Demise and revival
974:Compulsory figures
917:ISU Judging System
744:The New York Times
404:The New York Times
356:Anton Skiharulidze
322:ISU Judging System
318:
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306:Anton Sikharulidze
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112:compulsory figures
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42:ISU Judging System
38:compulsory figures
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1294:and basic strokes
1157:Required elements
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1133:Challenger Series
1097:Junior Grand Prix
1082:World Team Trophy
1077:Challenger Series
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882:Glossary of terms
669:Kestnbaum, p. 299
660:Kestnbaum, p. 298
399:Nationals in 2005
395:Ottavio Cinquanta
381:competition. The
348:French federation
330:arose during the
328:The first scandal
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576:"Scoring System"
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496:on 29 April 1999
492:. Archived from
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447:Kestnbaum, p. 82
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393:(ISU) president
352:Elena Berezhnaya
302:Elena Berezhnaya
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123:Christopher Dean
100:Torvill and Dean
54:Christopher Dean
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615:on 21 July 2021
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342:, French judge
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129:and 29 at the
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1047:Olympic Games
1045:
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1040:and ice dance
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1029:International
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991:Short program
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642:ISU FAQ, p. 1
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143:Irina Rodnina
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119:Jayne Torvill
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81:short program
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70:Irina Rodnina
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50:Jayne Torvill
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26:
22:
1581:
1574:
1569:Spinning Out
1567:
1562:Ice Princess
1560:
1553:
1546:
1511:Competitions
1460:Kiss and cry
1405:Professional
1392:Spread eagle
1377:Hydroblading
1351:Twizzle turn
1321:Counter turn
1311:Choctaw turn
1306:Bracket turn
1292:Steps, turns
1266:Layback spin
1261:Upright spin
1235:Salchow jump
1169:Death spiral
1031:competitions
1011:Rhythm dance
996:Free skating
958:Four skating
943:Pair skating
921:
892:Figure skate
785:
778:
747:. Retrieved
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617:. Retrieved
613:the original
608:
584:. Retrieved
544:
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498:. Retrieved
494:the original
489:
419:
402:
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332:pair skating
326:
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269:
265:death spiral
242:
237:outstanding
156:
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116:
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78:
74:pair skating
29:
27:
25:
1576:Yuri on Ice
1419:Ice theatre
1367:Besti squat
1346:Rocker turn
1336:Mohawk turn
931:Disciplines
907:Competition
866:Competitive
762:Works cited
293:Replacement
189:not skated
153:Description
141:, with 10.
32:of judging
1627:Categories
1583:Zero Chill
1455:Grand Slam
1372:Cantilever
1301:Three turn
1283:Camel spin
1215:Euler jump
1067:Grand Prix
1016:Free dance
922:6.0 system
794:0819566411
609:CBC Sports
432:References
360:Jamie Salé
229:very good
197:very poor
160:CBC Sports
135:Midori Ito
85:free skate
62:Midori Ito
30:6.0 system
1414:Ice shows
1382:Ina Bauer
1331:Loop turn
1326:Crossover
1230:Lutz jump
1225:Loop jump
1220:Flip jump
1210:Axel jump
1148:and other
948:Ice dance
379:ice dance
280:Criticism
213:mediocre
58:ice dance
1602:Category
1278:Sit spin
1146:Elements
967:Segments
772:Archived
580:Archived
21:System 6
1612:Commons
1407:skating
887:History
875:General
868:skating
749:26 July
619:26 July
91:History
1387:Spiral
1340:
1315:
912:Season
792:
586:1 July
500:1 July
308:, 2001
263:and a
255:, and
68:, and
1479:Lists
1433:Other
1342:step)
1317:step)
1254:Spins
1203:Jumps
1184:Spins
1179:Lifts
1174:Jumps
1150:moves
1101:Final
1071:Final
411:Notes
261:lifts
253:jumps
249:spins
221:good
205:poor
902:Club
897:Rink
790:ISBN
751:2021
621:2021
588:2022
502:2022
389:The
362:and
354:and
304:and
121:and
83:and
52:and
28:The
76:.
1629::
1338:(C
1313:(S
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1069:(
823:e
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23:.
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