655:
609:
781:, there are several ventilation grates that are at the same level as the ground, covering about 1,400 square feet (130 m) of surface area. A ventilation building was deemed to be architecturally unacceptable, hence the inclusion of several grates. On the other hand, gratings at Queensbridge Park were declared to be unfeasible due to the park's small usable area. Therefore, a ventilation building stands in Queensbridge Park, measuring 60 by 90 feet (18 by 27 m). Additional ventilation shafts are located at Second Avenue and 63rd Street in Manhattan, and on the western shore of Roosevelt Island. When the 63rd Street Connector was constructed in the 1990s, additional ventilation structures were built at 29th and 39th Streets in Queens.
544:
goal of the project was to increase capacity on Queens
Boulevard by 33% and to eliminate the dead-end terminal at 21st Street–Queensbridge. Bellmouths were constructed to allow for a future bypass line through Sunnyside Yard. The remaining section from 21st Street to the Queens Boulevard Line, which cost $ 645 million, began construction on September 22, 1994. The construction project involved a number of other elements, such as extending the lower level LIRR tunnel and widening the Queens Boulevard Line tunnel above. In December 2000, the 63rd Street Connector was opened for construction reroutes, and opened for off-peak reroutes on January 13, 2001. while signal work was performed in the
372:. The upper level was opened in 1989, twenty years after construction started. The lower level was not opened at that time because of the cancellation of the LIRR route to Manhattan. The tunnel was long referred to as the "tunnel to nowhere" because its Queens end did not connect to any other subway line until 2001. Construction on the East Side Access project, which uses the lower level, started in 2006; the lower level opened on January 25, 2023. During construction, the lower level was used to move materials between the work sites in Manhattan and staging areas in Queens.
815:
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827:
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491:, the MTA chairman, said that to stop the work was "so costly as to make it impractical subsequent to the construction of the subway portion." Therefore, the lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel was completed along with the upper subway level, but could not be used due to its lack of connections at both ends. In 1979, the MTA started studying four options for making the upper level of the tunnel more useful. The ultimately agreed-on plan was to connect the tunnel to the local tracks of the
437:, then towed to New York and sunk under the East River. The first of the tunnel segments was delivered in May 1971 and was lowered into place on August 29, 1971; the last section was lowered on March 14, 1972. The double-deck, 3,140-foot (960 m) tunnel under the East River was "holed through" on October 10, 1972, with the separate sections of tunnels being connected. The estimated cost of the project was $ 341 million, and the MTA applied for $ 227 million in federal funds.
791:
461:, located above the proposed subway tunnel's path, by cutting construction time from three years to two years and by constructing a temporary playground nearby. The sections that connected to the existing Broadway and Sixth Avenue Lines were holed through on October 11, 1973. Construction on the section between 5th Avenue and Park Avenue began in August 1974. The project involved digging a 45-foot (14 m)-high cavern underneath the street.
38:
413:. That August, a fourth track was added to the plans after it was determined that LIRR trains would be too large to run on subway tracks. This amendment increased the number of LIRR tracks to two, and provided dedicated tracks for the LIRR and the subway. In November 1967, voters approved a $ 2.5 billion transportation bond issue, and in early 1968, under the
646:
to the 63rd Street Tunnel under 41st Avenue. The four tunnels, with precast concrete liners, total 2 miles (3.2 km) in length. The two tunnel boring machines began digging on the Queens side in April 2011. On
December 22, 2011, breakthrough was achieved in Tunnel "A" of the four Queens tunnel
604:
stated, "If something happened at the East River tunnel, you wouldn't be able to run trains to Penn
Station." In 2002, Congress passed a bill that allocated $ 132 million for infrastructure projects in New York State, of which $ 14.7 million was to go toward funding East Side Access. Approval of a
468:
announced significant cutbacks to the plan. Construction of the
Southeastern Queens extension was deferred until 1981, and the Long Island Rail Road extension through the lower level of the 63rd Street tunnel was canceled for the foreseeable future. The tunnel was 95% complete by January 1976, but
641:
structure was built, which extends the tracks under
Northern Boulevard into the Sunnyside Yard, and then was covered with a deck. In September 2009, the MTA awarded Granite-Traylor-Frontiere Joint Venture a $ 659.2 million contract to employ two 500-ton slurry tunnel boring machines to create the
617:
The construction contract for a 1-mile (1.6 km) tunnel in
Manhattan westward and southward from the dormant lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel to the new 100-foot-deep (30 m) station beneath Grand Central Terminal was awarded in July 2006. The first tunnel boring machine was launched
543:
Planning for the connection to the IND Queens
Boulevard Line began in December 1990, with the final design contract awarded in December 1992. Two build alternatives were evaluated: a connection to the local tracks of the Queens Boulevard Line, and a connection to the local and express tracks. The
498:
By June 1985, the project was again delayed indefinitely after it was found that the tunnel had been flooded with 6 feet (1.8 m) of water, and several girders and electrical equipment had also deteriorated. Two contractors were hired to assess the structural integrity of the tunnel, and the
456:
underneath
Central Park to reduce disruption. The following month, the NYCTA published advertisements in newspapers, seeking construction bids for the tunnels under Central Park, but withdrew them after objections from community and conservation groups. The NYCTA agreed to halve the width of the
397:
approved a new East River tunnel sited at 64th Street, noting that it would cost $ 30 million and take seven years to build. The 64th Street site was said to be $ 5.3 million less expensive, "because of easier grades and smaller curves". The route was changed to 63rd Street because officials at
666:
and surrounding tunnels in late 2023. Additionally, at the time of the Grand
Central Madison station's opening, the LIRR did not own a "rescue locomotive" that was small enough to tow disabled passenger trains through the 63rd Street Tunnel; its existing locomotives could only fit the larger
1441:
2846:
417:, officials provided detailed plans for how it would be used. Among many other projects, the proposal included the construction of the 63rd Street Tunnel to host a proposed 63rd Street–Southeast Queens subway line on the upper level (connecting to a "super-express" line and the
499:
delay was estimated at two years. By
February 1987, the MTA's contractors had concluded that the tunnel was structurally sound, although federal funding had not yet been released. The MTA approved a new plan to have the tunnel open to 21st Street/Queensbridge by October 1989.
469:
later that year, the NYCTA announced that "it will take an extra five or six years—until 1987 or 1988—to complete the new Manhattan–Queens trunk subway line from Central Park to Jamaica via the new 63rd Street tunnel." The main cause of the delay was a proposed 5.8-mile
748:
The two trackways on the lower level were unused when the tunnel construction project was halted in the 1970s. On January 25, 2023, they carried their first revenue passengers, over 50 years since the tunnels were first holed through. Since then, they are used by the
687:
were floated into position and then sunk into the trenches. Two tubes were placed on each side of Roosevelt Island, each of which were 38-foot-square (12 m) prefabricated sections. The tubes extended 3,140 feet (960 m) under the water, from 63rd Street and
389:(NYCTA) proposed a two-track East River subway tunnel under 76th Street with unspecified connections to the rest of the transit network, at a cost of $ 139 million. The proposed site of the tunnel was switched to 59th Street on a May 2, 1963, report. On May 24,
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1430:
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station. The tunnel west of 21st Street/Queensbridge was placed into service in 1989, and the final section of the 63rd Street Tunnel, connecting the 21st Street station to the Queens Boulevard Line, officially opened on December 17, 2001.
612:
A tunnel cavern deep under Park Avenue, which now houses a switch to the north of the Grand Central LIRR station. During construction, the temporary narrow gauge tracks ran through the 63rd Street Tunnel's lower level to a staging area in
3367:
1995:
940:
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600:(FTA) gave a favorable "Record of Decision", a mark of approval, to East Side Access after reviewing the project's FEIS. The September 11 attacks underscored the need to bring LIRR service to Grand Central. As LIRR president
699:
Other portions of the tunnel were built using cut-and-cover construction or rock tunneling. Waste material from the 63rd Street Tunnel's construction was deposited at the tip of Roosevelt Island, as well as off the coast of
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westbound then southbound from the 63rd Street Tunnel in September 2007, and it reached Grand Central Terminal in July 2008. The second machine began boring a parallel tunnel in December 2007 and had completed its tunnel at
2428:
La Guardia International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Airport Access Program, Automated Guideway Transit System (NY, New Jersey): Environmental Impact
2006:
761:
project. During construction, the lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel was used to transport equipment. The laying of permanent tracks started in September 2017. Due to low vertical clearances in the lower level,
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trains on weekends. The 1,500-foot (460 m) connector to the Queens Boulevard Line had not yet started construction. It was nicknamed the "tunnel to nowhere" due to its lack of connections in Queens.
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662:
The project was initially scheduled to be completed by 2009, but the opening date was pushed back several times, finally opening on January 25, 2023. The MTA upgraded cellular service within the
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1973:
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was decided as the only feasible route for the tunnel. Because the 63rd Street Tunnel is at such a deep level, there are several ventilation shafts along its route. In Central Park, near the
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1328:
568:, and had resurfaced by the turn of the century. By that time, the LIRR was the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, with an average of 269,400 passengers each weekday in 1999.
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at 64th Street feared that vibrations from heavy construction and train movements might interfere with the Institute's delicate instruments and the research being conducted.
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proposed 75-foot (23 m)-wide cut, which resulted in a proportionate decrease in the area of affected parkland. The NYCTA also agreed to reduce disruption to the
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The 63rd Street Tunnel and the 63rd Street Tunnel Connector received the Construction Achievement Project of the Year Award from the Metropolitan Section of the
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told city engineers to write a report that studied ways to reduce the project's impact. The results of the report, released in January 1971, called for using
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and a conveyor belt system were constructed behind the tunnel boring machines and through the 63rd Street Tunnels to the Queens bell mouth. An $ 83 million
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1470:
654:
601:
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1957:
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1258:
290:
279:
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1312:
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reported that the lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel was still under construction by 1976, even though it would remain unused indefinitely.
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method. Trenches were dug in the river bed, and four 375-foot (114 m) long prefabricated concrete sections of tunnel fabricated in
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4388:
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and boring four tunnels under Sunnyside Yard. This was a particularly delicate and expensive task due to the existence of the elevated
2987:
2720:
802:
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2433:
3034:"Comparison of the predicted behavior of the Manhattan TBM launch shaft with the observed data, East Side Access Project, New York"
814:
520:
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in 1973 and 2000, respectively. The 63rd Street Tunnel Connector was also selected as the Transit Project of the Year in 1999 by
512:
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was the main contractor. Four 38-foot-square (12 m) prefabricated sections of the 63rd Street Tunnel were constructed at
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200:
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final design for East Side Access was granted in 2002, and the first properties for East Side Access were acquired in 2003.
519:
The IND 63rd Street Line went into service on October 29, 1989, twenty years after construction began, with new stations at
4500:
2808:
569:
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410:
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suggested that a tunnel around 61st Street "be built with all deliberate speed". Several months later, on October 17, the
114:
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2407:
846:
580:. In 1999, the MTA proposed a $ 17 billion five-year capital budget, which included a $ 1.6 billion LIRR connection to a
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delayed the commencement of regular service. The connector came into regular use on December 16, 2001, with the start of
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in Queens, as well as on Roosevelt Island, were turned into ventilation shafts after the conclusion of construction.
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on the Manhattan waterfront to 41st Avenue and Vernon Boulevard on the Queens waterfront. The construction shafts at
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333:. Opened in 1989, it is the newest of the East River tunnels, as well as the newest rail river crossing in the
4535:
754:
663:
350:
4136:
107:
3435:"LIRR commuters to get better cell service at Grand Central Madison, Atlantic Terminal, tunnels, MTA says"
4515:
4222:
4168:
4121:
3928:
3918:
3604:
Immersed Tunnel Techniques: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers
1910:
1245:
470:
1868:
1787:
1745:
1157:
1115:
1074:
1019:
977:
608:
3201:"Granite/Traylor/Frontier-Kemper Venture Awarded $ 659 Million for Queens Bored Tunnels and Structures"
671:. In early 2024, the MTA board voted to buy a battery-powered locomotive that could fit in the tunnel.
334:
3394:
790:
4525:
4163:
4131:
4075:
4070:
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2337:
Final Environmental Impact Statement for the 63rd Street Line Connection to the Queens Boulevard Line
717:
492:
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in Queens), and an LIRR branch traveling to a new railroad terminal in Manhattan on the lower level.
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713:
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619:
270:
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926:(2nd ed.). Metropolitan Section, American Society of Civil Engineers. 2009. pp. 62–63.
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4111:
684:
643:
585:
434:
399:
224:
3602:
3294:"MTA walks back targets on East Side Access yet again, completion now not expected until 2023"
3210:
3033:
2886:
Cuza, Bobby (July 12, 2006). "MTA Takes Major Step Towards Completing East Side Access Plan".
556:
service in the 53rd Street Tunnel and the rerouting of F service at all times to 63rd Street.
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3933:
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2050:
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721:
581:
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One section of the tunnel was controversial because it called for 1,500 feet (460 m) of
406:
346:
153:
3393:
2971:
4403:
4090:
4040:
4015:
1075:"L.I.R.R. Will Run In Queens Tunnel – 3d Track in 63d St. Tube to Provide East Side Outlet"
737:
549:
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390:
342:
149:
8:
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A third track was added to the plans for the tunnel in April 1966. The track would serve
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2036:
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577:
545:
430:
414:
3697:
East 63rd St Line, Manhattan/Queens Boroughs, New York: Environmental Impact Statement
3487:"LIRR doesn't have 'rescue locomotive' for East Side Access tunnels if power goes out"
4242:
4173:
4035:
4005:
3985:
3730:
3648:
3608:
3581:
3578:
Under the Sidewalks of New York: The Story of the Greatest Subway System in the World
3546:
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3045:
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2525:
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2138:
2099:
2021:
1965:
1921:
1879:
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1714:
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1637:
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1559:
1517:
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1361:
1320:
1207:
1168:
1126:
1085:
1030:
988:
833:
774:
693:
638:
565:
548:. Regular service was expected to begin by August or September of that year, but the
338:
22:
4303:
4237:
4232:
4000:
778:
763:
758:
630:
589:
365:
354:
60:
43:
3752:"Chapter 28: Comments and Responses on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement".
3641:"Governor Rockefeller and Mayor Lindsay Attend 'Holing Through' of 63d St. Tunnel"
2479:
1471:"Governor Rockefeller and Mayor Lindsay Attend 'Holing Through' of 63d St. Tunnel"
4358:
3958:
3923:
3724:
3015:
701:
488:
873:
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in Queens, at a cost of $ 222 million, and a timetable of at least eight years.
4323:
4126:
4116:
4030:
3913:
3513:"LIRR adding battery-powered 'rescue engine' for Grand Central Madison tunnels"
2761:
507:
262:
4426:
3360:"MTA starts laying track for long-awaited East Side access for LIRR commuters"
3084:
21:
For the subway line that uses this tunnel to travel under the East River, see
4494:
4025:
3887:
3652:
3550:
3407:
2983:
2820:
2732:
2649:
2607:
2568:
2529:
2472:"E,F Detour in 2001, F trains via 63 St, E no trains running, take R instead"
2266:
2220:
2181:
2142:
2103:
1969:
1925:
1883:
1841:
1802:
1760:
1718:
1680:
1641:
1602:
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1521:
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1404:
1365:
1324:
1211:
1172:
1130:
1089:
1034:
992:
680:
572:, located on the West Side, was operating at capacity due to a complex track
465:
441:
368:
in 1972, but completion of the tunnel and its connections was delayed by the
330:
129:
116:
100:
3734:
2383:
1158:"$ 2.9-Billion Transit Plan for New York Area Links Subways, Rails, Airport"
3738:
767:
634:
573:
449:
445:
2972:"A 640-Ton Machine Drills a Long Island Rail Road Tunnel to Grand Central"
704:. Over 500,000 cubic yards (380,000 m) of soil had to be extracted.
234:
2405:
Silano, Louis G.; Shanbhag, Radmas (July 2000). "The Final Connection".
4433:
2941:"East Side Access Tunnel Boring Machine Reaches Grand Central Terminal"
314:
286:
275:
88:
2638:"V Train Begins Service Today, Giving Queens Commuters Another Option"
773:
During the tunnel's construction, an alignment underneath Central and
2052:
Queens Subway Options Study, New York: Environmental Impact Statement
1911:"Planned 40-Mile Queens Subway, Cut to 15, is Costly and Behind Time"
689:
360:
Construction of the 63rd Street Tunnel began in 1969. The tunnel was
322:
92:
3327:"MTA and LIRR East Side Access cost and schedule continue to change"
2034:"63rd Street Subway Tunnel: More Setbacks for a Troubled Project",
37:
477:, there was no funding to extend the tunnel in Queens east of the
3118:"Inside the Massive New Rail Tunnels Beneath NYC's Grand Central"
3102:
3079:
2675:
2673:
2671:
1313:"First Section of 63d St. Tunnel Lowered to Bottom of East River"
874:"East Side Access Final Environmental Impact Statement: Overview"
651:. By July 25, 2012, all four Queens tunnel drives were complete.
473:
in Queens. The upper level was completed in 1976, but due to the
2398:
1423:
633:
and the underground IND Queens Boulevard Line directly above. A
4383:
2683:
East Side Access Modification to Environmental Impact Statement
2341:
1737:
1591:"Study Suggests a Big Reduction In Central Park Subway Digging"
924:
Guide to Civil Engineering Projects In and Around New York City
326:
96:
2668:
444:
tunneling, which would require digging an open trench through
409:(LIRR) trains to east Midtown, alleviating train traffic into
3395:"L.I.R.R. Service to Grand Central Begins Today at Long Last"
2501:
Musluoglu, Subutay (February 2001). "63rd Street Connector".
2419:
1116:"Tunnel From Queens to 63d St. To Have 4 Tracks Instead of 3"
736: train. There are also track connections to and from the
679:
The 63rd Street Tunnel's river portions were built using the
625:
On the Queens side, work included extending the tunnel under
2330:
2328:
2326:
429:
Construction on the project began on November 24, 1969; the
3149:"New York's Subway System Finally Starting Major Expansion"
1552:"Mayor Asks Engineers to Ease Subway Tunnel Impact in Park"
724:
in Manhattan via the IND 63rd Street Line, are used by the
3171:"East Side Access – Queens Bored Tunnels & Structures"
3354:
3352:
3255:
3236:
2887:
2596:"Another Tunnel Offers Breathing Room for E and F Trains"
2518:"Another Tunnel Offers Breathing Room for E and F Trains"
2323:
948:
International Tunneling and Underground Space Association
596:(FEIS) was released in March 2001. Two months later, the
3882:
337:. The upper level of the 63rd Street Tunnel carries the
2721:"M.T.A. to Propose Spending Billions on Rail Expansion"
3461:"MTA upgrades cell service in LIRR tunnels, terminals"
3349:
1669:"Transit Authority Agrees to Modify Central Park Plan"
313:
is a double-deck subway and railroad tunnel under the
3792:"Construction Achievement Project of the Year Award"
2301:"Tunnel Vision: Inside the East Side Access Project"
2043:
1393:"City's First Subway Tunnel in 40 Years Cut Through"
770:
fleet, are not able to serve Grand Central Madison.
716:. The two tracks on the upper level, connecting the
3504:
3478:
2209:"M.T.A. Proposes Opening 63d Street Tunnel in '89"
1510:"Grand Central Is Favored Over a 3d Ave. Terminal"
3580:. Brattleboro, VT: S. Greene Press. p. 145.
3387:
3385:
3263:"MTA Completes Tunnel Boring On East Side Access"
2856:. Associated Press. February 4, 2002. p. 5.
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1830:"More Work on New Manhattan-Queens Subway Slated"
1431:"To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel"
1284:"To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel"
564:Plans were made in 1995 to bring LIRR service to
4492:
3452:
3285:
1354:"Harbor Welcome Is Given Tube for Queens Subway"
1200:"Mayor and Governor Unite to Start Transit Tube"
4431:
3755:East Side Access Environmental Impact Statement
3233:"MTA Officials Dedicate Tunnel-Boring Machines"
2631:
2629:
2131:"63d St. Subway Tunnel Flawed; Opening Delayed"
1958:"Tunnel Project, Five Years Old, Won't Be Used"
1247:East Side Access Environmental Impact Statement
3382:
3075:
3073:
2404:
2285:
2239:
1944:
1902:
642:tunnels connecting the LIRR Main Line and the
42:The 63rd Street Tunnel, in the context of the
3868:
3426:
1996:"Community Board Hears 'Subway Options' Plan"
1306:
1304:
1289:. New York Leader-Observer. November 20, 1969
808:63rd Street ventilator, east of Second Avenue
3601:Munfah, Nasri A.; Tarhan, Yalcin M. (1990).
3600:
3031:
2626:
2255:"The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere"
1908:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
559:
18:Tunnel under the East River in New York City
3831:. December 1999. p. 47. Archived from
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3163:
3070:
3025:
2905:"East Side Access Quarterly Report Q3 2009"
2756:
2754:
2446:New York State Department of Transportation
935:
933:
4506:Immersed tube tunnels in the United States
3875:
3861:
3511:Castillo, Alfonso A. (February 15, 2024).
3109:
2771:United States Department of Transportation
2438:United States Department of Transportation
2350:United States Department of Transportation
2057:United States Department of Transportation
1301:
588:, to be built as part of a project called
4394:NYS Department of Transportation (NYSDOT)
4389:NYC Department of Transportation (NYCDOT)
3745:
3722:
3485:Castillo, Alfonso A. (January 19, 2023).
2809:"Pushing to Speed Up East Side Rail Link"
2680:"Appendix B: Upper Level Loop Analysis".
2500:
2434:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
1230:
820:Ventilation structure on Roosevelt Island
502:
3671:
3633:
3539:"Who's Watching the Underwater Tunnels?"
3510:
3484:
2751:
2167:
1955:
1746:"Coming: Light at End of 63d St. Tunnel"
1588:
1063:. New York City Transit Authority. 1965.
1018:Bennett, Charles G. (October 18, 1963).
930:
653:
607:
506:
3726:Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006
3716:
3704:from the original on September 30, 2023
3607:. London: Thomas Telford. p. 327.
3291:
3146:
3058:from the original on September 30, 2023
3032:Nasri, V.; Lee, W.S.; Rice, J. (2004).
2899:
2897:
2719:Lueck, Thomas J. (September 26, 1999).
2635:
2554:
2548:
2452:from the original on September 30, 2023
2360:from the original on September 30, 2023
2071:from the original on September 30, 2023
2012:from the original on September 30, 2023
1956:Andelman, David A. (October 11, 1980).
1932:from the original on September 30, 2023
1809:from the original on September 30, 2023
1744:Burks, Edward C. (September 24, 1976).
1627:
1528:from the original on September 28, 2017
1507:
1501:
1041:from the original on September 30, 2023
1017:
975:
757:, which was constructed as part of the
674:
4493:
4156:
3621:from the original on February 15, 2017
3575:
3458:
3324:
3093:from the original on November 14, 2021
2969:
2951:from the original on December 22, 2015
2593:
2575:from the original on November 26, 2010
2515:
2509:
2298:
2273:from the original on December 18, 2021
2206:
2092:"M.T.A. Votes to Extend 63rd St. Line"
1869:"New Subway Line Delayed 5 or 6 Years"
1848:from the original on February 10, 2018
1666:
1630:"Transit Unit Retreats on Park Tunnel"
1447:from the original on December 16, 2018
1198:Burks, Edward C. (November 25, 1969).
1155:
918:
916:
914:
215:3,140 feet (960 m) between shafts
4430:
3856:
3659:from the original on February 3, 2014
3414:from the original on January 26, 2023
3370:from the original on February 3, 2018
3337:from the original on February 4, 2018
3273:from the original on February 3, 2018
3128:from the original on February 4, 2018
3115:
3081:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
3020:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
2990:from the original on February 3, 2018
2945:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
2933:
2921:from the original on January 26, 2023
2912:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
2847:"NY received $ 132 million under bin"
2827:from the original on February 4, 2018
2779:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
2739:from the original on February 3, 2018
2718:
2346:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
2253:Lorch, Donatella (October 29, 1989).
2252:
2168:Schmaltz, Jeffrey (August 18, 1985).
2128:
2110:from the original on February 3, 2018
2089:
2061:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
1866:
1827:
1785:
1743:
1725:from the original on February 3, 2018
1707:"Subway Link Gains with Midtown Work"
1687:from the original on February 3, 2018
1648:from the original on February 3, 2018
1628:Oelsner, Lesley (February 11, 1971).
1609:from the original on February 3, 2018
1570:from the original on February 3, 2018
1549:
1545:
1543:
1489:from the original on February 3, 2018
1411:from the original on February 3, 2018
1390:
1372:from the original on February 3, 2018
1348:
1346:
1331:from the original on February 3, 2018
1310:
1197:
1156:Witkin, Richard (February 29, 1968).
884:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
550:September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
201:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
3536:
3209:. September 30, 2009. Archived from
2963:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2700:from the original on August 25, 2014
2636:Kershaw, Sarah (December 17, 2001).
2555:Kennedy, Randy (November 28, 2001).
2505:. Electric Railroaders' Association.
2207:Levine, Richard (February 7, 1987).
2090:Daley, Suzanne (December 15, 1984).
1890:from the original on October 7, 2022
1767:from the original on October 5, 2022
1667:Ranzal, Edward (February 27, 1971).
976:Bennett, Charles G. (May 25, 1963).
4511:New York City Subway infrastructure
3772:from the original on March 15, 2018
3432:
3391:
2806:
2656:from the original on March 25, 2010
2594:Saulny, Susan (November 28, 2000).
2516:Saulny, Susan (November 28, 2000).
2227:from the original on March 25, 2020
2170:"U.S. Holds Up Aid For Subway Work"
2161:
1909:Lichtenstein, Grace (May 9, 1978).
1786:Burks, Edward C. (March 21, 1975).
1311:Prial, Frank J. (August 30, 1971).
1218:from the original on April 25, 2018
911:
847:American Society of Civil Engineers
647:drives from the 63rd Street Tunnel
13:
3802:from the original on July 13, 2019
3557:from the original on July 20, 2019
3459:Wassef, Mira (November 21, 2023).
3306:from the original on March 5, 2014
3292:Donohue, Pete (January 27, 2014).
3181:from the original on July 12, 2019
3116:Ocean, Justin (November 4, 2015).
2807:Ain, Stewart (December 23, 2001).
2614:from the original on June 23, 2013
2536:from the original on June 23, 2013
2382:. October 19, 2002. Archived from
2299:Rumsey, Spencer (April 21, 2011).
1988:
1976:from the original on July 22, 2018
1867:Burks, Edward C. (July 29, 1976).
1821:
1540:
1391:Prial, Frank J. (March 14, 1972).
1343:
1264:from the original on March 4, 2016
531:in Queens. The line was served by
464:On March 20, 1975, New York mayor
448:in Manhattan. In June 1970, Mayor
14:
4547:
4521:Railroad tunnels in New York City
3433:Zou, Dandan (November 21, 2023).
3325:Penner, Larry (August 10, 2017).
3086:East Side Access 1/24/2012 Update
2970:Neuman, William (July 18, 2008).
2788:from the original on May 20, 2017
2188:from the original on May 24, 2015
2149:from the original on May 24, 2015
2065:Urban Mass Transit Administration
1788:"Beame Trims Plan For New Subway"
1550:Burks, Edward C. (June 2, 1970).
832:Ventilator and emergency exit in
4465:
4460:
4122:Brooklyn–Battery (Hugh L. Carey)
3239:. March 18, 2011. Archived from
2863:from the original on May 7, 2022
2129:Daley, Suzanne (June 28, 1985).
1508:Tolchin, Martin (June 7, 1973).
1440:. November 20, 1969. p. 8.
1179:from the original on May 7, 2022
1137:from the original on May 7, 2022
1096:from the original on May 7, 2022
999:from the original on May 7, 2022
978:"61st St. Tunnel to Queens Sped"
825:
813:
801:
789:
479:21st Street–Queensbridge station
475:1975 New York City fiscal crisis
370:1975 New York City fiscal crisis
36:
3814:
3784:
3594:
3569:
3530:
3318:
3225:
3193:
3140:
3002:
2839:
2800:
2712:
2587:
2494:
2464:
2442:Federal Aviation Administration
2372:
2200:
2122:
2083:
2028:
1860:
1779:
1699:
1660:
1621:
1582:
1463:
1384:
1276:
1244:"Chapter 1: Purpose and Need".
1020:"Subway Tunnel to Queens Voted"
863:
594:environmental impact assessment
424:
387:New York City Transit Authority
4046:Robert F. Kennedy (Triborough)
3537:Chan, Sewell (July 20, 2005).
2914:. September 2009. p. 16.
2775:Federal Transit Administration
2354:Federal Transit Administration
1297:– via fultonhistory.com.
1191:
1149:
1108:
1067:
1053:
1011:
969:
635:temporary narrow-gauge railway
598:Federal Transit Administration
220:
1:
4442:
3822:"Transit Project of the Year"
3392:Ley, Ana (January 25, 2023).
2380:"About NYC Transit – History"
2005:. April 21, 1983. p. 8.
905:
755:Grand Central Madison station
664:Grand Central Madison station
3022:. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
2040:, November 1, 1984, page B1.
796:Tunnel vents in Central Park
742:Lexington Avenue–63rd Street
576:and limited capacity in the
7:
4501:Crossings of the East River
3729:(3rd ed.). Dougherty.
1589:Andelman, David A. (1971).
380:
10:
4552:
3829:New York Construction News
3723:Dougherty, Peter (2006) .
2557:"New Subway Line To Start"
2503:New York Division Bulletin
2067:. May 1984. pp. 83–.
851:New York Construction News
753:to connect Queens and the
375:
345:. The lower level carries
335:New York metropolitan area
20:
4531:Tunnels completed in 1989
4471:
4455:
4445:
4440:
4376:
4266:
4210:
4201:
4149:
4104:
3901:
3894:
3796:ASCE Metropolitan Section
3576:Cudahy, Brian J. (1979).
3147:Stabile, Tom (May 2006).
1828:Burks, Edward C. (1976).
840:
718:IND Queens Boulevard Line
560:Completion of lower level
493:IND Queens Boulevard Line
299:
269:
233:
219:
211:
206:
196:
164:
159:
145:
106:
84:
56:
51:
35:
4477:Roosevelt Island Tramway
4404:MTA New York City Subway
3763:MTA Capital Construction
3153:newyork.construction.com
3038:North American Tunneling
2691:MTA Capital Construction
1438:New York Leader-Observer
1255:MTA Capital Construction
869:For the full FEIS, see:
856:
707:
4451:Roosevelt Island Bridge
4399:MTA Bridges and Tunnels
3175:Engineering News-Record
1061:Annual Report 1964–1965
622:on September 30, 2008.
535:trains on weekdays and
529:21st Street/41st Avenue
303:38.5 feet (11.7 m)
183:; 20 months ago
3366:. September 25, 2017.
3206:Construction Equipment
3014:April 8, 2014, at the
3009:"MTA ESA Progress Map"
685:Port Deposit, Maryland
659:
644:Port Washington Branch
614:
592:. The project's final
586:Grand Central Terminal
516:
503:Opening of upper level
471:"super express" bypass
454:tunnel boring machines
435:Port Deposit, Maryland
385:In February 1963, the
170:; 34 years ago
4314:Downtown Hudson Tubes
766:, such as the LIRR's
751:Long Island Rail Road
722:IND Sixth Avenue Line
657:
611:
510:
407:Long Island Rail Road
400:Rockefeller Institute
347:Long Island Rail Road
181:January 25, 2023
168:October 29, 1989
154:Long Island Rail Road
130:40.76000°N 73.95500°W
4536:Tunnels in Manhattan
4036:Queensboro (Ed Koch)
3647:. October 11, 1972.
3213:on December 25, 2009
3042:Taylor & Francis
1713:. October 11, 1973.
1477:. October 11, 1972.
941:"63rd Street Tunnel"
738:BMT 63rd Street Line
675:Construction methods
459:Heckscher Playground
411:Pennsylvania Station
343:New York City Subway
339:IND 63rd Street Line
229:4 (2 subway, 2 LIRR)
150:New York City Subway
4364:Uptown Hudson Tubes
4021:Park Avenue Viaduct
3884:Bridges and tunnels
3299:New York Daily News
2763:Record of Decisions
2386:on October 19, 2002
2311:on October 24, 2011
1125:. August 12, 1966.
419:Archer Avenue lines
135:40.76000; -73.95500
126: /
32:
4516:Program for Action
4457:63rd Street Tunnel
4076:Verrazzano-Narrows
4071:University Heights
3909:Alexander Hamilton
3645:The New York Times
3543:The New York Times
3400:The New York Times
3243:on August 25, 2011
2976:The New York Times
2813:The New York Times
2725:The New York Times
2642:The New York Times
2600:The New York Times
2561:The New York Times
2522:The New York Times
2259:The New York Times
2213:The New York Times
2174:The New York Times
2135:The New York Times
2096:The New York Times
2037:The New York Times
1962:The New York Times
1918:The New York Times
1876:The New York Times
1834:The New York Times
1795:The New York Times
1753:The New York Times
1711:The New York Times
1673:The New York Times
1634:The New York Times
1595:The New York Times
1556:The New York Times
1514:The New York Times
1475:The New York Times
1397:The New York Times
1358:The New York Times
1317:The New York Times
1204:The New York Times
1165:The New York Times
1123:The New York Times
1084:. April 28, 1966.
1082:The New York Times
1027:The New York Times
985:The New York Times
775:Queensbridge Parks
669:East River Tunnels
667:dimensions of the
660:
658:Lower level tracks
627:Northern Boulevard
615:
578:East River Tunnels
546:53rd Street Tunnel
517:
485:The New York Times
431:Kiewit Corporation
415:Program for Action
311:63rd Street Tunnel
292:750 V DC
281:600 V DC
31:63rd Street Tunnel
30:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4432:Crossings of the
4424:
4423:
4372:
4371:
4197:
4196:
4145:
4144:
3981:Joseph P. Addabbo
3971:Greenpoint Avenue
3954:George Washington
3838:on April 25, 2012
3364:Spectrum News NY1
3269:. July 26, 2012.
3051:978-1-4398-3375-9
2943:(Press release).
2873:Fultonhistory.com
2408:Civil Engineering
2344:, New York City:
2305:Long Island Press
2022:Fultonhistory.com
1457:Fultonhistory.com
834:Queensbridge Park
764:bilevel rail cars
720:in Queens to the
694:Queensbridge Park
395:Board of Estimate
349:(LIRR) trains to
307:
306:
23:63rd Street Lines
4543:
4526:Roosevelt Island
4469:
4464:
4443:
4428:
4427:
4334:Lexington Avenue
4329:Joralemon Street
4309:Cranberry Street
4208:
4207:
4154:
4153:
4051:Roosevelt Island
3929:Bronx–Whitestone
3899:
3898:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3760:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3692:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3397:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3177:. June 1, 2010.
3167:
3161:
3160:
3155:. Archived from
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3029:
3023:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2947:. July 2, 2008.
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2909:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2781:. May 21, 2001.
2768:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2688:
2677:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2482:on March 2, 2011
2478:. Archived from
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2332:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2307:. Archived from
2296:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1360:. May 19, 1971.
1350:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1252:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
982:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
956:
950:. Archived from
945:
937:
928:
927:
920:
899:
895:
893:
891:
867:
829:
817:
805:
793:
779:Central Park Zoo
759:East Side Access
735:
729:
631:BMT Astoria Line
602:Kenneth J. Bauer
590:East Side Access
525:Roosevelt Island
521:Lexington Avenue
513:Roosevelt Island
366:Roosevelt Island
355:East Side Access
293:
282:
265:
259:
255:
253:
252:
248:
245:
222:
191:
189:
184:
178:
176:
171:
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
74:
68:
61:63rd Street Line
44:East Side Access
40:
33:
29:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4436:
4425:
4420:
4368:
4339:Montague Street
4262:
4203:
4193:
4150:Pedestrian only
4141:
4100:
3890:
3881:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3758:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3694:
3693:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3390:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3159:on May 9, 2008.
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3096:
3094:
3078:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3030:
3026:
3016:Wayback Machine
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2884:
2880:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:Salamanca Press
2849:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2634:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2251:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:Ridgewood Times
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1954:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1548:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1309:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
980:
974:
970:
960:
958:
957:on May 26, 2012
954:
943:
939:
938:
931:
922:
921:
912:
908:
903:
902:
889:
887:
886:. March 6, 2001
872:
868:
864:
859:
843:
836:
830:
821:
818:
809:
806:
797:
794:
731:
725:
712:The tunnel has
710:
702:Astoria, Queens
677:
562:
505:
489:Richard Ravitch
427:
383:
378:
353:as part of the
291:
285:
280:
261:
257:
250:
246:
243:
241:
240:4 ft
239:
187:
185:
182:
180:
174:
172:
169:
152:
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
76:
70:
64:
47:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4549:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4454:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4409:Port Authority
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Rutgers Street
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4253:Spuyten Duyvil
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:Queens–Midtown
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Marine Parkway
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Madison Avenue
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Carroll Street
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3813:
3783:
3765:. March 2001.
3744:
3715:
3670:
3632:
3613:
3593:
3586:
3568:
3529:
3503:
3477:
3451:
3425:
3381:
3348:
3317:
3284:
3254:
3224:
3192:
3162:
3139:
3108:
3069:
3050:
3024:
3001:
2962:
2932:
2893:
2878:
2838:
2799:
2750:
2711:
2693:. April 2006.
2667:
2625:
2586:
2547:
2508:
2493:
2476:The Subway Nut
2463:
2418:
2397:
2371:
2322:
2284:
2238:
2199:
2160:
2121:
2082:
2042:
2027:
1987:
1964:. p. 25.
1943:
1920:. p. 68.
1901:
1878:. p. 35.
1859:
1820:
1778:
1736:
1698:
1659:
1620:
1581:
1539:
1500:
1462:
1422:
1383:
1342:
1300:
1275:
1257:. March 2001.
1229:
1190:
1148:
1107:
1066:
1052:
1010:
968:
929:
909:
907:
904:
901:
900:
898:
897:
861:
860:
858:
855:
842:
839:
838:
837:
831:
824:
822:
819:
812:
810:
807:
800:
798:
795:
788:
786:
740:, west of the
709:
706:
676:
673:
561:
558:
504:
501:
426:
423:
382:
379:
377:
374:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
273:
267:
266:
263:standard gauge
237:
231:
230:
227:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
147:
143:
142:
110:
104:
103:
86:
82:
81:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
41:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4548:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:South Channel
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4200:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Willis Avenue
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Rikers Island
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:New York City
3885:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3817:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3620:
3616:
3614:0-7277-1512-7
3610:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3587:0-8289-0352-2
3583:
3579:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3122:Bloomberg.com
3119:
3112:
3104:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3005:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2451:
2448:. June 1994.
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2390:September 18,
2385:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2356:. June 1992.
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:. p. 1.
2175:
2171:
2164:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:. p. 1.
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:. p. 1.
1796:
1789:
1782:
1771:September 27,
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1285:
1279:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:. p. 1.
1166:
1159:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:. p. 1.
1028:
1021:
1014:
998:
994:
990:
987:. p. 1.
986:
979:
972:
953:
949:
942:
936:
934:
925:
919:
917:
915:
910:
885:
881:
880:
875:
871:
870:
866:
862:
854:
852:
848:
835:
828:
823:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
784:
783:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
746:
743:
739:
734:
730: and
728:
723:
719:
715:
705:
703:
697:
695:
691:
686:
682:
681:immersed tube
672:
670:
665:
656:
652:
650:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
509:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
467:
466:Abraham Beame
462:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:cut-and-cover
438:
436:
432:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
396:
392:
388:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:holed through
358:
356:
352:
351:Grand Central
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:New York City
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
302:
298:
295:(lower level)
294:
288:
284:(upper level)
283:
277:
274:
272:
268:
264:
258:1,435 mm
238:
236:
232:
228:
226:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:(lower level)
179:(upper level)
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
139:
111:
109:
105:
102:
101:New York City
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:(LIRR trains)
79:
73:
69: and
67:
62:
59:
55:
50:
45:
39:
34:
28:
24:
16:
4472:
4456:
4446:
4299:Clark Street
4294:149th Street
4288:
4258:Williamsburg
4228:Harlem River
4184:Wards Island
4112:Battery Park
4096:145th Street
4086:Williamsburg
4066:Union Street
4056:Third Avenue
3976:Henry Hudson
3949:Grand Street
3840:. Retrieved
3833:the original
3828:
3816:
3804:. Retrieved
3795:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3754:
3747:
3739:Google Books
3737:– via
3725:
3718:
3706:. Retrieved
3696:
3661:. Retrieved
3644:
3635:
3623:. Retrieved
3603:
3596:
3577:
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3542:
3532:
3522:February 17,
3520:. Retrieved
3516:
3506:
3496:February 17,
3494:. Retrieved
3490:
3480:
3470:November 26,
3468:. Retrieved
3464:
3454:
3444:November 26,
3442:. Retrieved
3438:
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3399:
3372:. Retrieved
3363:
3339:. Retrieved
3330:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3297:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3267:CBS New York
3266:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3211:the original
3204:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3174:
3165:
3157:the original
3152:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3121:
3111:
3101:– via
3095:. Retrieved
3085:
3060:. Retrieved
3037:
3027:
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2975:
2965:
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2935:
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