Intel 8086 - Knowledge

2801: 2119: 2768: 2444: 736: 571: 36: 2456: 2813: 799:) determines the mode. Changing the state of pin 33 changes the function of certain other pins, most of which have to do with how the CPU handles the (local) bus. The mode is usually hardwired into the circuit and therefore cannot be changed by software. The workings of these modes are described in terms of timing diagrams in Intel datasheets and manuals. In minimum mode, all control signals are generated by the 8086 itself. 140: 2783: 1778:

First-In-First-Out (FIFO) buffer, from which the Execution Unit (EU) extracts instruction bytes as required. Whenever there is space for at least two bytes in the queue, the BIU will attempt a word fetch memory cycle. If the queue is empty (following a branch instruction, for example), the first byte into the queue immediately becomes available to the EU.

2999:, and known globally under several brands and model numbers), an IBM PC-compatible desktop microcomputer. The M24 / PC 6300 has IBM PC/XT compatible 8-bit expansion slots, but some of them have a proprietary extension providing the full 16-bit data bus of the 8086 CPU (similar in concept to the 16-bit slots of the 2760:

desktops. (EC1831 is the EC identification of IZOT 1036C and EC1832 is the EC identification of IZOT 1037C, developed and manufactured in Bulgaria. EC stands for Единая Система.) However, the EC1831 computer (IZOT 1036C) had significant hardware differences from the IBM PC prototype. The EC1831 was

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Simplified block diagram over Intel 8088 (a variant of 8086); 1=main & index registers; 2=segment registers and IP; 3=address adder; 4=internal address bus; 5=instruction queue; 6=control unit (very simplified!); 7=bus interface; 8=internal databus; 9=ALU; 10/11/12=external address/data/control

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of memory in an unusual way. Rather than concatenating the segment register with the address register, as in most processors whose address space exceeds their register size, the 8086 shifts the 16-bit segment only four bits left before adding it to the 16-bit offset (16×segment + offset), therefore

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limit performance slightly; transfers of 16-bit or 8-bit quantities are done in a four-clock memory access cycle, which is faster on 16-bit, although slower on 8-bit quantities, compared to many contemporary 8-bit based CPUs. As instructions vary from one to six bytes, fetch and execution are made

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According to Morse et al.,. the designers actually contemplated using an 8-bit shift (instead of 4-bit), in order to create a 16 MB physical address space. However, as this would have forced segments to begin on 256-byte boundaries, and 1 MB was considered very large for a microprocessor

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The first revision of the instruction set and high level architecture was ready after about three months, and as almost no CAD tools were used, four engineers and 12 layout people were simultaneously working on the chip. The 8086 took a little more than two years from idea to working product,

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with some help from Bruce Ravenel (the architect of the 8087) in refining the final revisions. Logic designer Jim McKevitt and John Bayliss were the lead engineers of the hardware-level development team and Bill Pohlman the manager for the project. The legacy of the 8086 is enduring in the basic

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have been extended in later processors by increasing the shift value, as long as applications obtained their segments from the operating system and did not make assumptions about the equivalence of different segment:offset pairs. In practice the use of "huge" pointers and similar mechanisms was

1705:. Near pointers are 16-bit offsets implicitly associated with the program's code or data segment and so can be used only within parts of a program small enough to fit in one segment. Far pointers are 32-bit segment:offset pairs resolving to 20-bit external addresses. Some compilers also support 3256:

The IBM PC and PC/XT use an Intel 8088 running in maximum mode, which allows the CPU to work with an optional 8087 coprocessor installed in the math coprocessor socket on the PC or PC/XT mainboard. (The PC and PC/XT may require maximum mode for other reasons, such as perhaps to support the DMA

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The instruction stream is fetched from memory as words and is addressed internally by the processor to the byte level as necessary. An instruction stream queuing mechanism allows up to 6 bytes of the instruction stream to be queued while waiting for decoding and execution. The queue acts as a

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pair were hardware-compatible with the 8088 and 8086 even though NEC made original Intel clones μPD8088D and μPD8086D respectively, but incorporated the instruction set of the 80186 along with some (but not all) of the 80186 speed enhancements, providing a drop-in capability to upgrade both

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of separate I/O space. The maximum linear address space is limited to 64 KB, simply because internal address/index registers are only 16 bits wide. Programming over 64 KB memory boundaries involves adjusting the segment registers (see below); this difficulty existed until the

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mode. The former mode is intended for small single-processor systems, while the latter is for medium or large systems using more than one processor (a kind of multiprocessor mode). Maximum mode is required when using an 8087 or 8089 coprocessor. The voltage on pin 33

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the first PC-compatible computer with dynamic bus sizing (US Pat. No 4,831,514). Later some of the EC1831 principles were adopted in PS/2 (US Pat. No 5,548,786) and some other machines (UK Patent Application, Publication No. GB-A-2211325, Published June 28, 1989).

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Due to a compact encoding inspired by 8-bit processors, most instructions are one-address or two-address operations, which means that the result is stored in one of the operands. At most one of the operands can be in memory, but this memory operand can also be the

3003:, but different in the design details, and physically incompatible), and all system peripherals including the onboard video system also enjoy 16-bit data transfers. The later Olivetti M24SP featured an 8086-2 running at the full maximum 10 MHz. 1328:

and are also used implicitly by some instructions. While perfectly sensible for the assembly programmer, this makes register allocation for compilers more complicated compared to more orthogonal 16-bit and 32-bit processors of the time such as the

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0000 0000 55 0001 89 E5 0003 56 0004 57 0005 8B 75 06 0008 8B 7D 04 000B FC 000C AC 000D 3C 41 000F 7C 06 0011 3C 5A 0013 7F 02 0015 04 20 0017 AA 0018 08 C0 001A 75 F0 001C 5F 001D 5E 001E 5D 001F C3 001F

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Although considered complicated and cumbersome by many programmers, this scheme also has advantages; a small program (less than 64 KB) can be loaded starting at a fixed offset (such as 0000) in its own segment, avoiding the need for

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executable file format, identical to CP/M. This was important when the 8086 and MS-DOS were new, because it allowed many existing CP/M (and other) applications to be quickly made available, greatly easing acceptance of the new platform.

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but excluding the instruction pointer, flag register and segment registers). Four of them, AX, BX, CX, DX, can also be accessed as 8-bit register pairs (see figure) while the other four, SI, DI, BP, SP, are 16-bit only.

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The 8086 was die-shrunk to 2 μm in 1981; this version also corrected a stack register bug in the original 3.5 μm chips. Later 1.5 μm and CMOS variants were outsourced to other manufacturers and not developed in-house.

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Timings and encodings in this manual are used with permission of Intel and come from the following publications: Intel Corporation. iAPX 86, 88, 186 and 188 User's Manual, Programmer's Reference, Santa Clara, Calif.

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As can be seen from these tables, operations on registers and immediates were fast (between 2 and 4 cycles), while memory-operand instructions and jumps were quite slow; jumps took more cycles than on the simple

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meant that 16-bit arithmetic instructions could now be performed with a single ALU cycle (instead of two, via internal carry, as in the 8080 and 8085), speeding up such instructions considerably. Combined with

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All internal registers, as well as internal and external data buses, are 16 bits wide, which firmly established the "16-bit microprocessor" identity of the 8086. A 20-bit external address bus provides a

542:(1977), which sufficed with a single +5 V power supply instead of the three different operating voltages of earlier chips. Other well known 8-bit microprocessors that emerged during these years are 2730:

instruction set and processing speed without manufacturers having to modify their designs. Such relatively simple and low-power 8086-compatible processors in CMOS are still used in embedded systems.

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architecture, which eventually became Intel's most successful line of processors. On June 5, 2018, Intel released a limited-edition CPU celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Intel 8086, called the

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producing a 20-bit external (or effective or physical) address from the 32-bit segment:offset pair. As a result, each external address can be referred to by 2 = 4096 different segment:offset pairs.

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Another factor for this is that the 8086 also introduced some new instructions (not present in the 8080 and 8085) to better support stack-based high-level programming languages such as Pascal and

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In the original IBM PC (1981) and PC/XT (1983), the FDC was physically located on a separate diskette adapter card. The FDC itself was a NEC μPD765A or a compatible part, such as the Intel 8272A.

613:. New instructions and features — such as signed integers, base+offset addressing, and self-repeating operations — were added. Instructions were added to assist source code compilation of 2800: 2110:

code and has been used by Algol-like languages since the late 1950s. A flat memory model is assumed, specifically, that the DS and ES segments address the same region of memory.

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to produce a functional computer, in part due to it being packaged in a small 18-pin "memory package", which ruled out the use of a separate address bus (Intel was primarily a

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widespread and the flat 32-bit addressing made possible with the 32-bit offset registers in the 80386 eventually extended the limited addressing range in a more general way.

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Intel Corporation (May–June 1979). "Microcomputer Components: New price reductions and production improvements make the popular 8086 microprocessor even more attractive".

2187:, as well as other enhancements, this made the performance gain over the 8080 or 8085 fairly significant, despite cases where the older chips may be faster (see below). 3134:

PIO, and 8259 PIC were used in the IBM PC design. In addition, it makes PCB layout simpler and boards cheaper, as well as demanding fewer (1- or 4-bit wide) DRAM chips.

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and could switch the CPU down to the lower speed (which also switched in a memory bus buffer to simulate the 8088's slower access) to avoid software timing issues.

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Some of the control pins, which carry essential signals for all external operations, have more than one function depending upon whether the device is operated in

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processes. The original chip measured 33 mm² and minimum feature size was 3.2 μm. The MUL and DIV instructions were very slow due to being microcoded

2325:, and the 8088 (used in the IBM PC) was additionally hampered by its narrower bus. The reasons why most memory related instructions were slow were threefold: 1827:

character string from one location to another, converting all alphabetic characters to lower case. The string is copied one byte (8-bit character) at a time.

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The degree of generality of most registers is much greater than in the 8080 or 8085. However, 8086 registers were more specialized than in most contemporary

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instruction set of today's personal computers and servers; the 8086 also lent its last two digits to later extended versions of the design, such as the

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around 1976, the idea was dismissed. Also, there were not enough pins available on a low cost 40-pin package for the additional four address bus pins.

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Loosely coupled fetch and execution units are efficient for instruction prefetch, but not for jumps and random data access (without special measures).

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both had dedicated address calculation hardware, saving many cycles, and the 80286 also had separate (non-multiplexed) address and data buses.

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No dedicated address calculation adder was afforded; the microcode routines had to use the main ALU for this (although there was a dedicated

3950: 2895: 2891: 2898:: bidirectional 8-bit driver. In 1980 both Intel I8286/I8287 (industrial grade) version were available for US$ 16.25 in quantities of 100. 5065: 3547: 4278: 1728:

on numerous pointers, data structures, and functions, compilers also support "memory models" which specify default pointer sizes. The

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designs in 1978 and used three 8086 chips (as CPU, graphics processor, and I/O processor), but never entered commercial production.

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model means that code and data are shared in a single segment, just as in most 8-bit based processors, and can be used to build

3966: 3422: 3207:(according to Jenny Hernandez, member of the 8086 design team, in a statement made on Intel's webpage for its 25th birthday). 4422: 4407: 4331: 4321: 3316:

Lewnes, Ann, "The Intel386 Architecture Here to Stay", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, July/August 1989, page 2

1345:, etc. On the other hand, being more regular than the rather minimalistic but ubiquitous 8-bit microprocessors such as the 3788:

Intel Corporation, "NewsBit: Intel Licenses Oki on CMOS Version of Several Products", Solutions, July/August 1984, Page 1.

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Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2

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The 8086 project started in May 1976 and was originally intended as a temporary substitute for the ambitious and delayed

100: 1752:(individual arrays > 64K) models cover practical combinations of near, far, and huge pointers for code and data. The 5439: 4346: 4341: 4336: 3484: 72: 5120: 4977: 3458: 1795: 119: 5311: 5291: 4554: 4400: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4316: 4311: 3901: 3225:

Fast static RAMs in MOS technology (as fast as bipolar RAMs) was an important product for Intel during this period.

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8087-compatible) eventually came up with high-performance floating-point coprocessors that competed with the 8087.

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However, memory access performance was drastically enhanced with Intel's next generation of 8086 family CPUs. The

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Made possible with depletion-load nMOS logic (the 8085 was later made using HMOS processing, just like the 8086).

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files for instance. Precompiled libraries often come in several versions compiled for different memory models.

1694: 1431:, which can be invoked by both hardware and software. The interrupts can cascade, using the stack to store the 57: 4139: 4103: 1427:; 16-bit words are pushed onto the stack, and the top of the stack is pointed to by SS:SP. There are 256 4621: 4530: 4390: 4353: 4306: 4112: 4076: 4067: 4013: 1285: 622: 3995: 86: 5418: 4592: 4542: 4506: 4085: 4049: 4031: 3449:

Geiger, Randall L.; Allen, Phillip E.; Strader, Noel R. (1990). "Random Logic vs. Structured Logic Forms".

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used an 8086 running at 7.16 MHz, but was compatible with add-in cards designed for the 4.77 MHz

2107: 610: 280: 4004: 1369:, and other contemporary accumulator-based machines, it is significantly easier to construct an efficient 4616: 4587: 4579: 4537: 4525: 4501: 4058: 3726:

Intel Corporation (May–June 1980). "New 8086 family products boost processor performance by 50 percent".

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was the standard math coprocessor for the 8086 and 8088, operating on 80-bit numbers. Manufacturers like

53: 4395: 4494: 4040: 2162:, while memory operations became slower (four years later, this performance problem was fixed with the 1432: 1370: 68: 4166: 3986: 3711:

Intel Corporation (January–February 1980). "New Products: Faster 8086 provides 60% more performance".

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so x86 programmers usually just used the bit shift instructions for multiplying and dividing instead.

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was not drastically reduced). It also permits the use of cheap 8080-family ICs, where the 8254 CTC,

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instructions for the multiply and divide assembly language instructions. Designers also anticipated

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the IBM Displaywriter is noticeably more expensive than other industrial micros that use the 8086.

3374:"Happy Birthday, 8086: Limited-Edition 8th Gen Intel Core i7-8086K Delivers Top Gaming Experience" 3190:

Rev.0 of the instruction set and architecture was ready in about three months, according to Morse.

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on a huge pointer treats it as a linear 20-bit pointer, while pointer arithmetic on a far pointer

1454:. Nine of these condition code flags are active, and indicate the current state of the processor: 5413: 5388: 4982: 3061: 2443: 1601: 1597: 1591: 942: 720: 234: 46: 4022: 3947: 3816: 3266:

Some 80186 clones did change the shift value, but were never commonly used in desktop computers.

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The 8086/8088 could be connected to a mathematical coprocessor to add hardware/microcode-based

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Small programs could ignore the segmentation and just use plain 16-bit addressing. This allows

1687: 1420: 757:). This address space is addressed by means of internal memory "segmentation". The data bus is 595: 3554: 2455: 2312:

Timings are best case, depending on prefetch status, instruction alignment, and other factors.

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and was implemented using depletion-load nMOS circuitry with approximately 20,000 active

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in mind, which also proved to be fairly general-purpose. The device needed several additional

5393: 5115: 4238: 3973: 3869: 3840: 3007: 2931: 2870: 2788: 2698: 2347:, forcing a slightly longer (33~50%) bus cycle than in typical contemporary 8-bit processors. 2171: 456: 201: 4130: 3932: 3900: 3373: 3234:

CHMOS is Intel's name for CMOS circuits manufactured using processing steps very similar to

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Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1

2740: 2151: 1490:(OF). Also referred to as the status word, the layout of the flags register is as follows: 762: 684:

products. This was followed by HMOS-II, HMOS-III versions, and, eventually, a fully static

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For the packaging, the Intel 8086 was available both in ceramic and plastic DIP packages.

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Morse, Stephen P.; Ravenel, Bruce W; Mazor, Stanley; Pohlman, William B. (October 1980).

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architecture introduced wider (32-bit) registers (the memory management hardware in the

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instructions to make programming easier. The 8080 device was eventually replaced by the

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8086 used less microcode than many competitors' designs, such as the MC68000 and others

2857:: programmable peripheral interface, 3x 8-bit I/O pins used for printer connection etc. 2690: 2155: 2099: 1710: 1397: 1281: 500: 452: 193: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 3659: 3064:

until the end of the space shuttle program in 2011. This decision was made to prevent

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NEC μPD8086D-2 (8 MHz) from the year 1984, week 19 JAPAN (clone of Intel D8086-2)

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with the address bus in order to fit all of the control lines into a standard 40-pin

680:(for High performance MOS) that Intel originally developed for manufacturing of fast 633:, this was a result of a more software-centric approach. Other enhancements included 606: 602: 527: 523: 496: 209: 2635: 5159: 5137: 5101: 4899: 4793: 4648: 4480: 4435: 3942: 3521: 3102: 2431: 2415:(which includes some on-chip peripherals), has been more popular for embedded use. 2395:

The clock frequency was originally limited to 5 MHz, but the last versions in

1714: 703: 669: 630: 583: 531: 433: 297: 4248:"Talking to memory: Inside the Intel 8088 processor's bus interface state machine" 4212:"Tracing the roots of the 8086 instruction set to the Datapoint 2200 minicomputer" 4077:"Counting the transistors in the 8086 processor: it's harder than you might think" 3299: 4756: 4729: 4167:"The microcode and hardware in the 8086 processor that perform string operations" 4131:"Reverse-engineering the ModR/M addressing microcode in the Intel 8086 processor" 2974: 2938: 2404: 2403:

versions were manufactured for a long time (at least a while into the 1990s) for

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and decoupled into separate units (as it remains in today's x86 processors): The

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ICs to enable a separate address bus. It has an extended instruction set that is

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Intel Corporation (May–June 1980). "8086 Available for industrial environment".

2170:). However, the full (instead of partial) 16-bit architecture with a full width 273: 144:

A rare Intel C8086 processor in purple ceramic DIP package with side-brazed pins

5296: 4960: 4193: 4185:"The Group Decode ROM: The 8086 processor's first step of instruction decoding" 3026: 3022: 2981: 2869:: keyboard/display controller, scans a keyboard matrix and display matrix like 2664:

Price reduced by 21% from USD $ 99.00, no information in quantity value listed.

2368: 1483: 1463: 1221: 1069: 1013: 436: 5132: 5000: 4149:"Reverse-engineering the multiplication algorithm in the Intel 8086 processor" 3677:

Intel Corporation (May–June 1980). "The 8086 Family: Concepts and realities".

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Although partly shadowed by other design choices in this particular chip, the

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project. It was an attempt to draw attention from the less-delayed 16-bit and

5433: 4923: 4913: 4872: 4609: 3883: 3854: 3845: 3686: 3645: 2845:: universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter at 19.2 kbit/s 2752:

i8086 and i8088 were respectively the cores of the Soviet-made PC-compatible

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sites). It was soon moved to a new refined nMOS manufacturing process called

559: 543: 3694: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3613: 3525: 3494: 3050:

word processing machine and the Wang Professional Computer, manufactured by

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The 8086 has 64 K of 8-bit (or alternatively 32 K of 16-bit word)

778:

did not help in this regard, as its registers are still only 16 bits wide).

447:, released July 1, 1979, is a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit 5176: 4862: 4513: 4158:"Reverse-engineering the register codes for the 8086 processor's microcode" 3775: 2992: 2734: 2344: 1717:

within its 16-bit offset without touching the segment part of the address.

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comparable to (and often better than) most eight-bit machines at the time.

1318: 657: 638: 313: 4239:"The Intel 8088 processor's instruction prefetch circuitry: a look inside" 4086:"Reverse-engineering the conditional jump circuitry in the 8086 processor" 2118: 5082: 5033: 5023: 4918: 4885: 4880: 4867: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4566: 4561: 4122:"Reverse-engineering the interrupt circuitry in the Intel 8086 processor" 4104:"Understanding the x86's Decimal Adjust after Addition (DAA) instruction" 3620: 3276: 3060:

used original 8086 CPUs on equipment for ground-based maintenance of the

3033: 2412: 2408: 2356: 2352: 2130: 1459: 1257: 1249: 758: 467: 405: 401: 4194:"Reverse-engineering the 8086 processor's address and data pin circuits" 4176:"Reverse-engineering the division microcode in the Intel 8086 processor" 4113:"Silicon reverse-engineering: the Intel 8086 processor's flag circuitry" 3247:

Other members of the design team were Peter A.Stoll and Jenny Hernandez.

5321: 5316: 5171: 5110: 5055: 5028: 4972: 4853: 4808: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4744: 4738: 4672: 4657: 4597: 3937: 3387: 3169: 3144: 3131: 3068:

that might result from upgrading or from switching to imperfect clones.

3040: 2970: 2907: 2901: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2372: 2322: 2318: 2095: 1455: 1366: 1358: 1265: 681: 665: 646: 642: 539: 519: 511: 484: 444: 391: 373: 322: 318: 237: 4023:"Reverse-engineering the 8086's Arithmetic/Logic Unit from die photos" 3126:

Fewer TTL buffers, latches, multiplexers (although the amount of TTL

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Compatible—and, in many cases, enhanced—versions were manufactured by

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as Intel's 8-bit microprocessors (8008, 8080, and 8085). This allowed

5381: 5366: 5326: 5154: 5043: 5038: 4945: 4940: 4454: 4041:"A bug fix in the 8086 microprocessor, revealed in the die's silicon" 3874: 3477:

IAPX 86, 88, 186, and 188 user's manual : programmer's reference

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EA = time to compute effective address, ranging from 5 to 12 cycles.

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The example code uses the BP (base pointer) register to establish a

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software to be quite easily ported to the 8086. The authors of most

1416:, were added in the subsequent 80186, 80286, and 80386 processors.) 735: 35: 5376: 4955: 4604: 4466: 4256: 4032:"The unusual bootstrap drivers inside the 8086 microprocessor chip" 3200: 2996: 2927: 2694: 1758: 1605: 1439: 766: 750: 653:

which was considered rather fast for a complex design in the 1970s

587: 579: 197: 5408: 5306: 5144: 5127: 5087: 5008: 4989: 4967: 4667: 4662: 3079: 2726: 2722: 2702: 2686: 2419: 2180: 2159: 205: 189: 4140:"How the 8086 processor determines the length of an instruction" 4005:"The Intel 8086 processor's registers: from chip to transistors" 3172:(demanding a higher gate voltage for the load-transistor gates). 688:

version for battery powered devices, manufactured using Intel's

5331: 5097: 4950: 4935: 4644: 4476: 2966: 2959: 2427: 2380: 1824: 1362: 1330: 601:

Whereas the 8086 was a 16-bit microprocessor, it used the same

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between early 1976 and June 8, 1978, when it was released. The

285: 4095:"Reverse-engineering the Intel 8086 processor's HALT circuits" 3465:— Illustration of use of "random" describing CPU control logic 139: 4895: 4431: 3849:. Vol. XII, no. 50. December 11, 1978. p. 86. 3029:, PC2086, PC3086 and PC5086 all used 8086 CPUs at 8 MHz. 2376: 2167: 2163: 1342: 1338: 775: 771: 689: 618: 591: 440: 177: 4230:"How flip-flops are implemented in the Intel 8086 processor" 4203:"Undocumented 8086 instructions, explained by the microcode" 4059:"Inside the 8086 processor's instruction prefetch circuitry" 3953:

from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2022.

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Compilers for the 8086 family commonly support two types of

5243: 5060: 4930: 4908: 4704: 4068:"The 8086 processor's microcode pipeline from die analysis" 3579: 3434: 3430: 3235: 3148: 3107: 3057: 2400: 2396: 2191:

Execution times for typical instructions (in clock cycles)

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through a 6-byte prefetch queue (a form of loosely coupled

1799: 1377: 1354: 765:. It provides a 16-bit I/O address bus, supporting 64 754: 685: 677: 626: 504: 1309:. A single memory location can also often be used as both 4837: 4789: 4576: 4221:"A close look at the 8086 processor's bus hold circuitry" 3960: 2819: 2792: 2718: 2710: 2418:

The 80C86, the CMOS version of the 8086, was used in the

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8086 program codes using emu8086 (Version 4.08) Emulator

3507: 2851:: programmable interval timer, 3x 16-bit max 10 MHz 487:, Intel's first 8-bit microprocessor. It implemented an 455:), and is notable as the processor used in the original 3043:

SL-series and RL machines used 9.47 MHz 8086 CPUs.

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One of the most influential microcomputers of all, the

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based 8086 systems (SCP200B) as early as November 1979.

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implementations took advantage of this by providing an

3996:"Die shrink: How Intel scaled down the 8086 processor" 3451:

VLSI design techniques for analog and digital circuits

3086:

4170 Local Graphics Processing Unit Instruction Manual

4014:"Reverse-engineering the adder inside the Intel 8086" 3957:

The 8086 User's manual October 1979 INTEL Corporation

1632:

16 bits, shifted 4 bits left (or multiplied by 0x10)

1317:

which, among other factors, further contributes to a

3817:"The floppy controller evolution | OS/2 Museum" 3706: 3704: 3660:"Intel® Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide - Year" 649:, so the bus structure was designed to be flexible. 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3938:List of 8086 CPUs and their clones at CPUworld.com 3861: 3448: 3406: 3275:(IBM PC used 4.77 MHz, 4/3 the standard NTSC 1769:In principle, the address space of the x86 series 1709:pointers, which are like far pointers except that 451:(allowing the use of cheaper and fewer supporting 4050:"How the 8086 processor's microcode engine works" 3870:"Flaws in IBM Personal Computer frustrate critic" 3755: 3740: 3725: 3710: 3701: 3676: 3635: 3474: 1845:; Copy a null-terminated ASCII string, converting 1690:, with at most 15 bytes of alignment waste. 5431: 3608:. Intel Corporation. October 1979. p. B-1. 3203:, light boards, rulers, electric erasers, and a 2920: 1423:growing towards lower addresses is supported in 2749:, was binary and pin-compatible with the 8086. 1280:The 8086 has eight more-or-less general 16-bit 4643: 3581:Microsoft Macro Assembler 5.0 Reference Manual 715:, all of which eventually became known as the 4272: 3902:"For Old Parts, NASA Boldly Goes ... on eBay" 3540: 2399:were specified for 10 MHz. HMOS-III and 408:(both of which were introduced in early 1982) 3878:. Vol. 4, no. 33. pp. 57–58. 3398: 802: 739:The 8086 pin assignments in min and max mode 2613:Military grade −55 °C to +125 °C 1600:registers (see figure) that allow the 8086 1380:; some of the more useful instructions are 4279: 4265: 3600: 3598: 3596: 1848:; all alphabetic characters to lower case. 753:physical address space (2 = 1,048,576 x 1 656:The 8086 was sequenced using a mixture of 138: 3987:"A look at the die of the 8086 processor" 3151:, achieving TTL compatibility by having V 3071:KAMAN Process and Area Radiation Monitors 2680: 1781: 781: 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3867: 2117: 734: 569: 5357:Process–architecture–optimization model 3681:(Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 19. 3640:(Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 29. 3593: 3590:(Similarly for iAPX 286, 80386, 80387.) 3404: 3368: 3366: 2839:: direct memory access (DMA) controller 2737:was able to replicate the 8086 through 719:family. (Another reference is that the 565: 530:) with the 8008 and also includes some 14: 5450:Computer-related introductions in 1978 5432: 3971: 3730:(Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 17. 3548:"8086 16-BIT HMOS Processor datasheet" 2973:, a version of the 8086 with an 8-bit 2591:Industrial −40 °C to +85 °C 1819:source code is for a subroutine named 743: 4260: 3510:"Intel Microprocessors: 8008 to 8086" 3168:Using non-saturated enhancement-load 2991:An 8 MHz 8086-2 was used in the 2466: 1400:" directly. (Several others, such as 4286: 3363: 2146:feeds the instruction stream to the 1860:; = dst, Address of target string 1857:; = src, Address of source string 586:processors of other manufacturers — 510:Two years later, Intel launched the 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 3760:. Intel Corporation. p. B-25. 3344: 3018:were built with an 8 MHz 8086. 2863:: programmable interrupt controller 629:. According to principal architect 24: 3868:Zachmann, Mark (August 23, 1982). 25: 5466: 3972:Jenner, Andrew (September 2020). 3926: 3756:Intel Corporation (August 1981). 3409:8086/8088/80286 assembly language 2934:ISBC 86/12 was announced in 1978. 2362: 1917:;Set SI = src (+2 due to push bp) 1796:Application Programming Interface 5372:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics 3841:"Intel Adds 16-Bit Single Board" 3437:at the assembly-language level. 3433:is software-compatible with the 2830: 2811: 2799: 2781: 2766: 2733:The electronics industry of the 2454: 2442: 2390: 2343:The address and data buses were 1802:as well as including the simple 702:The architecture was defined by 621:-family of languages, including 34: 4460:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M) 3913: 3893: 3833: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3749: 3734: 3719: 3670: 3652: 3584:. Microsoft Corporation. 1987. 3572: 3501: 3468: 3442: 3353:iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference 3269: 3260: 3250: 3241: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3193: 3184: 3175: 2667: 2658: 2649: 1810: 1585: 1297:, while the other operand, the 263:Architecture and classification 45:needs additional citations for 3758:Intel iAPX86, 88 User's manual 3380: 3319: 3310: 3292: 3162: 3137: 3120: 2407:, although its successor, the 2113: 1823:that copies a null-terminated 13: 1: 3974:"8086 microcode disassembled" 3606:The 8086 Family User's Manual 3327:"Microprocessor Hall of Fame" 3285: 2921:Microcomputers using the 8086 2294:80~190 (depending on operand 2278:70~160 (depending on operand 2154:), speeding up operations on 1720:To avoid the need to specify 609:programs written in 8-bit to 478: 3453:. McGraw-Hill. p. 779. 2430:, and finally the 1998–1999 2073:;Restore the prev call frame 997:(accumulator, extended acc) 483:In 1972, Intel launched the 7: 3985:Shirriff, Ken (June 2020). 3359:. Intel. 1983. p. 1-1. 3096: 1935:;string direction ascending 1638:+ 1596:There are also four 16-bit 1419:A 64 KB (one segment) 1373:for the 8086 architecture. 514:, employing the new 40-pin 507:manufacturer at the time). 10: 5471: 3475:Intel Corporation (1983). 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 1748:(code,data > 64K), and 1589: 1193: 1175: 1157: 1139: 1121: 1113: 1096: 1085: 1068: 1050: 1032: 1012: 1001: 923: 730: 473: 462:The 8086 gave rise to the 362:Products, models, variants 5440:Intel x86 microprocessors 5344: 5284: 5096: 4894: 4836: 4787: 4754: 4724: 4717: 4636: 4575: 4475: 4430: 4421: 4294: 4129:— (February 2023). 4120:— (February 2023). 4111:— (February 2023). 4048:— (December 2022). 4039:— (November 2022). 4030:— (November 2022). 3300:"The Life Cycle of a CPU" 2962:2000, introduced in 1980. 2949:Seattle Computer Products 2914:NEC μPD765 or Intel 8272A 2293: 2277: 2258: 1396:, supporting the "Pascal 1200: 1178: 1160: 1142: 1124: 1093: 1065: 1047: 1029: 1009: 990: 987: 984: 973: 970: 967: 956: 953: 950: 937: 934: 931: 803:Registers and instruction 723:for Intel devices is 8086 548:General Instrument PIC16X 518:originally developed for 417: 412: 397: 387: 382: 366: 361: 345: 328: 312: 296: 291: 279: 267: 262: 254: 246: 242:5 MHz to 10 MHz 232: 227: 170: 162: 154: 149: 137: 4228:— (October 2023). 4102:— (January 2023). 4093:— (January 2023). 4084:— (January 2023). 4075:— (January 2023). 4066:— (January 2023). 4057:— (January 2023). 3405:Scanlon, Leo J. (1988). 3114: 2941:was one of the earliest 2506:0 °C to 70 °C 2013:;Convert AL to lowercase 1983:;If AL > 'Z', 1959:;If AL < 'A', 1854:; Entry stack parameters 1839: 1669:0111 0011 1101 0001 1001 1445: 574:Intel 8086 CPU die image 4219:— (August 2023). 4210:— (August 2023). 4021:— (August 2020). 4012:— (August 2020). 3553:. Intel. Archived from 3526:10.1109/MC.1980.1653375 3479:. Intel. pp. 3–5. 3413:. Brady Books. p. 3329:. Intel. Archived from 3143:using enhancement load 3062:Space Shuttle Discovery 2743:and reverse engineering 2461:A plastic P8086 variant 2449:A ceramic D8086 variant 1592:x86 memory segmentation 1179:0 0 0 0 1161:0 0 0 0 1143:0 0 0 0 1125:0 0 0 0 1094:0 0 0 0 1066:0 0 0 0 1048:0 0 0 0 1030:0 0 0 0 1010:0 0 0 0 980:(counter, accumulator) 951:0 0 0 0 292:Physical specifications 5455:X86 microarchitectures 5445:16-bit microprocessors 4455:P6 variant (Pentium M) 4246:— (April 2024). 4237:— (March 2024). 4174:— (April 2023). 4165:— (April 2023). 4156:— (March 2023). 4147:— (March 2023). 4138:— (March 2023). 3948:Maximum Mode Interface 2745:. The resulting chip, 2681:Derivatives and clones 2553:January/February 1980 2379:(8087-compatible) and 2126: 1944:;Load AL from , inc si 1881:;Set up the call frame 1782:Porting older software 1450:The 8086 has a 16-bit 946:(primary accumulator) 782:Hardware modes of 8086 740: 596:National Semiconductor 575: 4201:— (July 2023). 4192:— (July 2023). 4003:— (July 2020). 3994:— (June 2020). 3054:, also used the 8086. 2977:(as mentioned above). 2932:single-board computer 2179:of operations versus 2121: 2022:;Store AL to , inc di 1863:; = Return address 808:Intel 8086 registers 738: 668:(29,000 counting all 573: 493:Datapoint Corporation 27:16-bit microprocessor 4183:— (May 2023). 2741:industrial espionage 1464:Auxiliary carry flag 963:(base, accumulator) 763:dual in-line package 566:The first x86 design 337:dual in-line package 281:Instruction set 269:Technology node 54:improve this article 3560:on 26 November 2021 3147:(requiring 14 3110:, for the iAPX name 3066:software regression 2916:: floppy controller 2721:. For example, the 2655:In quantity of 100. 2202:register immediate 2192: 2058:; restore di and si 1815:The following 8086 1641:1011 0100 1010 1001 1619:0110 1000 1000 0111 809: 744:Buses and operation 552:MOS Technology 6502 468:Intel Core i7-8086K 171:Common manufacturer 150:General information 134: 5254:Sandy Bridge-based 4423:Microarchitectures 4408:Microarchitectures 3919:Kaman Tech. Manual 3155:at +5 V and V 2483:Temperature range 2467:List of Intel 8086 2199:register-register 2190: 2177:orthogonalizations 2144:bus interface unit 2127: 2100:calling convention 2037:;If AL <> 0, 1711:pointer arithmetic 1398:calling convention 807: 741: 611:seamlessly migrate 576: 495:with programmable 132: 5427: 5426: 5340: 5339: 4713: 4712: 4632: 4631: 3424:978-0-13-246919-7 3082:and used an 8086 3052:Wang Laboratories 3048:IBM Displaywriter 2943:portable computer 2888:: clock generator 2707:Texas Instruments 2645: 2644: 2371:performance. The 2306: 2305: 2298:as well as size) 2282:as well as size) 2211:memory-immediate 2092: 2091: 2079:;Return to caller 2046:; Repeat the loop 1992:; Skip conversion 1968:; Skip conversion 1744:(code > 64K), 1740:(data > 64K), 1683: 1682: 1583: 1582: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1115:Segment registers 607:assembly language 603:microarchitecture 528:binary compatible 524:source-compatible 439:chip designed by 422: 421: 210:Texas Instruments 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5462: 5259:Ivy Bridge-based 4850:8/16-bit databus 4722: 4721: 4641: 4640: 4637:Current products 4428: 4427: 4288:Intel processors 4281: 4274: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3933:Intel datasheets 3920: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3633: 3618: 3617: 3602: 3591: 3589: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3412: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3304:www.cpushack.com 3296: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3141: 3135: 3124: 3103:Transistor count 3092: 3091: 2993:AT&T 6300 PC 2904:: bus controller 2815: 2803: 2785: 2770: 2744: 2674: 2673:Sampling Q4 1985 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2489:Date of release 2471: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2432:Lunar Prospector 2405:embedded systems 2275:integer multiply 2208:memory-register 2205:register-memory 2193: 2189: 2185:addressing modes 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1798:very similar to 1670: 1667: 1658: 1642: 1639: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1493: 1492: 1433:return addresses 1415: 1409: 1388: 1301:, can be either 814: 813: 810: 806: 798: 704:Stephen P. Morse 695: 631:Stephen P. Morse 615:nested functions 142: 135: 131: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5352:Tick–tock model 5336: 5280: 5269:Broadwell-based 5160:Extreme Edition 5092: 4890: 4832: 4783: 4750: 4709: 4628: 4571: 4471: 4417: 4290: 4285: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3909:. May 12, 2002. 3899: 3898: 3894: 3866: 3862: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3768: 3754: 3750: 3739: 3735: 3724: 3720: 3709: 3702: 3675: 3671: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3634: 3621: 3604: 3603: 3594: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3506: 3502: 3487: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3447: 3443: 3425: 3403: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3142: 3138: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3099: 3089: 3083: 2939:Xerox NoteTaker 2923: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2807: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2771: 2738: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2450: 2447: 2393: 2365: 2268:condition,label 2116: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1820: 1813: 1784: 1668: 1665: 1656: 1640: 1637: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1594: 1588: 1448: 1411: 1401: 1381: 1284:(including the 1195:Status register 1117: 1089: 1087:Program counter 1005: 1003:Index registers 927: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 805: 796: 784: 746: 733: 726: 693: 568: 489:instruction set 481: 476: 378: 357: 341: 308: 223: 145: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5468: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5107: 5105: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5071:NetBurst-based 5068: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4998: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4905: 4903: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877:32-bit databus 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4859:16-bit databus 4857: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4486: 4484: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4309: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3982: 3969: 3964: 3954: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3927:External links 3925: 3922: 3921: 3912: 3907:New York Times 3892: 3860: 3832: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3766: 3748: 3733: 3718: 3700: 3669: 3651: 3619: 3592: 3571: 3539: 3500: 3486:978-0835930352 3485: 3467: 3459: 3441: 3423: 3397: 3379: 3362: 3343: 3318: 3309: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3268: 3259: 3249: 3240: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3161: 3159:at −9 V). 3156: 3152: 3136: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3072: 3069: 3055: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3023:Amstrad PC1512 3019: 3004: 2989: 2982:Compaq Deskpro 2978: 2963: 2958:The Norwegian 2956: 2946: 2935: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2889: 2883: 2873: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2596:May/June 1980 2594: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2441: 2392: 2389: 2369:floating-point 2364: 2363:Floating point 2361: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2330: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2292: 2291:integer divide 2288: 2287: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2148:execution unit 2115: 2112: 2090: 2089: 1842:; _strtolower: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1812: 1809: 1783: 1780: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1604:to access one 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1484:Direction flag 1480:Interrupt flag 1452:flags register 1447: 1444: 1371:code generator 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1110: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1006: 999: 998: 992: 989: 986: 982: 981: 975: 972: 969: 965: 964: 958: 955: 952: 948: 947: 939: 936: 933: 929: 928: 925:Main registers 921: 920: 918:(bit position) 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 804: 801: 783: 780: 745: 742: 732: 729: 724: 567: 564: 536:depletion-load 480: 477: 475: 472: 437:microprocessor 420: 419: 415: 414: 413:Support status 410: 409: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 380: 379: 377: 376: 370: 368: 364: 363: 359: 358: 356: 355: 349: 347: 343: 342: 340: 339: 332: 330: 326: 325: 316: 310: 309: 307: 306: 302: 300: 294: 293: 289: 288: 283: 277: 276: 271: 265: 264: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 240: 230: 229: 225: 224: 222: 221: 174: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 147: 146: 143: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5467: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5274:Skylake-based 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264:Haswell-based 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249:Nehalem-based 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5014:Original i586 5012: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4610:Goldmont Plus 4608: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3978:Reenigne blog 3975: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3916: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3846:Computerworld 3842: 3836: 3829: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3743:Intel Preview 3737: 3729: 3728:Intel Preview 3722: 3714: 3713:Intel Preview 3707: 3705: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679:Intel Preview 3673: 3665: 3664:www.intel.com 3661: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638:Intel Preview 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3556: 3549: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3520:(10): 42–60. 3519: 3515: 3514:IEEE Computer 3511: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3462: 3460:0-07-023253-9 3456: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3388:"8080 family" 3383: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3333:on 2007-07-06 3332: 3328: 3322: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3278: 3272: 3263: 3253: 3244: 3237: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2912: 2910:: bus arbiter 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2882:: 8-bit latch 2881: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831:Support chips 2828: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2773:Soviet clone 2769: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2511:June 8, 1978 2510: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2474:Model number 2473: 2472: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424:Toshiba T1200 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2391:Chip versions 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 1929:;Set DI = dst 1838: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1818: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1488:Overflow flag 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1326:minicomputers 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1286:stack pointer 1283: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 993: 983: 979: 976: 966: 962: 959: 949: 945: 944: 940: 930: 926: 922: 919: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 815: 812: 811: 800: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 737: 728: 722: 721:PCI Vendor ID 718: 714: 710: 705: 700: 696: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 572: 563: 561: 560:Motorola 6809 557: 553: 549: 545: 544:Motorola 6800 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 497:CRT terminals 494: 490: 486: 471: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 435: 431: 428:(also called 427: 416: 411: 407: 403: 400: 396: 393: 390: 386: 381: 375: 372: 371: 369: 365: 360: 354: 351: 350: 348: 344: 338: 334: 333: 331: 327: 324: 320: 317: 315: 311: 304: 303: 301: 299: 295: 290: 287: 284: 282: 278: 275: 272: 270: 266: 261: 257: 255:Address width 253: 249: 245: 241: 239: 236: 231: 226: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 141: 136: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4802: 4718:Discontinued 4555:Cypress Cove 4514:Sandy Bridge 3977: 3943:8086 Pinouts 3915: 3906: 3895: 3887: 3873: 3863: 3844: 3835: 3827: 3821:. Retrieved 3819:. 2011-05-26 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3757: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3637: 3605: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3562:. Retrieved 3555:the original 3542: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3476: 3470: 3450: 3444: 3428: 3408: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3352: 3346: 3335:. Retrieved 3331:the original 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3271: 3262: 3257:controller.) 3252: 3243: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3164: 3139: 3127: 3122: 3085: 2930:-compatible 2826: 2751: 2735:Soviet Union 2732: 2684: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2522:10 MHz 2492:Price (USD) 2436: 2417: 2394: 2384: 2366: 2350: 2337: 2333: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2283: 2279: 2267: 2266:≥ 15 ; 2263: 2262:≥ 11 ; 2259: 2196:instruction 2147: 2143: 2133:address and 2128: 2122: 2093: 1814: 1811:Example code 1803: 1785: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:(max 128K), 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715:wraps around 1706: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1684: 1673: 1645: 1626: 1595: 1586:Segmentation 1449: 1437: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1375: 1323: 1319:code density 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1279: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1168: 1164: 1150: 1146: 1132: 1128: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1086: 1078: 1074: 1058: 1054: 1040: 1036: 1022: 1018: 1002: 994: 977: 960: 941: 924: 917: 791: 787: 785: 747: 701: 697: 658:random logic 655: 651: 639:coprocessors 600: 577: 558:(1976), and 516:DIL packages 509: 491:designed by 482: 461: 429: 425: 423: 314:Co-processor 220:(Matsushita) 163:Discontinued 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69:"Intel 8086" 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 4567:Golden Cove 4562:Willow Cove 4543:Cannon Lake 3564:26 November 3277:color burst 3034:NEC PC-9801 2969:, used the 2607:5 MHz 2585:5 MHz 2570:Commercial 2564:4 MHz 2548:Commercial 2542:8 MHz 2528:Commercial 2500:5 MHz 2480:Technology 2345:multiplexed 2131:multiplexed 2114:Performance 2010:'A' 2004:'a' 1980:'Z' 1956:'A' 1869:_strtolower 1821:_strtolower 1732:(max 64K), 1460:Parity flag 1315:destination 1295:destination 1105:nstruction 1039:estination 759:multiplexed 666:transistors 418:Unsupported 388:Predecessor 298:Transistors 228:Performance 5434:Categories 5362:Intel GPUs 5076:Core-based 4840:(external 4728:oriented ( 4598:Silvermont 4550:Sunny Cove 4519:Ivy Bridge 4302:Processors 3823:2016-05-12 3767:0835930165 3337:2007-08-11 3286:References 3279:frequency) 3170:NMOS logic 3145:PMOS logic 3041:Tandy 1000 2995:(built by 2980:The first 2971:Intel 8088 2926:The Intel 2908:Intel 8289 2902:Intel 8288 2892:Intel 8286 2886:Intel 8284 2876:Intel 8282 2867:Intel 8279 2861:Intel 8259 2855:Intel 8255 2849:Intel 8253 2843:Intel 8251 2837:Intel 8237 2715:Mitsubishi 2477:Frequency 2373:Intel 8087 2183:types and 2160:immediates 2152:pipelining 2140:concurrent 2135:data buses 2096:call frame 1688:relocation 1590:See also: 1486:(DF), and 1456:Carry flag 1429:interrupts 682:static RAM 641:, such as 520:calculator 479:Background 445:Intel 8088 398:Successors 392:Intel 8085 323:Intel 8089 319:Intel 8087 247:Data width 238:clock rate 214:Mitsubishi 133:Intel 8086 80:newspapers 5414:Codenames 5327:StrongARM 5165:Dual-Core 5138:Dual-Core 5049:Dual-Core 5019:OverDrive 4968:A100/A110 4961:OverDrive 4755:pre-x86 ( 4622:Gracemont 4531:Broadwell 3963:document) 3884:0199-6649 3875:InfoWorld 3855:0010-4841 3687:1041-8547 3646:803251993 3534:206445851 3392:CPU World 3205:digitizer 3078:4170 ran 3076:Tektronix 3001:IBM PC AT 2986:IBM PC XT 2953:S-100 bus 2775:K1810VM86 2747:K1810VM86 2599:$ 173.25 2300:including 2284:including 2156:registers 2108:recursive 2104:reentrant 2102:supports 1476:Trap flag 1472:Sign flag 1468:Zero flag 1307:immediate 1282:registers 713:Intel 386 709:Intel 286 662:microcode 635:microcode 556:Zilog Z80 274:3 μm 218:Panasonic 110:June 2024 5419:Larrabee 5297:iAPX 432 5232:11th gen 5227:10th gen 5066:P6-based 4956:RapidCAD 4698:14th gen 4693:13th gen 4688:12th gen 4683:11th gen 4678:10th gen 4605:Goldmont 4593:Saltwell 4507:Westmere 4467:NetBurst 4413:Chipsets 3951:Archived 3695:10331599 3614:65699372 3495:11091251 3376:. Intel. 3201:rubylith 3097:See also 3008:IBM PS/2 2997:Olivetti 2975:data bus 2951:shipped 2928:Multibus 2791:M80C86A 2695:Intersil 2577:$ 72.50 2545:HMOS II 2525:HMOS II 2514:$ 86.65 2486:Package 2260:register 1817:assembly 1679:20 bits 1651:16 bits 1606:megabyte 1440:I/O port 1425:hardware 1303:register 711:and the 588:Motorola 580:iAPX 432 562:(1978). 554:(1975), 550:(1975), 546:(1974), 459:design. 449:data bus 198:Intersil 155:Launched 5409:Stratix 5345:Related 5307:Itanium 5222:9th gen 5217:8th gen 5212:7th gen 5207:6th gen 5202:5th gen 5197:4th gen 5192:3rd gen 5187:2nd gen 5182:1st gen 5145:Pentium 5128:Celeron 5088:Tolapai 5009:Pentium 4992:(1998) 4990:Celeron 4881:80387DX 4873:80387SX 4668:Pentium 4663:Celeron 4617:Tremont 4588:Bonnell 4538:Skylake 4526:Haswell 4502:Nehalem 4401:Itanium 4317:Pentium 4312:Celeron 3776:8459750 3080:CP/M-86 3010:models 2727:NEC V30 2723:NEC V20 2703:Siemens 2687:Fujitsu 2634:44 Pin 2561:8086-4 2539:8086-2 2519:8086-1 2420:GRiDPad 2340:adder). 2334:segment 2302:any EA 2286:any EA 2181:operand 1851:; ES=DS 1738:compact 1695:pointer 1674:Address 1666: 1627:Segment 1616: 1598:segment 1576: 1570: 1564: 1543: 1442:space. 1201: 1189:egment 1171:egment 1153:egment 1135:egment 1109:ointer 1081:ointer 1061:ointer 985: 968: 932: 749:1 731:Details 617:in the 538:-based 474:History 432:) is a 430:iAPX 86 383:History 367:Variant 335:40 pin 329:Package 258:20 bits 250:16 bits 206:Siemens 190:Fujitsu 94:scholar 5332:XScale 5102:64-bit 5098:x86-64 5003:(2004) 4900:32-bit 4863:80C187 4856:(1980) 4829:(1982) 4823:(1982) 4817:(1982) 4811:(1979) 4805:(1978) 4794:16-bit 4788:Early 4780:(1977) 4774:(1974) 4768:(1972) 4747:(1974) 4741:(1971) 4649:64-bit 4645:x86-64 4495:Penryn 4481:64-bit 4477:x86-64 4436:32-bit 3882: 3853: 3774: 3764: 3693: 3685: 3644: 3612: 3532: 3493: 3483: 3457: 3421: 3199:Using 3027:PC1640 2967:IBM PC 2960:Mycron 2793:QFP-56 2758:EC1832 2754:EC1831 2717:, and 2691:Harris 2624:80C86 2604:M8086 2582:I8086 2556:$ 200 2428:HP 110 2381:Weitek 2338:offset 2251:17+EA 2248:16+EA, 2231:10+EA 1825:ASCIIZ 1742:medium 1646:Offset 1499:15-12 1482:(IF), 1478:(TF), 1474:(SF), 1470:(ZF), 1466:(AF), 1462:(PF), 1458:(CF), 1405: 1389:, and 1386:mem-op 1363:MCS-48 1331:PDP-11 1311:source 1299:source 1270:Flags 1021:ource 623:Pascal 594:, and 584:32-bit 532:16-bit 457:IBM PC 434:16-bit 346:Socket 305:29,000 286:x86-16 194:Harris 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 5404:PIIXs 5285:Other 5083:Quark 4896:IA-32 4886:80487 4868:80287 4827:80286 4821:80188 4815:80186 4757:8-bit 4730:4-bit 4432:IA-32 4396:Quark 4295:Lists 3745:: 11. 3715:: 22. 3587:1986. 3558:(PDF) 3551:(PDF) 3530:S2CID 3357:(PDF) 3128:logic 3115:Notes 3090:(PDF) 2871:7-seg 2822:D8086 2739:both 2629:CMOS 2610:HMOS 2588:HMOS 2567:HMOS 2503:HMOS 2497:8086 2413:80188 2409:80186 2377:Cyrix 2357:80286 2353:80186 2270:≥ 16 2264:label 2245:9+EA, 2168:80286 2164:80186 2049:done: 2019:stosb 2016:copy: 1941:lodsb 1938:loop: 1788:8-bit 1771:could 1746:large 1734:small 1540:Flag 1446:Flags 1421:stack 1413:enter 1407:immed 1343:32016 1339:68000 1185:tack 1167:xtra 1077:tack 1043:ndex 1025:ndex 776:80286 772:80386 690:CHMOS 619:ALGOL 592:Zilog 526:(not 441:Intel 406:80286 402:80186 353:DIP40 233:Max. 178:Intel 101:JSTOR 87:books 5399:ICHs 5394:SCHs 5389:PCHs 5322:i960 5317:i860 5312:RISC 5302:EPIC 5292:CISC 5244:Xeon 5172:Core 5111:Atom 5061:Xeon 5056:Core 4973:Atom 4931:i486 4909:i386 4902:x86) 4854:8087 4842:FPUs 4809:8088 4803:8086 4778:8085 4772:8080 4766:8008 4745:4040 4739:4004 4705:Xeon 4673:Core 4658:Atom 4490:Core 4438:x86) 4391:Xeon 4354:Core 4307:Atom 3880:ISSN 3851:ISSN 3772:OCLC 3762:ISBN 3691:OCLC 3683:ISSN 3642:OCLC 3610:OCLC 3566:2021 3491:OCLC 3481:ISBN 3455:ISBN 3435:8080 3431:8086 3429:The 3419:ISBN 3236:HMOS 3132:8255 3108:iAPX 3074:The 3058:NASA 3046:The 3039:The 3032:The 3021:The 3014:and 3006:The 2937:The 2896:8287 2880:8283 2818:The 2756:and 2725:and 2636:PLCC 2401:CMOS 2397:HMOS 2355:and 2323:8085 2321:and 2319:8080 2296:data 2280:data 2256:jump 2228:9+EA 2225:8+EA 2166:and 2158:and 2124:bus. 2106:and 2085:proc 2043:loop 1989:copy 1965:copy 1902:push 1896:push 1875:push 1872:proc 1804:.com 1800:CP/M 1759:.com 1754:tiny 1750:huge 1730:tiny 1724:and 1722:near 1707:huge 1701:and 1699:near 1622:0000 1496:Bit 1410:and 1403:push 1394:size 1383:push 1378:PL/M 1367:8051 1359:8085 1355:6809 1351:6800 1347:6502 1313:and 1149:ata 1131:ode 1057:ase 795:(MN/ 755:byte 686:CMOS 678:HMOS 672:and 660:and 647:8089 645:and 643:8087 627:PL/M 625:and 540:8085 512:8080 505:DRAM 485:8008 426:8086 424:The 404:and 374:8088 166:1998 158:1978 73:news 18:8086 5382:Arc 5367:GMA 5116:SoC 5034:III 5024:Pro 4983:SoC 4946:DX4 4941:DX2 4919:376 4838:x87 4790:x86 4726:BCD 4580:ULV 4577:x86 4332:III 4322:Pro 3961:PDF 3522:doi 2820:AMD 2789:OKI 2719:AMD 2711:NEC 2699:OKI 2385:not 2236:ALU 2216:mov 2172:ALU 2082:end 2076:ret 2067:pop 2061:pop 2052:pop 2040:jne 1995:add 1971:cmp 1947:cmp 1932:cld 1920:mov 1908:mov 1884:mov 1792:DOS 1726:far 1703:far 1602:CPU 1579:CF 1573:PF 1567:AF 1561:ZF 1558:SF 1555:TF 1552:IF 1549:DF 1546:OF 1505:10 1502:11 1391:ret 1335:VAX 1305:or 1176:SS 1158:ES 1140:DS 1122:CS 1051:BP 1033:DI 991:DL 988:DH 974:CL 971:CH 957:BL 954:BH 938:AL 935:AH 792:max 790:or 788:min 751:MiB 727:.) 717:x86 674:PLA 670:ROM 501:ICs 464:x86 453:ICs 235:CPU 202:OKI 200:), 186:NEC 182:AMD 56:by 5436:: 5377:Xe 5121:CE 5029:II 4978:CE 4951:SL 4936:SX 4924:EX 4914:SX 4450:P6 4445:P5 4379:i9 4374:i7 4369:i5 4364:i3 4327:II 3976:. 3905:. 3886:. 3872:. 3843:. 3826:. 3770:. 3703:^ 3689:. 3662:. 3622:^ 3595:^ 3528:. 3518:13 3516:. 3512:. 3489:. 3427:. 3417:. 3415:12 3390:. 3365:^ 3302:. 3157:DD 3153:CC 3025:, 3016:30 3012:25 2713:, 2709:, 2705:, 2701:, 2697:, 2689:, 2434:. 2426:, 2422:, 2336:+ 2070:bp 2064:si 2055:di 2034:al 2028:al 2025:or 1998:al 1986:jg 1974:al 1962:jl 1950:al 1923:di 1911:si 1905:di 1899:si 1893:sp 1887:bp 1878:bp 1697:, 1676:, 1648:, 1629:, 1535:0 1532:1 1529:2 1526:3 1523:4 1520:5 1517:6 1514:7 1511:8 1508:9 1435:. 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