589:
calculated entirely in the main ALU. Furthermore, the loose coupling of the EU and BIU (bus unit) inserts communication overhead between the units, and the four-clock period bus transfer cycle is not particularly streamlined. Contrast this with the two-clock period bus cycle of the 6502 CPU and the 80286's three-clock period bus cycle with pipelining down to two cycles for most transfers. Most 8088 instructions that can operate on either registers or memory, including common ALU and data-movement operations, are at least four times slower for memory operands than for only register operands. Therefore, efficient 8088 (and 8086) programs avoid repeated access of memory operands when possible, loading operands from memory into registers to work with them there and storing back only the finished results. The relatively large general register set of the 8088 compared to its contemporaries assists this strategy. When there are not enough registers for all variables that are needed at once, saving registers by pushing them onto the stack and popping them back to restore them is the fastest way to use memory to augment the registers, as the stack PUSH and POP instructions are the fastest memory operations. The same is probably not true on the 80286 and later; they have dedicated address ALUs and perform memory accesses much faster than the 8088 and 8086.
570:
instruction fetch reduced by 50% in the 8088 as compared to the 8086, a sequence of fast instructions can quickly drain the four-byte prefetch queue. When the queue is empty, instructions take as long to complete as they take to fetch. Both the 8086 and 8088 take four clock cycles to complete a bus cycle; whereas for the 8086 this means four clocks to transfer two bytes, on the 8088 it is four clocks per byte. Therefore, for example, a two-byte shift or rotate instruction, which takes the EU only two clock cycles to execute, actually takes eight clock cycles to complete if it is not in the prefetch queue. A sequence of such fast instructions prevents the queue from being filled as fast as it is drained, and in general, because so many basic instructions execute in fewer than four clocks per instruction byte—including almost all the ALU and data-movement instructions on register operands and some of these on memory operands—it is practically impossible to avoid idling the EU in the 8088 at least
585:
example, a repeated string operation or a shift by three or more will take long enough to allow time for the 4-byte prefetch queue to completely fill. If short instructions (i.e. ones totaling few bytes) are placed between slower instructions like these, the short ones can execute at full speed out of the queue. If, on the other hand, the slow instructions are executed sequentially, back to back, then after the first of them the bus unit will be forced to idle because the queue will already be full, with the consequence that later more of the faster instructions will suffer fetch delays that might have been avoidable. As some instructions, such as single-bit-position shifts and rotates, take literally 4 times as long to fetch as to execute, the overall effect can be a slowdown by a factor of two or more. If those code segments are the bodies of loops, the difference in execution time may be very noticeable on the human timescale.
705:
749:
737:
725:
765:
593:
at least 15 clock cycles. Any conditional jump requires four clock cycles if not taken, but if taken, it requires 16 cycles in addition to resetting the prefetch queue; therefore, conditional jumps should be arranged to be not taken most of the time, especially inside loops. In some cases, a sequence of logic and movement operations is faster than a conditional jump that skips over one or two instructions to achieve the same result.
40:
391:
606:
657:
design, as it could easily interface with most nMOS chips with 8-bit databuses. These were mature, and therefore economical, components. This included ICs originally intended for support and peripheral functions around the 8085 and similar processors (not exclusively Intel's), which were already well
584:
A side effect of the 8088 design, with the slow bus and the small prefetch queue, is that the speed of code execution can be very dependent on instruction order. When programming the 8088, for CPU efficiency, it is vital to interleave long-running instructions with short ones whenever possible. For
906:
Specifically, the most obvious change is that the 8088 bus unit will prefetch a byte when it can if at least one byte of the queue is empty; the 8086 bus unit will not prefetch unless at least two of the six queue bytes are empty, so that it can prefetch a whole aligned 16-bit word, which it does in
588:
The 8088 is also (like the 8086) slow at accessing memory. The same ALU that is used to execute arithmetic and logic instructions is also used to calculate effective addresses. There is a separate adder for adding a shifted segment register to the offset address, but the offset EA itself is always
592:
Finally, because calls, jumps, and interrupts reset the prefetch queue, and because loading the IP register requires communication between the EU and the BIU (since the IP register is in the BIU, not in the EU, where the general registers are), these operations are costly. All jumps and calls take
596:
Intel datasheets for the 8086 and 8088 advertised the dedicated multiply and divide instructions (MUL, IMUL, DIV, and IDIV), but they are very slow, on the order of 100–200 clock cycles each. Many simple multiplications by small constants (besides powers of 2, for which shifts can be used) can be
569:
The speed of the execution unit (EU) and the bus of the 8086 CPU was well balanced; with a typical instruction mix, an 8086 could execute instructions out of the prefetch queue a good bit of the time. Cutting down the bus to eight bits made it a serious bottleneck in the 8088. With the speed of
413:
queue of the 8088 was shortened to four bytes, from the 8086's six bytes, and the prefetch algorithm was slightly modified to adapt to the narrower bus. These modifications of the basic 8086 design were one of the first jobs assigned to Intel's new design office and laboratory in Haifa.
472:
The 8088 is architecturally very similar to the 8086. The main difference is that there are only eight data lines instead of the 8086's 16 lines. All of the other pins of the device perform the same function as they do with the 8086 with two exceptions. First, pin 34 is no longer
907:
one bus cycle. The 8088, having an 8-bit external data bus, can only fetch one byte per bus cycle, so waiting to prefetch a whole word would have no benefit and would only delay, reducing the chance that the next instruction byte is already in the prefetch queue when it is needed.
489:
signals, the bus cycles can be decoded (it generally indicates when a write operation or an interrupt is in progress). The second change is the pin that signals whether a memory access or input/output access is being made has had its sense reversed. The pin on the 8088 is
409:, as were a large number of Intel's processors. The 8088 was targeted at economical systems by allowing the use of an eight-bit data path and eight-bit support and peripheral chips; complex circuit boards were still fairly cumbersome and expensive when it was released. The
580:
of the time while executing useful real-world programs, and it is not hard to idle it half the time. In short, an 8088 typically runs about half as fast as 8086 clocked at the same rate, because of the bus bottleneck (the only major difference).
1281:
Intel
Corporation, "Microcomputer Components: Intel Introduces the 8089 IOP, an I/O processor for the advanced 8088/8086 CPU family, the first of a series of new subsystem components", Intel Preview, May/June 1979, Pg
460:
When announced, the list price of the 8088 was US$ 124.80. The plastic package version was introduced in July 1981 for USD $ 14.10 per 100 in quantities. Intel second sourced this microprocessor to
653:
IBM chose the 8088 over the 8086 because Intel offered a better price for the former and could supply more units. Another factor was that the 8088 allowed the computer to be based on a modified
704:
436:
design, which could operate with clock speeds from 0 to 8 MHz. There were also several other, more or less similar, variants from other manufacturers. For instance, the
960:
designs. However, due to fierce competition from
Japanese manufacturers, who were able to undercut by cost, Intel soon left this market and changed focus to microprocessors.
646:, which are in earlier personal computers. However, IBM already had a history of using Intel chips in its products and had also acquired the rights to manufacture the
925:
On the 8088, a shift instruction with an implied shift count of 1, which can execute in two clock cycles, is two bytes long and so takes eight clock cycles to fetch.
934:
Most of the technical information in this section is sourced from the Intel iAPX 86,88 User's Manual, August 1981 (Order Number: 210201-001) by Intel
Corporation.
477:(this is the high-order byte select on the 8086—the 8088 does not have a high-order byte on its eight-bit data bus). Instead it outputs a maximum mode status,
1006:
1038:
597:
done much faster using dedicated short subroutines. The 80286 and 80386 each greatly increase the execution speed of these multiply and divide instructions.
748:
2405:
2222:
2410:
2601:
2508:
2420:
1330:
2425:
2415:
2400:
2227:
820:
816:
2217:
1430:
2453:
1055:
456:
clone, in a move that was regarded as signaling a major new direction for the company. The available CMOS version was outsourced to
1385:
8086 Available for industrial environment, Intel
Preview Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions, Intel Corporation, May/June 1980, page 29.
823:: bidirectional 8-bit driver. Both Intel I8286/I8287 (industrial grade) version were available for US$ 16.25 in quantities of 100.
2513:
1169:
1254:
1574:
1559:
1483:
1473:
1244:
Intel
Corporation, "NewsBit: Intel Licenses Oki on CMOS Version of Several Products", Solutions, July/August 1984, Page 1.
1478:
1376:
Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced
Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2
1013:
2591:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1208:
2272:
2129:
1317:
1135:
366:
address range are unchanged, however. In fact, according to the Intel documentation, the 8086 and 8088 have the same
2463:
2443:
1706:
1552:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1468:
1463:
882:
736:
2606:
2596:
2388:
1535:
1510:
1701:
1670:
1641:
1423:
1773:
1682:
1542:
1505:
1458:
724:
2570:
1744:
1694:
1658:
1398:
183:
1768:
1739:
1731:
1689:
1677:
1653:
244:
1547:
1646:
764:
2523:
1416:
418:
417:
Variants of the 8088 with more than 5 MHz maximal clock frequency include the 8088–2, which was
444:
and slightly faster (at the same clock frequency) variant of the 8088, designed and manufactured by
2301:
1453:
1439:
1334:
394:
2565:
2540:
2134:
1125:
523:
449:
129:
2555:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1564:
686:
1159:
2545:
2267:
1349:
1225:
856:
609:
535:
457:
375:
101:
1877:
1300:
Intel
Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1
715:
410:
260:
238:
17:
2147:
8:
2503:
1993:
639:
453:
113:
2550:
2383:
2378:
2165:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1098:
93:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
1072:
2316:
2200:
2170:
1313:
1204:
1165:
1131:
448:. Successive NEC 8088 compatible processors would run at up to 16 MHz. In 1984,
379:
109:
2311:
2289:
2253:
2051:
1945:
1800:
1632:
1587:
916:
ALU stands for one of the instructions ADD, ADC, SUB, SBC, CMP, AND, OR, XOR, TEST.
887:
851:
359:
200:
566: MIPS per MHz, that is, somewhere in the range 3–5 MIPS at 10 MHz.
1908:
1881:
1200:
993:
944:
620:
511:
429:
and specified for a maximal frequency of 8 MHz. Later followed the 80C88, a
371:
355:
171:
522:
performance for the Intel 8088 ranged approximately from 0.33 to 1 million
176:
2448:
2112:
861:
635:
518:, as well as on the characteristics of the particular application program, the
498:/M. The reason for the reversal is that it makes the 8088 compatible with the
441:
367:
347:
2284:
2152:
2585:
2075:
2065:
2024:
1761:
1259:
1192:
970:
957:
969:
68000 components were not widely available at the time, though it could use
2328:
2014:
1665:
871:
866:
771:
219:
630:
frequency). Some of IBM's engineers and other employees wanted to use the
2234:
2185:
2175:
2070:
2037:
2032:
2019:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1718:
1713:
1230:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
430:
315:
311:
2473:
2468:
2323:
2262:
2207:
2180:
2124:
2005:
1954:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1896:
1890:
1824:
1809:
1749:
1331:"Olympus MIC-D: Integrated Circuit Gallery - Intel 8088 Microprocessor"
838:
832:
826:
810:
804:
800:
711:
690:
654:
647:
638:, and others argued for a small and simple microprocessor, such as the
627:
515:
499:
422:
351:
301:
282:
224:
209:
132:
2533:
2518:
2478:
2306:
2195:
2190:
2097:
2092:
1606:
1354:
643:
2528:
2107:
1756:
1618:
1408:
1291:
Intel
Corporation, "News Bits", Solutions, July/August 1981, Page 1
682:
542:
instructions, taking two and three cycles respectively, yielded an
363:
97:
1312:
Osborne 16 bit
Processor Handbook (Adam Osborne & Gerry Kane)
39:
2560:
2458:
2296:
2279:
2239:
2160:
2141:
2119:
1819:
1814:
631:
461:
437:
354:. Introduced on June 1, 1979, the 8088 has an eight-bit external
105:
89:
619:
is the most influential microcomputer to use the 8088. It has a
2483:
2249:
2102:
2087:
1796:
1628:
616:
406:
390:
188:
1404:
PCJS: Original IBM PC simulation that runs in your web browser
605:
2047:
1583:
433:
402:
77:
1161:
IBM PC and Clones: Hardware, Troubleshooting and
Maintenance
1039:"iAPX 86, 88, 186 Microprocessors Part I, Workshop Notebook"
452:
signed a deal to manufacture the 8088 for use in a licensed
2395:
2212:
2082:
2060:
1856:
876:
755:
624:
426:
1255:"Intel Brings Out 8-Bit MPU featuring 16-Bit Architecture"
1989:
1941:
1728:
445:
85:
81:
1403:
1263:. Vol. XIII, no. 20. May 14, 1979. p. 71
374:(BIU) is different. The 8088 was used in the original
1350:"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer"
994:
CPU History – The CPU Museum – Life Cycle of the CPU
1341:
600:
362:bus of the 8086. The 16-bit registers and the one
2583:
658:known by many engineers, further reducing cost.
956:In exchange for giving Intel the rights to its
401:The 8088 was designed at Intel's laboratory in
1795:
1424:
1157:
318:(both of which were introduced in early 1982)
467:
1127:Microprocessor Interfacing and Applications
1431:
1417:
1347:
1308:
1306:
1164:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 248.
385:
1130:. New Age International. pp. 2–27.
1056:"iAPX 286 Programmers' Reference Manual"
661:The descendants of the 8088 include the
604:
389:
2509:Process–architecture–optimization model
1303:
44:D8088 in a ceramic DIP with silver pins
14:
2602:Computer-related introductions in 1979
2584:
1358:. Vol. 4, no. 33. p. 22
1234:. Vol. 1, no. 8. p. 52.
1224:Cook, Karen (April 17 – May 1, 1984).
1191:
1099:"Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide"
1073:"Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide"
1412:
1399:chipdb.org - Intel datasheet for 8088
1123:
693:processors, which are popular today.
1438:
1348:Freiberger, Paul (August 23, 1982).
1247:
1223:
1048:
1031:
943:Later used for the IBM Instruments
281:The Intel 8088 is a variant of the
24:
999:
634:processor, some preferred the new
25:
2618:
1392:
458:Oki Electronic Industry Co., Ltd.
2524:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics
1226:"Commodore Adds Hyperion, Chips"
1007:"iAPX 86, iAPX 88 user's manual"
883:Professional Graphics Controller
763:
747:
735:
723:
710:Intel 8088, original 5 MHz
703:
38:
1612:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)
1379:
1370:
1323:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1238:
1217:
963:
950:
937:
928:
919:
910:
900:
781:
742:Plastic DIP40 8088, bottom view
601:Selection for use in the IBM PC
158:Architecture and classification
1185:
1151:
1117:
1091:
1065:
987:
794:
505:
13:
1:
980:
730:Plastic DIP40 8088, top view
7:
845:
421:using Intel's new enhanced
10:
2623:
1158:Govindarajalu, B. (2002).
696:
689:processors, including the
623:of 4.77 MHz (4/3 the
494:. On the 8086 part it is
270:Products, models, variants
27:Intel microprocessor model
2592:Intel x86 microprocessors
2496:
2436:
2248:
2046:
1988:
1939:
1906:
1876:
1869:
1788:
1727:
1627:
1582:
1573:
1446:
468:Differences from the 8086
327:
322:
307:
297:
292:
274:
269:
253:
230:
218:
199:
194:
182:
170:
162:
157:
149:
141:
137:5 MHz to 16 MHz
127:
122:
70:
62:
54:
49:
37:
973:components to an extent.
893:
879:for the iAPX designation
481:. Combined with the IO/
380:IBM PC compatible clones
546:performance of between
524:instructions per second
514:, the number of memory
450:Commodore International
386:History and description
195:Physical specifications
2607:X86 microarchitectures
2597:16-bit microprocessors
1607:P6 variant (Pentium M)
754:Intel 80C88A-2, later
612:
398:
857:IBM Personal Computer
610:IBM Personal Computer
608:
393:
1195:(October 10, 2013).
1124:Singh, Renu (2006).
370:(EU)—only the
350:is a variant of the
184:Instruction set
172:Technology node
945:Laboratory Computer
841:: Math Co-Processor
714:variant in plastic
640:MOS Technology 6502
340:eighty-eighty-eight
71:Common manufacturer
50:General information
34:
2406:Sandy Bridge-based
1575:Microarchitectures
1560:Microarchitectures
1019:on August 28, 2017
613:
454:Dynalogic Hyperion
399:
372:bus interface unit
32:
2579:
2578:
2492:
2491:
1865:
1864:
1784:
1783:
1193:Gilder, George F.
1171:978-0-07-048286-9
1061:. 1983. page 1-1.
813:: clock generator
526:. Meanwhile, the
510:Depending on the
332:
331:
166:Desktop, Embedded
110:Texas Instruments
16:(Redirected from
2614:
2411:Ivy Bridge-based
2002:8/16-bit databus
1874:
1873:
1793:
1792:
1789:Current products
1580:
1579:
1440:Intel processors
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1337:on May 19, 2009.
1333:. Archived from
1327:
1321:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1012:. Archived from
1011:
1003:
997:
991:
974:
967:
961:
954:
948:
941:
935:
932:
926:
923:
917:
914:
908:
904:
888:Transistor count
852:x86 architecture
829:: bus controller
788:
787:Sampling Q4 1985
785:
767:
751:
739:
727:
707:
579:
578:
574:
565:
564:
560:
555:
554:
550:
541:
532:
497:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
42:
35:
31:
21:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2504:Tick–tock model
2488:
2432:
2421:Broadwell-based
2312:Extreme Edition
2244:
2042:
1984:
1935:
1902:
1861:
1780:
1723:
1623:
1569:
1442:
1437:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1346:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:. p. 100.
1201:Encounter Books
1197:The Israel Test
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
983:
978:
977:
968:
964:
955:
951:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
920:
915:
911:
905:
901:
896:
848:
797:
792:
791:
786:
782:
775:
770:Intel 80C88 in
768:
759:
752:
743:
740:
731:
728:
719:
708:
699:
621:clock frequency
603:
576:
572:
571:
562:
558:
557:
552:
548:
547:
534:
527:
512:clock frequency
508:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
462:Fujitsu Limited
425:process called
388:
358:instead of the
342:", also called
288:
265:
249:
214:
118:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2223:NetBurst-based
2220:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:32-bit databus
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:16-bit databus
2009:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1393:External links
1391:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1340:
1322:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1246:
1237:
1216:
1210:978-1594036125
1209:
1184:
1170:
1150:
1136:
1116:
1090:
1064:
1047:
1030:
998:
985:
984:
982:
979:
976:
975:
962:
949:
936:
927:
918:
909:
898:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
885:
880:
874:
869:
864:
862:Motorola 68008
859:
854:
847:
844:
843:
842:
836:
830:
824:
814:
808:
796:
793:
790:
789:
779:
778:
777:
776:
769:
762:
760:
753:
746:
744:
741:
734:
732:
729:
722:
720:
709:
702:
698:
695:
636:Motorola 68000
602:
599:
507:
504:
469:
466:
442:pin-compatible
387:
384:
368:execution unit
348:microprocessor
330:
329:
325:
324:
323:Support status
320:
319:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
290:
289:
287:
286:
278:
276:
272:
271:
267:
266:
264:
263:
257:
255:
251:
250:
248:
247:
241:
234:
232:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
213:
212:
205:
203:
197:
196:
192:
191:
186:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
125:
124:
120:
119:
117:
116:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2426:Skylake-based
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Haswell-based
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Nehalem-based
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Original i586
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:Goldmont Plus
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1382:
1373:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1318:0-931988-43-8
1315:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1288:
1278:
1262:
1261:
1260:Computerworld
1256:
1250:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1139:
1137:81-224-1400-1
1133:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1015:
1008:
1002:
995:
990:
986:
972:
971:Motorola 6800
966:
959:
958:bubble memory
953:
946:
940:
931:
922:
913:
903:
899:
889:
886:
884:
881:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
840:
837:
835:: bus arbiter
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:: 8-bit latch
806:
802:
799:
798:
784:
780:
773:
766:
761:
757:
750:
745:
738:
733:
726:
721:
717:
713:
706:
701:
700:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:The original
611:
607:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
567:
545:
544:absolute peak
540:
537:
531:
525:
521:
517:
513:
503:
501:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
408:
404:
396:
392:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
326:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
291:
284:
280:
279:
277:
273:
268:
262:
259:
258:
256:
252:
246:
242:
240:
236:
235:
233:
229:
226:
223:
221:
217:
211:
207:
206:
204:
202:
198:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
178:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
150:Address width
148:
144:
140:
136:
134:
131:
126:
121:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1960:
1870:Discontinued
1707:Cypress Cove
1666:Sandy Bridge
1381:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1353:
1343:
1335:the original
1325:
1296:
1287:
1277:
1267:November 21,
1265:. Retrieved
1258:
1249:
1240:
1229:
1219:
1196:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1160:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1126:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1050:
1044:. June 1984.
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1014:the original
1001:
989:
965:
952:
939:
930:
921:
912:
902:
872:Minimum mode
867:Maximum mode
783:
681:, and later
660:
652:
614:
595:
591:
587:
583:
568:
543:
538:
529:
519:
509:
471:
431:fully static
416:
400:
343:
339:
335:
333:
220:Co-processor
63:Discontinued
29:
1719:Golden Cove
1714:Willow Cove
1695:Cannon Lake
1362:January 29,
1231:PC Magazine
795:Peripherals
516:wait states
506:Performance
397:of AMD 8088
328:Unsupported
298:Predecessor
201:Transistors
163:Application
123:Performance
2586:Categories
2514:Intel GPUs
2228:Core-based
1992:(external
1880:oriented (
1750:Silvermont
1702:Sunny Cove
1671:Ivy Bridge
1454:Processors
1023:August 28,
981:References
839:Intel 8087
833:Intel 8289
827:Intel 8288
817:Intel 8286
811:Intel 8284
801:Intel 8282
774:44 package
691:Intel Core
687:compatible
628:colorburst
419:fabricated
352:Intel 8086
336:Intel 8088
308:Successors
302:Intel 8085
283:Intel 8086
225:Intel 8087
142:Data width
133:clock rate
114:Mitsubishi
33:Intel 8088
2566:Codenames
2479:StrongARM
2317:Dual-Core
2290:Dual-Core
2201:Dual-Core
2171:OverDrive
2120:A100/A110
2113:OverDrive
1907:pre-x86 (
1774:Gracemont
1683:Broadwell
1355:InfoWorld
644:Zilog Z80
177:3 µm
2571:Larrabee
2449:iAPX 432
2384:11th gen
2379:10th gen
2218:P6-based
2108:RapidCAD
1850:14th gen
1845:13th gen
1840:12th gen
1835:11th gen
1830:10th gen
1757:Goldmont
1745:Saltwell
1659:Westmere
1619:NetBurst
1565:Chipsets
846:See also
683:software
650:family.
411:prefetch
364:megabyte
356:data bus
231:Packages
98:Intersil
55:Launched
2561:Stratix
2497:Related
2459:Itanium
2374:9th gen
2369:8th gen
2364:7th gen
2359:6th gen
2354:5th gen
2349:4th gen
2344:3rd gen
2339:2nd gen
2334:1st gen
2297:Pentium
2280:Celeron
2240:Tolapai
2161:Pentium
2144:(1998)
2142:Celeron
2033:80387DX
2025:80387SX
1820:Pentium
1815:Celeron
1769:Tremont
1740:Bonnell
1690:Skylake
1678:Haswell
1654:Nehalem
1553:Itanium
1469:Pentium
1464:Celeron
1177:June 1,
1143:June 1,
1109:June 1,
1105:. Intel
1083:June 1,
1079:. Intel
758:variant
718:package
697:Gallery
632:IBM 801
575:⁄
561:⁄
551:⁄
539:reg,reg
530:reg,reg
520:average
485:and DT/
438:NEC V20
378:and in
344:iAPX 88
293:History
275:Variant
243:44-pin
237:40-pin
153:20 bits
106:Siemens
90:Fujitsu
2484:XScale
2254:64-bit
2250:x86-64
2155:(2004)
2052:32-bit
2015:80C187
2008:(1980)
1981:(1982)
1975:(1982)
1969:(1982)
1963:(1979)
1957:(1978)
1946:16-bit
1940:Early
1932:(1977)
1926:(1974)
1920:(1972)
1899:(1974)
1893:(1971)
1801:64-bit
1797:x86-64
1647:Penryn
1633:64-bit
1629:x86-64
1588:32-bit
1316:
1207:
1168:
1134:
617:IBM PC
440:was a
407:Israel
376:IBM PC
360:16-bit
254:Socket
208:29K 3
189:x86-16
145:8 bits
94:Harris
2556:PIIXs
2437:Other
2235:Quark
2048:IA-32
2038:80487
2020:80287
1979:80286
1973:80188
1967:80186
1909:8-bit
1882:4-bit
1584:IA-32
1548:Quark
1447:Lists
1103:Intel
1077:Intel
1059:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
1017:(PDF)
1010:(PDF)
894:Notes
679:80486
675:80386
671:80286
667:80186
663:80188
434:CHMOS
403:Haifa
316:80286
312:80186
261:DIP40
128:Max.
78:Intel
2551:ICHs
2546:SCHs
2541:PCHs
2474:i960
2469:i860
2464:RISC
2454:EPIC
2444:CISC
2396:Xeon
2324:Core
2263:Atom
2213:Xeon
2208:Core
2125:Atom
2083:i486
2061:i386
2054:x86)
2006:8087
1994:FPUs
1961:8088
1955:8086
1930:8085
1924:8080
1918:8008
1897:4040
1891:4004
1857:Xeon
1825:Core
1810:Atom
1642:Core
1590:x86)
1543:Xeon
1506:Core
1459:Atom
1364:2015
1314:ISBN
1269:2011
1205:ISBN
1179:2019
1166:ISBN
1145:2019
1132:ISBN
1111:2019
1085:2019
1025:2017
877:iAPX
821:8287
805:8283
772:PLCC
756:CMOS
712:nMOS
655:8085
648:8086
625:NTSC
556:and
533:and
528:mov
500:8085
427:HMOS
423:nMOS
334:The
314:and
245:PLCC
66:1998
58:1979
18:8088
2534:Arc
2519:GMA
2268:SoC
2186:III
2176:Pro
2135:SoC
2098:DX4
2093:DX2
2071:376
1990:x87
1942:x86
1878:BCD
1732:ULV
1729:x86
1484:III
1474:Pro
716:DIP
642:or
536:ALU
490:IO/
479:SS0
475:BHE
446:NEC
395:Die
239:DIP
130:CPU
102:OKI
100:),
86:NEC
82:AMD
2588::
2529:Xe
2273:CE
2181:II
2130:CE
2103:SL
2088:SX
2076:EX
2066:SX
1602:P6
1597:P5
1531:i9
1526:i7
1521:i5
1516:i3
1479:II
1352:.
1305:^
1282:9.
1257:.
1228:.
1199:.
1101:.
1075:.
677:,
673:,
669:,
665:,
502:.
496:IO
464:.
405:,
382:.
346:)
338:("
210:ÎĽm
112:,
108:,
104:,
92:,
88:,
84:,
80:,
2389:M
2329:2
2307:D
2302:4
2285:D
2256:)
2252:(
2196:M
2191:4
2153:D
2148:M
2050:(
1996:)
1948:)
1944:(
1911:)
1884:)
1803:)
1799:(
1635:)
1631:(
1586:(
1536:M
1511:2
1499:M
1494:D
1489:4
1432:e
1425:t
1418:v
1366:.
1320:.
1271:.
1213:.
1181:.
1147:.
1113:.
1087:.
1027:.
996:.
947:.
819:/
803:/
685:-
577:4
573:1
563:2
559:1
553:3
549:1
492:M
487:R
483:M
285:.
96:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
