2801:
2119:
2768:
2444:
736:
571:
36:
2456:
2813:
799:) determines the mode. Changing the state of pin 33 changes the function of certain other pins, most of which have to do with how the CPU handles the (local) bus. The mode is usually hardwired into the circuit and therefore cannot be changed by software. The workings of these modes are described in terms of timing diagrams in Intel datasheets and manuals. In minimum mode, all control signals are generated by the 8086 itself.
140:
2783:
1778:
First-In-First-Out (FIFO) buffer, from which the
Execution Unit (EU) extracts instruction bytes as required. Whenever there is space for at least two bytes in the queue, the BIU will attempt a word fetch memory cycle. If the queue is empty (following a branch instruction, for example), the first byte into the queue immediately becomes available to the EU.
2999:, and known globally under several brands and model numbers), an IBM PC-compatible desktop microcomputer. The M24 / PC 6300 has IBM PC/XT compatible 8-bit expansion slots, but some of them have a proprietary extension providing the full 16-bit data bus of the 8086 CPU (similar in concept to the 16-bit slots of the
2760:
desktops. (EC1831 is the EC identification of IZOT 1036C and EC1832 is the EC identification of IZOT 1037C, developed and manufactured in
Bulgaria. EC stands for Единая Система.) However, the EC1831 computer (IZOT 1036C) had significant hardware differences from the IBM PC prototype. The EC1831 was
2123:
Simplified block diagram over Intel 8088 (a variant of 8086); 1=main & index registers; 2=segment registers and IP; 3=address adder; 4=internal address bus; 5=instruction queue; 6=control unit (very simplified!); 7=bus interface; 8=internal databus; 9=ALU; 10/11/12=external address/data/control
1608:
of memory in an unusual way. Rather than concatenating the segment register with the address register, as in most processors whose address space exceeds their register size, the 8086 shifts the 16-bit segment only four bits left before adding it to the 16-bit offset (16×segment + offset), therefore
2137:
limit performance slightly; transfers of 16-bit or 8-bit quantities are done in a four-clock memory access cycle, which is faster on 16-bit, although slower on 8-bit quantities, compared to many contemporary 8-bit based CPUs. As instructions vary from one to six bytes, fetch and execution are made
1765:
According to Morse et al.,. the designers actually contemplated using an 8-bit shift (instead of 4-bit), in order to create a 16 MB physical address space. However, as this would have forced segments to begin on 256-byte boundaries, and 1 MB was considered very large for a microprocessor
652:
The first revision of the instruction set and high level architecture was ready after about three months, and as almost no CAD tools were used, four engineers and 12 layout people were simultaneously working on the chip. The 8086 took a little more than two years from idea to working product,
706:
with some help from Bruce
Ravenel (the architect of the 8087) in refining the final revisions. Logic designer Jim McKevitt and John Bayliss were the lead engineers of the hardware-level development team and Bill Pohlman the manager for the project. The legacy of the 8086 is enduring in the basic
1773:
have been extended in later processors by increasing the shift value, as long as applications obtained their segments from the operating system and did not make assumptions about the equivalence of different segment:offset pairs. In practice the use of "huge" pointers and similar mechanisms was
1705:. Near pointers are 16-bit offsets implicitly associated with the program's code or data segment and so can be used only within parts of a program small enough to fit in one segment. Far pointers are 32-bit segment:offset pairs resolving to 20-bit external addresses. Some compilers also support
3256:
The IBM PC and PC/XT use an Intel 8088 running in maximum mode, which allows the CPU to work with an optional 8087 coprocessor installed in the math coprocessor socket on the PC or PC/XT mainboard. (The PC and PC/XT may require maximum mode for other reasons, such as perhaps to support the DMA
1777:
The instruction stream is fetched from memory as words and is addressed internally by the processor to the byte level as necessary. An instruction stream queuing mechanism allows up to 6 bytes of the instruction stream to be queued while waiting for decoding and execution. The queue acts as a
2729:
pair were hardware-compatible with the 8088 and 8086 even though NEC made original Intel clones μPD8088D and μPD8086D respectively, but incorporated the instruction set of the 80186 along with some (but not all) of the 80186 speed enhancements, providing a drop-in capability to upgrade both
769:
of separate I/O space. The maximum linear address space is limited to 64 KB, simply because internal address/index registers are only 16 bits wide. Programming over 64 KB memory boundaries involves adjusting the segment registers (see below); this difficulty existed until the
794:
mode. The former mode is intended for small single-processor systems, while the latter is for medium or large systems using more than one processor (a kind of multiprocessor mode). Maximum mode is required when using an 8087 or 8089 coprocessor. The voltage on pin 33
2761:
the first PC-compatible computer with dynamic bus sizing (US Pat. No 4,831,514). Later some of the EC1831 principles were adopted in PS/2 (US Pat. No 5,548,786) and some other machines (UK Patent
Application, Publication No. GB-A-2211325, Published June 28, 1989).
1292:
Due to a compact encoding inspired by 8-bit processors, most instructions are one-address or two-address operations, which means that the result is stored in one of the operands. At most one of the operands can be in memory, but this memory operand can also be the
3003:, but different in the design details, and physically incompatible), and all system peripherals including the onboard video system also enjoy 16-bit data transfers. The later Olivetti M24SP featured an 8086-2 running at the full maximum 10 MHz.
1328:
and are also used implicitly by some instructions. While perfectly sensible for the assembly programmer, this makes register allocation for compilers more complicated compared to more orthogonal 16-bit and 32-bit processors of the time such as the
1834:
0000 0000 55 0001 89 E5 0003 56 0004 57 0005 8B 75 06 0008 8B 7D 04 000B FC 000C AC 000D 3C 41 000F 7C 06 0011 3C 5A 0013 7F 02 0015 04 20 0017 AA 0018 08 C0 001A 75 F0 001C 5F 001D 5E 001E 5D 001F C3 001F
1685:
Although considered complicated and cumbersome by many programmers, this scheme also has advantages; a small program (less than 64 KB) can be loaded starting at a fixed offset (such as 0000) in its own segment, avoiding the need for
1806:
executable file format, identical to CP/M. This was important when the 8086 and MS-DOS were new, because it allowed many existing CP/M (and other) applications to be quickly made available, greatly easing acceptance of the new platform.
1288:
but excluding the instruction pointer, flag register and segment registers). Four of them, AX, BX, CX, DX, can also be accessed as 8-bit register pairs (see figure) while the other four, SI, DI, BP, SP, are 16-bit only.
698:
The 8086 was die-shrunk to 2 μm in 1981; this version also corrected a stack register bug in the original 3.5 μm chips. Later 1.5 μm and CMOS variants were outsourced to other manufacturers and not developed in-house.
3586:
Timings and encodings in this manual are used with permission of Intel and come from the following publications: Intel
Corporation. iAPX 86, 88, 186 and 188 User's Manual, Programmer's Reference, Santa Clara, Calif.
2316:
As can be seen from these tables, operations on registers and immediates were fast (between 2 and 4 cycles), while memory-operand instructions and jumps were quite slow; jumps took more cycles than on the simple
2174:
meant that 16-bit arithmetic instructions could now be performed with a single ALU cycle (instead of two, via internal carry, as in the 8080 and 8085), speeding up such instructions considerably. Combined with
748:
All internal registers, as well as internal and external data buses, are 16 bits wide, which firmly established the "16-bit microprocessor" identity of the 8086. A 20-bit external address bus provides a
542:(1977), which sufficed with a single +5 V power supply instead of the three different operating voltages of earlier chips. Other well known 8-bit microprocessors that emerged during these years are
2730:
instruction set and processing speed without manufacturers having to modify their designs. Such relatively simple and low-power 8086-compatible processors in CMOS are still used in embedded systems.
466:
architecture, which eventually became Intel's most successful line of processors. On June 5, 2018, Intel released a limited-edition CPU celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Intel 8086, called the
1609:
producing a 20-bit external (or effective or physical) address from the 32-bit segment:offset pair. As a result, each external address can be referred to by 2 = 4096 different segment:offset pairs.
1376:
Another factor for this is that the 8086 also introduced some new instructions (not present in the 8080 and 8085) to better support stack-based high-level programming languages such as Pascal and
3828:
In the original IBM PC (1981) and PC/XT (1983), the FDC was physically located on a separate diskette adapter card. The FDC itself was a NEC μPD765A or a compatible part, such as the Intel 8272A.
613:. New instructions and features — such as signed integers, base+offset addressing, and self-repeating operations — were added. Instructions were added to assist source code compilation of
2800:
2110:
code and has been used by Algol-like languages since the late 1950s. A flat memory model is assumed, specifically, that the DS and ES segments address the same region of memory.
503:
to produce a functional computer, in part due to it being packaged in a small 18-pin "memory package", which ruled out the use of a separate address bus (Intel was primarily a
1774:
widespread and the flat 32-bit addressing made possible with the 32-bit offset registers in the 80386 eventually extended the limited addressing range in a more general way.
3741:
Intel
Corporation (May–June 1979). "Microcomputer Components: New price reductions and production improvements make the popular 8086 microprocessor even more attractive".
2187:, as well as other enhancements, this made the performance gain over the 8080 or 8085 fairly significant, despite cases where the older chips may be faster (see below).
3134:
PIO, and 8259 PIC were used in the IBM PC design. In addition, it makes PCB layout simpler and boards cheaper, as well as demanding fewer (1- or 4-bit wide) DRAM chips.
2988:
and could switch the CPU down to the lower speed (which also switched in a memory bus buffer to simulate the 8088's slower access) to avoid software timing issues.
786:
Some of the control pins, which carry essential signals for all external operations, have more than one function depending upon whether the device is operated in
692:
processes. The original chip measured 33 mm² and minimum feature size was 3.2 μm. The MUL and DIV instructions were very slow due to being microcoded
2325:, and the 8088 (used in the IBM PC) was additionally hampered by its narrower bus. The reasons why most memory related instructions were slow were threefold:
1827:
character string from one location to another, converting all alphabetic characters to lower case. The string is copied one byte (8-bit character) at a time.
1324:
The degree of generality of most registers is much greater than in the 8080 or 8085. However, 8086 registers were more specialized than in most contemporary
3084:
707:
instruction set of today's personal computers and servers; the 8086 also lent its last two digits to later extended versions of the design, such as the
5253:
1766:
around 1976, the idea was dismissed. Also, there were not enough pins available on a low cost 40-pin package for the additional four address bus pins.
2329:
Loosely coupled fetch and execution units are efficient for instruction prefetch, but not for jumps and random data access (without special measures).
5070:
1657:
5258:
5449:
5356:
5268:
2359:
both had dedicated address calculation hardware, saving many cycles, and the 80286 also had separate (non-multiplexed) address and data buses.
5273:
5263:
5248:
5075:
2332:
No dedicated address calculation adder was afforded; the microcode routines had to use the main ALU for this (although there was a dedicated
3950:
2895:
2891:
2898:: bidirectional 8-bit driver. In 1980 both Intel I8286/I8287 (industrial grade) version were available for US$ 16.25 in quantities of 100.
5065:
3547:
4278:
1728:
on numerous pointers, data structures, and functions, compilers also support "memory models" which specify default pointer sizes. The
5301:
2945:
designs in 1978 and used three 8086 chips (as CPU, graphics processor, and I/O processor), but never entered commercial production.
2757:
2753:
5361:
3351:
2098:, an area on the stack that contains all of the parameters and local variables for the execution of the subroutine. This kind of
3326:
1756:
model means that code and data are shared in a single segment, just as in most 8-bit based processors, and can be used to build
3966:
3422:
3207:(according to Jenny Hernandez, member of the 8086 design team, in a statement made on Intel's webpage for its 25th birthday).
4422:
4407:
4331:
4321:
3316:
Lewnes, Ann, "The Intel386 Architecture Here to Stay", Intel
Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, July/August 1989, page 2
1345:, etc. On the other hand, being more regular than the rather minimalistic but ubiquitous 8-bit microprocessors such as the
3788:
Intel
Corporation, "NewsBit: Intel Licenses Oki on CMOS Version of Several Products", Solutions, July/August 1984, Page 1.
4326:
3797:
Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced
Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2
578:
The 8086 project started in May 1976 and was originally intended as a temporary substitute for the ambitious and delayed
100:
1752:(individual arrays > 64K) models cover practical combinations of near, far, and huge pointers for code and data. The
5439:
4346:
4341:
4336:
3484:
72:
5120:
4977:
3458:
1795:
119:
5311:
5291:
4554:
4400:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4316:
4311:
3901:
3225:
Fast static RAMs in MOS technology (as fast as bipolar RAMs) was an important product for Intel during this period.
2387:
8087-compatible) eventually came up with high-performance floating-point coprocessors that competed with the 8087.
2351:
However, memory access performance was drastically enhanced with Intel's next generation of 8086 family CPUs. The
79:
5454:
5444:
5236:
4383:
4358:
3181:
Made possible with depletion-load nMOS logic (the 8085 was later made using HMOS processing, just like the 8086).
4549:
4518:
4489:
4271:
4175:
3956:
3765:
2139:
1762:
files for instance. Precompiled libraries often come in several versions compiled for different memory models.
1694:
1431:, which can be invoked by both hardware and software. The interrupts can cascade, using the stack to store the
57:
4139:
4103:
1427:; 16-bit words are pushed onto the stack, and the top of the stack is pointed to by SS:SP. There are 256
4621:
4530:
4390:
4353:
4306:
4112:
4076:
4067:
4013:
1285:
622:
3995:
86:
5418:
4592:
4542:
4506:
4085:
4049:
4031:
3449:
Geiger, Randall L.; Allen, Phillip E.; Strader, Noel R. (1990). "Random Logic vs. Structured Logic Forms".
2984:
used an 8086 running at 7.16 MHz, but was compatible with add-in cards designed for the 4.77 MHz
2107:
610:
280:
4004:
1369:, and other contemporary accumulator-based machines, it is significantly easier to construct an efficient
4616:
4587:
4579:
4537:
4525:
4501:
4058:
3726:
Intel
Corporation (May–June 1980). "New 8086 family products boost processor performance by 50 percent".
2375:
was the standard math coprocessor for the 8086 and 8088, operating on 80-bit numbers. Manufacturers like
53:
4395:
4494:
4040:
2162:, while memory operations became slower (four years later, this performance problem was fixed with the
1432:
1370:
68:
4166:
3986:
3711:
Intel Corporation (January–February 1980). "New Products: Faster 8086 provides 60% more performance".
5371:
4264:
4184:
4094:
2948:
694:
so x86 programmers usually just used the bit shift instructions for multiplying and dividing instead.
535:
4202:
3130:
was not drastically reduced). It also permits the use of cheap 8080-family ICs, where the 8254 CTC,
2767:
637:
instructions for the multiply and divide assembly language instructions. Designers also anticipated
5149:
4301:
4287:
4148:
673:
4247:
3888:
the IBM Displaywriter is noticeably more expensive than other industrial micros that use the 8086.
3374:"Happy Birthday, 8086: Limited-Edition 8th Gen Intel Core i7-8086K Delivers Top Gaming Experience"
3190:
Rev.0 of the instruction set and architecture was ready in about three months, according to Morse.
1713:
on a huge pointer treats it as a linear 20-bit pointer, while pointer arithmetic on a far pointer
1454:. Nine of these condition code flags are active, and indicate the current state of the processor:
5413:
5388:
4982:
3061:
2443:
1601:
1597:
1591:
942:
720:
234:
46:
4022:
3947:
3816:
3266:
Some 80186 clones did change the shift value, but were never commonly used in desktop computers.
5403:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4412:
3414:
3407:
2913:
2367:
The 8086/8088 could be connected to a mathematical coprocessor to add hardware/microcode-based
2103:
1786:
Small programs could ignore the segmentation and just use plain 16-bit addressing. This allows
1687:
1420:
757:). This address space is addressed by means of internal memory "segmentation". The data bus is
595:
3554:
2455:
2312:
Timings are best case, depending on prefetch status, instruction alignment, and other factors.
664:
and was implemented using depletion-load nMOS circuitry with approximately 20,000 active
499:
in mind, which also proved to be fairly general-purpose. The device needed several additional
5393:
5115:
4238:
3973:
3869:
3840:
3007:
2931:
2870:
2788:
2698:
2347:, forcing a slightly longer (33~50%) bus cycle than in typical contemporary 8-bit processors.
2171:
456:
201:
17:
4130:
3932:
3900:
3373:
3234:
CHMOS is Intel's name for CMOS circuits manufactured using processing steps very similar to
4725:
3806:
Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1
2740:
2151:
1490:(OF). Also referred to as the status word, the layout of the flags register is as follows:
762:
684:
products. This was followed by HMOS-II, HMOS-III versions, and, eventually, a fully static
515:
352:
336:
4995:
2437:
For the packaging, the Intel 8086 was available both in ceramic and plastic DIP packages.
8:
5351:
4841:
4220:
4157:
3508:
Morse, Stephen P.; Ravenel, Bruce W; Mazor, Stanley; Pohlman, William B. (October 1980).
3065:
2714:
1346:
551:
547:
213:
2782:
774:
architecture introduced wider (32-bit) registers (the memory management hardware in the
534:
instructions to make programming easier. The 8080 device was eventually replaced by the
93:
5398:
5231:
5226:
5013:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4211:
3529:
3330:
3216:
8086 used less microcode than many competitors' designs, such as the MC68000 and others
2857:: programmable peripheral interface, 3x 8-bit I/O pins used for printer connection etc.
2690:
2155:
2099:
1710:
1397:
1281:
500:
452:
193:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
3659:
3064:
until the end of the space shuttle program in 2011. This decision was made to prevent
2806:
NEC μPD8086D-2 (8 MHz) from the year 1984, week 19 JAPAN (clone of Intel D8086-2)
5164:
5048:
5018:
4229:
4121:
3879:
3850:
3771:
3761:
3690:
3682:
3641:
3609:
3533:
3509:
3490:
3480:
3454:
3418:
3051:
3047:
3015:
3011:
2942:
2812:
2706:
2176:
1816:
1424:
761:
with the address bus in order to fit all of the control lines into a standard 40-pin
680:(for High performance MOS) that Intel originally developed for manufacturing of fast
633:, this was a result of a more software-centric approach. Other enhancements included
606:
602:
527:
523:
496:
209:
2635:
5159:
5137:
5101:
4899:
4793:
4648:
4480:
4435:
3942:
3521:
3102:
2431:
2415:(which includes some on-chip peripherals), has been more popular for embedded use.
2395:
The clock frequency was originally limited to 5 MHz, but the last versions in
1714:
703:
669:
630:
583:
531:
433:
297:
4248:"Talking to memory: Inside the Intel 8088 processor's bus interface state machine"
4212:"Tracing the roots of the 8086 instruction set to the Datapoint 2200 minicomputer"
4077:"Counting the transistors in the 8086 processor: it's harder than you might think"
3299:
4756:
4729:
4167:"The microcode and hardware in the 8086 processor that perform string operations"
4131:"Reverse-engineering the ModR/M addressing microcode in the Intel 8086 processor"
2974:
2938:
2404:
2403:
versions were manufactured for a long time (at least a while into the 1990s) for
2184:
2142:
and decoupled into separate units (as it remains in today's x86 processors): The
2134:
1787:
1451:
1097:
614:
522:
ICs to enable a separate address bus. It has an extended instruction set that is
488:
448:
268:
3636:
Intel Corporation (May–June 1980). "8086 Available for industrial environment".
2170:). However, the full (instead of partial) 16-bit architecture with a full width
273:
144:
A rare Intel C8086 processor in purple ceramic DIP package with side-brazed pins
5296:
4960:
4193:
4185:"The Group Decode ROM: The 8086 processor's first step of instruction decoding"
3026:
3022:
2981:
2869:: keyboard/display controller, scans a keyboard matrix and display matrix like
2664:
Price reduced by 21% from USD $ 99.00, no information in quantity value listed.
2368:
1483:
1463:
1221:
1069:
1013:
436:
5132:
5000:
4149:"Reverse-engineering the multiplication algorithm in the Intel 8086 processor"
3677:
Intel Corporation (May–June 1980). "The 8086 Family: Concepts and realities".
2129:
Although partly shadowed by other design choices in this particular chip, the
582:
project. It was an attempt to draw attention from the less-delayed 16-bit and
5433:
4923:
4913:
4872:
4609:
3883:
3854:
3845:
3686:
3645:
2845:: universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter at 19.2 kbit/s
2752:
i8086 and i8088 were respectively the cores of the Soviet-made PC-compatible
2423:
1487:
1479:
1350:
1226:
1216:
676:
sites). It was soon moved to a new refined nMOS manufacturing process called
559:
543:
3694:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3525:
3494:
3050:
word processing machine and the Wang Professional Computer, manufactured by
1438:
The 8086 has 64 K of 8-bit (or alternatively 32 K of 16-bit word)
778:
did not help in this regard, as its registers are still only 16 bits wide).
447:, released July 1, 1979, is a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit
5176:
4862:
4513:
4158:"Reverse-engineering the register codes for the 8086 processor's microcode"
3775:
2992:
2734:
2344:
1717:
within its 16-bit offset without touching the segment part of the address.
1325:
1321:
comparable to (and often better than) most eight-bit machines at the time.
1318:
657:
638:
313:
4239:"The Intel 8088 processor's instruction prefetch circuitry: a look inside"
4086:"Reverse-engineering the conditional jump circuitry in the 8086 processor"
2118:
5082:
5033:
5023:
4918:
4885:
4880:
4867:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4566:
4561:
4122:"Reverse-engineering the interrupt circuitry in the Intel 8086 processor"
4104:"Understanding the x86's Decimal Adjust after Addition (DAA) instruction"
3620:
3276:
3060:
used original 8086 CPUs on equipment for ground-based maintenance of the
3033:
2412:
2408:
2356:
2352:
2130:
1459:
1257:
1249:
758:
467:
405:
401:
4194:"Reverse-engineering the 8086 processor's address and data pin circuits"
4176:"Reverse-engineering the division microcode in the Intel 8086 processor"
4113:"Silicon reverse-engineering: the Intel 8086 processor's flag circuitry"
3247:
Other members of the design team were Peter A.Stoll and Jenny Hernandez.
5321:
5316:
5171:
5110:
5055:
5028:
4972:
4853:
4808:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4744:
4738:
4672:
4657:
4597:
3937:
3387:
3169:
3144:
3131:
3068:
that might result from upgrading or from switching to imperfect clones.
3040:
2970:
2907:
2901:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2372:
2322:
2318:
2095:
1455:
1366:
1358:
1265:
681:
665:
646:
642:
539:
519:
511:
484:
444:
391:
373:
322:
318:
237:
4023:"Reverse-engineering the 8086's Arithmetic/Logic Unit from die photos"
3126:
Fewer TTL buffers, latches, multiplexers (although the amount of TTL
2685:
Compatible—and, in many cases, enhanced—versions were manufactured by
605:
as Intel's 8-bit microprocessors (8008, 8080, and 8085). This allowed
5381:
5366:
5326:
5154:
5043:
5038:
4945:
4940:
4454:
4041:"A bug fix in the 8086 microprocessor, revealed in the die's silicon"
3874:
3477:
IAPX 86, 88, 186, and 188 user's manual : programmer's reference
3204:
3075:
3000:
2985:
2952:
2774:
2746:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1428:
1241:
1236:
1231:
712:
708:
661:
634:
570:
555:
492:
217:
2309:
EA = time to compute effective address, ranging from 5 to 12 cycles.
2094:
The example code uses the BP (base pointer) register to establish a
1790:
software to be quite easily ported to the 8086. The authors of most
1416:, were added in the subsequent 80186, 80286, and 80386 processors.)
735:
35:
5376:
4955:
4604:
4466:
4256:
4032:"The unusual bootstrap drivers inside the 8086 microprocessor chip"
3200:
2996:
2927:
2694:
1758:
1605:
1439:
766:
750:
653:
which was considered rather fast for a complex design in the 1970s
587:
579:
197:
5408:
5306:
5144:
5127:
5087:
5008:
4989:
4967:
4667:
4662:
3079:
2726:
2722:
2702:
2686:
2419:
2180:
2159:
205:
189:
4140:"How the 8086 processor determines the length of an instruction"
4005:"The Intel 8086 processor's registers: from chip to transistors"
3172:(demanding a higher gate voltage for the load-transistor gates).
688:
version for battery powered devices, manufactured using Intel's
5331:
5097:
4950:
4935:
4644:
4476:
2966:
2959:
2427:
2380:
1824:
1362:
1330:
601:
Whereas the 8086 was a 16-bit microprocessor, it used the same
443:
between early 1976 and June 8, 1978, when it was released. The
285:
4095:"Reverse-engineering the Intel 8086 processor's HALT circuits"
3465:— Illustration of use of "random" describing CPU control logic
139:
4895:
4431:
3849:. Vol. XII, no. 50. December 11, 1978. p. 86.
3029:, PC2086, PC3086 and PC5086 all used 8086 CPUs at 8 MHz.
2376:
2167:
2163:
1342:
1338:
775:
771:
689:
618:
591:
440:
177:
4230:"How flip-flops are implemented in the Intel 8086 processor"
4203:"Undocumented 8086 instructions, explained by the microcode"
4059:"Inside the 8086 processor's instruction prefetch circuitry"
3953:
from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
1693:
Compilers for the 8086 family commonly support two types of
5243:
5060:
4930:
4908:
4704:
4068:"The 8086 processor's microcode pipeline from die analysis"
3579:
3434:
3430:
3235:
3148:
3107:
3057:
2400:
2396:
2191:
Execution times for typical instructions (in clock cycles)
2150:
through a 6-byte prefetch queue (a form of loosely coupled
1799:
1377:
1354:
765:. It provides a 16-bit I/O address bus, supporting 64
754:
685:
677:
626:
504:
1309:. A single memory location can also often be used as both
4837:
4789:
4576:
4221:"A close look at the 8086 processor's bus hold circuitry"
3960:
2819:
2792:
2718:
2710:
2418:
The 80C86, the CMOS version of the 8086, was used in the
1791:
1334:
716:
463:
185:
181:
3967:
8086 program codes using emu8086 (Version 4.08) Emulator
3507:
2851:: programmable interval timer, 3x 16-bit max 10 MHz
487:, Intel's first 8-bit microprocessor. It implemented an
455:), and is notable as the processor used in the original
3043:
SL-series and RL machines used 9.47 MHz 8086 CPUs.
2965:
One of the most influential microcomputers of all, the
2955:
based 8086 systems (SCP200B) as early as November 1979.
1794:
implementations took advantage of this by providing an
3996:"Die shrink: How Intel scaled down the 8086 processor"
3451:
VLSI design techniques for analog and digital circuits
3086:
4170 Local Graphics Processing Unit Instruction Manual
4014:"Reverse-engineering the adder inside the Intel 8086"
3957:
The 8086 User's manual October 1979 INTEL Corporation
1632:
16 bits, shifted 4 bits left (or multiplied by 0x10)
1317:
which, among other factors, further contributes to a
3817:"The floppy controller evolution | OS/2 Museum"
3706:
3704:
3660:"Intel® Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide - Year"
649:, so the bus structure was designed to be flexible.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3938:List of 8086 CPUs and their clones at CPUworld.com
3861:
3448:
3406:
3275:(IBM PC used 4.77 MHz, 4/3 the standard NTSC
1769:In principle, the address space of the x86 series
1709:pointers, which are like far pointers except that
451:(allowing the use of cheaper and fewer supporting
4050:"How the 8086 processor's microcode engine works"
3870:"Flaws in IBM Personal Computer frustrate critic"
3755:
3740:
3725:
3710:
3701:
3676:
3635:
3474:
1845:; Copy a null-terminated ASCII string, converting
1690:, with at most 15 bytes of alignment waste.
5431:
3608:. Intel Corporation. October 1979. p. B-1.
3203:, light boards, rulers, electric erasers, and a
2920:
1423:growing towards lower addresses is supported in
2749:, was binary and pin-compatible with the 8086.
1280:The 8086 has eight more-or-less general 16-bit
4643:
3581:Microsoft Macro Assembler 5.0 Reference Manual
715:, all of which eventually became known as the
4272:
3902:"For Old Parts, NASA Boldly Goes ... on eBay"
3540:
2399:were specified for 10 MHz. HMOS-III and
408:(both of which were introduced in early 1982)
3878:. Vol. 4, no. 33. pp. 57–58.
3398:
802:
739:The 8086 pin assignments in min and max mode
2613:Military grade −55 °C to +125 °C
1600:registers (see figure) that allow the 8086
1380:; some of the more useful instructions are
4279:
4265:
3600:
3598:
3596:
1848:; all alphabetic characters to lower case.
753:physical address space (2 = 1,048,576 x 1
656:The 8086 was sequenced using a mixture of
138:
3987:"A look at the die of the 8086 processor"
3151:, achieving TTL compatibility by having V
3071:KAMAN Process and Area Radiation Monitors
2680:
1781:
781:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4245:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3867:
2117:
734:
569:
5357:Process–architecture–optimization model
3681:(Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 19.
3640:(Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 29.
3593:
3590:(Similarly for iAPX 286, 80386, 80387.)
3404:
3368:
3366:
2839:: direct memory access (DMA) controller
2737:was able to replicate the 8086 through
719:family. (Another reference is that the
565:
530:) with the 8008 and also includes some
14:
5450:Computer-related introductions in 1978
5432:
3971:
3730:(Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 17.
3548:"8086 16-BIT HMOS Processor datasheet"
2973:, a version of the 8086 with an 8-bit
2591:Industrial −40 °C to +85 °C
1819:source code is for a subroutine named
743:
4260:
3510:"Intel Microprocessors: 8008 to 8086"
3168:Using non-saturated enhancement-load
2991:An 8 MHz 8086-2 was used in the
2466:
1400:" directly. (Several others, such as
4286:
3363:
2146:feeds the instruction stream to the
1860:; = dst, Address of target string
1857:; = src, Address of source string
586:processors of other manufacturers —
510:Two years later, Intel launched the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3760:. Intel Corporation. p. B-25.
3344:
3018:were built with an 8 MHz 8086.
2863:: programmable interrupt controller
629:. According to principal architect
24:
3868:Zachmann, Mark (August 23, 1982).
25:
5466:
3972:Jenner, Andrew (September 2020).
3926:
3756:Intel Corporation (August 1981).
3409:8086/8088/80286 assembly language
2934:ISBC 86/12 was announced in 1978.
2362:
1917:;Set SI = src (+2 due to push bp)
1796:Application Programming Interface
5372:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics
3841:"Intel Adds 16-Bit Single Board"
3437:at the assembly-language level.
3433:is software-compatible with the
2830:
2811:
2799:
2781:
2766:
2733:The electronics industry of the
2454:
2442:
2390:
2343:The address and data buses were
1802:as well as including the simple
702:The architecture was defined by
621:-family of languages, including
34:
4460:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)
3913:
3893:
3833:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3749:
3734:
3719:
3670:
3652:
3584:. Microsoft Corporation. 1987.
3572:
3501:
3468:
3442:
3353:iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference
3269:
3260:
3250:
3241:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3193:
3184:
3175:
2667:
2658:
2649:
1810:
1585:
1297:, while the other operand, the
263:Architecture and classification
45:needs additional citations for
3758:Intel iAPX86, 88 User's manual
3380:
3319:
3310:
3292:
3162:
3137:
3120:
2407:, although its successor, the
2113:
1823:that copies a null-terminated
13:
1:
3974:"8086 microcode disassembled"
3606:The 8086 Family User's Manual
3327:"Microprocessor Hall of Fame"
3285:
2921:Microcomputers using the 8086
2294:80~190 (depending on operand
2278:70~160 (depending on operand
2154:), speeding up operations on
1720:To avoid the need to specify
609:programs written in 8-bit to
478:
3453:. McGraw-Hill. p. 779.
2430:, and finally the 1998–1999
2073:;Restore the prev call frame
997:(accumulator, extended acc)
483:In 1972, Intel launched the
7:
3985:Shirriff, Ken (June 2020).
3359:. Intel. 1983. p. 1-1.
3096:
1935:;string direction ascending
1638:+
1596:There are also four 16-bit
1419:A 64 KB (one segment)
1373:for the 8086 architecture.
514:, employing the new 40-pin
507:manufacturer at the time).
10:
5471:
3475:Intel Corporation (1983).
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
1748:(code,data > 64K), and
1589:
1193:
1175:
1157:
1139:
1121:
1113:
1096:
1085:
1068:
1050:
1032:
1012:
1001:
923:
730:
473:
462:The 8086 gave rise to the
362:Products, models, variants
5440:Intel x86 microprocessors
5344:
5284:
5096:
4894:
4836:
4787:
4754:
4724:
4717:
4636:
4575:
4475:
4430:
4421:
4294:
4129:— (February 2023).
4120:— (February 2023).
4111:— (February 2023).
4048:— (December 2022).
4039:— (November 2022).
4030:— (November 2022).
3300:"The Life Cycle of a CPU"
2962:2000, introduced in 1980.
2949:Seattle Computer Products
2914:NEC μPD765 or Intel 8272A
2293:
2277:
2258:
1396:, supporting the "Pascal
1200:
1178:
1160:
1142:
1124:
1093:
1065:
1047:
1029:
1009:
990:
987:
984:
973:
970:
967:
956:
953:
950:
937:
934:
931:
803:Registers and instruction
723:for Intel devices is 8086
548:General Instrument PIC16X
518:originally developed for
417:
412:
397:
387:
382:
366:
361:
345:
328:
312:
296:
291:
279:
267:
262:
254:
246:
242:5 MHz to 10 MHz
232:
227:
170:
162:
154:
149:
137:
4228:— (October 2023).
4102:— (January 2023).
4093:— (January 2023).
4084:— (January 2023).
4075:— (January 2023).
4066:— (January 2023).
4057:— (January 2023).
3405:Scanlon, Leo J. (1988).
3114:
2941:was one of the earliest
2506:0 °C to 70 °C
2013:;Convert AL to lowercase
1983:;If AL > 'Z',
1959:;If AL < 'A',
1854:; Entry stack parameters
1839:
1669:0111 0011 1101 0001 1001
1445:
574:Intel 8086 CPU die image
4219:— (August 2023).
4210:— (August 2023).
4021:— (August 2020).
4012:— (August 2020).
3553:. Intel. Archived from
3526:10.1109/MC.1980.1653375
3479:. Intel. pp. 3–5.
3413:. Brady Books. p.
3329:. Intel. Archived from
3143:using enhancement load
3062:Space Shuttle Discovery
2743:and reverse engineering
2461:A plastic P8086 variant
2449:A ceramic D8086 variant
1592:x86 memory segmentation
1179:0 0 0 0
1161:0 0 0 0
1143:0 0 0 0
1125:0 0 0 0
1094:0 0 0 0
1066:0 0 0 0
1048:0 0 0 0
1030:0 0 0 0
1010:0 0 0 0
980:(counter, accumulator)
951:0 0 0 0
292:Physical specifications
5455:X86 microarchitectures
5445:16-bit microprocessors
4455:P6 variant (Pentium M)
4246:— (April 2024).
4237:— (March 2024).
4174:— (April 2023).
4165:— (April 2023).
4156:— (March 2023).
4147:— (March 2023).
4138:— (March 2023).
3948:Maximum Mode Interface
2745:. The resulting chip,
2681:Derivatives and clones
2553:January/February 1980
2379:(8087-compatible) and
2126:
1944:;Load AL from , inc si
1881:;Set up the call frame
1782:Porting older software
1450:The 8086 has a 16-bit
946:(primary accumulator)
782:Hardware modes of 8086
740:
596:National Semiconductor
575:
4201:— (July 2023).
4192:— (July 2023).
4003:— (July 2020).
3994:— (June 2020).
3054:, also used the 8086.
2977:(as mentioned above).
2932:single-board computer
2179:of operations versus
2121:
2022:;Store AL to , inc di
1863:; = Return address
808:Intel 8086 registers
738:
668:(29,000 counting all
573:
493:Datapoint Corporation
27:16-bit microprocessor
4183:— (May 2023).
2741:industrial espionage
1464:Auxiliary carry flag
963:(base, accumulator)
763:dual in-line package
566:The first x86 design
337:dual in-line package
281:Instruction set
269:Technology node
54:improve this article
3560:on 26 November 2021
3147:(requiring 14
3110:, for the iAPX name
3066:software regression
2916:: floppy controller
2721:. For example, the
2655:In quantity of 100.
2202:register immediate
2192:
2058:; restore di and si
1815:The following 8086
1641:1011 0100 1010 1001
1619:0110 1000 1000 0111
809:
744:Buses and operation
552:MOS Technology 6502
468:Intel Core i7-8086K
171:Common manufacturer
150:General information
134:
5254:Sandy Bridge-based
4423:Microarchitectures
4408:Microarchitectures
3919:Kaman Tech. Manual
3155:at +5 V and V
2483:Temperature range
2467:List of Intel 8086
2199:register-register
2190:
2177:orthogonalizations
2144:bus interface unit
2127:
2100:calling convention
2037:;If AL <> 0,
1711:pointer arithmetic
1398:calling convention
807:
741:
611:seamlessly migrate
576:
495:with programmable
132:
5427:
5426:
5340:
5339:
4713:
4712:
4632:
4631:
3424:978-0-13-246919-7
3082:and used an 8086
3052:Wang Laboratories
3048:IBM Displaywriter
2943:portable computer
2888:: clock generator
2707:Texas Instruments
2645:
2644:
2371:performance. The
2306:
2305:
2298:as well as size)
2282:as well as size)
2211:memory-immediate
2092:
2091:
2079:;Return to caller
2046:; Repeat the loop
1992:; Skip conversion
1968:; Skip conversion
1744:(code > 64K),
1740:(data > 64K),
1683:
1682:
1583:
1582:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1115:Segment registers
607:assembly language
603:microarchitecture
528:binary compatible
524:source-compatible
439:chip designed by
422:
421:
210:Texas Instruments
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5462:
5259:Ivy Bridge-based
4850:8/16-bit databus
4722:
4721:
4641:
4640:
4637:Current products
4428:
4427:
4288:Intel processors
4281:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3933:Intel datasheets
3920:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3633:
3618:
3617:
3602:
3591:
3589:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3304:www.cpushack.com
3296:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3141:
3135:
3124:
3103:Transistor count
3092:
3091:
2993:AT&T 6300 PC
2904:: bus controller
2815:
2803:
2785:
2770:
2744:
2674:
2673:Sampling Q4 1985
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2489:Date of release
2471:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2432:Lunar Prospector
2405:embedded systems
2275:integer multiply
2208:memory-register
2205:register-memory
2193:
2189:
2185:addressing modes
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1798:very similar to
1670:
1667:
1658:
1642:
1639:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1493:
1492:
1433:return addresses
1415:
1409:
1388:
1301:, can be either
814:
813:
810:
806:
798:
704:Stephen P. Morse
695:
631:Stephen P. Morse
615:nested functions
142:
135:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5352:Tick–tock model
5336:
5280:
5269:Broadwell-based
5160:Extreme Edition
5092:
4890:
4832:
4783:
4750:
4709:
4628:
4571:
4471:
4417:
4290:
4285:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3909:. May 12, 2002.
3899:
3898:
3894:
3866:
3862:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3768:
3754:
3750:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3720:
3709:
3702:
3675:
3671:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3634:
3621:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3506:
3502:
3487:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3447:
3443:
3425:
3403:
3399:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3142:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3099:
3089:
3083:
2939:Xerox NoteTaker
2923:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2771:
2738:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2450:
2447:
2393:
2365:
2268:condition,label
2116:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1820:
1813:
1784:
1668:
1665:
1656:
1640:
1637:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1594:
1588:
1448:
1411:
1401:
1381:
1284:(including the
1195:Status register
1117:
1089:
1087:Program counter
1005:
1003:Index registers
927:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
805:
796:
784:
746:
733:
726:
693:
568:
489:instruction set
481:
476:
378:
357:
341:
308:
223:
145:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5468:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5107:
5105:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5071:NetBurst-based
5068:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4998:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4905:
4903:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:32-bit databus
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4859:16-bit databus
4857:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4799:
4797:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4762:
4760:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4486:
4484:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3982:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3927:External links
3925:
3922:
3921:
3912:
3907:New York Times
3892:
3860:
3832:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3766:
3748:
3733:
3718:
3700:
3669:
3651:
3619:
3592:
3571:
3539:
3500:
3486:978-0835930352
3485:
3467:
3459:
3441:
3423:
3397:
3379:
3362:
3343:
3318:
3309:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3268:
3259:
3249:
3240:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3161:
3159:at −9 V).
3156:
3152:
3136:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3072:
3069:
3055:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:Amstrad PC1512
3019:
3004:
2989:
2982:Compaq Deskpro
2978:
2963:
2958:The Norwegian
2956:
2946:
2935:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2889:
2883:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2765:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:May/June 1980
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2441:
2392:
2389:
2369:floating-point
2364:
2363:Floating point
2361:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2330:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2291:integer divide
2288:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2148:execution unit
2115:
2112:
2090:
2089:
1842:; _strtolower:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1812:
1809:
1783:
1780:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1604:to access one
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1484:Direction flag
1480:Interrupt flag
1452:flags register
1447:
1444:
1371:code generator
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
975:
972:
969:
965:
964:
958:
955:
952:
948:
947:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:Main registers
921:
920:
918:(bit position)
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
804:
801:
783:
780:
745:
742:
732:
729:
724:
567:
564:
536:depletion-load
480:
477:
475:
472:
437:microprocessor
420:
419:
415:
414:
413:Support status
410:
409:
399:
395:
394:
389:
385:
384:
380:
379:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
363:
359:
358:
356:
355:
349:
347:
343:
342:
340:
339:
332:
330:
326:
325:
316:
310:
309:
307:
306:
302:
300:
294:
293:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
230:
229:
225:
224:
222:
221:
174:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5467:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5275:
5274:Skylake-based
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5264:Haswell-based
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Nehalem-based
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:Original i586
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4610:Goldmont Plus
4608:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3978:Reenigne blog
3975:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3846:Computerworld
3842:
3836:
3829:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3743:Intel Preview
3737:
3729:
3728:Intel Preview
3722:
3714:
3713:Intel Preview
3707:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3679:Intel Preview
3673:
3665:
3664:www.intel.com
3661:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:Intel Preview
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3520:(10): 42–60.
3519:
3515:
3514:IEEE Computer
3511:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3462:
3460:0-07-023253-9
3456:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3388:"8080 family"
3383:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3333:on 2007-07-06
3332:
3328:
3322:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3278:
3272:
3263:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2910:: bus arbiter
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2882:: 8-bit latch
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:Support chips
2828:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2773:Soviet clone
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:June 8, 1978
2510:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2474:Model number
2473:
2472:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:Toshiba T1200
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:Chip versions
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
1929:;Set DI = dst
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Overflow flag
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1326:minicomputers
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1286:stack pointer
1283:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
983:
979:
976:
966:
962:
959:
949:
945:
944:
940:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
815:
812:
811:
800:
793:
789:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
737:
728:
722:
721:PCI Vendor ID
718:
714:
710:
705:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
572:
563:
561:
560:Motorola 6809
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:Motorola 6800
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:CRT terminals
494:
490:
486:
471:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:(also called
427:
416:
411:
407:
403:
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
369:
365:
360:
354:
351:
350:
348:
344:
338:
334:
333:
331:
327:
324:
320:
317:
315:
311:
304:
303:
301:
299:
295:
290:
287:
284:
282:
278:
275:
272:
270:
266:
261:
257:
255:Address width
253:
249:
245:
241:
239:
236:
231:
226:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4802:
4718:Discontinued
4555:Cypress Cove
4514:Sandy Bridge
3977:
3943:8086 Pinouts
3915:
3906:
3895:
3887:
3873:
3863:
3844:
3835:
3827:
3821:. Retrieved
3819:. 2011-05-26
3811:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3757:
3751:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3712:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3637:
3605:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3562:. Retrieved
3555:the original
3542:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3476:
3470:
3450:
3444:
3428:
3408:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3352:
3346:
3335:. Retrieved
3331:the original
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3271:
3262:
3257:controller.)
3252:
3243:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3164:
3139:
3127:
3122:
3085:
2930:-compatible
2826:
2751:
2735:Soviet Union
2732:
2684:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2522:10 MHz
2492:Price (USD)
2436:
2417:
2394:
2384:
2366:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2315:
2299:
2295:
2283:
2279:
2267:
2266:≥ 15 ;
2263:
2262:≥ 11 ;
2259:
2196:instruction
2147:
2143:
2133:address and
2128:
2122:
2093:
1814:
1811:Example code
1803:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:(max 128K),
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:wraps around
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1673:
1645:
1626:
1595:
1586:Segmentation
1449:
1437:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1323:
1319:code density
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1279:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1168:
1164:
1150:
1146:
1132:
1128:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1040:
1036:
1022:
1018:
1002:
994:
977:
960:
941:
924:
917:
791:
787:
785:
747:
701:
697:
658:random logic
655:
651:
639:coprocessors
600:
577:
558:(1976), and
516:DIL packages
509:
491:designed by
482:
461:
429:
425:
423:
314:Co-processor
220:(Matsushita)
163:Discontinued
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:"Intel 8086"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4567:Golden Cove
4562:Willow Cove
4543:Cannon Lake
3564:26 November
3277:color burst
3034:NEC PC-9801
2969:, used the
2607:5 MHz
2585:5 MHz
2570:Commercial
2564:4 MHz
2548:Commercial
2542:8 MHz
2528:Commercial
2500:5 MHz
2480:Technology
2345:multiplexed
2131:multiplexed
2114:Performance
2010:'A'
2004:'a'
1980:'Z'
1956:'A'
1869:_strtolower
1821:_strtolower
1732:(max 64K),
1460:Parity flag
1315:destination
1295:destination
1105:nstruction
1039:estination
759:multiplexed
666:transistors
418:Unsupported
388:Predecessor
298:Transistors
228:Performance
5434:Categories
5362:Intel GPUs
5076:Core-based
4840:(external
4728:oriented (
4598:Silvermont
4550:Sunny Cove
4519:Ivy Bridge
4302:Processors
3823:2016-05-12
3767:0835930165
3337:2007-08-11
3286:References
3279:frequency)
3170:NMOS logic
3145:PMOS logic
3041:Tandy 1000
2995:(built by
2980:The first
2971:Intel 8088
2926:The Intel
2908:Intel 8289
2902:Intel 8288
2892:Intel 8286
2886:Intel 8284
2876:Intel 8282
2867:Intel 8279
2861:Intel 8259
2855:Intel 8255
2849:Intel 8253
2843:Intel 8251
2837:Intel 8237
2715:Mitsubishi
2477:Frequency
2373:Intel 8087
2183:types and
2160:immediates
2152:pipelining
2140:concurrent
2135:data buses
2096:call frame
1688:relocation
1590:See also:
1486:(DF), and
1456:Carry flag
1429:interrupts
682:static RAM
641:, such as
520:calculator
479:Background
445:Intel 8088
398:Successors
392:Intel 8085
323:Intel 8089
319:Intel 8087
247:Data width
238:clock rate
214:Mitsubishi
133:Intel 8086
80:newspapers
5414:Codenames
5327:StrongARM
5165:Dual-Core
5138:Dual-Core
5049:Dual-Core
5019:OverDrive
4968:A100/A110
4961:OverDrive
4755:pre-x86 (
4622:Gracemont
4531:Broadwell
3963:document)
3884:0199-6649
3875:InfoWorld
3855:0010-4841
3687:1041-8547
3646:803251993
3534:206445851
3392:CPU World
3205:digitizer
3078:4170 ran
3076:Tektronix
3001:IBM PC AT
2986:IBM PC XT
2953:S-100 bus
2775:K1810VM86
2747:K1810VM86
2599:$ 173.25
2300:including
2284:including
2156:registers
2108:recursive
2104:reentrant
2102:supports
1476:Trap flag
1472:Sign flag
1468:Zero flag
1307:immediate
1282:registers
713:Intel 386
709:Intel 286
662:microcode
635:microcode
556:Zilog Z80
274:3 μm
218:Panasonic
110:June 2024
5419:Larrabee
5297:iAPX 432
5232:11th gen
5227:10th gen
5066:P6-based
4956:RapidCAD
4698:14th gen
4693:13th gen
4688:12th gen
4683:11th gen
4678:10th gen
4605:Goldmont
4593:Saltwell
4507:Westmere
4467:NetBurst
4413:Chipsets
3951:Archived
3695:10331599
3614:65699372
3495:11091251
3376:. Intel.
3201:rubylith
3097:See also
3008:IBM PS/2
2997:Olivetti
2975:data bus
2951:shipped
2928:Multibus
2791:M80C86A
2695:Intersil
2577:$ 72.50
2545:HMOS II
2525:HMOS II
2514:$ 86.65
2486:Package
2260:register
1817:assembly
1679:20 bits
1651:16 bits
1606:megabyte
1440:I/O port
1425:hardware
1303:register
711:and the
588:Motorola
580:iAPX 432
562:(1978).
554:(1975),
550:(1975),
546:(1974),
459:design.
449:data bus
198:Intersil
155:Launched
5409:Stratix
5345:Related
5307:Itanium
5222:9th gen
5217:8th gen
5212:7th gen
5207:6th gen
5202:5th gen
5197:4th gen
5192:3rd gen
5187:2nd gen
5182:1st gen
5145:Pentium
5128:Celeron
5088:Tolapai
5009:Pentium
4992:(1998)
4990:Celeron
4881:80387DX
4873:80387SX
4668:Pentium
4663:Celeron
4617:Tremont
4588:Bonnell
4538:Skylake
4526:Haswell
4502:Nehalem
4401:Itanium
4317:Pentium
4312:Celeron
3776:8459750
3080:CP/M-86
3010:models
2727:NEC V30
2723:NEC V20
2703:Siemens
2687:Fujitsu
2634:44 Pin
2561:8086-4
2539:8086-2
2519:8086-1
2420:GRiDPad
2340:adder).
2334:segment
2302:any EA
2286:any EA
2181:operand
1851:; ES=DS
1738:compact
1695:pointer
1674:Address
1666:
1627:Segment
1616:
1598:segment
1576:
1570:
1564:
1543:
1442:space.
1201:
1189:egment
1171:egment
1153:egment
1135:egment
1109:ointer
1081:ointer
1061:ointer
985:
968:
932:
749:1
731:Details
617:in the
538:-based
474:History
432:) is a
430:iAPX 86
383:History
367:Variant
335:40 pin
329:Package
258:20 bits
250:16 bits
206:Siemens
190:Fujitsu
94:scholar
5332:XScale
5102:64-bit
5098:x86-64
5003:(2004)
4900:32-bit
4863:80C187
4856:(1980)
4829:(1982)
4823:(1982)
4817:(1982)
4811:(1979)
4805:(1978)
4794:16-bit
4788:Early
4780:(1977)
4774:(1974)
4768:(1972)
4747:(1974)
4741:(1971)
4649:64-bit
4645:x86-64
4495:Penryn
4481:64-bit
4477:x86-64
4436:32-bit
3882:
3853:
3774:
3764:
3693:
3685:
3644:
3612:
3532:
3493:
3483:
3457:
3421:
3199:Using
3027:PC1640
2967:IBM PC
2960:Mycron
2793:QFP-56
2758:EC1832
2754:EC1831
2717:, and
2691:Harris
2624:80C86
2604:M8086
2582:I8086
2556:$ 200
2428:HP 110
2381:Weitek
2338:offset
2251:17+EA
2248:16+EA,
2231:10+EA
1825:ASCIIZ
1742:medium
1646:Offset
1499:15-12
1482:(IF),
1478:(TF),
1474:(SF),
1470:(ZF),
1466:(AF),
1462:(PF),
1458:(CF),
1405:
1389:, and
1386:mem-op
1363:MCS-48
1331:PDP-11
1311:source
1299:source
1270:Flags
1021:ource
623:Pascal
594:, and
584:32-bit
532:16-bit
457:IBM PC
434:16-bit
346:Socket
305:29,000
286:x86-16
194:Harris
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5404:PIIXs
5285:Other
5083:Quark
4896:IA-32
4886:80487
4868:80287
4827:80286
4821:80188
4815:80186
4757:8-bit
4730:4-bit
4432:IA-32
4396:Quark
4295:Lists
3745:: 11.
3715:: 22.
3587:1986.
3558:(PDF)
3551:(PDF)
3530:S2CID
3357:(PDF)
3128:logic
3115:Notes
3090:(PDF)
2871:7-seg
2822:D8086
2739:both
2629:CMOS
2610:HMOS
2588:HMOS
2567:HMOS
2503:HMOS
2497:8086
2413:80188
2409:80186
2377:Cyrix
2357:80286
2353:80186
2270:≥ 16
2264:label
2245:9+EA,
2168:80286
2164:80186
2049:done:
2019:stosb
2016:copy:
1941:lodsb
1938:loop:
1788:8-bit
1771:could
1746:large
1734:small
1540:Flag
1446:Flags
1421:stack
1413:enter
1407:immed
1343:32016
1339:68000
1185:tack
1167:xtra
1077:tack
1043:ndex
1025:ndex
776:80286
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