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1946:(BSPP) announced they would be organising an election, but the opposition parties called for their immediate resignation from government, allowing an interim government to organise elections. After the BSPP rejected both demands, protesters again took to the streets on 12 September 1988. Nu promised elections within a month, proclaiming a provisional government. Meanwhile, the police and army began fraternising with the protesters. The movement had reached an impasse relying on three hopes: daily demonstrations to force the regime to respond to their demands, encouraging soldiers to defect and appealing to an international audience in the hope that
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1789:, a more organised strike committee was headed by lawyers and discussion focused on multi-party democracy and human rights. Many participants in the protests arrived from nearby towns and villages. Farmers who were particularly angry with the government's economic policies joined the protests in Rangoon. In one village, 2,000 of the 5,000 people also went on strike.
2137:), "imposing more Draconian measures than Ne Win had imposed." After Maung had imposed martial law, the protests were violently broken up. The government announced on the state-run radio that the military had assumed power in the people's interest, "in order to bring a timely halt to the deteriorating conditions on all sides all over the country."
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1400:
invalid without warning, and millions of
Burmese citizens had their savings eliminated by this action. On 22 September 1987, the Burmese government introduced new denominations of 45 and 90 kyat notes. The 45 and 90 kyat denominations were chosen because the two numbers are divisible by 9, which was considered lucky by Ne Win.
1797:, swords, knives, rocks, poisoned darts and bicycle spokes. In one incident, protesters burned a police station and tore apart four fleeing officers. On 10 August, soldiers fired into Rangoon General Hospital, killing nurses and doctors tending to the wounded. State-run Radio Rangoon reported that 1,451 "
2299:
The uprising led to the death and imprisonment of thousands of individuals. Many of the deaths occurred inside the prisons, where prisoners of conscience were subjected to inhumane torture and deprived of basic provisions, such as food, water, medicine, and sanitation. From 1988 to 2012, the military
2187:
By the end of
September, there were around 3,000 estimated deaths and unknown number of injured, with 1,000 deaths in Rangoon alone. At this point in time, Aung San Suu Kyi appealed for help. On 21 September, the government had regained control of the country, with the movement effectively collapsing
1781:
them from the crowd and earlier violence Over the next four days these demonstrations continued; the government was surprised by the scale of the protests and stated that it promised to heed the demands of the protesters "insofar as possible". Lwin had brought in more soldiers from insurgent areas to
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joined the protests. It became difficult for committees to control the protests. During this time, demonstrators became increasingly wary of "suspicious looking" people and police and army officers. On one occasion, a local committee mistakenly beheaded a couple thought to have been carrying a bomb.
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insignia of the All-Burma
Students Union. Neighbourhood and strike committees were openly formed on the advice of underground activists, many of which were influenced by similar underground movements by workers and monks in the 1980s. Between 2 and 10 August, co-ordinated protests were occurring in
1530:
Following the latest protests, authorities announced the closure of universities for several months. By June 1988, large demonstrations of students and sympathisers were a daily sight. Many students, sympathisers and riot police died throughout the month as the protests spread throughout Burma from
1399:
On 5 September 1987, Ne Win announced the demonetisation of the 25, 35, and 75 kyat notes, leaving only the 1, 5, and 10 kyat bills valid. This announcement was also with no prior warning, and this time no exchange for valid tender was allowed. Roughly 60–80% of circulated legal tender was declared
1387:
activity. The public was given only a short period of time to exchange their 20, 50, and 100 kyat bills, and only 25% of the value of surrendered bills were reimbursed. On 10 November 1985, a week after the initial announcement of demonetisation, new denominations of 25, 35, and 75 kyat bills were
2164:, and another 500 were killed whilst protesting outside the United States embassy – footage caught by a cameraman nearby who distributed the footage to the world's media. Maung described the dead as "looters". Protestors were also pursued into the jungle and some students took up training on the
1604:
Protests reached their peak in August 1988. Students planned for a nationwide demonstration on 8 August 1988, an auspicious date based on numerological significance. News of the protest reached rural areas and four days prior to the national protest, students across the country were denouncing
1812:
Lwin's sudden and unexplained resignation on 12 August left many protestors confused and jubilant. Security forces exercised greater caution with demonstrators, particularly in neighbourhoods that were entirely controlled by demonstrators and committees. On 19 August, under pressure to form a
1718:
Across Burma, people poured out in thousands to join the protests – not just students but also teachers, monks, children, professionals, and trade unionists of every shade. It was on this day, too, that the junta made its first determined attempt at repression. Soldiers opened fire on the
1464:) in December 1987, government policy requiring farmers to sell produce below market rates to create greater revenue for the government sparked several, violent rural protests. The protests were fanned by public letters to Ne Win by former second in command Brigadier General
1378:
that declared certain circulated denominations of currency invalid. These instances led to instantaneous loss of savings for many
Burmese citizens and economic instability. On 3 November 1985, the Burmese government declared notes of 20, 50, and 100
2196:
Many in Burma believed that the regime would have collapsed if the United
Nations and neighbouring countries had refused to recognise the legitimacy of the coup. Western governments and Japan cut aid to the country. Among Burma's neighbours,
1977:
By mid-September, the protests grew more violent and lawless, with soldiers deliberately leading protesters into skirmishes that the army easily won. Protesters demanded more immediate change, and distrusted steps for incremental reform.
1792:
A short while later, the authorities opened fire on the protesters. Ne Win ordered that "guns were not to shoot upwards," meaning that he was ordering the military to shoot directly at the demonstrators. Protesters responded by throwing
1419:, and universities in Rangoon temporarily closed. The government later allowed for reimbursement of up to 100 kyat so that students could return home instead of rioting in the cities. With the re-opening of schools in late October 1987,
2283:, students also commemorate the uprising every 8 August. On the 20th anniversary of the uprising, 48 activists were arrested for commemorating the event in Burma. The event garnered much support for the Burmese people internationally.
797:) that peaked in August 1988. Key events occurred on 8 August 1988 and therefore it is commonly known as the "8888 Uprising". The protests began as a student movement and were organised largely by university students at the
1499:, was shot and killed. The incident angered pro-democracy groups and the next day more students rallied at the RIT and spread to other campuses. The students, who had never protested before, increasingly saw themselves as
1435:
leaflets which culminated in bombs exploding in
November. Police later received threatening letters from underground groups, who organised small protests around the university campus. Meanwhile, larger protests in
2375:
Many of the student leaders of the uprising became lifelong human rights activists and leaders of the
Burmese pro-democracy movement. Nineteen years later, many of these same activists also played a role in the
2388:. But prior to the outbreak of large-scale demonstrations, its members were arrested and given lengthy prison sentences of up to 65 years. The activists who were arrested included prominent individuals such as
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press conferences which were aimed at giving foreign diplomats and the media a favourable account of the SLORC's response to the protests. During this period, more restrictions were imposed upon the
1495:(BSPP) official, was arrested and later released for injuring a student. Students protested at a local police department where 500 riot police were mobilised and in the ensuing clash, one student,
1761:, stopping for people to speak. A stage was also erected. Demonstrators from the Rangoon neighbourhoods converged in downtown Rangoon. Only one casualty was reported at this point as a frightened
46:
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was plotting to overthrow the State. Despite the conferences, few believed the government's version of events. While these conferences were going on, the SLORC was secretly negotiating with
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1804:
Estimates of the number of casualties surrounding the 8-8-88 demonstrations range from hundreds to 10,000; military authorities put the figures at about 95 people killed and 240 wounded.
1997:
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democracy, which marked Ne Win's resignation on 23 July 1988. In a valedictory address given that day, Ne Win affirmed that "When the army shoots, it shoots to kill." He also promised a
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1930:
also re-emerged onto the political scene in what was described as a "democracy summer" when many former democracy leaders returned. Despite the gains made by the democracy movement,
1383:
invalid, without prior warning to the public. Prior to this, circulated denominations were of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 kyats. The stated reason for the demonetisation was to combat
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and the size of the military increased from 180,000 to 400,000. The
Burmese government also kept schools and universities closed in order to prevent future uprisings. Initially,
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tea shop about music playing on a sound system. A drunken youth would not return a tape that the RIT students favoured. A brawl followed in which one youth, who was the son of a
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2236:, denying it the relative freedom to report news which it had been able to exercise at the peak of the protests. In the conferences, he detailed a conspiracy in which
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to encourage them to take part in the protests. The students were quickly joined by
Burmese citizens from all walks of life, including government workers, Buddhist
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1336:
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Fong (2008). In 1962, Lwin had ordered troops to fire on student protestors, killing dozens, and ordered the Union
Building at Rangoon University to be blown up.
1903:, who led the independence movement, appeared ready to lead the movement for democracy. Suu Kyi urged the crowd not to turn on the army but find peace through
484:
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publicly rejected the SLORC's offer to hold elections the following year, claiming that they could not be freely held while Burma was under military rule.
1719:
demonstrators and hundreds of unarmed marchers were killed. The killings continued for a week, but still the demonstrators continued to flood the streets.
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Although an exact body count has not been determined as bodies were often cremated, it is estimated that within the first week of securing power, 1,000
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Video – 8888s anniversary activity in London Burmese' Embassy and Downing street, and Ms Suu Kyi's Birthday, calling for democratic reform in Burma
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Nationwide demonstrations resumed on 22 August 1988. In Mandalay, 100,000 people protested, including Buddhist monks and 50,000 demonstrated in
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became a focal point for other demonstrations, which spread to other states' capitals. Upwards of 10,000 protesters demonstrated outside the
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After the uprising, the SLORC waged a "clumsy propaganda" campaign against those who had organised the protests. Intelligence Chief General
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was most critical; condemning the suppression, closing borders and setting up refugee camps along its border with Burma. By 1989, 6,000
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Students in particular were angry at the 1987 demonetisation as savings for tuition fees were wiped out instantly. Students from the
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2173:"I would like every country in the world to recognize the fact that the people of Burma are being shot down for no reason at all."
1887:, who had watched the demonstrations from her mother's bedside, entered the political arena by addressing half a million people at
1510:
By mid-March, several protests had occurred and there was open dissent in the army. Various demonstrations were broken up by using
1942:
During the September congress of 1988, 90% of party delegates (968 out of 1080) voted for a multi-party system of government. The
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since 1962. The country had a national debt of $ 3.5 billion and currency reserves of between $ 20 million and $ 35 million, with
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and the police illegally detained and imprisoned tens of thousands of leaders of the Burmese pro-democracy movement, as well as
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announced, with the 75 kyat denomination chosen to commemorate Ne Win's 75th birthday. In November 1985, students gathered and
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1503:. There was growing resentment towards military rule and there were no channels to address grievances, further exacerbated by
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2977:"[Interview] Myanmar democracy leader in S. Korea is "100% certain that this democratization movement will succeed""
980:. The coup has led to numerous protests and demonstrations against the military-led government. Activists have compared the
5276:
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2384:, which is named after the events of 8 August 1988, organised one of the first protests which eventually culminated in the
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Between 1988 and 2000, the Burmese government established 20 museums which detailed the military's central role throughout
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in October. By the end of 1988, it was estimated that 10,000 people, including protesters and soldiers, had been killed.
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A general strike, as planned, began on 8 August 1988. Mass demonstrations were held across Burma as ethnic minorities,
744:
1817:, was appointed as head of government. Maung was a legal scholar and the only non-military individual to serve in the
700:
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956:. Suu Kyi's house arrest was lifted in 2010, when worldwide attention for her peaked again during the making of the
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canisters to disperse crowds. On 16 March, students demanding an end to one party rule marched towards soldiers at
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in 2012. They continue to work as politicians and human rights activists in Myanmar. They also campaigned for the
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84:: Soldiers preparing to open fire on protesters; Saw Lwin and Win Zaw carrying a critically wounded school girl (
3928:"A former political prisoner was arrested for protesting alone in front of the United Nations office in Rangoon"
1705:'s image had changed shape, with an image in the sky standing on its head. On 3 August, the authorities imposed
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was plotting to overthrow the regime with the assistance of "subversive foreigners" and a conspiracy in which
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2213:. It was estimated 10,000 had fled to mountains which were controlled by ethnic insurgents such as the
614:
4337:
A Burmese Power Shift; Though Government Schedules Election, Decision Rests With People in the Streets
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913:. Thousands of deaths have been attributed to the military during this uprising, while authorities in
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Richburg, Keith. (1988). Youths, Monks Fight Troops in Burma; Post-Coup Deaths Reported in Hundreds.
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in coffins decorated with demonetised bank notes. Further protests took place around the country at
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to distant ethnic states (particularly where military campaigns had previously taken place), where
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the government's decision to withdraw Burmese local currency notes. Economic problems coupled with
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troops would arrive. Some Tatmadaw did defect, but only in limited numbers, mostly from the Navy.
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If the military shoots, it has no tradition of shooting into the air. It shoots straight to kill.
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others. Several students recalled the police shouting, "Don't let them escape" and "Kill them!".
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604:
20:
4078:
Revolution as Development: The Karen Self-determination Struggle Against Ethnocracy (1949–2004).
1821:(BSPP). The appointment of Maung briefly resulted in a subsidence of the shooting and protests.
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A red flag depicting a fighting peacock became a symbol of the protests on the streets of Burma.
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and fled. (Such marches would occur daily until 19 September.) Protesters kissed the shoes of
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Boudreau (2004) Two groups considered to have large underground and internal support networks
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881:) on 8 August 1988. Student protests spread throughout the country. Hundreds of thousands of
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is a fictionalized drama which is based on the events that took place during the uprising.
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In the years leading up to the crisis, General Ne Win had imposed two instances of sudden
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involved monks and workers, with some burning government buildings and state businesses.
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Civil-military relations in Burma: Soldiers as state-builders in the postcolonial era.
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Williams Jr., Nick. (10 August 1988). "36 Killed in Burma Protests of Military Rule."
2947:"'A dangerous time' in Myanmar: Burmese in California struggle for answers, attention"
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reported little on the protests, but information quickly spread through the students.
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Abolishment of all organs of state power that were formed under the 1974 constitution
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supporters had been detained and those who fled to the ethnic border areas, such as
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3930:. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. 23 September 2004. Archived from
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2320:, one of the leaders of the uprising, spent 20 years of his adult life in prison.
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1880:, where protests were more peaceful as they were organised by monks and lawyers.
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The Idea of Freedom in Burma and the Political Thought of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.
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when riot police stormed from the rear, clubbing several students to death and
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Suffering in Silence, the Human Rights Nightmare of the Karen People of Burma.
4000:
Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia.
2572:
2428:. Pyone Cho, one of the main leaders of the 88 Generation, was elected to the
1970:
in September encouraging the regime to reform, which echoed the policy of the
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from 8 pm to 4 am and a ban on gatherings of more than five people.
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troops were being mobilised. Pamphlets and posters appeared on the streets of
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Perfect Hostage: a life of Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma's prisoner of conscience.
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protested against the government. The uprising ended on 18 September after
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refused to recognise the results and continued to rule the country as the
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Cultures of Creativity: The Centennial Celebration of the Nobel Prizes.
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On 18 September 1988, the military retook power in the country. General
936:, won 81% of the seats in the government (392 out of 492). However, the
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Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority.
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Why Regimes Create Disorder: Hobbes's Dilemma during a Rangoon Summer.
3795:"Heroes of Democracy: Burma's 88 Generation and the Legacy of Mandela"
2412:. Though not an 88 Generation Students Group member, a solo protester
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3007:"Myanmar coup: What protesters can learn from the '1988 generation'"
2732:"Myanmar coup: What protesters can learn from the '1988 generation'"
1891:. It was at this point that she became a symbol for the struggle in
19:"People Power Uprising" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
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3097:"Commerce Snarled as Burma Rules Much of Its Currency Is Worthless"
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In the first few days of the Rangoon protests, activists contacted
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969:(Myanmar Armed Forces) again seized control of the country in the
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Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia.
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had been ruled by the repressive and isolated regime of General
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Demonstration held on the 19th anniversary of the 8888 Uprising
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were written by students who participated in the protests. The
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also joined the demonstration. All of them were released in a
1583:, known as the "Butcher of Rangoon" to head a new government.
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Preparation for the State and the Soldier in Asia Conference.
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required continuous involvement in the international market.
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who had experienced the recent democracy protests in the
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Burma Imposes Martial Law In the Capital After a Protest
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The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB).
3984:(2). A Survey of Asia in 1988: Part II pp. 174–180.
1487:(RIT) were arguing with out-of-school youths inside the
252:
to draft a new constitution (results were not honoured)
78:
addresses half a million protesters in central Rangoon.
4373:
Many in Burma Say Ne Win Continues to Pull the Strings
2851:'Burmese Way to Socialism' Drives Country into Poverty
2573:"Talk to Doctor from 8888 historical picture - Part 1"
2221:), and many of them later trained to become soldiers.
1369:
847:. Many firms in the formal sector of the economy were
4237:
The Crisis in Burma: Back from the Heart of Darkness?
3054:"A Ne Win Situation: Burma's three demonetizations"
2769:"Hunger for food, leadership sparked Burma riots".
2129:repealed the 1974 constitution and established the
1472:and condemning lack of economic reform, describing
4536:
1911:, the uprising was seen as similar to that of the
4163:Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity.
2344:of the uprising. Because the uprising began as a
5248:
2807:
2805:
2328:of the uprising, spent 18 years of his life in
2275:Today, the uprising is commemorated by Burmese
1757:all demonstrated. The first procession circled
2209:, formed groups with those who sought greater
845:one of the world's most impoverished countries
4505:
3895:
3844:Myanmar arrests "8-8-88" anniversary marchers
3627:
3357:Uprising in Burma: The Old Regime Under Siege
3268:
3266:
2603:
2518:
1330:
906:
873:The 8888 uprising was started by students in
478:
230:
4319:Tension Reported High In Burma After Clashes
3998:ch. 17. cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (2001).
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
2865:
2863:
2802:
1661:staff. The demonstrations in the streets of
1579:, but he had appointed the largely disliked
973:, which began with the imprisonment of then
917:put the figure at around 350 people killed.
102:(6 months, 1 week and 2 days)
3506:
3095:Williams, Nick B. Jr. (12 September 1987).
3051:
2845:
2843:
2716:
2714:
2712:
1981:
1876:Incidents like these were not as common in
1801:and disturbance makers" had been arrested.
1571:. Demonstrators in larger numbers demanded
1447:
1415:, smashing windows and traffic lights down
4512:
4498:
4064:Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule.
3263:
2408:, Pyone Cho, Min Zeyar, Ant Bwe Kyaw, and
1844:was displayed on banners. Two days later,
1813:civilian government, Ne Win's biographer,
1458:United Nations Economic and Social Council
1337:
1323:
1008:
823:. Under the government agenda, called the
485:
471:
4219:Burma: Depoliticization of the Political.
3709:Europa Publications Staff (2002), pp. 872
3481:
3479:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3197:
2860:
2145:, indiscriminately firing on protestors.
1907:means. At this point in time for many in
1366:standing at half of the national budget.
1230:Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
944:. Aung San Suu Kyi was also placed under
231:Military coup d'état on 18 September 1988
4271:Road To Upheaval In Politics For Burmese
4140:Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.
4109:Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy.
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3094:
2840:
2709:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
1922:Around this time, former Prime Minister
1673:, where demonstrators burned and buried
1595:
1535:. Large scale protests were reported in
250:Elections for a constitutional committee
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3411:
3409:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3289:
3287:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3081:
3079:
3052:Karthikeyan, Ananth (28 October 2017).
2820:*Tallentire, Mark (28 September 2007).
2131:State Law and Order Restoration Council
2095:State Law and Order Restoration Council
950:State Law and Order Restoration Council
942:State Law and Order Restoration Council
911:State Law and Order Restoration Council
5249:
4485:Photos of the 8888 Uprising (Blogspot)
4289:Burma's new leader imposes martial law
3978:Burma in 1988: There Came a Whirlwind.
3760:
3758:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3476:
3344:
3017:from the original on 26 September 2021
2987:from the original on 17 September 2021
2957:from the original on 18 September 2021
2141:troops went through cities throughout
4493:
4442:Partial list of 8888 Uprising victims
3792:
3460:
3330:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2675:
2653:
2651:
2649:
1476:as "almost a joke" compared to other
1468:from July 1987, reminding him of the
924:emerged as a national icon. When the
466:
5212:
4519:
4479:Burmese American Democratic Alliance
4221:cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (1995).
4055:The Journal of Conflict Resolution,
3739:
3680:
3571:
3568:United States State Department, 1988
3524:
3406:
3383:
3314:
3284:
3157:
3115:
3076:
2729:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2585:from the original on 8 February 2022
2482:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
2364:by the police and the military were
1483:On 12 March 1988, students from the
1349:
1220:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
952:would be a cosmetic change from the
799:Rangoon Arts and Sciences University
492:
417:Unknown number of others countrywide
233:; demonstrations suppressed by force
4671:State Peace and Development Council
4033:Europa Publications Staff. (2002).
3868:
3773:Mydans, Seth. (23 September 1988).
3755:
3666:
2659:Was Burma's 1988 uprising worth it?
2657:Fogarty, Phillipa (7 August 2008).
2348:, many of the individuals who were
2093:Formation of a military junta, the
1370:1985 and 1987 demonetisation crises
1063:State Peace and Development Council
13:
4398:Burma The Armed Forces Seize Power
4355:Defections Strain Burmese Military
4244:
4080:Boca Raton, FL:BrownWalker Press.
4035:The Far East and Australasia 2003.
3996:Burma: Soldiers as State Builders.
3898:"Harsh sentences for Burma rebels"
3896:Jonathan Head (11 November 2008).
3877:from the original on 7 August 2016
3249:
3213:
3038:
2849:Woodsome, Kate. (7 October 2007).
2693:
2646:
1895:, particularly in the eyes of the
14:
5338:
5282:History of Myanmar (1948–present)
4453:
4191:Burma: The Curse of Independence.
4133:. A Burma-India Situation Report.
3842:*Tun, Aung Hla. (8 August 2008).
3805:from the original on 19 July 2016
2624:
2340:for nine years for his role as a
1828:. Large marches took places from
1525:
5223:
5211:
5200:
5199:
4111:Hong Kong: Review Publishing Co.
3908:from the original on 11 May 2011
3632:. Open Democracy. Archived from
3600:
3355:Mydans, Seth. (12 August 1988).
3103:from the original on 4 June 2021
3064:from the original on 4 June 2021
2742:from the original on 17 May 2021
2730:Head, Jonathan (16 March 2021).
2610:. Mahavir & Sons Publisher.
2607:Buddha, his life & teachings
2460:
2445:
1586:
1480:nations. He was later arrested.
982:current coup resistance movement
752:
517:China–Myanmar border (1960–1961)
304:
291:
185:in Burma and the resignation of
44:
16:1988 protests in Burma (Myanmar)
4408:Protests mark Burma anniversary
4239:University of California Press.
4207:New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
4014:Burma: The Next Killing Fields?
3949:
3920:
3889:
3862:
3836:
3817:
3786:
3775:Burma Crackdown: Army in Charge
3767:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3657:
3648:
3628:Kyi May Kaung (8 August 2008).
3621:
3605:. The Irrawaddy. Archived from
3594:
3585:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3515:
3497:
3488:
3451:
3442:
3430:
3397:
3368:
3305:
3296:
3275:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3188:
3179:
3148:
3139:
3088:
3029:
2999:
2969:
2939:
2930:
2912:
2898:
2872:
2814:
2778:
2763:
2754:
2723:
2540:
2270:
2166:country's borders with Thailand
1944:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1819:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1807:
1493:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1485:Rangoon Institute of Technology
1405:Rangoon Institute of Technology
954:Burma Socialist Programme Party
810:Burma Socialist Programme Party
803:Rangoon Institute of Technology
311:Burma Socialist Programme Party
168:Burma Socialist Programme Party
4092:The Kenyon Review, New Series.
3603:"Twenty Years of Marking Time"
3427:Burma Watcher (1989), pp. 179.
2597:
2565:
2525:
2504:
2215:Karen National Liberation Army
1926:and retired Brigadier General
1899:. Suu Kyi, as the daughter of
1712:
851:, and the government combined
1:
4287:Cumming-Bruce, Nick. (1988).
4179:Georgetown University Press.
3823:The Nation. (9 August 1997).
3630:"Burma: waiting for the dawn"
2909:. 24 September 1988. pg. A.16
2878:Aung-Thwin, Maureen. (1989).
2559:
2422:National League for Democracy
1591:
1190:National League for Democracy
987:
934:National League for Democracy
781:, was a series of nationwide
5262:Internal conflict in Myanmar
4880:State Administration Council
4626:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
4150:Silverstein, Josef. (1996).
4103:Skirting the regime's rules.
3965:Cambridge University Press.
3871:"The last night in the cell"
3869:Moe, K Z (21 January 2012).
3856:International Herald Tribune
2382:88 Generation Students Group
2191:
1937:
1934:remained in the background.
1311:Foreign relations of Myanmar
1195:88 Generation Students Group
1074:State Administrative Council
1041:Internal conflict in Myanmar
100:12 March – 21 September 1988
7:
5277:Burmese democracy movements
4681:2011–2015 political reforms
4225:Stanford University Press.
4138:The 1988 Uprising in Burma.
4051:Ferrara, Federico. (2003).
4002:Stanford University Press.
3961:Boudreau, Vincent. (2004).
3825:Burmese exiles mark protest
3793:Thein, Seinenu (May 2014).
2786:Junta oppression remembered
2760:Ferrara (2003), pp. 302–303
2475:
812:had ruled the country as a
10:
5343:
4396:Stewart, William. (1988).
4305:Faulder, Dominic. (2008).
4175:Steinberg, David. (2002).
4131:Refugee Student Interviews
4101:Hlaing, Kyaw Yin. (1996).
4030:Parkland: Universal Press.
3663:Ferrara (2003), pp. 313–4.
3185:Lintner (1989), pp. 95–97.
3035:Lintner (1989), pp. 94–95.
2435:
1840:, the symbolic colour for
1782:deal with the protesters.
745:ethnic armed organisations
56:: Protesters gathering at
18:
5327:Military coups in Myanmar
5195:
5061:
4993:
4984:
4932:
4923:
4801:
4792:
4715:
4706:
4549:
4537:Myanmar is also known as
4535:
4531:
4307:Memories of 8 August 1988
4114:Lintner, Bertil. (1990).
4107:Lintner, Bertil. (1989).
4062:Fink, Christina. (2001).
4026:Delang, Claudio. (2000).
3700:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 172.
3582:Boudreau (2004), pp. 210.
3550:Boudreau (2004), pp. 212.
2550:
2535:
2519:
2514:
2089:
2079:
2068:
2058:
2050:
2040:
2017:
2009:
1235:National Unity Government
1014:The fighting peacock flag
504:
453:
445:
435:
430:
379:
374:
345:
340:
263:
258:
237:
226:
192:
175:
119:
106:
96:
70:: Protesters rallying in
43:
35:
30:
4806:Administrative divisions
4342:10 November 2012 at the
4203:Wintle, Justin. (2007).
4189:Tucker, Shelby. (2001).
4177:Burma: State of Myanmar.
3994:Callahan, Mary. (2001).
3987:Callahan, Mary. (1999).
3752:Boudreau (2004), pp. 190
3677:Ferrara (2003), pp. 314.
3485:Boudreau (2004), pp. 208
3415:Boudreau (2004), pp. 204
3394:Boudreau (2004), pp. 205
3327:Boudreau (2004), pp. 203
3293:Boudreau (2004), pp. 202
3237:Fong (2008) pp. 147–148.
3210:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 171
3176:Boudreau (2004), pp. 193
3085:Boudreau (2004), pp. 192
2885:23 February 2006 at the
2784:Tweedie, Penny. (2008).
2720:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 170
2497:
2430:House of Representatives
2005:1988 Burmese coup d'état
1982:SLORC coup and crackdown
1972:United States government
1448:Early democracy protests
1052:Burmese Way to Socialism
971:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
825:Burmese Way to Socialism
441:3,000–10,000 (estimates)
387:1 million protesters in
276:Pro-democracy protesters
142:Burmese Way to Socialism
5317:20th-century rebellions
5176:Twelve Auspicious Rites
4957:Myanmar kyat (currency)
4413:16 October 2007 at the
4235:Yitri, Moksha. (1989).
4161:Smith, Martin. (1999).
4129:Lwin, Nyi Nyi. (1992).
4090:Ghosh, Amitav. (2001).
4012:Clements, Ann. (1992).
3976:Burma Watcher. (1989).
3559:Callahan (1999), pp. 1.
3541:Tucker (2001), pp. 229.
3439:17 August 1988. pg. A.5
3302:Lintner (1989), pp. 126
2690:Ferrara (2003), pp. 313
2664:12 January 2009 at the
2455:personnel demonstrating
2378:2007 Saffron Revolution
1985:
1913:People Power Revolution
1454:Least Developed Country
1376:currency demonetisation
1301:Human rights in Myanmar
1210:U.S. Campaign for Burma
1030:Post-independence Burma
1000:Democracy movements in
995:Part of a series on the
21:People Power Revolution
4371:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4353:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4335:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4217:Yawnghwe, Chao-Tzang.
4158:(2), pp. 211–228.
4136:Maung, Maung. (1999).
4098:(2), pp. 158–165.
4059:(3), pp. 302–325.
3849:8 January 2009 at the
3764:Lintner (1990), pp. 52
3727:Smith (1999), pp. 371.
3228:Smith (1999), pp. 1–14
3136:Tucker (2001), pp. 228
2822:The Burma road to ruin
2604:Neeraj Gautam (2009).
2432:in the 2015 Election.
2175:
2123:
1998:considered for merging
1727:
1601:
1240:People's Defence Force
984:to the 8888 Uprising.
907:a bloody military coup
136:Economic mismanagement
4425:Burma's 1988 Protests
4317:Kamm, Henry. (1988).
4294:14 April 2016 at the
3830:The Nation (Thailand)
3799:Psychocultural Cinema
3736:Smith (1999), pp. 17.
2426:2015 general election
2171:
2113:
1716:
1617:bearing the fighting
1599:
775:People Power Uprising
512:Communist (1948–1988)
5297:Political repression
5287:Massacres in Myanmar
5013:Environmental issues
4972:Units of measurement
4619:First Toungoo Empire
4438:, 25 September 2007.
4404:, 26 September 1988.
4393:, 20 September 1988.
4386:, 13 September 1988.
4378:14 July 2018 at the
4368:, 10 September 1988.
4360:14 July 2018 at the
4350:, 12 September 1988.
4324:14 July 2018 at the
4284:, 11 September 1988.
4276:14 July 2018 at the
4258:14 July 2018 at the
4076:Fong, Jack. (2008).
3718:Fong (2008), pp.152.
3691:Fong (2008), pp. 151
3473:Fong (2008), pp. 150
3260:Fong (2008), pp. 148
3219:Fong (2008), pp. 147
3145:Fong (2008), pp. 146
2927:. 26 September 1988.
2827:4 March 2016 at the
2811:Burma Watcher (1989)
2643:Fong (2008), pp. 149
2536:ပြည်သူ့အာဏာအုံကြွမှု
2520:ရှစ်လေးလုံးအရေးအခင်း
2338:solitary confinement
1622:most Burmese towns.
1411:) rioted throughout
1205:Free Burma Coalition
1120:Roadmap to democracy
819:, headed by General
773:, also known as the
701:Anti-Muslim violence
598:Bombings and attacks
439:350 (official count)
313:(until 18 September)
132:without compensation
5312:Protests in Myanmar
5292:Politics of Myanmar
5257:Revolutions of 1989
4651:Japanese occupation
4604:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
4430:11 May 2011 at the
4118:SEAP Publications.
3521:Fink (2001), pp. 60
3503:Smith (1999), pp. 9
3457:Fink (2001), pp. 58
3246:Fink (2001), pp. 51
2492:Death of Ko Par Gyi
2370:university students
2182:, 22 September 1988
2006:
1724:Amitav Ghosh (2001)
1649:personnel, customs
1442:Burmese state media
1364:debt service ratios
1354:Before the crisis,
1306:Politics of Myanmar
920:During the crisis,
891:university students
864:traditional beliefs
319:(from 18 September)
23:in the Philippines.
5302:Rebellions in Asia
5236:Outline of Myanmar
4952:Telecommunications
4868:commander-in-chief
4661:Socialist Republic
4609:Kingdom of Mrauk U
4384:The New York Times
4366:The New York Times
4348:The New York Times
4330:The New York Times
4282:The New York Times
4264:The New York Times
3956:Books and journals
3780:The New York Times
3636:on 15 January 2012
3609:on 19 January 2012
3512:Silverstein (1996)
3362:The New York Times
2981:english.hani.co.kr
2791:2 May 2011 at the
2386:Saffron Revolution
2211:self-determination
2100:Suspension of the
2004:
1701:reported that the
1602:
1577:multi-party system
1421:underground groups
1394:counter-insurgency
1097:Saffron Revolution
829:economic isolation
759:Myanmar portal
328:Burma Police Force
199:Civil disobedience
5267:Conflicts in 1988
5244:
5243:
5191:
5190:
5028:Human trafficking
4980:
4979:
4919:
4918:
4887:Political parties
4826:Foreign relations
4788:
4787:
4579:Myinsaing Kingdom
4545:
4544:
4448:, 1 January 2003.
4231:978-0-8047-2560-6
4213:978-0-09-179681-5
4199:978-0-7453-1541-6
4185:978-0-87840-893-1
4171:978-1-85649-660-5
4154:Pacific Affairs,
4146:978-0-938692-71-3
4124:978-0-87727-123-9
4086:978-1-59942-994-6
4072:978-1-85649-926-2
4046:978-1-85743-133-9
4022:978-1-878825-21-6
4008:978-0-8047-4227-6
3971:978-0-521-83989-1
3873:. The Irrawaddy.
3437:The Vancouver Sun
3377:Los Angeles Times
3013:. 16 March 2021.
2951:Los Angeles Times
2775:. 11 August 1988.
2772:Houston Chronicle
2617:978-81-8377-247-1
2279:and citizens. In
2112:
2111:
2102:1974 constitution
2013:18 September 1988
1795:Molotov cocktails
1787:Mandalay Division
1775:military officers
1763:traffic policeman
1350:Economic problems
1347:
1346:
1200:Burma Campaign UK
1102:Spring Revolution
958:biographical film
932:, her party, the
827:, which involved
766:
765:
461:
460:
426:
425:
336:
335:
5334:
5322:Aung San Suu Kyi
5227:
5215:
5214:
5203:
5202:
5161:National symbols
4991:
4990:
4947:Opium production
4930:
4929:
4799:
4798:
4713:
4712:
4631:Konbaung dynasty
4533:
4532:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4421:, 8 August 2003.
4302:, 4 August 1988.
4266:, 4 August 1988.
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3866:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3790:
3784:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3753:
3750:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3678:
3675:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3474:
3471:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3416:
3413:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3353:
3342:
3339:
3328:
3325:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3261:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3049:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2919:Associated Press
2916:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2876:
2870:
2869:Steinberg (2002)
2867:
2858:
2855:Voice of America
2847:
2838:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2800:
2782:
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2538:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2487:Depayin massacre
2464:
2449:
2346:student movement
2257:Aung San Suu Kyi
2230:English-language
2183:
2180:Aung San Suu Kyi
2121:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1889:Shwedagon Pagoda
1885:Aung San Suu Kyi
1725:
1505:police brutality
1456:status from the
1452:After receiving
1339:
1332:
1325:
1293:
1273:Aung San Suu Kyi
1250:
1182:
1143:
1132:2021 coup d'état
1124:New constitution
1112:
1084:
1022:
1012:
992:
991:
978:Aung San Suu Kyi
975:State Counsellor
930:election in 1990
922:Aung San Suu Kyi
856:central planning
808:Since 1962, the
757:
756:
755:
499:
497:
496:Myanmar conflict
487:
480:
473:
464:
463:
395:Shwedagon Pagoda
381:
380:
350:Aung San Suu Kyi
309:
308:
307:
296:
295:
294:
265:
264:
204:Civil resistance
147:Police brutality
76:Aung San Suu Kyi
48:
38:Myanmar conflict
28:
27:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5187:
5166:Public holidays
5057:
5053:Sex trafficking
4976:
4915:
4853:Law enforcement
4784:
4760:Protected areas
4702:
4614:Toungoo dynasty
4589:Sagaing Kingdom
4564:Pyu city-states
4541:
4527:
4518:
4456:
4451:
4432:Wayback Machine
4415:Wayback Machine
4391:Washington Post
4380:Wayback Machine
4362:Wayback Machine
4344:Wayback Machine
4326:Wayback Machine
4296:Wayback Machine
4278:Wayback Machine
4260:Wayback Machine
4247:
4245:Further reading
4242:
4016:Odonian Press.
3952:
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3494:Clements (1992)
3493:
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3403:Callahan (2001)
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2988:
2975:
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2970:
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2958:
2953:. 3 June 2021.
2945:
2944:
2940:
2936:Wintle, p. 338.
2935:
2931:
2924:Chicago Tribune
2917:
2913:
2903:
2899:
2892:Foreign Affairs
2887:Wayback Machine
2877:
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2418:general amnesty
2273:
2253:Burma's history
2194:
2185:
2177:
2122:
2119:
2002:
1986:
1984:
1974:towards Burma.
1940:
1810:
1765:fired into the
1726:
1723:
1715:
1594:
1589:
1528:
1478:Southeast Asian
1450:
1372:
1352:
1343:
1291:
1248:
1215:Generation Wave
1180:
1141:
1130:
1128:Reforms of 2011
1126:
1122:
1110:
1082:
1020:
1015:
990:
817:one-party state
785:, marches, and
767:
762:
753:
751:
749:
591:Northeast India
507:Armed conflicts
500:
495:
493:
491:
440:
420:
401:Downtown Yangon
370:
369:
368:
353:
332:
305:
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292:
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243:Resignation of
140:Failure of the
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4967:Transportation
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4904:Prime Minister
4901:
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4883:
4882:
4872:
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4855:
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4841:Women's rights
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4673:
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4663:
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4656:Union of Burma
4653:
4648:
4643:
4641:Karenni States
4638:
4633:
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4594:Kingdom of Ava
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4569:Thaton Kingdom
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4455:
4454:External links
4452:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4422:
4405:
4394:
4387:
4369:
4351:
4333:
4332:, 2 July 1988.
4315:
4314:, August 2008.
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3992:
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3980:Asian Survey,
3974:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3934:on 2 June 2011
3919:
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2906:Ottawa Citizen
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2554:
2551:၁၉၈၈ အရေးအခင်း
2539:
2524:
2515:၈၈၈၈ အရေးအခင်း
2502:
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2336:was placed in
2293:Beyond Rangoon
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2158:schoolchildren
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2042:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
1983:
1980:
1956:Stephen Solarz
1948:United Nations
1939:
1936:
1883:On 26 August,
1873:office workers
1809:
1806:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1609:'s regime and
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
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1526:Ne Win resigns
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1292:Related topics
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926:military junta
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729:Related topics
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5307:1988 in Burma
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5298:
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5278:
5275:
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5272:1988 protests
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5019:
5018:Ethnic groups
5016:
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5001:
4999:
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4863:military rule
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4735:Deforestation
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4676:2007 protests
4674:
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4666:8888 Uprising
4664:
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4599:Prome Kingdom
4597:
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4584:Pinya Kingdom
4582:
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4574:Pagan Kingdom
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4460:Voices of '88
4458:
4457:
4447:
4446:The Irrawaddy
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4311:The Irrawaddy
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4193:Pluto Press.
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3654:Delang (2000)
3651:
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2717:
2715:
2713:
2706:Wintle (2007)
2703:
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2699:
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2480:
2479:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:(NLD) in the
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
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2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:intellectuals
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:Burmese media
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2169:
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2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2116:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:Regime change
2061:
2057:
2054:8888 Uprising
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:Military coup
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:(present-day
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1993:Infobox event
1990:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:United States
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:Western world
1894:
1890:
1886:
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1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
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1847:
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1796:
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1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1587:Main protests
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
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1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1181:Organizations
1179:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
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1155:
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1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:8888 Uprising
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1083:Mass protests
1081:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
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1047:
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1038:
1037:
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1028:
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1019:
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1003:
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985:
983:
979:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:common people
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:strengthening
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
793:(present-day
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:1988 Uprising
776:
772:
771:8888 Uprising
761:
760:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
730:
724:
721:
719:
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695:
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568:
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541:
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429:
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329:
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143:
139:
137:
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131:
127:
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118:
113:
109:
105:
99:
95:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
42:
39:
34:
31:8888 Uprising
29:
26:
22:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5048:Prostitution
5003:Demographics
4942:Central bank
4831:Human rights
4811:Constitution
4665:
4646:British rule
4538:
4478:
4463:
4445:
4435:
4418:
4401:
4390:
4383:
4365:
4347:
4329:
4309:
4300:The Guardian
4299:
4281:
4269:AP. (1988).
4263:
4251:AP. (1988).
4236:
4222:
4218:
4204:
4190:
4176:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4137:
4130:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4077:
4063:
4056:
4052:
4034:
4027:
4013:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3977:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3950:Bibliography
3936:. Retrieved
3932:the original
3922:
3910:. Retrieved
3901:
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3864:
3854:
3838:
3828:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3798:
3788:
3778:
3769:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3659:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3634:the original
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3607:the original
3596:
3591:Maung (1999)
3587:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3453:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3399:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3341:Ghosh (2001)
3307:
3298:
3277:
3272:Smith (1999)
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3194:Yitri (1989)
3190:
3181:
3150:
3141:
3105:. Retrieved
3090:
3066:. Retrieved
3031:
3021:19 September
3019:. Retrieved
3010:
3001:
2991:19 September
2989:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2961:19 September
2959:. Retrieved
2950:
2941:
2932:
2922:
2914:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2880:Burmese Days
2874:
2834:The Guardian
2832:
2816:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2735:
2725:
2606:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2576:
2567:
2542:
2527:
2506:
2390:Min Ko Naing
2374:
2334:Min Ko Naing
2314:human rights
2298:
2291:
2274:
2271:Significance
2250:
2223:
2195:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2147:
2124:
2114:
2080:Participants
2069:Organised by
1991:
1976:
1941:
1921:
1882:
1823:
1811:
1808:13–31 August
1803:
1791:
1784:
1728:
1717:
1624:
1603:
1529:
1509:
1488:
1482:
1451:
1402:
1398:
1385:black market
1373:
1353:
1278:Min Ko Naing
1091:
960:
946:house arrest
928:arranged an
919:
872:
868:superstition
853:Soviet-style
849:nationalised
814:totalitarian
807:
778:
774:
770:
768:
750:
728:
727:
723:2016–present
699:
698:
694:2021–present
683:
667:
666:
646:Coup d'états
645:
644:
596:
595:
567:2016–present
506:
348:
341:Lead figures
297:
289:
282:Trade unions
270:
269:
157:Totalitarian
114:(nationwide)
81:
67:
53:
36:Part of the
25:
4937:Agriculture
4775:Earthquakes
4636:Shan States
4475:8888 Photos
4165:Zed Books.
4066:Zed Books.
3640:21 November
3613:20 November
3448:Fink (2001)
3154:Lwin (1992)
2410:Nilar Thein
2366:high school
2316:activists.
2277:expatriates
1987:‹ The
1966:arrived in
1964:South Korea
1960:Philippines
1917:Philippines
1905:non-violent
1815:Maung Maung
1713:8–12 August
1707:martial law
1699:Sule Pagoda
1667:Sule Pagoda
1573:multi-party
1417:Insein Road
1225:Third Force
1111:Development
405:100,000 in
399:500,000 at
393:500,000 at
298:Government:
271:Opposition:
238:Concessions
227:Resulted in
180:Multi-party
60:in central
58:Sule Pagoda
5251:Categories
5146:Literature
5101:Censorship
5081:State Seal
4875:Parliament
4816:Corruption
4740:Ecoregions
4559:Prehistory
2589:8 February
2560:References
2453:Burma Navy
2354:imprisoned
2324:, another
2226:Khin Nyunt
2207:Kawthoolei
1870:government
1735:Christians
1592:1–7 August
1470:1967 riots
1283:Thein Sein
1021:Background
988:Background
895:housewives
740:combatants
735:ceasefires
431:Casualties
411:50,000 in
152:Corruption
126:Withdrawal
86:Win Maw Oo
5171:Tattooing
5131:Festivals
5126:Etymology
5033:Languages
5008:Education
4892:President
4821:Elections
4780:Volcanoes
4755:Mountains
4708:Geography
4696:Civil war
4686:2021 coup
4038:Routledge
2406:Ko Ko Gyi
2398:Htay Kywe
2322:Ko Ko Gyi
2318:Pyone Cho
2289:1995 film
2246:mutineers
2238:the right
2192:Aftermath
2127:Saw Maung
2074:Saw Maung
1996:is being
1938:September
1919:in 1986.
1854:musicians
1842:democracy
1731:Buddhists
1691:hospitals
1683:Sein Lwin
1643:air force
1607:Sein Lwin
1581:Sein Lwin
1569:Myitkyina
1516:Inya Lake
1501:activists
1497:Phone Maw
1489:Sanda Win
1433:dissident
1431:produced
1390:boycotted
1142:Elections
689:2007–2008
562:1991–1992
532:Karen–Mon
364:Saw Maung
183:democracy
120:Caused by
5206:Category
5181:Weddings
5141:Folklore
5111:Clothing
5091:Calendar
5086:Capitals
5038:Religion
4858:Military
4848:Conflict
4794:Politics
4770:Wildlife
4691:Protests
4525:articles
4436:BBC News
4428:Archived
4419:BBC News
4411:Archived
4376:Archived
4358:Archived
4340:Archived
4322:Archived
4292:Archived
4274:Archived
4256:Archived
3912:17 April
3906:Archived
3902:BBC News
3875:Archived
3847:Archived
3803:Archived
3101:Archived
3062:Archived
3015:Archived
3011:BBC News
2985:Archived
2955:Archived
2883:Archived
2825:Archived
2789:Archived
2740:Archived
2736:BBC News
2670:BBC News
2662:Archived
2583:Archived
2476:See also
2414:Ohn Than
2358:tortured
2350:arrested
2310:students
2281:Thailand
2265:Aung Gyi
2261:U Tin Oo
2242:the left
2150:students
2139:Tatmadaw
2118:—
2097:(SLORC)
2084:Tatmadaw
2072:General
2018:Location
2000:. ›
1989:template
1928:Aung Gyi
1901:Aung San
1878:Mandalay
1866:veterans
1834:Moulmein
1830:Taunggyi
1771:soldiers
1749:and the
1743:students
1722:—
1687:stadiums
1675:effigies
1659:hospital
1655:teachers
1651:officers
1635:Mandalay
1611:Tatmadaw
1541:Mandalay
1512:tear gas
1466:Aung Gyi
1438:Mandalay
1429:Mandalay
1263:Aung Gyi
967:Tatmadaw
962:The Lady
887:children
860:Buddhist
837:military
831:and the
801:and the
783:protests
777:and the
668:Protests
552:Rohingya
454:Arrested
446:Injuries
436:Death(s)
407:Mandalay
323:Tatmadaw
279:Students
166:and his
107:Location
72:Mandalay
5218:Commons
5116:Cuisine
5063:Culture
4986:Society
4962:Tourism
4925:Economy
4745:Islands
4730:Climate
4720:Borders
4551:History
4521:Myanmar
3809:15 June
2797:Reuters
2578:YouTube
2547:Burmese
2532:Burmese
2511:Burmese
2436:Gallery
2402:Mie Mie
2394:Mya Aye
2306:artists
2228:, held
2090:Outcome
2034:Myanmar
2022:Rangoon
1915:in the
1864:, army
1862:lawyers
1846:doctors
1799:looters
1779:protect
1759:Rangoon
1747:workers
1739:Muslims
1697:at the
1671:Rangoon
1663:Rangoon
1627:lawyers
1619:peacock
1615:Rangoon
1557:Pakokku
1549:Toungoo
1533:Rangoon
1425:Rangoon
1413:Rangoon
1249:Figures
1002:Myanmar
909:by the
899:doctors
879:Rangoon
843:became
835:of the
795:Myanmar
536:Kokang
457:Unknown
449:Unknown
259:Parties
193:Methods
82:3rd row
68:2nd row
62:Rangoon
54:1st row
5230:Portal
5106:Cinema
5096:Zodiac
5076:Anthem
5023:Health
4765:Rivers
4725:Cities
4523:
4229:
4211:
4197:
4183:
4169:
4144:
4122:
4084:
4070:
4044:
4020:
4006:
3969:
3938:15 May
3881:30 May
3601:Yeni.
3107:28 May
3068:28 May
2746:17 May
2614:
2380:. The
2362:killed
2360:, and
2342:leader
2330:prison
2326:leader
2312:, and
2162:killed
2156:, and
2120:Ne Win
2059:Motive
2030:Yangon
1932:Ne Win
1858:actors
1826:Sittwe
1703:Buddha
1679:Ne Win
1561:Mergui
1553:Sittwe
1520:raping
1462:ECOSOC
1360:Ne Win
1268:Tin Oo
965:. The
948:. The
875:Yangon
821:Ne Win
522:Kachin
413:Sittwe
389:Yangon
375:Number
359:Ne Win
245:Ne Win
187:Ne Win
164:Ne Win
5156:Music
5151:Media
5121:Dance
5043:Women
4998:Crime
4750:Lakes
4539:Burma
4464:Soros
2498:Notes
2285:Poems
2199:India
2160:were
2154:monks
2143:Burma
2135:SLORC
2051:Cause
2026:Burma
1968:Burma
1909:Burma
1893:Burma
1850:monks
1767:crowd
1751:young
1695:Monks
1639:monks
1631:monks
1565:Minbu
1545:Tavoy
1474:Burma
1381:kyats
1356:Burma
915:Burma
883:monks
858:with
841:Burma
791:Burma
787:riots
527:Karen
317:SLORC
214:Riots
176:Goals
112:Burma
5136:Flag
4909:list
4897:list
4836:LGBT
4402:TIME
4227:ISBN
4209:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4167:ISBN
4142:ISBN
4120:ISBN
4082:ISBN
4068:ISBN
4042:ISBN
4018:ISBN
4004:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3940:2011
3914:2011
3883:2016
3811:2016
3642:2011
3615:2011
3109:2021
3070:2021
3058:Mint
3023:2021
2993:2021
2963:2021
2748:2021
2612:ISBN
2591:2022
2368:and
2263:and
2219:KNLA
2041:Type
2010:Date
1962:and
1924:U Nu
1868:and
1832:and
1753:and
1689:and
1681:and
1657:and
1647:navy
1645:and
1629:and
1567:and
1537:Pegu
1427:and
1258:U Nu
1172:2020
1167:2015
1162:2012
1157:2010
1152:1990
901:and
866:and
862:and
769:The
718:2015
713:2013
708:2012
684:1988
679:1974
674:1962
662:2021
657:1988
652:1962
640:2018
635:2013
630:2010
625:2005
620:2003
615:1999
610:1983
605:1947
584:2023
574:Shan
557:1978
545:2015
540:2009
97:Date
5071:Art
2517:or
2203:NLD
1950:or
1838:red
1785:In
1777:to
1755:old
1677:of
1669:in
1633:in
1423:in
1409:RIT
789:in
162:of
128:of
5253::
4477:,
4462:,
4444:,
4434:,
4417:,
4400:,
4382:,
4364:,
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4328:,
4298:,
4280:,
4262:,
4156:69
4096:23
4057:47
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3853:.
3827:.
3801:.
3797:.
3777:.
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3682:^
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