178:
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206:
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48:
651:). Severe droughts and high aridity have made the intermountain zone of the Aïr a particularly harsh place for plants to develop. The additional presence of domestic herbivores has led to a severe deficit in tree regeneration, which has been cited as a major ecological concern. Tree regeneration has been observed enhanced as soon as tree seedlings are protected by large tussocks of the frequent grass
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528:
751:, suggesting that ferns may be more prone to develop in arid environments than commonly proposed. All these data evidence a marked mountain climatic specificity in the Aïr, with a positive impact on species richness and species diversity. Because of their strong geographic isolation within a Saharan matrix, these species have a high conservation value.
828:
581:), creating oases which provide forage for animals, and in some areas, farming. The high Bagzane plateau of the central Aïr in particular provides adequate rainfall for intensive agriculture. Other, vast, areas of the region are entirely devoid of plant life and with their volcanic protrusions and
379:
intrusions which appear dark in colour (unusual since most granitic masses are light-toned in the field). In the Sahara Desert such mountains often stand out in stark relief as topographic heights amidst lowlands covered by sand. The terrain consists of high plateau, mountain ranges, and broad, sandy
1278:
Poilecot in Giazzi, F., 1996. Étude initiale – la Réserve
Naturelle Nationale de l'Aïr et du Ténéré (Niger) – connaissance des éléments du milieu naturel et humain dans le cadre d'orientations pour un aménagement et une conservation durables – analyse descriptive. MH/E, WWF, UICN, Gland, Suisse, 712
1231:
Poilecot in Giazzi, F., 1996. Étude initiale – la Réserve
Naturelle Nationale de l'Aïr et du Ténéré (Niger) – connaissance des éléments du milieu naturel et humain dans le cadre d'orientations pour un aménagement et une conservation durables – analyse descriptive. MH/E, WWF, UICN, Gland, Suisse, 712
593:
More than 430 vascular species have been recorded so far in the Aïr mountains. The location of the Aïr as a southern extension of the Hoggar mountain range makes it a connection between the
Saharan Flora and the Sahelian Flora. However, the presence of mountains up to 2000 m a.s.l. generates locally
556:
Because of its altitude (on average between 500 and 900 m) and despite its low rainfall (50 to 160 mm/year on the lower plateau), the Aïr forms a green region in comparison with the surrounding deserts, especially after the August–September seasonal rains. The climate is classified as
380:
valleys and seasonal wadis which once contained rivers. Areas of these deep, often intersecting, valleys also contain waterborne clay and silt deposits. Underground watercourses in some of these valleys continue to provide year-round oasis and seasonal vegetation.
331:
climate which supports a wide variety of life, many pastoral and farming communities, and dramatic geological and archaeological sites. There are notable archaeological excavations in the region that illustrate the prehistoric past of this region. The endangered
771:
life, relying essentially on camel and goats from which they take milk, meat and skins used in the production of local handicrafts. Most sedentary populations were either dependents of higher caste Tuareg pastoralists or the
1139:: incorrectly calls peak Mont Bagzane. Name of the peak is "Idoukal-n-Taghès", part of the plateau named "Bagzane". Also note, official and international sources believed Mont Greboun to be the highest peak as late as 2001.
915:
While the Kel Owey continued to dominate the settled oasis towns and pastoral herding, the sedentary farmers (Tuareg, Hausa, or
Songhai) expanded farming and sedentary livestock cultivation in the mid-20th century.
935:
brought unprecedented growth to the region, with many small towns gaining valuable tourism revenue. In 2004, a locust invasion ravaged many gardens, bringing scarcity and contributing to the
1269:
Bruneau de Miré, P. & Gillet, H. 1956. Contribution à l'étude de la flore du massif de l'Aïr – Première partie. Journal d'Agronomie
Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquée 3,422–438
1206:
Bruneau de Miré, P. & Gillet, H. 1956. Contribution à l'étude de la flore du massif de l'Aïr – Première partie. Journal d'Agronomie
Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquée 3,422–438
1624:
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The emergence of the French weakened the Tuareg Kels and provoked both infighting and resistance to colonialism. From the 1880s, Toubu raids increased, and when the Tuareg
660:
In comparison, mountainous areas are even less documented. Tropical tree species less resistant to drought have been described in the highlands, among which the
Fabaceae
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Anthelme, F.; Waziri Mato, M.; Maley, J. (2008). "Elevation and local refuges ensure persistence of mountain specific vegetation in the
Nigerien Sahara".
1368:
Anthelme, F.; Waziri Mato, M.; Maley, J. (2008). "Elevation and local refuges ensure persistence of mountain specific vegetation in the
Nigerien Sahara".
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323:, they rise to more than 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and extend over 84,000 km (32,000 sq mi). Lying in the midst of desert north of the
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of 1990-95 saw brutal government reprisals which depopulated many villages in the Aïr. Peace from the mid-1990s, as well as the uranium mines of
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During the 20th century a series of scientific missions in the Aïr has permitted to identify the majority of plant species developing in the Aïr.
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684:, has been found in other mountains of the Aïr: these very isolated, small populations represent the southern limit of the species distribution.
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387:
Circular granite massifs (dark areas). A volcanic crater can be seen at the lower left. NASA image approximately 130 km (81 mi) across.
2004:
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The Aïr mountains themselves consist of nine almost circular massifs rising from a rocky plateau, bordered by the sand dunes and plain of the
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2019:
1946:
416:
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Anthelme, F.; Abdoulkader, A.; Viane, R. (2011). "Are ferns in arid environments underestimated? Contribution from the
Saharan Mountains".
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rose against the French in 1917, many towns were destroyed on his way to the siege of Agadez. When the French retook Agadez, a brutal
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1178:. North Dakota and Oregon Space Grant Consortia, administered by the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University.
1301:
Anthelme, F.; Michalet, R. (2009). "Grass-to-tree facilitation in an arid grazed environment (Aïr Mountains, Sahara)".
170:
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327:, the Aïr plateau, with an average altitude between 500 and 900 m (1,600 and 3,000 ft), forms an island of
657:. This positive interaction between plants represents a promising restoration tool to be used by local inhabitants.
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area, as is illustrated by images of cattle and large mammals. During the 3rd millennium BC, however, a process of
1260:
Peyre de Fabrègues, B. & Lebrun, J.P., 1976. Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Niger. IEMVT, Maisons Alfort
905:
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Map of Niger. The Aïr Mountains are located in the north-central part of the country, in the middle of the Sahara
621:) are among the most frequent tree species in the intermountain zone. In the vicinity of temporary rivers named
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through the Aïr left many formerly populous places abandoned, razed by Kaosen and the French successively.
561:, like that of the regions well to its south. While the mountains are largely bare of vegetation, the dry
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have a Saharan-Mediterranean distribution. Three ferns were found for the first time in the Aïr recently,
360:
Desert near Agadez, with the Aïr Mountains in the distance. Note the volcanic outcrops, common to the Aïr.
1514:
Mortimore, Michael J. (1972). "The Changing Resources of Sedentary Communities in Air, Southern Sahara".
1095:
874:
When the Tuareg tribes were pushed south by Arab invaders in the eighth and ninth centuries, there were
1770:
1346:
Quézel, P., 1965. La végétation du Sahara, du Tchad à la Mauritanie. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany
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691:(2022 m a.s.l.), identified plant species that had never been inventoried in Niger before. Among them,
27:
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in the early 15th century. In the sixteenth century, the area fell under the newly created Tuareg
688:
412:
66:
1035:
Thorp, M. B. (1969). "Some aspects of the geomorphology of the Air Mountains, southern Sahara".
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of 2007–2009. Unrest continues in the region, effectively ending the nascent tourist industry.
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741:
345:
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1328:
Aubréville, A (1938). "La forêt coloniale – les forêts de l'Afrique occidentale française".
1242:
Aubréville, A (1938). "La forêt coloniale – les forêts de l'Afrique occidentale française".
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favourable conditions for several species of the Sudanian zone and the Mediterranean zone.
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country is the capital of Aïr. Much of the Tuareg population of Aïr until recently led a
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867:" discovered in 1999 is internationally famous. Cave art in the region is predominantly
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Includes technical summation of the geology of the Air Massif and surrounding region.
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19:"Aïr" redirects here. For the state of Aïr which formerly governed this region, see
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672:. Quezel has observed the remnant presence of a rare endemic taxon related to the
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s have controlled the area since at least the twelfth century. Agadez, as well as
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Trust for African Rock Art. ROCK ART OF SAHARA AND NORTH AFRICA:THEMATIC STUDY.
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are traditionally exchanged against clothes, or salt, brought by camel caravans (
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from further north migrated into the region. Later art indicated war, depicting
411:, punctuated by a series of flat-topped, granite intrusion peaks, which include
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Fabien Anthelme, Maman Waziri Mato, Dimitri de Boissieu et Franck Giazzi 2006.
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are tropical species with relatively low resistance to water stress, whereas
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The famines of the 1970s and 1980s brought an end to this expansion, and as
788:), Tuareg slaves. These peoples were settled in northern oases, to tend the
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1120:/Primary Author: Nicholas M. Short, Sr. (Site last updated: June 18, 2007).
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2014:
1999:
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notes that it should be pronounced separately and not together with the
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Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt London and Globe Pequot New York (2006).
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Shaw, Thurstan; Sinclair, Paul; Andah, Bassey; Okpoko, Alex (1995).
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in central Aïr provides year-round water in an otherwise dry region.
2009:
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in the northern sector of the Aïr range. Recently, this taxon,
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A study led on the slopes of the highest summit in the Aïr,
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Ozenda, P., 2004. Flore du Sahara, third ed. CNRS, Paris.
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Topographic map of the northern part of the Aïr Mountains
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mineralisation sourced from the granites of the massif.
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863:. In particular, the five-meter-high carvings of the "
1355:
Anthelme, F., Abdoulkader, A. & Besnard, G. 2008.
1014:
1010:
839:, dating from 6000 BCE to around 1000CE. During the
1553:. Metuchen, New Jersey and London: Scarecrow Press.
1037:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
1546:
1072:The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns
2334:
1300:
889:to the east, were the farthest outposts of the
340:) once existed in this region, but may now be
107:
1618:
927:grew, the towns of the Aïr have shrunk. The
577:(stone pools, such as that near the town of
1357:https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11258-007-9386-6
897:, and remained so until the arrival of the
138:
122:
1625:
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1017:. Occasionally also spelled without it as
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946:
881:in the southern Aïr. Successive Tuareg
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795:Agriculture products from oases such as
539:
526:
518:
415:(Niger's highest point at 2022 m),
382:
355:
512:just to the west of the massif contain
486:in the world. At Izouzaoenehe, lie the
91:84,000 km (32,000 sq mi)
2335:
1544:
1099:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
978:Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve
52:The Timia Valley, in the Aïr Mountains
1606:
1034:
792:plantations held by the noble clans.
497:is surrounded by white marble hills.
177:
1957:West and Central African Rift System
585:present an otherworldly appearance.
523:Topographic map of the Aïr Mountains
318:West Saharan montane xeric woodlands
1633:Major African geological formations
1594:Uranium Geology: NIGER, WEST AFRICA
1188:URANIUM GEOLOGY: NIGER, WEST AFRICA
13:
1507:
1097:Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus
831:Map of the southern Aïr Mountains.
811:) from the remote Tenere oases of
14:
2389:
1587:
959:to the east of the Air Mountains.
573:") channel and hold rainwater in
1474:David COULSON. Sub-Zone 3: Niger
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46:
16:Mountain range in northern Niger
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1225:
1209:
1200:
906:Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen
458:features including the extinct
2373:World Heritage Sites in Danger
1572:. Cambridge University Press.
1549:Historical Dictionary of Niger
1460:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.07.003
1425:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.01.009
1390:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.07.003
1290:http://vertigo.revues.org/2224
1181:
1161:
1142:
1123:
1110:
1088:
1063:
1028:
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988:World Heritage Sites in Danger
1:
2358:World Heritage Sites in Niger
1570:A History of Niger: 1850–1960
993:
754:
588:
482:rings and one of the largest
395:to the east. The massif is a
1440:Journal of Arid Environments
1405:Journal of Arid Environments
1370:Journal of Arid Environments
951:Annotated view, showing the
565:river valleys (known by the
78:2,022 m (6,634 ft)
7:
2363:Biosphere reserves of Niger
971:
10:
2394:
1771:Central African Shear Zone
1330:Ann. Acad. Sci. Coloniales
1315:10.1016/j.baae.2008.10.008
1244:Ann. Acad. Sci. Coloniales
822:
535:
351:
346:human population pressures
28:Mount Ayr (disambiguation)
25:
18:
2271:
2148:Central Pangean Mountains
2108:
1970:
1877:
1809:
1801:Western Meseta Shear Zone
1751:
1689:
1638:
1303:Basic and Applied Ecology
1104:December 9, 2010, at the
835:The Aïr is known for its
694:Pachycymbium decaisneanum
372:Aïr Mountains consist of
227:
217:
199:
163:
158:
100:
95:
87:
82:
72:
62:
57:
45:
40:
35:
2343:Mountain ranges of Niger
1568:Fuglestad, Finn (1983).
1174:August 14, 2009, at the
1169:VolcanoWorld: Air, Niger
1094:C. Michael Hogan. 2009.
901:at the end of the 19th.
748:Ophioglossum polyphyllum
942:
937:Second Tuareg Rebellion
108:
2168:Eastern Rift mountains
2090:Tanzania Coastal Basin
1869:Terra Australis Orogen
1545:Decalo, James (1979).
1193:March 5, 2009, at the
968:
960:
929:first Tuareg rebellion
832:
553:
532:
524:
388:
361:
308:, located in northern
139:
123:
2183:Great Karas Mountains
2163:Eastern Arc Mountains
1703:Arabian-Nubian Shield
1150:"Mont Greboun, Niger"
1131:"Mont Bagzane, Niger"
966:
950:
830:
742:Actiniopteris radiata
712:Indigofera nummularia
689:Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès
543:
530:
522:
413:Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès
386:
359:
67:Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès
2080:Somali Coastal Basin
1791:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
1596:, NWT Uranium Corp.
955:to the west and the
841:African humid period
763:in the heart of the
736:Cheilanthes coriacea
730:Echinops mildbraedii
706:Echinops mildbraedii
614:Balanites aegyptiaca
454:The massif contains
399:consisting of a sub-
26:For other uses, see
2258:Teffedest Mountains
2173:Ethiopian Highlands
1864:Pan-African orogens
1834:East African Orogen
1766:Broodkop Shear Zone
1738:West African Craton
1681:Victoria Microplate
1517:Geographical Review
1452:2008JArEn..72.2232A
1417:2011JArEn..75..516A
1382:2008JArEn..72.2232A
1197:, NWT Uranium Corp.
1167:Paul D. Lowman Jr.
910:punitive expedition
895:Sultanate of Agadez
843:, the region was a
649:Phoenix dactylifera
247: /
21:Sultanate of Agadez
2322:List of inselbergs
2292:Jugurtha Tableland
2243:Sankwala Mountains
2238:Rwenzori Mountains
2055:Ouled Abdoun Basin
2050:Orange River Basin
1972:Sedimentary basins
1781:Foumban Shear Zone
1723:Saharan Metacraton
969:
967:Inset of the image
961:
833:
628:Vachellia nilotica
600:Vachellia tortilis
554:
533:
525:
389:
362:
304:) is a triangular
58:Highest point
2330:
2329:
2263:Tibesti Mountains
2223:Mitumba Mountains
2213:Mandara Mountains
2198:Imatong Mountains
2153:Chaillu Mountains
2133:Bambouk Mountains
2070:Rio del Rey Basin
2040:Niger Delta Basin
2025:Iullemmeden Basin
1917:Gulf of Suez Rift
1912:East African Rift
1897:Bahr el Arab rift
1844:Gondwanide Orogen
1776:Chuan Shear Zones
1446:(12): 2232–2242.
1376:(12): 2232–2242.
724:Tephrosia elegans
640:Hyphaene thebaica
634:Faidherbia albida
548:near the town of
510:Iullemmeden Basin
484:ring dike systems
409:metamorphic rocks
299:
291:
266:
265:
251:18.2767°N 8.000°E
229:Range coordinates
2385:
2218:Marrah Mountains
2193:Hoggar Mountains
2188:Guinea Highlands
2178:Great Escarpment
1942:Sangha Aulacogen
1859:Mauritanide Belt
1786:Kandi Fault Zone
1761:Aswa Dislocation
1676:Seychelles Plate
1666:Madagascar Plate
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654:Panicum turgidum
493:, and the lower
348:in this region.
334:African wild dog
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2287:Mount Gorongosa
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2128:Aurès Mountains
2123:Atlas Mountains
2110:Mountain ranges
2104:
1990:Blue Nile Basin
1966:
1962:White Nile rift
1873:
1839:Eburnean Orogen
1805:
1796:Todi Shear Zone
1747:
1743:Zimbabwe Craton
1728:Tanzania Craton
1718:Kalahari Craton
1713:Kaapvaal Craton
1685:
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1508:Further reading
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1195:Wayback Machine
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1176:Wayback Machine
1166:
1162:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1106:Wayback Machine
1093:
1089:
1082:
1068:
1064:
1033:
1029:
1004:
1000:
996:
974:
945:
865:Dabous Giraffes
849:desertification
825:
757:
700:Cleome aculeata
669:Vachellia seyal
663:Senegalia laeta
625:, species like
591:
538:
423:(1944 m),
419:(1988 m),
407:on Precambrian
405:erosion surface
354:
255:
253:
249:
246:
241:
238:
236:
234:
233:
205:
203:
195:
194:
193:
192:
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188:
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186:
185:
181:
154:
144:
128:
113:
53:
41:Aïr Massif, Ayr
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:Mont Niénokoué
2304:
2302:Mulanje Massif
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:Serra da Chela
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2228:Nuba Mountains
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Loma Mountains
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Blue Mountains
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Taoudeni Basin
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:Lamu Embayment
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:Blue Nile rift
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:Kibaran Orogen
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1824:Cape Fold Belt
1821:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
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1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1653:Minor plates:
1651:
1647:Major plates:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1588:External links
1586:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1565:
1559:
1542:
1530:10.2307/214060
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1478:
1465:
1430:
1411:(6): 516–523.
1395:
1360:
1348:
1339:
1320:
1309:(5): 437–446.
1293:
1281:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1234:
1224:
1208:
1199:
1180:
1160:
1154:Peakbagger.com
1141:
1135:Peakbagger.com
1122:
1116:, Section 17,
1109:
1087:
1080:
1062:
1049:10.2307/621733
1027:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
985:
980:
973:
970:
944:
941:
891:Songhai Empire
851:began and the
824:
821:
756:
753:
718:Silene lynesii
590:
587:
537:
534:
491:Blue Mountains
476:volcanic cones
466:lava flows of
353:
350:
316:. Part of the
264:
263:
256:18.2767; 8.000
231:
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2353:Agadez Region
2351:
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2320:
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2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Serra da Leba
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Rif Mountains
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Jebel Uweinat
2201:
2199:
2196:
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2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
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2176:
2174:
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2169:
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2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
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2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Cameroon line
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Aïr Mountains
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2100:Turkana Basin
2098:
2096:
2095:Tindouf Basin
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Reggane Basin
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
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2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
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1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
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1943:
1940:
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1925:
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1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Afar Triangle
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Kuunga Orogen
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Damara Orogen
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Alpine Orogen
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
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1784:
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1736:
1734:
1733:Tuareg Shield
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
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1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Lwandle Plate
1659:Microplates:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:African Plate
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1579:0-521-25268-7
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1560:0-8108-1229-0
1556:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
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1518:
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1491:1-84162-152-8
1488:
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1457:
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1257:
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1228:
1222:
1221:2-271-06230-6
1218:
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1177:
1173:
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1107:
1103:
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1098:
1091:
1083:
1081:0-415-11585-X
1077:
1074:. Routledge.
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:(47): 25–46.
1042:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
998:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
965:
958:
957:Tenere desert
954:
949:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
872:
870:
869:stone carving
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
829:
820:
819:to the east.
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
752:
750:
749:
744:
743:
738:
737:
732:
731:
726:
725:
720:
719:
714:
713:
708:
707:
702:
701:
696:
695:
690:
685:
683:
679:
678:Olea europaea
675:
671:
670:
665:
664:
658:
656:
655:
650:
646:
643:coexist with
642:
641:
637:and the palm
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
601:
595:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
551:
547:
542:
529:
521:
517:
515:
511:
508:units in the
507:
503:
500:
499:Carboniferous
496:
495:Zagado valley
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:composition,
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
445:Takaloukouzet
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Ténéré Desert
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
367:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:Lycaon pictus
335:
330:
326:
325:17th parallel
322:
319:
315:
312:, within the
311:
307:
303:
295:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:Aïr Mountains
260:
232:
230:
226:
223:
222:Agadez Region
220:
216:
213:
202:
198:
184:Aïr Mountains
172:
162:
157:
148:
141:
137:
132:
125:
121:
117:
110:
106:
105:
103:
99:
94:
90:
86:
81:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
56:
49:
44:
39:
36:Aïr Mountains
34:
29:
22:
2275:(aka koppie)
2117:
2060:Owambo Basin
2045:Ogaden Basin
2035:Murzuq Basin
2005:Douala Basin
1980:Angola Basin
1952:Urema Valley
1937:Red Sea Rift
1932:Muglad Basin
1902:Benue Trough
1708:Congo Craton
1671:Rovuma Plate
1655:Somali Plate
1597:
1569:
1548:
1524:(1): 71–91.
1521:
1515:
1501:Geels (2006)
1497:
1481:
1476:(June 2007).
1468:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1284:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1211:
1202:
1183:
1163:
1153:
1144:
1134:
1125:
1112:
1096:
1090:
1071:
1065:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1023:Air of Niger
1022:
1018:
1001:
918:
914:
903:
882:
873:
834:
794:
781:
777:
759:The town of
758:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
681:
677:
667:
661:
659:
652:
648:
638:
632:
626:
622:
618:
612:
608:
604:
598:
596:
592:
570:
555:
453:
421:Mont Greboun
390:
363:
337:
301:
293:
281:
273:
269:
267:
2158:Drakensberg
2075:Sirte Basin
2030:Kufra Basin
2020:Gabon Basin
2015:Karoo Basin
2000:Congo Basin
1947:Atbara rift
1927:Melut Basin
1892:Anza trough
1753:Shear zones
780:in Hausa /
647:cultivars (
583:rock fields
462:of Arakao,
417:Mont Tamgak
374:peralkaline
366:Precambrian
254: /
101:Native name
2378:Ring dikes
2337:Categories
2297:Mount Mabu
2282:Anti-Atlas
2273:Inselbergs
1995:Chad Basin
994:References
755:Population
682:laperrinei
589:Vegetation
441:Agueraguer
425:Adrar Bous
342:extirpated
274:Aïr Massif
83:Dimensions
2317:Zuma Rock
2312:Wase Rock
1009:over the
790:date palm
645:date palm
603:, subsp.
502:sandstone
321:ecoregion
239:18°16.6′N
159:Geography
74:Elevation
2010:El Djouf
1336:: 1–244.
1250:: 1–244.
1191:Archived
1172:Archived
1102:Archived
1007:diaresis
972:See also
861:chariots
845:pastoral
837:rock art
801:Aouderas
605:raddiana
472:trachyte
468:hawaiite
464:Cenozoic
456:volcanic
437:Taghmert
433:Chirriet
401:Cambrian
370:Cenozoic
116:Tamashek
1811:Orogens
1695:shields
1691:Cratons
1448:Bibcode
1413:Bibcode
1378:Bibcode
1021:or the
887:In-Gall
876:Gobirwa
823:History
805:Tabelot
786:Songhai
769:nomadic
680:subsp.
575:gueltas
536:Climate
514:uranium
460:caldera
449:Goundai
397:plateau
377:granite
352:Geology
344:due to
298:Western
290:Eastern
288::
278:Tamajăq
200:Country
2368:Sahara
2348:Tuareg
1985:Aoukar
1640:Plates
1576:
1557:
1538:214060
1536:
1489:
1219:
1078:
1057:621733
1055:
983:Ténéré
921:Agadez
899:French
857:horses
853:Tuareg
809:Azalai
778:Bouzou
774:Ikelan
765:Tuareg
761:Agadez
745:, and
727:, and
619:aborak
611:) and
609:afagag
569:term "
546:Guelta
488:marble
447:, and
314:Sahara
306:massif
300:
292:
218:Region
209:
143:
127:
112:
96:Naming
1879:Rifts
1534:JSTOR
1279:pages
1232:pages
1053:JSTOR
953:Talak
933:Arlit
925:Arlit
879:Hausa
817:Fachi
813:Bilma
797:Timia
782:Bella
674:olive
623:koris
579:Timia
567:Hausa
559:Sahel
550:Timia
429:Fadei
329:Sahel
310:Niger
302:Abzin
294:Azbin
286:Hausa
242:8°0′E
212:Niger
147:Hausa
140:Abzin
131:Hausa
124:Azbin
1693:and
1574:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1118:NASA
1076:ISBN
1005:The
943:View
923:and
859:and
815:and
803:and
709:and
666:and
571:Kori
563:wadi
544:The
506:coal
504:and
480:tuff
403:age
364:The
282:Ayǝr
268:The
109:Ayar
88:Area
63:Peak
1526:doi
1456:doi
1421:doi
1386:doi
1311:doi
1045:doi
1019:Air
883:Kel
784:in
470:to
368:to
272:or
2339::
1532:.
1522:62
1520:.
1454:.
1444:72
1442:.
1419:.
1409:75
1407:.
1384:.
1374:72
1372:.
1332:.
1307:10
1305:.
1246:.
1152:.
1133:.
1051:.
1041:47
1039:.
799:,
739:,
721:,
703:,
697:,
631:,
478:,
451:.
443:,
439:,
435:,
431:,
427:,
296:,
284:;
280::
1626:e
1619:t
1612:v
1582:.
1563:.
1540:.
1528::
1462:.
1458::
1450::
1427:.
1423::
1415::
1392:.
1388::
1380::
1334:9
1317:.
1313::
1248:9
1158:.
1156:.
1137:.
1084:.
1059:.
1047::
1025:.
1015:a
1011:i
776:(
617:(
607:(
336:(
276:(
149:)
145:(
133:)
129:(
118:)
114:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
