612:
being a required construct of the architecture to being an optional syntactic mechanism in the software. This allowed for more flexibility in knowledge representation for modeling tasks that require learning novel information and extended the functionality provided through dynamic pattern matching now allowing models to create new "types" of chunks. This also lead to a simplification of the syntax required for specifying the actions in a production because all the actions now have the same syntactic form. The ACT-R software has also been subsequently updated to include a remote interface based on JSON RPC 1.0. That interface was added to make it easier to build tasks for models and work with ACT-R from languages other than Lisp, and the tutorial included with the software has been updated to provide Python implementations for all of the example tasks performed by the tutorial models.
360:" approach to cognition. ACT-R clearly belongs to the "symbolic" field and is classified as such in standard textbooks and collections. Its entities (chunks and productions) are discrete and its operations are syntactical, that is, not referring to the semantic content of the representations but only to their properties that deem them appropriate to participate in the computation(s). This is seen clearly in the chunk slots and in the properties of buffer matching in productions, both of which function as standard symbolic variables.
24:
559:. The basic assumption of Rational Analysis is that cognition is optimally adaptive, and precise estimates of cognitive functions mirror statistical properties of the environment. Later on, he came back to the development of the ACT theory, using the Rational Analysis as a unifying framework for the underlying calculations. To highlight the importance of the new approach in the shaping of the architecture, its name was modified to ACT-R, with the "R" standing for "Rational"
599:
declarative knowledge was mediated by newly introduced buffers, specialized structures for holding temporarily active information (see the section above). Buffers were thought to reflect cortical activity, and a subsequent series of studies later confirmed that activations in cortical regions could be successfully related to computational operations over buffers.
371:
Further misunderstandings arise because of the associative character of certain ACT-R properties, such as chunks spreading activation to each other, or chunks and productions carrying quantitative properties relevant to their selection. None of these properties counter the fundamental nature of these
324:
All the modules can only be accessed through their buffers. The contents of the buffers at a given moment in time represent the state of ACT-R at that moment. The only exception to this rule is the procedural module, which stores and applies procedural knowledge. It does not have an accessible buffer
190:
Also, this enables researchers to specify models of human cognition in the form of a script in the ACT-R language. The language primitives and data-types are designed to reflect the theoretical assumptions about human cognition. These assumptions are based on numerous facts derived from experiments
611:
At the 2015 workshop, it was argued that software changes required an increment in the model numbering to ACT-R 7.0. A major software change was removal of the requirement that chunks must be specified based on predefined chunk-types. The chunk-type mechanism was not removed, but changed from
602:
A new version of the code, completely rewritten, was presented in 2005 as ACT-R 6.0. It also included significant improvements in the ACT-R coding language. This included a new mechanism in ACT-R production specification called dynamic pattern matching. Unlike previous versions which required
598:
The necessity of accounting for brain localization pushed for a major revision of the theory. ACT-R 5.0 introduced the concept of modules, specialized sets of procedural and declarative representations that could be mapped to known brain systems. In addition, the interaction between procedural and
339:
At each moment, an internal pattern matcher searches for a production that matches the current state of the buffers. Only one such production can be executed at a given moment. That production, when executed, can modify the buffers and thus change the state of the system. Thus, in ACT-R, cognition
521:
Such "Cognitive Tutors" are being used as a platform for research on learning and cognitive modeling as part of the
Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center. Some of the most successful applications, like the Cognitive Tutor for Mathematics, are used in thousands of schools across the United States.
546:
in 1973. The HAM model was later expanded into the first version of the ACT theory. This was the first time the procedural memory was added to the original declarative memory system, introducing a computational dichotomy that was later proved to hold in human brain. The theory was then further
505:
More recently, ACT-R has been used to predict patterns of brain activation during imaging experiments. In this field, ACT-R models have been successfully used to predict prefrontal and parietal activity in memory retrieval, anterior cingulate activity for control operations, and practice-related
496:
With the integration of perceptual-motor capabilities, ACT-R has become increasingly popular as a modeling tool in human factors and human-computer interaction. In this domain, it has been adopted to model driving behavior under different conditions, menu selection and visual search on computer
213:
Running a model automatically produces a step-by-step simulation of human behavior which specifies each individual cognitive operation (i.e., memory encoding and retrieval, visual and auditory encoding, motor programming and execution, mental imagery manipulation). Each step is associated with
367:
A common misunderstanding suggests that ACT-R may not be a symbolic system because it attempts to characterize brain function. This is incorrect on two counts: First, all approaches to computational modeling of cognition, symbolic or otherwise, must in some respect characterize brain function,
368:
because the mind is brain function. And second, all such approaches, including connectionist approaches, attempt to characterize the mind at a cognitive level of description and not at the neural level, because it is only at the cognitive level that important generalizations can be retained.
383:
In fact, much of the implementation does not reflect the theory. For instance, the actual implementation makes use of additional 'modules' that exist only for purely computational reasons, and are not supposed to reflect anything in the brain (e.g., one computational module contains the
364:
symbolic/connectionist debate. None of this, naturally, argues against the classification of ACT-R as symbolic system, because all symbolic approaches to cognition aim to describe the mind, as a product of brain function, using a certain class of entities and systems to achieve that goal.
363:
Members of the ACT-R community, including its developers, prefer to think of ACT-R as a general framework that specifies how the brain is organized, and how its organization gives birth to what is perceived (and, in cognitive psychology, investigated) as mind, going beyond the traditional
210:, memory for text or for list of words, language comprehension, communication, aircraft controlling), researchers create "models" (i.e., programs) in ACT-R. These models reflect the modelers' assumptions about the task within the ACT-R view of cognition. The model might then be run.
603:
the pattern matched by a production to include specific slots for the information in the buffers, dynamic pattern matching allows the slots to be matched to also be specified by the buffer contents. A description and motivation for the ACT-R 6.0 is given in
Anderson (2007).
145:. Like any cognitive architecture, ACT-R aims to define the basic and irreducible cognitive and perceptual operations that enable the human mind. In theory, each task that humans can perform should consist of a series of these discrete operations.
164:, and especially by his lifelong championing the idea of unified theories as the only way to truly uncover the underpinnings of cognition. In fact, Anderson usually credits Newell as the major source of influence over his own theory.
1241:
Qin, Y., Sohn, M-H, Anderson, J. R., Stenger, V. A., Fissell, K., Goode, A. Carter, C. S. (2003). Predicting the practice effects on the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) function of fMRI in a symbolic manipulation task.
594:
became more and more interested in the underlying neural plausibility of his life-time theory, and began to use brain imaging techniques pursuing his own goal of understanding the computational underpinnings of the human mind.
624:
began hosting their Annual ACT-R Workshop and Summer School. Their ACT-R Workshop is currently hosted at the annual MathPsych/ICCM Conference, and their Summer School is hosted on-campus with a virtual attendance option at
518:. These systems use an internal ACT-R model to mimic the behavior of a student and personalize his/her instructions and curriculum, trying to "guess" the difficulties that students may have and provide focused help.
422:
Similarly, ACT-RN (now discontinued) was a full-fledged neural implementation of the 1993 version of the theory. All of these versions were fully functional, and models have been written and run with all of them.
387:
Also, the actual implementation is designed to enable researchers to modify the theory, e.g. by altering the standard parameters, or creating new modules, or partially modifying the behavior of the existing ones.
1214:
Sohn, M.-H., Goode, A., Stenger, V. A, Carter, C. S., & Anderson, J. R. (2003). Competition and representation during memory retrieval: Roles of the prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex,
318:, made of productions. Productions represent knowledge about how we do things: for instance, knowledge about how to type the letter "Q" on a keyboard, about how to drive, or about how to perform addition.
493:
ACT-R has been used to capture how humans solve complex problems like the Tower of Hanoi, or how people solve algebraic equations. It has also been used to model human behavior in driving and flying.
1228:
Sohn, M.-H., Albert, M. V., Stenger, V. A, Jung, K.-J., Carter, C. S., & Anderson, J. R. (2007). Anticipation of conflict monitoring in the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex.
187:
This means that any researcher may download the ACT-R code from the ACT-R website, load it into a Common Lisp distribution, and gain full access to the theory in the form of the ACT-R interpreter.
289:, which take care of the interface with the real world (i.e., with a simulation of the real world). The most well-developed perceptual-motor modules in ACT-R are the visual and the manual modules.
450:
since its inception. In the course of years, it has been adopted to successfully model a large number of known effects. They include the fan effect of interference for associated information,
664:
in the early 1990s, a model of conceptual and perceptual aspects of memory that shares many features with the ACT-R core declarative system, although differing in some assumptions.
582:), version 4.0 also included optional perceptual and motor capabilities, mostly inspired from the EPIC architecture, which greatly expanded the possible applications of the theory.
1255:
Lewis, M. W., Milson, R., & Anderson, J. R. (1987). The teacher's apprentice: Designing an intelligent authoring system for high school mathematics. In G. P. Kearsley (Ed.),
575:
336:, but, in fact, a production is mainly a formal notation to specify the information flow from cortical areas (i.e. the buffers) to the basal ganglia, and back to the cortex.
152:, and ACT-R can be seen and described as a way of specifying how the brain itself is organized in a way that enables individual processing modules to produce cognition.
384:
pseudo-random number generator used to produce noisy parameters, while another holds naming routines for generating data structures accessible through variable names).
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maintains and releases the official ACT-R code, other alternative implementations of the theory have been made available. These alternative implementations include
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1331:
Cohen, N. J., & Squire, L. R. (1980). Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing that.
672:
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quantitative predictions of latencies and accuracies. The model can be tested by comparing its results with the data collected in behavioral experiments.
1276:
Anderson, J. R. & Gluck, K. (2001). What role do cognitive architectures play in intelligent tutoring systems? In D. Klahr & S. M. Carver (Eds.)
812:
180:, and EPIC), the ACT-R theory has a computational implementation as an interpreter of a special coding language. The interpreter itself is written in
217:
In recent years, ACT-R has also been extended to make quantitative predictions of patterns of activation in the brain, as detected in experiments with
651:
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understanding and production. They include models of syntactic parsing, language understanding, language acquisition and metaphor comprehension.
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Taatgen, N.A. & Anderson, J.R. (2002). Why do children learn to say "broke"? A model of learning the past tense without feedback.
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Byrne, M. D., & Anderson, J. R. (2001). Serial modules in parallel: The psychological refractory period and perfect time-sharing.
929:
Juvina, I., & Taatgen, N. A. (2009). A repetition-suppression account of between-trial effects in a modified Stroop paradigm.
679:, an implementation of ACT-R with added physiological modules which enable ACT-R to interface with human physiological processes.
438:
Over the years, ACT-R models have been used in more than 700 different scientific publications, and have been cited in many more.
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Anderson, J. R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M. D., Douglass, S., Lebiere, C., & Qin, Y . (2004). An integrated theory of the mind.
1080:
Byrne, M. D., & Kirlik, A. (2005). Using computational cognitive modeling to diagnose possible sources of aviation error.
542:
Its roots can be backtraced to the original HAM (Human
Associative Memory) model of memory, described by John R. Anderson and
380:
The importance of distinguishing between the theory itself and its implementation is usually highlighted by ACT-R developers.
555:
In the late eighties, Anderson devoted himself to exploring and outlining a mathematical approach to cognition that he named
1007:
Budiu, R. & Anderson, J. R. (2004). Interpretation-Based
Processing: A Unified Theory of Semantic Sentence Processing.
333:
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138:
36:
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Salvucci, D. D., & Macuga, K. L. (2001). Predicting the effects of cellular-phone dialing on driver performance. In
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Sohn, M.-H., & Anderson, J. R. (2001). Task preparation and task repetition: Two-component model of task switching.
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ACT-R's most important assumption is that human knowledge can be divided into two irreducible kinds of representations:
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Lewis, R. L. & Vasishth, S. (2005). An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval.
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ACT-R has been used to model attentive and control processes in a number of cognitive paradigms. These include the
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Salvucci, D. D., & Taatgen, N. A. (2008). Threaded cognition: An integrated theory of concurrent multitasking.
177:
83:
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470:
1576: – with a lot of online material, including the source code, list of publications, and tutorials
1585:
1505:(pp. 75-82). (21st Annual Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation 2012, BRiMS 2012).
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Lebiere, C., & Anderson, J. R. (1993). A connectionist
Implementation of the ACT-R production system. In
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173:
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Because of these implementational degrees of freedom, the ACT-R community usually refers to the "official",
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Dancy, C. L., Ritter, F. E., & Berry, K. (2012). Towards adding a physiological substrate to ACT-R. In
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learning algorithm. Their joint work culminated in the release of ACT-R 4.0. Thanks to Mike Byrne (now at
535:
ACT-R is the ultimate successor of a series of increasingly precise models of human cognition developed by
222:
637:
The long development of the ACT-R theory gave birth to a certain number of parallel and related projects.
430:-based, version of the theory, when adopted in its original form and left unmodified, as "Vanilla ACT-R".
886:
Anderson, J. R., Bothell, D., Lebiere, C. & Matessa, M. (1998). An integrated theory of list memory.
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Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2008). An integrated model of cognitive control in task switching.
268:, i.e. vector representations of individual properties, each of them accessible from a labelled slot.
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entities as symbolic, regardless of their role in unit selection and, ultimately, in computation.
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Anderson, J.R., Fincham, J. M., Qin, Y., & Stocco, A. (2008). A central circuit of the mind.
149:
134:
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Anderson, J. R. (2005) Human symbol manipulation within an integrated cognitive architecture.
1503:
21st Annual
Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation 2012, BRiMS 2012
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Byrne, M. D., (2001). ACT-R/PM and menu selection: Applying a cognitive architecture to HCI.
203:
192:
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Anderson, J. R. & Matessa, M. P. (1997). A production system theory of serial memory.
8:
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Anderson, J. R., & Schooler, L. J. (1991). Reflections of the environment in memory.
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Altmann, E. M. & Trafton, J. G. (2002). Memory for goals: An activation-based model.
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Anderson, J. R. & Reder, L. M. (1999). The fan effect: New results and new theories.
691:
416:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100(8)
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221:. In particular, ACT-R has been augmented to predict the shape and time-course of the
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A lightweight Python-based implementation of the working memory component of ACT-R,
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A number of researchers have been using ACT-R to model several aspects of natural
816:
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690:, who maintains the ACT-R codebase. This library implements ACT-R as a unimodal
648:, a neural network implementation of the theory developed by Christian Lebiere.
847:
Proceedings of the
Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
455:
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Salvucci, D. D. (2006). Modeling driver behavior in a cognitive architecture.
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Fleetwood, M. D. & Byrne, M. D. (2002) Modeling icon search in ACT-R/PM.
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Within the ACT-R code, declarative knowledge is represented in the form of
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response of several brain areas, including the hand and mouth areas in the
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Most of the ACT-R's basic assumptions are also inspired by the progress of
1606: – an open source tool for exploring ACT-R implementations
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Budiu R., & Anderson J. R. (2002). Comprehending anaphoric metaphors.
332:. The term "production" reflects the actual implementation of ACT-R as a
184:, and might be loaded into any of the Common Lisp language distributions.
829:
Proceedings of the seventh international conference on cognitive modeling
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181:
76:
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Proceedings of the Fourth
International Conference on Cognitive Modeling
858:
644:, an initial implementation of Anderson's theory, later abandoned; and
31:
1603:
1588: – another open-source Java re-implementation of ACT-R
1516:
1488:
1167:"SNIF-ACT: A cognitive model of user navigation on the World Wide Web"
711:
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Computation and
Cognition: Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science
482:
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Anderson, J. R., et al. (2004) An integrated theory of the mind.
585:
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The ACT-R declarative memory system has been used to model human
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Lovett, M. C. (2005) A strategy-based interpretation of Stroop.
550:
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279:, i.e. specialized and largely independent brain structures.
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Stewart, T. C. and West, R. L. (2006) Deconstructing ACT-R.
111:
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Cognition & Instruction: Twenty-five years of progress
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Like other influential cognitive architectures (including
53:
7.21.6-<3099:2020-12-21> / December 21, 2020
1600: – another Python implementation of ACT-R
352:, different theories are usually ascribed to either the "
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ACT-R: The Java Simulation & Development Environment
343:
325:
and is actually used to access other modules' contents.
1546:
How can the human mind occur in the physical universe?
1468:
How can the human mind occur in the physical universe?
1352:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
849:(pp. 635β640). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
739:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1121:, pp. 25β32. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
1217:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100
1594: – a Python implementation of ACT-R
1579:
514:ACT-R has been often adopted as the foundation for
206:, ACT-R is a framework: for different tasks (e.g.,
295:. There are two kinds of memory modules in ACT-R:
759:
547:extended into the ACT* model of human cognition.
1611:
1082:International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 15
303:Washington, D.C. is the capital of United States
1230:Proceedings of National Academy of Science, 104
1132:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
340:unfolds as a succession of production firings.
328:Procedural knowledge is represented in form of
1432:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
1411:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
675:developed, and successfully defended in 2014,
586:Brain Imaging and Modular Structure: 1998β2015
1582: – a Java re-writing of ACT-R
860:ACT-R Publications and Published Models - CMU
615:
551:Integration with rational analysis: 1990β1998
415:by Terrence C. Stewart and Robert L. West at
1314:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
1297:Anderson, J. R., & Bower, G. H. (1973).
807:Proceedings of the 8th Annual ACT-R Workshop
566:met with Christian Lebiere, a researcher in
458:effects for list memory, and serial recall.
376:Theory vs. implementation, and Vanilla ACT-R
271:Chunks are held and made accessible through
1625:Common Lisp (programming language) software
1428:Anderson, J. R., & Lebiere, C. (1998).
1373:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
957:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
871:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
606:
22:
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805:Harrison, A. (2002). jACT-R: Java ACT-R.
530:
500:
1280:, 227β262. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
788:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
442:Memory, attention, and executive control
391:Finally, while Anderson's laboratory at
167:
1548:New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1470:New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1257:Artificial Intelligence and Instruction
841:
839:
764:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
160:ACT-R has been inspired by the work of
1612:
734:
275:, which are the front-end of what are
344:The symbolic vs. connectionist debate
1514:
1165:Fu, Wai-Tat; Pirolli, Peter (2007).
836:
131:Adaptive Control of ThoughtβRational
1301:. Washington, DC: Winston and Sons.
760:Polk, T. A.; C. M. Seifert (2002).
570:mostly famous for developing with
476:
129:(pronounced /ΛΓ¦kt ΛΙr/; short for "
13:
14:
1636:
1567:
1371:The adaptive character of thought
686:, was created by Don Morrison at
497:application, and web navigation.
1430:The atomic components of thought
694:model for classification tasks.
640:The most important ones are the
590:After the release of ACT-R 4.0,
525:
488:
282:There are two types of modules:
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888:Journal of Memory and Language
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403:by Anthony M. Harrison at the
301:, consisting of facts such as
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1:
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1350:The architecture of cognition
1312:Language, memory, and thought
737:Unified Theories of Cognition
307:France is a country in Europe
1199:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1180:(4): 355β412. Archived from
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509:
7:
1090:10.1207/s15327108ijap1502_2
506:changes in brain activity.
10:
1641:
1174:Human-Computer Interaction
1149:Cognitive Systems Research
1039:Memory & Cognition, 30
815:September 7, 2008, at the
688:Carnegie Mellon University
669:Carnegie Mellon University
656:Carnegie Mellon University
627:Carnegie Mellon University
622:Carnegie Mellon University
616:Workshop and summer school
143:Carnegie Mellon University
970:Psychological Review, 108
944:Psychological Review, 115
931:Acta Psychologica, 131(1)
905:Psychological Review, 104
405:Naval Research Laboratory
141:and Christian Lebiere at
106:
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82:
72:
68:
46:
42:
30:
21:
1544:Anderson, J. R. (2007).
1489:"ACT-R Β» Workshops"
1466:Anderson, J. R. (2007).
1407:Anderson, J. R. (1993).
1348:Anderson, J. R. (1983).
1299:Human associative memory
1069:Cognitive Science, 29(3)
784:Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984).
697:
667:For his dissertation at
287:Perceptual-motor modules
1369:Anderson, J. R. (1990)
1310:Anderson, J. R. (1976)
712:"ACT-R Β» Software"
607:ACT-R 7.0: 2015-Present
1620:Cognitive architecture
1574:Official ACT-R website
735:Newell, Allen (1994).
642:PUPS production system
531:Early years: 1973β1990
501:Cognitive neuroscience
150:cognitive neuroscience
135:cognitive architecture
89:Cognitive architecture
1392:Psychological Science
1009:Cognitive Science, 28
996:Cognitive Science, 29
918:Cognitive Science, 29
473:, and multi-tasking.
168:What ACT-R looks like
55:; 3 years ago
1561:Psychological Review
1451:Psychological Review
983:Psychological Review
673:Christopher L. Dancy
568:connectionist models
204:programming language
193:cognitive psychology
139:John Robert Anderson
137:mainly developed by
37:John Robert Anderson
692:supervised learning
576:Cascade Correlation
417:Carleton University
18:
985:, 130(1), 101β130.
762:Cognitive Modeling
350:cognitive sciences
299:Declarative memory
32:Original author(s)
16:
1409:Rules of the mind
1052:Cognitive Science
716:ACT-R.psy.cmu.edu
557:Rational analysis
334:production system
316:Procedural memory
231:prefrontal cortex
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516:cognitive tutors
477:Natural language
235:cingulate cortex
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1515:Morrison, Don.
1513:
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1496:
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902:
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868:
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844:
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826:
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817:Wayback Machine
804:
800:
783:
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772:
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754:
747:
733:
729:
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710:
709:
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635:
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580:Rice University
553:
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512:
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491:
479:
444:
436:
378:
346:
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233:, the anterior
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64:
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12:
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5:
1638:
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1569:
1568:External links
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1269:
1248:
1234:
1232:, 10330β10334.
1221:
1207:
1190:
1187:on 2010-08-02.
1157:
1140:
1123:
1110:
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1073:
1060:
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987:
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652:Lynne M. Reder
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467:task switching
443:
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293:Memory modules
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208:Tower of Hanoi
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1358:0-8058-2233-X
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1320:0-89859-107-4
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1286:0-8058-3824-4
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1102:Human Factors
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814:
811:
808:
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794:0-262-66058-X
791:
787:
781:
773:
771:0-262-66116-0
767:
763:
756:
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746:0-674-92101-1
742:
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713:
707:
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657:
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623:
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593:
592:John Anderson
583:
581:
577:
573:
572:Scott Fahlman
569:
565:
560:
558:
548:
545:
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538:
526:Brief history
523:
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489:Complex tasks
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358:connectionist
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254:
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245:Brief outline
242:
240:
239:basal ganglia
236:
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220:
215:
211:
209:
205:
200:
198:
197:brain imaging
194:
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165:
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146:
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136:
132:
128:
119:
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101:GNU LGPL v2.1
99:
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90:
87:
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81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
51:
49:
45:
41:
38:
35:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1592:Python ACT-R
1563:, 1036β1060.
1560:
1545:
1526:15 September
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1483:
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1462:
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1408:
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1395:
1391:
1386:
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1336:
1332:
1327:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1277:
1272:
1256:
1251:
1246:: 4951β4956.
1243:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1219:, 7412β7417.
1216:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1182:the original
1177:
1173:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
995:
990:
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969:
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956:
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938:
930:
925:
917:
912:
904:
899:
891:
887:
882:
874:
870:
865:
854:
846:
828:
823:
806:
801:
785:
780:
761:
755:
736:
730:
719:. Retrieved
715:
706:
683:
681:
676:
666:
659:
658:, developed
650:
645:
641:
639:
636:
619:
610:
601:
597:
589:
561:
554:
544:Gordon Bower
541:
534:
520:
513:
504:
495:
492:
480:
460:
445:
437:
434:Applications
425:
421:
411:(written in
409:Python ACT-R
408:
399:(written in
396:
390:
386:
382:
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370:
366:
362:
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323:
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306:
302:
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281:
276:
272:
270:
265:
263:
256:
250:
248:
227:motor cortex
216:
212:
201:
189:
186:
171:
162:Allen Newell
159:
147:
130:
126:
125:
1457:. 1036β1060
1084:, 135β155.
463:Stroop task
419:, Canada).
330:productions
252:declarative
229:, the left
182:Common Lisp
156:Inspiration
77:Common Lisp
1614:Categories
1539:References
1521:github.com
1398:, 396β408.
1108:, 362β380.
1071:, 313β341.
1041:, 158β165.
1028:, 123β155.
972:, 847β869.
946:, 602β639.
920:, 493β524.
907:, 728β748.
894:, 341β380.
877:, 186β197.
721:2021-03-24
654:, also at
356:" or the "
258:procedural
237:, and the
73:Written in
60:2020-12-21
1517:"pyactup"
1339:, 207β210
1337:210(4466)
1205:, 136β143
1022:Cognition
998:, 375β419
677:ACT-R/Phi
633:Spin-offs
620:In 1995,
562:In 1993,
510:Education
1155:, 25β33.
1138:, 41β84.
1058:, 39β83.
933:, 72β84.
813:Archived
564:Anderson
483:language
354:symbolic
133:") is a
1333:Science
1011:, 1β44.
684:pyACTUp
456:recency
452:primacy
348:In the
277:modules
273:buffers
202:Like a
178:CLARION
107:Website
96:License
58: (
1604:gactar
1598:pyactr
1580:jACT-R
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413:Python
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397:jACT-R
266:chunks
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698:Notes
311:2+3=5
309:, or
127:ACT-R
112:act-r
17:ACT-R
1550:ISBN
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1472:ISBN
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1375:ISBN
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1282:ISBN
1261:ISBN
790:ISBN
766:ISBN
741:ISBN
574:the
454:and
428:Lisp
401:Java
255:and
223:BOLD
219:fMRI
195:and
174:Soar
118:.edu
116:.cmu
114:.psy
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1086:doi
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810:PDF
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