2223:
pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).
1281:
316:
293:
215:
190:
1690:
1772:) and are present in certain patients who have the disorder. Deletions of exons 1–3 in the gene suggest that these exons are responsible for the biochemical and clinical characteristics of 3-Methylglutaconic Acuduria Type 1. These mutations cause for the deficiency of 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase which leads to the amalgamation of 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, 3-methylglutaric acid, and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid which eventually leads to 3-Methylglutaconic Acuduria Type 1.
322:
221:
3758:
2222:
HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van
Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, may follow one of two
2267:
Energy fuel: Eventually, most Leu is broken down, providing about 6.0kcal/g. About 60% of ingested Leu is oxidized within a few hours ... Ketogenesis: A significant proportion (40% of an ingested dose) is converted into acetyl-CoA and thereby contributes to the synthesis of ketones, steroids,
1186:
activity, AUH also has a hydrase active-site pocket created by H2A-H3 alpha-helices and the H4A 310 helix of one subunit, and the H8 and H9 alpha-helices of the adjacent subunit within the same trimer. This active-site pocket is not affected by the change in oligomeric state when AUH is in the
61:
1166:. Also unlike other members of its family, AUH's surface is positively charged in contrast to the negative charge seen on that of other classes. Between the two trimers of the enzyme, wide clefts were seen with a highly positive charge and lysine residues in
1210:
pathway. Localized in the mitochondria, AUH is responsible for the fifth step in the leucine degradation pathway and deficiencies in this enzyme's activity leads to a metabolic block in which 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, accumulates in the
329:
228:
1259:. These functions allow AUH to show us that there could be a potential connection between mitochondrial metabolism and gene regulation. Also, reduced or overexprsessed levels of AUH can lead to defects in
2130:
Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J (February 2013).
1280:
1899:
Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Tucker T, Casey B (Nov 2011). "Phenotypic heterogeneity in two siblings with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I caused by a novel intragenic deletion".
1980:
Kurimoto K, Kuwasako K, Sandercock AM, Unzai S, Robinson CV, Muto Y, Yokoyama S (May 2009). "AU-rich RNA-binding induces changes in the quaternary structure of AUH".
2353:
2955:
2979:
2935:
2450:
766:
3262:
151:
747:
1219:
in the enzyme's activity leads to increases in 3-methylglutaric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Another function of AUH is that it binds to an
2540:
2239:
1864:
1178:
state of AUH depends on whether or not RNA is present. If RNA is near, the AUH will take on an asymmetric shape that loses the 3- and 2-fold
1174:
residues were shown to be the main reason why AUH is able to bind to RNA rather than its counterparts. Moreover, it has been found that the
3430:
1846:
3387:
2984:
2346:
2974:
2930:
2780:
2445:
1303:
1371:
2184:
Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, GuimarĂŁes-Ferreira L, de
Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH (April 2011).
1005:
998:
3411:
3036:
2545:
2776:
3255:
2339:
1263:, ultimately leading up to changes in mitochondrial morphology, decreased RNA stability, biogenesis, and respiratory function.
2497:
2253:
3289:
1829:
1182:
rotation axes, because of realignment of the internal 3-fold axes of the trimers. Because this enzyme has weak, short-chain
3778:
2637:
2460:
1154:
cells. AUH has a similar fold that is found in other members of the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family; however, it is a
122:, AU RNA binding protein/enoyl-CoA hydratase, Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase, AU RNA binding methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
58:
2272:
3150:
2747:
2470:
1808:
1699:
1436:
1405:
1385:
2950:
2440:
315:
3477:
3248:
2945:
2862:
2771:
2331:
292:
2475:
3439:
2617:
1833:
1812:
1611:
3009:
2485:
1744:
The lack of AUH is most impactful to the human body by causing 3-Methylglutaconic
Acuduria Type 1, which is an
1573:
811:
3633:
3372:
3362:
3160:
3155:
2872:
2535:
792:
2028:"Biochemical characterization of human 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase and its role in leucine metabolism"
1745:
1564:
214:
189:
131:
2292:
3352:
3337:
3240:
3098:
3049:
2516:
1620:
3748:
2804:
2520:
2421:
2416:
2078:
Richman TR, Davies SM, Shearwood AM, Ermer JA, Scott LH, Hibbs ME, Rackham O, Filipovska A (May 2014).
17:
1936:"Crystal structure of human AUH protein, a single-stranded RNA binding homolog of enoyl-CoA hydratase"
328:
227:
3734:
3721:
3708:
3695:
3682:
3669:
3656:
3618:
3145:
3140:
3093:
3054:
2699:
1363:
1351:
321:
220:
3628:
3582:
3525:
3357:
3276:
3103:
2680:
2302:
2296:
1643:
1236:
1073:
960:
956:
952:
944:
897:
893:
889:
881:
139:
118:
3022:
3004:
2132:"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)"
3530:
2834:
2809:
2737:
2719:
2500:– this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase)
2480:
2186:"HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action"
2026:
Mack M, Schniegler-Mattox U, Peters V, Hoffmann GF, Liesert M, Buckel W, Zschocke J (May 2006).
1748:
of leucine degradation and can range in severity from developmental delay to slowly progressive
981:
948:
918:
885:
3221:
3014:
2867:
1769:
1461:
1216:
1200:
3044:
3551:
3470:
3216:
2580:
1260:
1726:
is mostly metabolized into isovaleryl-CoA, while only about 5% is metabolized into HMB.
3623:
2887:
2661:
2394:
2384:
2370:
1252:
1212:
1110:
of this gene have been found to cause a disease called 3-Methylglutaconic
Acuduria Type 1.
203:
8:
3587:
3444:
3347:
3333:
3031:
3027:
2940:
2825:
2455:
2183:
1765:
1749:
1557:
1531:
1510:
1228:
1227:
AUUUA. AREs have been found in the 3’-untranslated regions of mRNA and they promote mRNA
1183:
1091:
159:
2179:
2177:
1076:
3520:
3420:
3301:
3073:
2622:
2366:
2213:
2158:
2131:
2104:
2079:
2057:
2005:
1452:
1163:
163:
1952:
1935:
1312:
1273:
681:
676:
671:
666:
650:
645:
629:
624:
619:
614:
604:
599:
3783:
3396:
3377:
2465:
2320:
2311:
2249:
2205:
2174:
2163:
2109:
2049:
2044:
2027:
1997:
1957:
1916:
1695:
1593:
1240:
1159:
111:
51:
2361:
2217:
2185:
2009:
143:
3566:
3561:
3535:
3463:
3190:
2197:
2153:
2143:
2099:
2091:
2061:
2039:
1989:
1947:
1908:
1602:
1179:
408:
339:
283:
238:
3613:
3597:
3510:
2766:
2642:
2525:
2243:
1650:
1347:
1220:
1139:
1098:. Not only does it bind to RNA, AUH has also been observed to be involved in the
383:
167:
1912:
1869:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1851:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
3762:
3651:
3592:
1703:
1521:
1500:
1480:
1470:
1398:
1255:, and function. Decreased levels of AUH also lead to slower cell expansion and
1119:
484:
2201:
1094:
superfamily, but it is the only member of that family that is able to bind to
3772:
3556:
3515:
3321:
3127:
2907:
2555:
1548:
1087:
586:
544:
422:
3505:
3401:
3212:
3084:
2912:
2530:
2209:
2167:
2148:
2113:
2053:
2001:
1961:
1920:
1761:
1664:
1377:
401:
180:
3270:
1045:
3729:
3664:
3500:
3293:
3280:
2892:
2858:
2095:
1678:
1256:
1167:
856:
837:
2305:
1882:
1040:
609:
3199:
3175:
2994:
2965:
2814:
2507:
2398:
2362:
1993:
1671:
1657:
1248:
1244:
1224:
1207:
1175:
300:
197:
147:
88:
84:
80:
3703:
3677:
3367:
3326:
3311:
3203:
3064:
2883:
2879:
2854:
2742:
2728:
2714:
2690:
1422:
1326:
1319:
1131:
1107:
1099:
711:
367:
354:
266:
253:
155:
3757:
3306:
3167:
3131:
3118:
2850:
2795:
2671:
2633:
2590:
2559:
2025:
1757:
1629:
1340:
1196:
1029:
2080:"A bifunctional protein regulates mitochondrial protein synthesis"
3316:
3171:
2757:
2652:
2629:
2604:
2595:
2431:
2325:
2315:
1707:
1443:
1390:
1333:
1289:
1239:
stability. AUH is also responsible for regulating mitochondrial
1204:
1155:
1103:
823:
778:
696:
692:
1689:
1231:. By binding with ARE, AUH has been suggested to play a role in
135:
3716:
3486:
2921:
2608:
2407:
2374:
1979:
1490:
1232:
1171:
1151:
1135:
1069:
1013:
733:
1934:
Kurimoto K, Fukai S, Nureki O, Muto Y, Yokoyama S (Dec 2001).
1898:
3690:
3272:
2785:
1543:
1359:
1147:
1143:
1127:
2310:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
2129:
2125:
2123:
2077:
1083:
3455:
1883:"Entrez Gene: AU RNA binding protein/enoyl-CoA hydratase"
1123:
1095:
2136:
2120:
391:
2324:(Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase, mitochondrial) at the
1933:
3746:
2245:
Nutrient
Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes
2233:
2231:
556:
2980:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
2936:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
2451:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
1266:
2248:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385–388.
2228:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1804:
1802:
1800:
2588:
338:
237:
3770:
2541:Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
2073:
2071:
1818:
1797:
27:Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2021:
2019:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1894:
1892:
1830:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021460
3471:
3256:
2347:
2068:
1756:gene has been seen in 10 different sites (5
2985:3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
2016:
1968:
1927:
1889:
1809:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000148090
667:branched-chain amino acid catabolic process
3478:
3464:
3263:
3249:
2975:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
2931:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
2446:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
2354:
2340:
1102:enzymatic activity, making it a dual-role
2956:Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
2295:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2237:
2157:
2147:
2103:
2043:
1951:
1203:to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA in the
2546:Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
1739:
1223:(ARE), containing clusters of the penta-
2777:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
1243:and is essential for mitochondrial RNA
600:methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase activity
14:
3771:
3037:Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1609:
1600:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1555:
1540:
1529:
1519:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1434:
1396:
1369:
3459:
3244:
2498:Template:Leucine metabolism in humans
2335:
1875:
1676:
1669:
1618:
1591:
1403:
1383:
1357:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
343:
304:
299:
242:
201:
196:
2638:Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
1780:AUH has been seen to interact with:
1420:
1345:
1301:
1287:
3151:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
2748:Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
2471:Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
24:
2951:3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
2441:3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
25:
3795:
2946:3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
2863:Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
2772:Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
2286:
1901:Molecular Genetics and Metabolism
437:lateral nuclear group of thalamus
3756:
2268:fatty acids, and other compounds
2045:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05218.x
1688:
1279:
1126:and the AUH gene consists of 18
1058:3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
327:
320:
314:
291:
226:
219:
213:
188:
3440:Carboxymethyloxysuccinate lyase
2618:Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
1775:
630:itaconyl-CoA hydratase activity
3343:Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
3032:Homocysteine methyltransferase
3010:Methionine adenosyltransferase
2491:Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
2486:Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
2293:methylglutaconyl-CoA+hydratase
1857:
1839:
1444:β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
545:More reference expression data
13:
1:
3373:Uroporphyrinogen III synthase
3363:3-Isopropylmalate dehydratase
3161:Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
3156:Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
2873:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
2536:3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
2476:α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase
1953:10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00686-4
1791:
1770:single nucleotide duplication
1717:. Of the two major pathways,
1134:long, and is mainly found in
1092:enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase
312:
211:
1752:in adults. Mutations in the
1746:autosomal recessive disorder
1274:Leucine metabolism in humans
1113:
605:enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
461:myocardium of left ventricle
7:
3779:Genes on human chromosome 9
3485:
3390:: Acting on polysaccharides
3353:Cystathionine beta synthase
3338:3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase
3099:Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
3050:Cystathionine beta synthase
2517:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
2273:Figure 8.57: Metabolism of
1913:10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.07.021
1190:
10:
3800:
3023:regeneration of methionine
3005:generation of homocysteine
2805:Ornithine aminotransferase
2521:Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
2422:Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
2417:Saccharopine dehydrogenase
1766:single nucleotide deletion
3642:
3634:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
3606:
3575:
3544:
3493:
3429:
3410:
3386:
3288:
3198:
3188:
3146:Tyrosine aminotransferase
3141:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
3126:
3116:
3094:Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
3082:
3063:
3055:Cystathionine gamma-lyase
2993:
2964:
2920:
2905:
2843:
2823:
2794:
2756:
2727:
2712:
2700:L-threonine dehydrogenase
2689:
2670:
2651:
2603:
2579:
2554:
2506:
2430:
2406:
2393:
2381:
2202:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0
1865:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1847:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1372:Branched-chain α-ketoacid
1261:mitochondrial translation
1044:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1012:
993:
978:
974:
941:
937:
930:
915:
911:
878:
874:
867:
854:
850:
835:
831:
822:
809:
805:
790:
786:
777:
764:
760:
745:
741:
732:
717:
710:
706:
690:
682:fatty acid beta-oxidation
677:leucine catabolic process
585:
581:
569:
564:
555:
542:
491:
482:
429:
420:
390:
382:
378:
361:
348:
311:
290:
281:
277:
260:
247:
210:
187:
178:
174:
129:
126:
116:
109:
104:
77:
72:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
3526:Diffusion-limited enzyme
3358:Porphobilinogen synthase
3104:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
2681:D-cysteine desulfhydrase
2297:Medical Subject Headings
2238:Kohlmeier M (May 2015).
1090:. It is a member of the
1006:Chr 13: 52.99 – 53.08 Mb
2835:Glutamate dehydrogenase
2810:Ornithine decarboxylase
2738:Histidine ammonia-lyase
2481:Leucine 2,3-aminomutase
1787:3-methylglutaconyl-CoA
999:Chr 9: 91.21 – 91.36 Mb
523:myocardium of ventricle
515:interventricular septum
3414:: Acting on phosphates
3222:Aspartate transaminase
3045:conversion to cysteine
3015:Adenosylhomocysteinase
2868:Glutathione synthetase
2149:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6
2084:Nucleic Acids Research
1462:β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
1201:3-methylglutaconyl-CoA
1199:the transformation of
3619:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
3552:Allosteric regulation
3217:Asparagine synthetase
2385:Essential amino acids
1740:Clinical significance
1306:acid aminotransferase
1118:The enzyme AUH has a
306:Chromosome 13 (mouse)
3629:Lineweaver–Burk plot
2888:Glutamine synthetase
2662:Alanine transaminase
1453:β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
1304:Branched-chain amino
1213:mitochondrial matrix
646:mitochondrial matrix
495:facial motor nucleus
465:right adrenal cortex
204:Chromosome 9 (human)
73:List of PDB id codes
46:Available structures
3445:Hydroperoxide lyase
3348:Tryptophan synthase
3334:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
3028:Methionine synthase
2941:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
2826:alpha-ketoglutarate
2743:Urocanate hydratase
2456:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
1750:leukoencephalopathy
1558:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
1184:enoyl-CoA hydratase
625:mRNA 3'-UTR binding
469:left adrenal cortex
3588:Enzyme superfamily
3521:Enzyme promiscuity
3421:Threonine synthase
3302:Carbonic anhydrase
3074:Threonine aldolase
2623:Serine dehydratase
2367:Protein metabolism
2096:10.1093/nar/gku179
1994:10.1002/prot.22246
812:ENSMUSG00000021460
660:Biological process
639:Cellular component
610:catalytic activity
593:Molecular function
3744:
3743:
3453:
3452:
3397:Hyaluronate lyase
3378:Nitrile hydratase
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3184:
3183:
3112:
3111:
2901:
2900:
2708:
2707:
2575:
2574:
2466:HMG-CoA reductase
2255:978-0-12-387784-0
1733:
1732:
1696:metabolic pathway
1644:β-Hydroxybutyrate
1612:β-Hydroxybutyrate
1364:α-Ketoisocaproate
1352:α-Ketoisocaproate
1241:protein synthesis
1187:presence of RNA.
1079:) encoded by the
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1024:
1023:
989:
988:
968:
967:
926:
925:
905:
904:
863:
862:
844:
843:
818:
817:
799:
798:
773:
772:
754:
753:
702:
701:
577:
576:
573:
572:
551:
550:
538:
537:
476:
475:
374:
373:
345:13|13 A5- B1
273:
272:
100:
99:
96:
95:
56:Ortholog search:
16:(Redirected from
3791:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3624:Hanes–Woolf plot
3567:Enzyme activator
3562:Enzyme inhibitor
3536:Enzyme catalysis
3480:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3279:4.2) (primarily
3265:
3258:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3196:
3195:
3124:
3123:
2918:
2917:
2725:
2724:
2601:
2600:
2586:
2585:
2404:
2403:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2196:(4): 1015–1025.
2181:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2032:The FEBS Journal
2023:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1827:
1816:
1806:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1538:
1527:
1517:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1429:
1418:
1409:β-methylbutyrate
1401:
1394:
1381:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1267:
1180:crystallographic
1062:MG-CoA hydratase
1060:, also known as
1037:
1036:
1008:
1001:
984:
972:
971:
963:
935:
934:
931:RefSeq (protein)
921:
909:
908:
900:
872:
871:
848:
847:
829:
828:
803:
802:
784:
783:
758:
757:
739:
738:
708:
707:
583:
582:
562:
561:
547:
531:plantaris muscle
511:secondary oocyte
487:
485:Top expressed in
480:
479:
425:
423:Top expressed in
418:
417:
397:
396:
380:
379:
370:
357:
346:
331:
324:
318:
307:
295:
279:
278:
269:
256:
245:
230:
223:
217:
206:
192:
176:
175:
170:
121:
114:
91:
70:
69:
64:
43:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3652:Oxidoreductases
3638:
3614:Enzyme kinetics
3602:
3598:List of enzymes
3571:
3540:
3511:Catalytic triad
3489:
3484:
3454:
3449:
3425:
3406:
3382:
3284:
3269:
3239:
3226:
3180:
3108:
3078:
3059:
2989:
2960:
2911:
2897:
2839:
2819:
2790:
2767:Proline oxidase
2752:
2720:α-ketoglutarate
2718:
2704:
2685:
2666:
2647:
2643:Creatine kinase
2593:
2571:
2550:
2526:Arylformamidase
2502:
2426:
2389:
2387:are in Capitals
2377:
2373:and catabolism
2360:
2289:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2236:
2229:
2182:
2175:
2128:
2121:
2076:
2069:
2024:
2017:
1978:
1969:
1946:(12): 1253–63.
1932:
1928:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1819:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1778:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1651:Acetoacetyl-CoA
1649:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1386:KIC-dioxygenase
1384:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1313:α-Ketoglutarate
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1221:AU-rich element
1195:AUH is seen to
1193:
1140:skeletal muscle
1116:
1046:View/Edit Mouse
1041:View/Edit Human
1004:
997:
994:Location (UCSC)
980:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
917:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
793:ENSG00000148090
686:
655:
634:
543:
534:
529:
527:muscle of thigh
525:
521:
519:proximal tubule
517:
513:
509:
505:
503:right ventricle
501:
497:
483:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
445:right ventricle
443:
439:
435:
421:
365:
352:
344:
334:
333:
332:
325:
305:
282:Gene location (
264:
251:
243:
233:
232:
231:
224:
202:
179:Gene location (
168:AUH - orthologs
130:
117:
110:
79:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3766:
3765:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3725:
3712:
3699:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3576:Classification
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3271:Carbon–oxygen
3268:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3193:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3000:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2308:
2300:
2288:
2287:External links
2285:
2283:
2282:
2254:
2227:
2173:
2119:
2090:(9): 5483–94.
2067:
2038:(9): 2012–22.
2015:
1967:
1926:
1888:
1874:
1856:
1838:
1817:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1704:isovaleryl-CoA
1687:
1686:
1565:Isovaleryl-CoA
1533:
1523:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1399:Isovaleryl-CoA
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1215:. Also, these
1192:
1189:
1120:molecular mass
1115:
1112:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
991:
990:
987:
986:
976:
975:
969:
966:
965:
939:
938:
932:
928:
927:
924:
923:
913:
912:
906:
903:
902:
876:
875:
869:
865:
864:
861:
860:
852:
851:
845:
842:
841:
833:
832:
826:
820:
819:
816:
815:
807:
806:
800:
797:
796:
788:
787:
781:
775:
774:
771:
770:
762:
761:
755:
752:
751:
743:
742:
736:
730:
729:
724:
719:
715:
714:
704:
703:
700:
699:
688:
687:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
661:
657:
656:
654:
653:
648:
642:
640:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:lyase activity
612:
607:
602:
596:
594:
590:
589:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
559:
553:
552:
549:
548:
540:
539:
536:
535:
533:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:
488:
477:
474:
473:
471:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
426:
414:
413:
405:
394:
388:
387:
384:RNA expression
376:
375:
372:
371:
363:
359:
358:
350:
347:
342:
336:
335:
326:
319:
313:
309:
308:
303:
297:
296:
288:
287:
275:
274:
271:
270:
262:
258:
257:
249:
246:
241:
235:
234:
225:
218:
212:
208:
207:
200:
194:
193:
185:
184:
172:
171:
128:
124:
123:
115:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
75:
74:
66:
65:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3796:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Enzyme family
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Cooperativity
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Oxyanion hole
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3128:PHENYLALANINE
3125:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2908:propionyl-CoA
2904:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:PHENYLALANINE
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:HMG-CoA lyase
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2269:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:(2): 360–72.
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1716:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1614:dehydrogenase
1606:
1603:HMG-CoA
1597:
1587:
1577:
1568:
1567:dehydrogenase
1559:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1526:
1516:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1374:dehydrogenase
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:survival and
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:chromosome 19
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
983:
977:
973:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
940:
936:
933:
929:
922:
920:
914:
910:
907:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
873:
870:
868:RefSeq (mRNA)
866:
859:
858:
853:
849:
846:
840:
839:
834:
830:
827:
825:
821:
814:
813:
808:
804:
801:
795:
794:
789:
785:
782:
780:
776:
769:
768:
763:
759:
756:
750:
749:
744:
740:
737:
735:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
716:
713:
709:
705:
698:
694:
689:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
662:
659:
658:
652:
651:mitochondrion
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:Gene ontology
584:
580:
568:
563:
560:
558:
554:
546:
541:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
490:
486:
481:
478:
468:
464:
460:
457:parotid gland
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:kidney tubule
440:
436:
433:renal medulla
432:
431:
428:
424:
419:
416:
415:
412:
410:
406:
404:
403:
399:
398:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
364:
360:
356:
351:
341:
337:
330:
323:
317:
310:
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
280:
276:
268:
263:
259:
255:
250:
240:
236:
229:
222:
216:
209:
205:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
92:
90:
86:
82:
76:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3730:Translocases
3727:
3714:
3701:
3688:
3675:
3665:Transferases
3662:
3649:
3506:Binding site
3402:Pectin lyase
3342:
3294:Hydro-Lyases
3281:dehydratases
3213:Asparaginase
3191:oxaloacetate
3085:succinyl-CoA
3043:
3021:
3003:
2913:succinyl-CoA
2531:Kynureninase
2495:
2490:
2383:
2319:
2266:
2259:. Retrieved
2244:
2221:
2193:
2189:
2139:
2135:
2087:
2083:
2035:
2031:
1985:
1981:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1907:(3): 410–3.
1904:
1900:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1779:
1776:Interactions
1753:
1743:
1735:
1706:relative to
1665:Acetoacetate
1583:
1431:
1414:
1406:
1378:mitochondria
1194:
1117:
1080:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
979:
961:NP_001338362
957:NP_001338361
953:NP_001338360
945:NP_001293119
942:
916:
898:NM_001351433
894:NM_001351432
890:NM_001351431
882:NM_001306190
879:
855:
836:
810:
791:
765:
746:
726:
721:
507:right kidney
453:human kidney
407:
400:
127:External IDs
78:
3501:Active site
2893:Glutaminase
2859:glutathione
2568:(see below)
2190:Amino Acids
1679:Cholesterol
1576:carboxylase
1257:cell growth
1229:degradation
1168:alpha helix
620:RNA binding
366:53,083,717
353:52,989,155
265:91,361,918
252:91,213,815
105:Identifiers
3773:Categories
3704:Isomerases
3678:Hydrolases
3545:Regulation
3200:asparagine
3176:Tyrosinase
2995:METHIONINE
2966:ISOLEUCINE
2815:Agmatinase
2508:TRYPTOPHAN
2399:acetyl-CoA
2363:Metabolism
1836:, May 2017
1815:, May 2017
1792:References
1672:Mevalonate
1658:Acetyl-CoA
1621:Mevalonate
1253:morphology
1249:biogenesis
1245:metabolism
1237:transcript
1225:nucleotide
1217:reductions
1208:catabolism
1176:oligomeric
1170:H1. These
672:metabolism
411:(ortholog)
148:HomoloGene
18:AUH (gene)
3583:EC number
3368:Urocanase
3327:Enolase 2
3312:Aconitase
3204:aspartate
3065:THREONINE
2884:glutamine
2880:glutamate
2855:glutamate
2729:HISTIDINE
2715:glutamate
2691:threonine
2371:synthesis
2240:"Leucine"
1940:Structure
1596:reductase
1586:hydratase
1447:(HMG-CoA)
1407:β-Hydroxy
1327:Glutamate
1320:Glutamate
1130:, is 1.7
1114:Structure
1108:Mutations
1100:metabolic
982:NP_057918
949:NP_001689
919:NM_016709
886:NM_001698
712:Orthologs
156:GeneCards
3784:EC 4.2.1
3607:Kinetics
3531:Cofactor
3494:Activity
3307:Fumarase
3168:tyrosine
3132:tyrosine
3119:fumarate
2851:cysteine
2796:arginine
2672:cysteine
2634:creatine
2591:pyruvate
2560:tyrosine
2306:4.2.1.18
2279:-leucine
2218:11120110
2210:20607321
2168:23374455
2142:(1): 6.
2114:24598254
2054:16640564
2010:44523407
2002:18831052
1982:Proteins
1962:11738050
1921:21840233
1832:–
1811:–
1762:splicing
1758:missense
1724:-leucine
1714:-leucine
1630:Thiolase
1605:synthase
1465:(MG-CoA)
1456:(MC-CoA)
1428:(10–40%)
1426:in urine
1423:Excreted
1341:Pyruvate
1296:-Leucine
1197:catalyze
1191:Function
1077:4.2.1.18
1068:, is an
1030:Wikidata
691:Sources:
3763:Biology
3717:Ligases
3487:Enzymes
3433:: Other
3317:Enolase
3172:melanin
2781:ALDH4A1
2758:proline
2653:alanine
2630:glycine
2605:glycine
2596:citrate
2432:LEUCINE
2375:enzymes
2326:PDBe-KB
2316:UniProt
2159:3568064
2105:4027184
2062:6261362
1834:Ensembl
1813:Ensembl
1636:Unknown
1623:pathway
1594:HMG-CoA
1549:HMG-CoA
1437:HMB-CoA
1391:cytosol
1366:(α-KIC)
1354:(α-KIC)
1334:Alanine
1205:leucine
1164:trimers
1156:hexamer
1104:protein
824:UniProt
779:Ensembl
718:Species
697:QuickGO
386:pattern
244:9q22.31
144:1338011
112:Aliases
3749:Portal
3691:Lyases
3431:4.2.99
3273:lyases
2922:VALINE
2609:serine
2408:LYSINE
2321:Q13825
2299:(MeSH)
2261:6 June
2252:
2216:
2208:
2166:
2156:
2112:
2102:
2060:
2052:
2008:
2000:
1960:
1919:
1768:and 1
1694:Human
1638:enzyme
1584:MG-CoA
1574:MC-CoA
1348:Muscle
1233:neuron
1172:lysine
1152:spleen
1150:, and
1136:kidney
1122:of 32
1070:enzyme
1016:search
1014:PubMed
857:Q9JLZ3
838:Q13825
734:Entrez
557:BioGPS
499:zygote
136:600529
3643:Types
3412:4.2.3
3388:4.2.2
3322:Alpha
3290:4.2.1
2844:Other
2786:PYCR1
2496:(See
2214:S2CID
2058:S2CID
2006:S2CID
1551:lyase
1544:liver
1360:Liver
1160:dimer
1158:as a
1148:liver
1144:heart
1128:exons
767:11992
727:Mouse
722:Human
693:Amigo
409:Mouse
402:Human
349:Start
284:Mouse
248:Start
181:Human
3735:list
3728:EC7
3722:list
3715:EC6
3709:list
3702:EC5
3696:list
3689:EC4
3683:list
3676:EC3
3670:list
3663:EC2
3657:list
3650:EC1
3087:→TCA
2828:→TCA
2314:for
2263:2016
2250:ISBN
2206:PMID
2164:PMID
2110:PMID
2050:PMID
1998:PMID
1958:PMID
1917:PMID
1784:ARE
1764:, 1
1760:, 3
1702:and
1698:for
1084:gene
1064:and
449:pons
392:Bgee
340:Band
301:Chr.
239:Band
198:Chr.
152:1284
132:OMIM
89:2ZQR
85:2ZQQ
81:1HZD
62:RCSB
59:PDBe
2312:PDB
2198:doi
2154:PMC
2144:doi
2100:PMC
2092:doi
2040:doi
2036:273
1990:doi
1948:doi
1909:doi
1905:104
1754:AUH
1700:HMB
1415:HMB
1162:of
1124:kDa
1096:RNA
1086:on
1081:AUH
1066:AUH
748:549
565:n/a
362:End
261:End
164:OMA
160:AUH
140:MGI
119:AUH
52:PDB
33:AUH
3775::
3292::
3277:EC
3189:G→
3174::
3117:G→
2906:G→
2886::
2861::
2713:G→
2636::
2589:G→
2369:,
2365::
2318::
2303:EC
2265:.
2242:.
2230:^
2220:.
2212:.
2204:.
2194:40
2192:.
2188:.
2176:^
2162:.
2152:.
2140:10
2138:.
2134:.
2122:^
2108:.
2098:.
2088:42
2086:.
2082:.
2070:^
2056:.
2048:.
2034:.
2030:.
2018:^
2004:.
1996:.
1986:75
1984:.
1970:^
1956:.
1942:.
1938:.
1915:.
1903:.
1891:^
1867:.
1849:.
1820:^
1799:^
1522:CO
1501:CO
1481:CO
1471:CO
1362::
1350::
1251:,
1247:,
1146:,
1142:,
1138:,
1132:kb
1106:.
1074:EC
695:/
368:bp
355:bp
267:bp
254:bp
162:;
158::
154:;
150::
146:;
142::
138:;
134::
87:,
83:,
3751::
3737:)
3733:(
3724:)
3720:(
3711:)
3707:(
3698:)
3694:(
3685:)
3681:(
3672:)
3668:(
3659:)
3655:(
3479:e
3472:t
3465:v
3336:/
3283:)
3275:(
3264:e
3257:t
3250:v
3215:/
3206:→
3202:→
3170:→
3134:→
3130:→
3083:→
3067:→
3047::
3030:/
3025::
3007::
2997:→
2968:→
2924:→
2910:→
2882:→
2857:→
2853:+
2824:→
2798:→
2779:/
2760:→
2731:→
2717:→
2693:→
2674:→
2655:→
2632:→
2611:→
2607:→
2594:→
2581:G
2562:→
2558:→
2519:/
2510:→
2434:→
2410:→
2397:→
2395:K
2355:e
2348:t
2341:v
2328:.
2276:L
2200::
2170:.
2146::
2116:.
2094::
2064:.
2042::
2012:.
1992::
1964:.
1950::
1944:9
1923:.
1911::
1885:.
1871:.
1853:.
1721:L
1711:L
1546:)
1542:(
1536:O
1534:2
1532:H
1524:2
1515:O
1513:2
1511:H
1503:2
1493:2
1491:O
1483:2
1473:2
1417:)
1413:(
1393:)
1389:(
1380:)
1376:(
1293:L
1072:(
286:)
183:)
166::
20:)
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