Abbas II of Persia

1088: 709: 697:, a statesman and the future grand vizier, effectively ruled Iran. In addition, Saru Taqi and Jani Khan had a family alliance through the marriage of Mirza Qasem, the former's nephew, to the daughter of Jani Khan. However, this alliance did not save the grand vizier from assassination. On 11 October 1645 Jani Khan and five other conspirators attacked and murdered him on his house. Jani Khan had over time implanted in Abbas' mind the idea that Saru Taqi was driving the realm into ruin and posed a threat to the shah himself. He murdered Saru Taqi by the authority of the shah. His death gave the shah the confidence to assert his authority over the court; that year he purged the ranks of bureaucracy just as his father had done. According to Dutch observers, Abbas's purge was no less bloody than Safi's purge, with between 8,000 and 10,000 people killed in the aftermath of Saru Taqi's assassination. One of the victims was Jani Khan, who was poisoned by the royal 842: 1216: 1469: 1002:

whose proved to be a fraud. He also tried to expand coal mining, but this was another fruitless attempt. All of these failures, along with his nepotism towards his family, made Mohammad Beg a hated figure among the courtiers. Nonetheless, despite his numerous adversaries, he survived and went as far as getting a monopoly over state affairs, including access to the harem, from the shah. Abbas took to spending most of his time either in the inner palace or hunting or drinking parties, while Mohammad Beg hid unpleasant news from him. Ultimately, Mohammad Beg fell from the shah's grace thanks to the efforts of his initial supporter, Allahverdi Khan, who informed Abbas of Mohammad Beg's lies and deceptions. The shah exiled Mohammad Beg to

956: 987:, and he used his influence over the shah to endorse a grand vizier after Khalifeh Soltan died in 1654. Thanks to Allahverdi's recommendation, Abbas appointed Mohammad Beg, an Armenian by origin, and the intendant-general of the court. Mohammad Beg's tenure saw an economic decline, mainly caused by Abbas' costly campaign to Kandahar and the scarcity of raw materials for the silk trade. Notwithstanding his long-standing economical experience, Mohammad Beg could not come up with a solution to the excessive expenditures by the court and the expensive investment on the army. He drove the state's income into a further decline by enhancing centralisation, a process that could not be supported by 492: 773: 1526: 31: 816:. The shah's army reached the city's outskirts in January 1649, and after two months of fighting, took the possession of the city's strongholds and the areas around it. During the siege, the Iranian army was demoralised by oppressive commanders, lack of pay, and substandard accommodation, and thus suffered great losses. The Safavid army under Abbas was poorly equipped and underfed. Many of his soldiers deserted during the march from Afghanistan, and the fact that the Safavid army could nevertheless reconquer the city owed more to the weak political standing of the Mughals rather than the strength of the Safavids. 1562: 1445: 880:. He followed an anti-Safavid policy and was eager to break the Iranian dominance over his realm. In 1633, with the support of Safi, Rostom Khan proclaimed himself the King of Karteli and invaded Teimuraz's lands. Teimuraz remained the King of Kakheti and organised insurgencies across Rostom's borders until 1648, when at the behest of Abbas, Rostom invaded Kakheti and sent Teimuraz into exile. In 1659, Rostom died and the crown of Kartli became vacant. Abbas sought to settle the Qizilbash tribes in the Georgian region, a measure that incited a major rebellion known as the 1154:. Abbas was not spared by the Shi'ia scholars, who argued that he should abdicate to make room for a more devoted king on account of Abbas's unholy lifestyle. Abbas drank heavily in his drinking parties with his courtiers, yet would dismiss his staff for their drunkenness. In 1653, the shah was persuaded to give up drinking by a Shi'ia scholar, possibly Sabzevari, who argued that abstemious monarchs were stronger, happier, and more likely to live longer, an example being Tahmasp I. Thereafter, for a short time between 1653 and 1654, the sale of alcohol was forbidden. 1433: 667:, in addition to a ban on the consumption of alcoholic drinks. The grand vizier maintained his position in a smooth transition of power, later removing rivals such as Rustam Bek, an influential Georgian figure during Safi's reign, to consolidate his grip on power. Abbas, until now secluded from the outer world (as had his father), was sent to Qazvin to be educated as a king; the quick progress he made enabled him to be introduced to the religious texts. Abbas forged a lifelong interest in 1019: 230: 1457: 1398:, were influenced by the European painting style and made efforts to either copy it or to demonstrate traditional Iranian themes in the Western style. Abbas himself was fascinated by European paintings. He sent a group of Iranian painters to Europe for further training. Among them was Mohammad Zaman who spent two or three years in Rome. The masterpiece of Abbas II's reign is the Chehel Sotoun wall paintings. A palace intended for the 507: 1545:. The shah would usually invite a small number of his favourite courtiers and drink with them. Throughout the Nowruz festivals and royal hunting parties, he allowed the wine to flow freely, and often requested the Western residents in Isfahan to join him. He allowed Western men to drink from his golden cup, a gift to him from Russia, which was "fully inlaid with precious stones, mostly uncut rubies". 1332:

reclaim his throne, but Saru Taqi prevented him. In the end, with the Iranian cooperation, Mohammad Khan and Abd al-Aziz settled for a truce. The truce, however, only led to further strife in early 1650s, and Mohammad Khan again fled to Isfahan. He died en route in 1653. Later, Abbas arranged agreements with the Uzbeks of Bukhara and kept them from raiding the Iranian territory until his death.

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sense of justice makes his brutality (which sometimes is seen as a fault) akin to the harsh punishments of Abbas the Great rather than the cruelty of Safi. According to Chardin, the Iranians appreciated Abbas's justice, stating that he treated his people favourably, while making himself feared abroad, and that he loved justice and did not abuse his power by oppressing his people.

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number of years of his reign, such as 1660 and 1669, as “uneventful” and Western observers were often astonished by the well-being of the rural population in Iran in contrast to the worse plight of the peasants in the West. The same Western travellers speak of Abbas' reign with nostalgia when they visited Iran a generation later during the reign of his successor,

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hampered his efforts. Abbas II is praised by European observers for ruling a prosperous realm, and one that had roads that were much safer than those of Europe. However, they failed to notice the corruption of Abbas’ internal Safavid bureaucracy, or that his campaign to Kandahar began an economic decline that would plague Iran until the end of Safavid dynasty.

727:, but only succeeded in the matter of prohibiting visual misrepresentations of the religious law. Even then, he could never eliminate the widespread habit of drinking wine, only partially controlling the habit by imposing harsh penalties. One of his more successful policies was the banning of prostitution. By his insistence, Abbas issued a 1610:

civil and military. To ensure justice, he devoted several days a week for the purpose of rendering public justice; and during his reign it was still possible for commoners to hand him petitions in his palace. Abbas II chose his grand viziers wisely. He recruited them from diverse backgrounds that represented tribal, clerical, or

911:, which further curtailed foreigners' rights. In his early years, Abbas sought to decrease interactions with the Russians and dismissed the Russian officials for their renewed anti-Ottomanism. Between 1647 and 1653 tension increased over a series of caravan robberies, and detention of Russian merchants from Iran. 1173:, suggests the number was only 350. During Mohammad Beg's tenure, some of the Christian churches were closed and the Christians were forbidden to construct new churches. Abbas himself was tolerant towards Christians. He frequently attended Armenian church services and ceremonies, and gave permission for the 1540:

Western observers have often portrayed Abbas II's personality in favourable terms. He was generous towards friends and strangers alike, especially in his carousing parties. Abbas started drinking in 1649, when he was only seventeen. His carousing parties are the most well-documented part of his life,

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infantry consisting of 600 men, and later increasing to 2,000 men. However, the state could no longer pay the army while also supporting the court's extravagant and luxurious living. Therefore, serving soldiers became impoverished. The strength of units fell, and it was said that the Safavid army was

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The VOC envoy Joan Cuneaus, who met Abbas in 1652, described him as "being of medium height, rather skinny, loose-limbed, and beardless". However, surviving portraits show him with a longish face, sharply defined features and a wide, sweeping moustache. In some paintings, like that of Chehel Sotoun,

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The popular demand for traditional miniatures were also strong in this era; painters such as Afzal al-Husayni and Malik Husayn Isfahani produced works for Shahnameh and also pictures of young men seated with bottles of wine and fruit. Abbas hired Dutch painters and studied drawing under them, but he

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to the Mughals. Abbas treated him with the utmost consideration and honour, sending his own physician to treat him when he fell ill, and in return, Mohammad Khan showed great delight and courtesy when the Shah came to visit him. Initially, the shah wanted to give Mohammad Khan military assistance to

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to prevent a salary cost he considered unnecessary and he eliminated the artillery department. Mohammad Beg also sought to sell the mansions Abbas had confiscated. According to Jean Chardin, the shah had more than 137 of these mansions in Isfahan alone. However, no one bought them, so Mohammad Beg's

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Safi sought to have Mohammad Mirza and his brothers blinded, but thanks to the sympathy of a eunuch whose job was to blind the princes, Mohammad Mirza retained his sight by feigning blindness. He did this until the end of his father's reign. This deception partly explains why he was still illiterate

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Abbas made an effort to overcome the corruption within his bureaucracy. He was quick to intervene in cases of despotism, irregularities or malpractices, irrespective of whether it was a question of the normal administration of justice or the surveillance of political and administrative bodies, both

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were hostile, although this hostility was not based on Uzebks raids, but rather, on the conflicts within the ruling dynasty of Bukhara, and the fugitive khans taking shelter in Iran. In 1646, Nader Mohammad Khan, the then Khan of Bukhara, took refuge in the young Abbas's court after being dethroned

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Safi died from excessive drinking on 12 May 1642, leaving behind a country smaller than it was when he inherited it. A weak-minded man lacking charisma, Safi manifested many problems that later plagued the Safavid empire during its decline, one of them being not preparing the crown prince for rule.

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in 1587. Abbas I projected great military power, regained most of the lands lost by his predecessors, and adopted a set of forward-looking policies designed to optimise military strength, centralise state control, and expand Iran’s internal and international commercial scope. He paired ruthlessness

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Abbas has been praised for his sense of justice. In the words of Chardin, he considered himself put on the throne by God to rule as a king responsible for the welfare of all his subjects, not as a tyrant bent on the curtailment of freedom, including the freedom of conscience. In Western eyes, this

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During the last decade of his reign, Abbas withdrew from state affairs to engage in sexual activities and drinking parties. At first, his persistent drinking did not seem to have affects on his governing, but slowly it got the better of him. He threw luxurious parties and, after these parties, hid

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interests, but primarily on the basis of their fiscal and administrative competence, and gave them enough influence to ensure their own policies could be implemented. His endeavours meant that his 24-year-long reign was relatively peaceful and free of rebellions. The Iranian chronicles describe a

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as the last strong king of the Safavid dynasty, Abbas II is often mentioned alongside Ismail I and Abbas I as one of the three outstanding ruling figures of the Safavids. He could have been the king who prevented the downfall of the Safavid kingdom, if it were not for the numerous challenges that

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The financial crisis during his reign prompted Abbas to reduce the weight of his coins and decrease the number of Safavid mints that once numbered between 16 and 19. During the last decade of his reign, only ten of these mints were still operational. New mechanical European minting technology was

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Murtaza Quli Khan Qajar decapitated and tempted the shah to also execute his successor. Overall, Karaki had a lesser influence over the shah than his predecessor. During his tenure, Abbas spent more time in the inner palace and kept the grand vizier ignorant of his private affairs. Karaki did not

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In order to assert his authority, Safi purged every potential claimant to his throne, including the sons of the Safavid princesses, and the sons of Abbas the Great, who were blinded and thus were unqualified to rule. The purge also saw the deaths of the leading figures of the realm. An example of

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of his father, to govern in his place. During the regency, Abbas received formal kingly education that, until then, he had been denied. In 1645, at age fifteen, he was able to remove Saru Taqi from power, and after purging the bureaucracy ranks, asserted his authority over his court and began his

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Under Abbas II, the Safavid army military started to decline, either due to the peace with the Ottoman Empire or due to the concurrent economical crisis. This was first evident among the provincial contingents and not as yet among the main body of the royal army, which in 1654 was increased by a

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Perhaps the most imaginative and catastrophic of Mohammad Beg's measures was his plan to unlock and harness some of the realm's natural resources. He made an effort to mine deposits of precious metals in the vicinity of Isfahan, and he employed a self-styled French expert named, Chapelle de Han,

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led an army which prompted Abbas to mobilise his men. However, a growing financial crisis hampered Abbas's efforts. Even then, the Mughal army struggled to sustain the siege with their medium-sized guns being insufficient for an effective siege. The organisational problems, along with a lack of

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Abbas II died on 25 September 1666, aged thirty-four. Described by modern historians as the last strong king of the Safavid dynasty, he stood out from his father and his successors by being persistently concerned for state affairs. A king known for his sense of justice, Western historians and

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and ended his regency. At the age of fifteen, the shah was more energetically involved in government than ever his father had been. One of his methods to consolidate his power was centralisation. He confiscated Saru Taqi's familial lands as his personal estates and throughout his reign also

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in 1722, commentators spoke of him as a forceful ruler who temporarily reversed the decline of the Safavid state. Modern historians, such as Hans Robert Roemer, call him a just, magnanimous and even liberal king, whose death marked the end of Safavid's long period of prosperity and peace.

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because of what they saw as unfavourable terms for the purchase of silk. The blockade was short-lived, for the Dutch, wary of their own commercial losses and the expense involved, gave in to Iranian demands, after which they ended up concluding a new silk treaty in 1652. The

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A dominant feature attributed to Abbas II that distinguished him from his father and his successors was his persistent concern for state affairs. This feature did not wane even at the peak of his drinking and at the times of his illness. Described by historians such as

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observers often portrayed him as a magnanimous and tolerant monarch who ruled a kingdom which was free of rebellions and relatively safe to travel within. Some historians have criticised him for acts of cruelty similar to his father and forcing conversion upon the

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concubine, only gained political standing in the harem and thus distinguish herself from other nameless concubines because she had produced the shah's male heir. Saru Taqi had a close relationship with Anna Khanum, as observed by travellers such as

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origin, and attacked the fortress. They successfully drove out the Russians and destroyed their base. After this, negotiations over outstanding issues would continue for ten years, with couriers going back and forth between Moscow and Isfahan.

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On 15 May 1642, aged nine-and-a-half, the young prince ascended the throne, four days after the death of Safi, and following a meeting of the state council organised by Saru Taqi. At his coronation ceremony, Mohammad Mirza adopted the

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and canons. However, his effort proved in vain, and after four months of a siege of the city, he had to retreat because of the approaching cold season. The last Mughal attempt to take Kandahar was in 1653, when Prince

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capital. Seeing the favourable turn of events, the powerful factions of the court encouraged Abbas to launch a campaign to reconquer Kandahar. Abbas instantly took command of 50,000 men and marched towards Kandahar via

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From the middle years of his reign onwards, Abbas was occupied with a financial decline which would plague the realm until the end of the Safavid dynasty. In order to increase revenues, in 1654 Abbas appointed

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to serve him as the grand vizier. Khalifeh Soltan had been the grand vizier to both Abbas the Great and Safi, from 1623 to 1632. The first cleric to become the grand vizier, he was concerned with enacting the

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production also continued apace during Abbas' reign despite the economic decline. As a result of Chinese influence, the ceramics between 1640s and 1650s became blue-and-white themed in accordance with the

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in 1722, he is remembered as a forceful ruler who temporarily reversed the decline of the Safavid state and created a period of prosperity, stability and peace that with his death ended once and for all.

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Regardless of his personal beliefs, Abbas still continued religious conversions even more fiercely than his predecessors. At various times between 1645 and 1654, the Safavid authorities forced the

595:. He was described as greedy and was accused by Western observers of accepting bribes. In 1634, Saru Taqi appointed his brother, Mohammad Saleh Beg, as the governor of Mazandaran to counteract the 780:

Abbas' reign was predominantly peaceful; the shah preferred to keep the peace with the Ottoman Empire and overall did not start a conflict with his neighbouring nations except for a war with the

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distich, Abbas called himself Saheb Qeran, 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction', and accordingly, named his coins sahebqerani. This name gradually became widely used to refer to any state coin.

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the official religion of Iran, and his paranoia that led him to kill most of the royal family. He died after a short reign in 1577 after consuming poisoned opium, a supposed plot by his sister,

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who had previously established their bases in Shiraz and Isfahan, were supported by Abbas through the privileges given to them. The Dutch and the English bought different types of silk such as

381:, a weak and ineffective administrator. He was excluded from the shah's private affairs in the inner palace, to the point that he was ignorant about the existence of Sam Mirza, the future 926:, who had turned to them for aid. When Abbas learned of this, he decided to act against them, while being simultaneously preoccupied with his campaign in Kandahar. The forces of Ardabil, 452:

Tahmasp died in 1576 after a long reign. He did not choose any of his thirteen sons as his heir by the time of death, thus paving the way for civil war. Eventually, his second born son,

896:, the adopted son of Rostom, as King of Kartli, but also had the rebel leaders executed. To achieve a reconciliation with the Georgians, Abbas later married Vakhtang's daughter, Anuka. 708: 1041:

for Tahmasp I. He was described as a man of inaction, sluggish and impractical, and a puppet of a faction in court. His tenure saw the promotion of trade via the overland route to the

1468: 1299:, which destroyed two-thirds of the city. As a sign of lasting peace, in 1657, a new trade agreement was signed between the two empires which further assured the importance of the 4884: 488:

with justice and dealt harshly with threats to his power, while remaining in touch with his people. All these qualities eventually entitled him to be styled as Abbas the Great.

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Abbas II's reign shows great paradox in regard of the treatment of non Shi`is. He commissioned the Shi'ia jurisprudence works to be translated into Persian, and consulted the

1279:, where the risk of war was so acute that the governor of the Turkish border provinces had even evacuated the civilian population in expectation of an Iranian attack, or in 800:

in early 1647, he sent an envoy to the Safavid court, and after negotiations, Abbas agreed not to invade Kandahar while Shah Jahan proceeded with his military campaign.

1045:. He made an effort to investigate the ongoing specie problem that Mohammad Beg had left behind. However, he was caught up in a domestic crisis. In 1663, he had the 571:, Saru Taqi had access to the royal harem, and used this ability to forge relations with the shah's concubines. He influenced Safi, persuading him to increase the 441:. Tahmasp established a new polity for the Safavid state; he decreased the Qizilbash influence on the Iranian bureaucracy. He developed a "third force" containing 373:, a distinguished economist. However, he was unable to overcome the economic decline. Mohammad Beg's efforts often damaged the treasury. He took bribes from the 1402:

festivals, the Chehel Sotoun's wall paintings constitute the most important part of the palace's decorative program. They often depict historical scenes: the

796:. In his later years Safi intended to muster an army and retake the city. However, his death halted a potential war. When Shah Jahan sought to advance into 892:, successfully driving out the Qizilbash tribes. Trying to reach a compromise, Abbas decided not to settle the Qizilbash tribes in Georgia. He acknowledged 475:, whose reign was one of continuous instability. In 1578, the Ottomans declared war on the weakened Safavid state and conquered the Safavid lands in the 1070:, a result of his excessive drinking. He was buried in Qom and was succeeded by his eldest son, Sam Mirza, whose mother was a Georgian concubine named 884:. The rebels, led by Zaal of Aragvi, organised an alliance between the Georgian forces against the common enemy and attacked the Iranian fortresses of 701:, Safi Quli Beg. Jani Khan's death was endorsed by Anna Khanum who, saddened by Saru Taqi's death, also ordered the purge of Jani Khan's tribe, the 841: 4984: 4793: 4342: 4085: 1037:(minister of religion) and was a member of the prestigious Karaki family that traced its line back to Shaykh Ali al-Karaki, the deputy of the 979:

and the childhood friend of Abbas, who had risen quickly up the ranks of the bureaucracy, first becoming the master of the hunt and then, the

5316: 1318:, who had spent many years in Safi's court in exile, was enthroned in the same year as Abbas. He did not threaten the Iranian borders in the 4350:

Khafipour, Hani (2021). "Beyond Charismatic Authority: The crafting of a Sovereign's Image in the Public Sphere". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).

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The peaceful relations with the Ottoman Empire continued during Abbas' reign. He was not tempted to expand his territory, for instance in

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These ceramics, made mainly in the Kerman workshops, were of sufficient quality to attract the attention of Dutch and English traders in

1259:. The companies' presence sometimes proved troublesome, its peak being in 1645, when the VOC was prompted to lay a naval blockade around 4851: 4818: 1283:, where the shah's aid had been sought to settle a struggle for the succession. No dangers arose from the Ottomans, whether because the 1215: 1138:

increased greatly during his reign and anti-Sufi writings by Shi'ia scholars such as Mir Lawhi and Muhammad Tahir Qummi rose in number.

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which his grandfather had left behind. His officials undermined his authority and revolts constantly broke out across the realm. The

5336: 5180: 1368:). The sponsorship of the arts continued during his reign, causing a blossoming of the arts in the mid-to-late 17th century. The 527: 434: 4381:[The position of the ulama in the Safavid bureaucracy during the reigns of Shah Abbas I, Shah Safi, and Shah Abbas II]. 4095:

From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813

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Abbas II's foreign policy was cautious and calculating. During his reign, European maritime companies such as the VOC and the

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of Isfahan, and the royal prayer-leader for preaching against Christians, and is even said to have threatened the former with

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introduced to Iran during Abbas's reign. He is said to have admired it and showed a desire to acquire this new technology.

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which the Safavids considered as part of their realm. The Russians attempted to build a fortress for Teimuraz, the deposed

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put to death. The last act of his bloodshed was the killing of his grand vizier, Mirza Taleb Khan, who was replaced with a

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Qizilbash were the Shi'ia Turkoman tribes who worshiped Ismail I as Messiah and steadfastly followed him through his wars.

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which proved ineffectual. Two years later, Shah Jahan himself set out to retake Kandahar with an army fully equipped with

651:. He was an agent and confidant to her, and the queen mother ruled the realm through him upon Mohammad Mirza's ascension. 5341: 4201:

Princes, Poets & Paladins: Islamic and Indian Paintings from the Collection of Prince and Princess Sadruddin Aga Khan

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scheme failed. He also prohibited the usage of gold coins to the point where the state was flooded with silver coinage.

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military resolve, led their expedition to fail. Kandahar thus remained in Iranian hands until an Afghan revolt in 1709.

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The death of Saru Taqi and the appointment of Khalifeh Soltan has often been considered the point when Abbas began his

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Sanikidze, George (2021). "The Evolution of the Safavid Policy towards Eastern Georgia". In Melville, Charles (ed.).

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who enjoyed exporting gold secretly through Iran's trade routes by bribing Mohammad Beg to keep this activity quiet.

915: 854: 534:, started with initial success during Abbas the Great's reign, but ended with the humiliating defeat of Iran and the 346: 903:. From 1646, the Tsardom of Russia began undermining the rights of foreign merchants who delivered silk via Iran to 4719: 4153: 1553:

Abbas was depicted with a very dark beard and moustache whereas in others, his facial hair is light, almost blond.

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industry; producing carpets in silk with gold and silver brocade for both the Iranian court and non-court markets.

1074:. Abbas had two sons. He reportedly favoured his younger son Hamza Mirza, whose mother was a Circassian concubine. 4038: 955: 5056: 547: 437:. He was able to safeguard his father's empire from collapsing even though he lost lands in Mesopotamia to the 1380:, who contributed to at least five manuscripts of Shahnameh and was known for his single-page illustrations. 1146:

figure by the population, was targeted by Shi'ia essayists during Khalifeh Soltan's tenure, one of them being

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also attempted to establish trade relations with Iran. Abbas sanctioned against these trade relations in a

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The Mughals did not hesitate to send a relief force; the first of which was a counter-attack led by Prince

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in the east were friendly. He enhanced his reputation as a military commander by leading his army during

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in 1643–1645, stopped being exported until 1683. In addition to ceramics, Kerman, alongside Isfahan and

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Abbas II receiving the Uzbek ambassador. The identifying inscription reads: "al-Sultan Shah Abbas (and)

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Golombek, Lisa; Reily, Eileen (2013). "Safavid Society and Ceramic Industry". In Golombek, Lisa (ed.).

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on these taxes. He maintained friendly relations with the renowned Shi'ia scholars of his time such as

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slaves who he brought from Caucasus to reduce the Turkoman and the Iranian influence in the court.

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Matthee, Rudi (1991), "The Career of Mohammad Beg, Grand Vizier of Shah 'Abbas II (r. 1642-1666)",

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from the public for two or three weeks. Eventually, on 26 October 1666, while in his winter town,

460:, was eliminated. Ismail II's reign has been defined by two major events — his policy of remaking 5166: 5124: 251: 30: 1580:" (Abbas, the servant of the realm's majesty), but in 1644, he replaced it for another distich " 772: 349:. The war's major event was the destruction of the Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the 4055: 1432: 1119: 510:

The course of territory changes and the ultimate borders of Safavid Empire during the reign of

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In addition to his studies (on a variety of subjects), the shah also learned riding, archery,

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and assigned his family members into various positions. In 1661, Mohammad Beg was replaced by

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Throughout the first years of his reign, a coalition of Saru Taqi, Jani Beg Khan Shamlu, the

378: 338: 128: 1584:" (In the universe a die of sahebqerani made / Assist by truth, ‘Abbās the second). In this 1295:, or because of the internal crises that occurred during his reign such as the 1660 fire of 5326: 5321: 5263: 5150: 1784: 1748: 1616: 1315: 1177:

to establish a mission in Isfahan in 1653. He dismissed both the senior Shi'ia cleric, the

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as his fourth and last grand vizier. Karaki had previously performed satisfactorily as the

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Abbas II's reign was marked by peace and progress. He intentionally avoided a war with the

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Abbas II (right) and a minister. 19th-century Indian artwork made after a Safavid original

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Akopyan, Alexander V. (2021). "Coinage and the monetary system". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).

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In his early years, Abbas II used the same distichs initiated by his great-grandfather, "

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line. Saru Taqi's family held the province's governorship until the end of Safi's reign.

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During Abbas' reign, Iran's sphere of influence over Caucasus clashed with that of the

873: 341:

into exile. In 1651, Teimuraz tried to reclaim his lost crown with the support of the

334: 1179: 5158: 5079: 5062: 5052: 5031: 5016: 4997: 4939: 4919: 4874: 4841: 4808: 4750: 4740: 4711: 4678: 4668: 4649: 4632: 4622: 4605: 4595: 4569: 4534: 4524: 4507: 4497: 4429: 4419: 4390: 4365: 4355: 4297: 4261: 4241: 4231: 4214: 4204: 4184: 4174: 4145: 4129: 4102: 4030: 3987: 3977: 3960: 3950: 1407: 1373: 1369: 960: 900: 889: 877: 861: 850: 737: 639: 588: 480: 362: 342: 326: 295: 160: 4459: 4379:"جایگاه علما در دستگاه قدرت دورۀ صفویه (دوران شاه عباس اول، شاه‌صفی و شاه عباس دوم)" 4378: 4001:"Shah ʿAbbas II, the Conquest of Qandahar, the Chihil Sutun, and Its Wall Paintings" 4907: 4561: 4312: 4098: 4014: 3972:

Babaie, Sussan; Babayan, Kathryn; McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz; Farhad, Massumeh (2004).

1620: 1395: 1319: 1311: 1170: 869: 672: 546:

Safi's cruelty occurred on the night of 20 February 1632, also known as the bloody

465: 394: 322: 242: 4665:

The Persian Mirror : Reflections of the Safavid Empire in Early Modern France

4476: 1418:, the Khan of Bukhara; and a painting of Abbas II along with Nader Mohammad Khan. 5239: 5102: 5035: 4480: 4463: 4446: 4280: 4196: 1690: 1530: 1482: 1340:

Abbas's reign saw further construction in Isfahan, including the building of the

1122:). Yet, he was not a zealous Shiite. The shah paid his respects to his ancestral 793: 717: 535: 499: 484: 407: 186: 4692:"The Persecution of Iranian Jews during the Reign of Shah ʿAbbās II (1642—1666)" 4294:

Persian Pottery in the First Global Age: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

991:'s trade network. Regarding the army, Mohammad Beg discontinued the position of 285:, he inherited the throne when he was nine, and had to rely on a regency led by 5247: 5133: 4911: 4763: 2383:

Another birth date suggestion is 5 January 1633 which was discovered through a

1973: 1861: 1514: 1403: 1391: 1276: 1188: 1169:, 20,000 Jewish families converted to Islam. However, the Armenian historian, 1071: 904: 808: 592: 531: 519: 511: 438: 302: 274: 196: 147: 72: 4682: 4609: 4565: 4511: 4442: 4369: 3964: 1272:

issued shortly before his death, but for the time being nothing came of them.

1187:. Three years after Mohammad Beg's dismissal in 1664, the construction of the 1006:

on 19 January 1661. Mohammad Beg's dismissal was widely seen as a loss by the

967:

had the gold coins prohibited, therefore flooding the realm with silver coins.

963:

mint. As a part of his plan to increase the state's revenue, the grand vizier

5305: 5271: 4923: 4715: 4636: 4538: 4433: 4394: 4245: 4218: 4133: 1353: 1345: 1127: 919: 781: 677: 664: 576: 350: 314: 5066: 4754: 4118:"Nadir Muḥammad Khān Ruler of Bukhara (1641 - 1645) and Balkh (1645 - 1651)" 4034: 1161:

to convert and the Armenian Christians to decamp to New Julfa. According to

5193: 4521:

The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900

4253: 4149: 1602: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1474:

Abbas II receiving Nader Mohammad Khan with music, poetry and wine-drinking

1386: 1360:

culture combining royal patronage and popular entertainment in the form of

1341: 1260: 1256: 1158: 1018: 964: 931: 918:, during which the Russians tried to expand their territories south to the 824: 694: 648: 596: 591:

population, and investigated the revenue flows of the previous governor of

523: 495: 390: 370: 290: 270: 104: 5076:

European Women in Persian Houses: Western Images in Safavid and Qajar Iran

5049:

Book Arts of Isfahan: Diversity and Identity in Seventeenth-Century Persia

2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 3898: 2299: 1377: 1357: 829: 813: 797: 660: 643: 631: 614:, eunuchs and ghulams to hold power during the last decade of his reign. 611: 539: 461: 282: 278: 206: 4870:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods

4707: 4691: 4141: 4117: 3779: 560:(military slave) named Mirza Mohammad Taqi Khan, more famously known as 5279: 4583: 4026: 4000: 3181: 2798: 2720: 2384: 1255:

and in return, imported spices, sugar and textiles to Iran through the

1228: 1184: 1143: 1139: 993: 885: 846: 789: 572: 419: 56: 4804:

The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric

849:

era, perhaps anachronistically depicting the Safavid victory over the

5287: 5223: 5215: 4557: 3815: 1585: 1487: 1365: 1288: 988: 984: 943: 820: 804: 698: 610:

influence in Safavid bureaucracy, and instead allowed a coalition of

607: 561: 453: 446: 442: 430: 354: 286: 4018: 776:

A painting of Abbas II while negotiating with the Mughal ambassador.

5207: 4005: 3791: 2428: 2424: 1300: 1296: 1063: 1059: 927: 785: 668: 476: 411: 318: 116: 4188: 3991: 3803: 1582:

beh-giti sekka-ye sāhebqerāni / zad az towfiq-e haqq ‘Abbās-e Sāni

1390:

or the Europeanising painting style. Two of Abbas' court artists,

971:

Khalifeh Soltan had found an adversary in the master of the hunt,

4619:

The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600-1730

1566: 1501:

who sought alternatives to Chinese porcelain that, following the

1411: 1352:. His construction in Isfahan led to the expansion of the city's 1303:

trade routes and the Armenians’ role in the overland silk trade.

1244: 1240: 1224: 1174: 1131: 746: 742: 584: 580: 555: 522:. A reclusive and passive character, Safi was unable to fill the 216: 181: 506: 1510: 1423:

The Chehel Sotoun's wall paintings of Safavid historical scenes

1399: 1307: 1248: 1123: 1093: 1062:, Abbas II died of various debilities and illnesses, including 1042: 750: 729: 723: 702: 635: 627: 599: 568: 415: 330: 306: 223: 100: 62: 5013:

Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires, the Idea of Iran Vol. 10

393:, but most have noted his tolerance towards Christians. After 4416:

The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars

4056:"Administration in Iran vi. Safavid, Zand, and Qajar periods" 1328: 1280: 1252: 1220: 1106: 583:. He imposed heavy taxes throughout the realm, especially on 551: 4260:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 1–311. 4873:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350. 3662: 3575: 3344: 683: 626:(VOC), Soltan Mohammad Mirza was born on 30 August 1632 in 426: 266: 4171:

Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend

3769: 3767: 3072: 4592:

Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan

3971: 3916: 3904: 3742: 3740: 3650: 3187: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3014: 3012: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2811: 2726: 2708: 2674: 2672: 2599: 2597: 2396: 1372:

reached new heights of diversity with its leading figure

1003: 634:, he grew up in the royal harem, surrounded by women and 483:. Mohammad Khodabanda was overthrown by his youngest son 132: 3701: 3509: 3507: 3244: 3198: 3196: 3171: 3169: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3113: 3048: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2917: 2915: 2890: 2888: 2863: 2861: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2524: 2522: 959:

Silver coin of Abbas II, dated 1658/9 and struck at the

4414:

Matthee, Rudi; Floor, Willem; Clawson, Patrick (2013).

3764: 3725: 3679: 3677: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3452: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2546: 983:

in 1649. By the early 1650s, Allahverdi was the shah's

803:

In 1648, Shah Jahan catastrophically failed to conquer

788:. Kandahar had been surrendered to the Mughal emperor, 5188: 4477:"Georgia vii. Georgians in the Safavid Administration" 3855: 3843: 3737: 3638: 3626: 3587: 3440: 3416: 3392: 3368: 3332: 3125: 3096: 3036: 3009: 2975: 2900: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2669: 2657: 2621: 2594: 2509: 2507: 1134:, and engaged in discussions with Sufis. However, the 3922: 3713: 3689: 3504: 3476: 3428: 3404: 3356: 3320: 3280: 3268: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3193: 3166: 3154: 3137: 3024: 2992: 2951: 2939: 2912: 2885: 2858: 2834: 2817: 2696: 2645: 2633: 2609: 2582: 2570: 2519: 671:; this may have been the result of his reading a new 345:, but the Russians were defeated by Abbas' army in a 256: 4354:. New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 111–121. 3949:. New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 285–309. 3752: 3674: 3599: 3547: 3535: 3464: 3380: 3256: 2927: 2873: 2846: 2684: 2558: 2456: 2444: 1097:

of Abbas II granting pension to the Shi'ia scholar,

265:; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh 4413: 4277:"Georgia ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations" 3809: 3797: 3785: 3308: 3084: 2963: 2777: 2732: 2534: 2504: 1384:also supported Iranian painters who painted in the 1207:useful for military parades but of no use for war. 4901: 3060: 4952: 2490: 273:, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of 5303: 4953:Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998). 357:between 1659 and 1660, in which he acknowledged 518:Abbas the Great was succeeded by his grandson, 353:. Abbas also suppressed a rebellion led by the 3974:Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran 1529:A painting of Abbas II, currently kept in the 1130:, built lodges in the order's most holy city, 471:Ismail II was succeeded by his blind brother, 5174: 4291: 3668: 3581: 1520: 663:Abbas, and issued a tax remission of 500,000 538:, which returned much of Iran's conquests in 4867:Roemer, H. R. (2008). "THE SAFAVID PERIOD". 4376: 4228:A Social History of Sexual Relations in Iran 3976:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–218. 3350: 4734: 4092: 3119: 3078: 498:at its greatest extent during the reign of 347:short conflict fought between 1651 and 1653 5181: 5167: 4983:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4792:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4341:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4310: 4084:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2528: 29: 5010: 4837:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire 4800: 4761: 4523:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4349: 3054: 2552: 2498: 2478: 2462: 1118:and Mohammad Taqi Majlesi (the father of 836: 5073: 4662: 4274: 3731: 3644: 3632: 2513: 2423:From a young age, Abbas enjoyed hunting 1560: 1524: 1327:by his son, Abd al-Aziz Khan and losing 1214: 1191:and five other churches were completed. 1086: 1050:even know that the shah had a son named 1017: 954: 840: 771: 707: 617: 505: 490: 337:in 1648 and sent the rebellious monarch 317:and successfully recovering the city of 5029: 4899: 4616: 4589: 4545: 4518: 4491: 4474: 4457: 4440: 4053: 3944: 3892: 3877: 3849: 3821: 3773: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3593: 3525: 3494: 3446: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3374: 3362: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3160: 3148: 3131: 3107: 3090: 3042: 3018: 2986: 2969: 2921: 2906: 2867: 2792: 2771: 2702: 2678: 2663: 2627: 2603: 2494: 630:. The eldest son of Safi of Persia and 550:, in which he had forty females of the 5304: 5046: 4991: 4866: 4833: 4689: 4643: 4401:from the original on 19 September 2022 4115: 3998: 3928: 3888: 3873: 3861: 3837: 3833: 3746: 3683: 3656: 3620: 3608: 3569: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3513: 3498: 3482: 3470: 3434: 3386: 3262: 3175: 3030: 3003: 2957: 2945: 2894: 2879: 2840: 2828: 2714: 2690: 2651: 2639: 2615: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2540: 2474: 2450: 2303: 2207: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2085: 1989: 1881: 1877: 1865: 1764: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1462:Abbas the Great and Vali Muhammad Khan 916:a small conflict between 1651 and 1653 716:In need of a regent, Abbas called for 429:of Iran. He was succeeded by his son, 365:, but had the rebel leaders executed. 16:Safavid Shah of Iran from 1642 to 1666 5162: 4667:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4252: 4225: 4195: 3758: 2933: 2852: 2297: 2287: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2249: 2247: 2237: 2225: 2215: 2211: 2195: 2193: 2183: 2171: 2161: 2157: 2145: 2143: 2133: 2121: 2111: 2107: 2079: 2069: 2057: 2047: 2043: 2031: 2029: 2019: 2007: 1997: 1993: 1977: 1971: 1961: 1949: 1939: 1935: 1923: 1921: 1911: 1899: 1889: 1885: 1859: 1849: 1837: 1827: 1823: 1811: 1808: 1798: 1782: 1772: 1768: 1752: 1746: 1736: 1720: 1710: 1706: 1694: 1688: 1678: 1662: 1658: 1535:(Note the depiction of a full beard.) 5317:Iranian people of Circassian descent 5040:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 4959:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition 4930: 4768:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition 4485:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 4468:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 4451:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 4317:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition 4285:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 4168: 4060:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition 4041:from the original on 9 November 2021 3458: 3066: 950: 2414:(the loyal bodyguards of the shah). 761: 385:and the next Safavid shah of Iran. 246: 13: 5042:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 4854:from the original on 13 April 2021 4821:from the original on 25 April 2022 4648:. New York: Taylor & Francis. 4594:. New York: Taylor & Francis. 4496:. New York: Taylor & Francis. 4487:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 4470:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 4453:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 4287:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 1414:, the Mughal emperor; Abbas I and 792:, in 1638 by the city's governor, 741:incorporated other cities such as 479:and even managed to seize most of 51:15 May 1642 – 26 October 1666 14: 5368: 4965:from the original on 25 July 2019 4936:The Making of the Georgian Nation 3810:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013 3798:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013 3786:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013 2389:‘kalb-i āstān-i amīr al-muʾminīn’ 1541:being described in detail in the 1513:, continued to be centres of the 5347:Burials at Fatima Masumeh Shrine 5332:People of the Russo-Persian Wars 5051:. Malibu: J. Paul Getty Museum. 4774:from the original on 17 May 2018 4737:Historical Dictionary of Georgia 4722:from the original on 6 July 2022 4323:from the original on 18 May 2022 4203:. London: British Museum Press. 4156:from the original on 7 July 2022 4066:from the original on 17 May 2022 3882: 3867: 3827: 1467: 1455: 1443: 1431: 1291:, was already occupied with the 1022:A drawing of Abbas II's tomb in 864:during Abbas' reign was between 435:Ottoman-Safavid war of 1532–1555 228: 5337:17th-century monarchs of Persia 4887:from the original on 3 May 2022 4735:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2007). 4258:Safavid Government Institutions 3937: 3559: 3519: 3488: 3292: 2417: 2402: 2377: 1636:Ancestors of Abbas II of Persia 1621:the fall of the Safavid dynasty 934:massed under the leadership of 784:in 1649 to recover the city of 395:the fall of the Safavid dynasty 4996:. Cambridge University Press. 4840:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–281. 4807:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–304. 2484: 2468: 2391:(the dog (the servant) of the 2368: 1322:. However, relations with the 768:Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653) 1: 4916:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online 4377:Mansourbakht, Ghabad (2010). 4311:Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). 4230:. New York: Mage Publishers. 2491:Savory & Karamustafa 1998 2356: 872:. Teimuraz I was the king of 622:According to a report by the 401: 4938:. Indiana University Press. 4801:Mitchell, Colin P. (2009b). 4418:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. 4173:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. 4093:Bournoutian, George (2021). 3919:, p. Note 60; page 157. 3824:, p. Introduction; xxv. 2438: 1310:were also peaceful. The new 1210: 1167:Mohammad Taher Vahid Qazvini 686:and other equestrian games. 410:rose to power in 1501, when 7: 5352:17th-century Iranian people 5030:Soroush, Mehrnoush (2000). 4762:Mitchell, Colin P (2009a). 4739:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 4696:Hebrew Union College Annual 1627: 1348:, and the expansion of the 1194: 1148:Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ardabili 1082: 1077: 468:and the Qizilbash leaders. 433:, whose reign saw the long 425:and proclaimed himself the 305:and his relations with the 257: 10: 5373: 5342:Azerbaijani-language poets 4834:Newman, Andrew J. (2008). 4116:Burton, J. Audrey (1988). 2201: 2101: 2097: 1983: 1879: 1871: 1758: 1652: 1648: 1556: 1521:Personality and appearance 1142:, who was often seen as a 765: 5203: 5147: 5138: 5130: 5123: 5096: 5078:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5074:Tanavoli, Parviz (2016). 5015:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4992:Savory, Roger M. (2007). 4646:Medieval Persia 1040-1797 4566:10.1080/00210869108701755 4296:. Brill. pp. 13–57. 3669:Golombek & Reily 2013 3582:Golombek & Reily 2013 2281: 2263: 2255: 2231: 2213: 2209: 2177: 2159: 2151: 2127: 2109: 2105: 2063: 2045: 2037: 2013: 1995: 1991: 1955: 1937: 1929: 1905: 1887: 1883: 1843: 1825: 1817: 1792: 1770: 1766: 1730: 1708: 1700: 1672: 1656: 1595: 1266:French East India Company 1116:Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari 1099:Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari 1029:In 1661, Abbas appointed 222: 212: 202: 192: 180: 159: 140: 123: 114:26 October 1666 (aged 34) 110: 92: 88: 78: 68: 55: 47: 40: 28: 23: 4690:Morren, Vera B. (1981). 4663:Mokhberi, Susan (2019). 4275:Hitchins, Keith (2001). 2361: 1344:, the completion of the 1013: 1008:Dutch East India Company 756: 624:Dutch East India Company 375:Dutch East India Company 4994:Iran Under the Safavids 4900:Rahimlu, Yusof (2015). 4621:. London: I.B. Tauris. 4383:Journal of Iran History 4122:Central Asiatic Journal 3999:Babaie, Sussan (1994). 1578:banda-ye shāh-e velāyat 1335: 753:into the royal domain. 5047:Taylor, Alice (1995). 4644:Morgan, David (2014). 4617:Matthee, Rudi (1999). 4590:Matthee, Rudi (2019). 4519:Matthee, Rudi (2011). 4492:Matthee, Rudi (2021). 4475:Matthee, Rudi (2001). 4458:Matthee, Rudi (2015). 4441:Matthee, Rudi (2012). 4226:Floor, Willem (2008). 1809:7. Fakhr-i Jahan Begam 1570: 1537: 1356:, generating a lively 1232: 1120:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 1101: 1026: 968: 914:These tensions led to 857: 837:The northern frontiers 777: 713: 515: 503: 1564: 1528: 1450:Tahmasp I and Humayun 1406:between Ismail I and 1218: 1090: 1031:Mirza Mohammad Karaki 1024:Fatima Masumeh Shrine 1021: 958: 860:The main conflict in 844: 775: 711: 638:, and was tutored by 618:Ascension and regency 509: 494: 379:Mirza Mohammad Karaki 263:Soltan Mohammad Mirza 129:Fatima Masumeh Shrine 96:Soltan Mohammad Mirza 35:Shah Abbas II in 1663 5357:Iranian slave owners 4169:Blow, David (2009). 4054:Bakhash, S. (1983). 1785:Bagrat IV of Imereti 1749:Mohammad Baqer Mirza 1410:; Tahmasp I meeting 1316:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur 1136:persecution of Sufis 909:Sobornoye Ulozheniye 655:at the age of ten. 5232:Mohammad Khodabanda 5098:Abbas II of Persia 4932:Suny, Ronald Grigor 3788:, p. 110, 116. 1723:Khayr al-Nisa Begum 1665:Mohammad Khodabanda 1306:Relations with the 1112:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 882:Bakhtrioni uprising 473:Mohammad Khodabanda 5032:"ʿAli Mardan Khan" 4955:"Esma'il I Safawi" 4556:(1/4), Cambridge: 4013:. Brill: 125–142. 3917:Babaie et al. 2004 3905:Babaie et al. 2004 3659:, p. 126–127. 3461:, p. 233–234. 3188:Babaie et al. 2004 2812:Babaie et al. 2004 2727:Babaie et al. 2004 2717:, p. 287–288. 2387:in the formula of 1571: 1565:Coin of Abbas II, 1538: 1416:Vali Muhammad Khan 1324:Khanate of Bukhara 1237:East India Company 1233: 1102: 1027: 969: 858: 845:Painting from the 778: 714: 516: 504: 335:Kingdom of Kakheti 217:Twelver Shia Islam 24:Abbas II of Persia 5299: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5260: 5252: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5220: 5212: 5198: 5157: 5156: 5148:Succeeded by 4979:cite encyclopedia 4908:Madelung, Wilferd 4788:cite encyclopedia 4575:978-0-521-20093-6 4494:The Safavid World 4352:The Safavid World 4337:cite encyclopedia 4180:978-1-84511-989-8 4080:cite encyclopedia 3947:The Safavid World 3351:Mansourbakht 2010 2353: 2352: 2349: 2348: 1536: 1490:then coming from 1408:Muhammad Shaybani 1370:Persian miniature 1364:(storytelling of 951:Financial decline 640:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 542:to the Ottomans. 514:(r. 1629 – 1642). 414:took the city of 321:. At his behest, 255: 236: 235: 5364: 5312:Safavid monarchs 5290: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5226: 5218: 5210: 5196: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5131:Preceded by 5119: 5112: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5070: 5043: 5036:Yarshater, Ehsan 5026: 5007: 4988: 4982: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4949: 4927: 4918:. Brill Online. 4905: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4758: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4686: 4659: 4640: 4613: 4586: 4542: 4515: 4488: 4481:Yarshater, Ehsan 4471: 4464:Yarshater, Ehsan 4454: 4447:Yarshater, Ehsan 4437: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4373: 4346: 4340: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4307: 4288: 4281:Yarshater, Ehsan 4271: 4249: 4222: 4197:Canby, Sheila R. 4192: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4112: 4089: 4083: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3995: 3968: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3710:, p. 55–56. 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3623:, p. 25–26. 3618: 3612: 3606: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3502: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3253:, p. 52–53. 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3120:Bournoutian 2021 3117: 3111: 3105: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3079:Mikaberidze 2007 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3007: 3001: 2990: 2984: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2815: 2809: 2796: 2790: 2775: 2769: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2502: 2488: 2482: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2408:The head of the 2406: 2400: 2393:amir al-mu'minin 2381: 2375: 2372: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1569:mint, dated 1665 1534: 1483:Iranian ceramics 1471: 1459: 1447: 1435: 1396:Aliquli Jabbadar 1320:Greater Khorasan 1171:Arakel of Tabriz 1152:Hadiqat al Shi'a 870:Rostom of Kartli 807:, the ancestral 762:War for Kandahar 642:. His mother, a 606:He excluded the 466:Pari Khan Khanum 289:, the erstwhile 260: 250: 248: 232: 33: 21: 20: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5199: 5187: 5153: 5144: 5136: 5125:Iranian royalty 5118:26 October 1666 5113: 5107: 5106: 5103:Safavid dynasty 5099: 5092: 5086: 5059: 5023: 5004: 4976: 4975: 4968: 4966: 4946: 4912:Daftary, Farhad 4890: 4888: 4881: 4857: 4855: 4848: 4824: 4822: 4815: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4775: 4747: 4725: 4723: 4675: 4656: 4629: 4602: 4576: 4549:Iranian Studies 4531: 4504: 4426: 4404: 4402: 4362: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4324: 4304: 4268: 4238: 4211: 4181: 4159: 4157: 4109: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4044: 4042: 4019:10.2307/1523214 3984: 3957: 3940: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891:, p. 304; 3887: 3883: 3876:, p. 295; 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3836:, p. 301; 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568:, p. 299; 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2993: 2985: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2818: 2810: 2799: 2791: 2778: 2770: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2529:Ghereghlou 2016 2527: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2489: 2485: 2477:, p. 249; 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2422: 2418: 2407: 2403: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 1630: 1598: 1559: 1531:Brooklyn Museum 1523: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1463: 1460: 1451: 1448: 1439: 1436: 1425: 1424: 1376:, a student of 1338: 1213: 1200:small corps of 1197: 1180:Sheikh al-Islam 1085: 1080: 1016: 973:Allahverdi Khan 953: 924:King of Kakheti 839: 794:Ali Mardan Khan 770: 764: 759: 718:Khalifeh Soltan 675:translation of 620: 575:by passing the 536:Treaty of Zuhab 408:Safavid dynasty 404: 343:Russian Tsardom 187:Safavid dynasty 176: 155: 136: 115: 99: 97: 61:15 May 1642 in 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5370: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5146: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5111:30 August 1632 5100: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5071: 5057: 5044: 5027: 5021: 5008: 5002: 4989: 4950: 4945:978-0253209153 4944: 4928: 4897: 4879: 4864: 4846: 4831: 4814:978-0857715883 4813: 4798: 4759: 4745: 4732: 4687: 4673: 4660: 4654: 4641: 4627: 4614: 4600: 4587: 4574: 4543: 4529: 4516: 4502: 4489: 4472: 4455: 4438: 4424: 4411: 4385:(in Persian). 4374: 4360: 4347: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4272: 4267:978-1568591353 4266: 4250: 4236: 4223: 4209: 4193: 4179: 4166: 4128:(1/2): 19–33. 4113: 4108:978-9004445154 4107: 4090: 4051: 3996: 3982: 3969: 3955: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3907:, p. 104. 3897: 3881: 3866: 3864:, p. 303. 3854: 3842: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3800:, p. 116. 3790: 3778: 3776:, p. 302. 3763: 3751: 3749:, p. 301. 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3598: 3596:, p. 150. 3586: 3574: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3518: 3516:, p. 298. 3503: 3487: 3485:, p. 297. 3475: 3463: 3451: 3449:, p. 187. 3439: 3437:, p. 283. 3427: 3425:, p. 185. 3415: 3403: 3401:, p. 191. 3391: 3379: 3377:, p. 184. 3367: 3355: 3353:, p. 137. 3343: 3341:, p. 183. 3331: 3319: 3307: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3192: 3180: 3178:, p. 294. 3165: 3153: 3136: 3134:, p. 122. 3124: 3112: 3110:, p. 169. 3095: 3083: 3081:, p. 175. 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. 392. 3055:Sanikidze 2021 3047: 3045:, p. 125. 3035: 3033:, p. 300. 3023: 3021:, p. 152. 3008: 3006:, p. 299. 2991: 2989:, p. 124. 2974: 2962: 2960:, p. 146. 2950: 2948:, p. 295. 2938: 2936:, p. 227. 2926: 2911: 2909:, p. 148. 2899: 2897:, p. 293. 2884: 2872: 2857: 2855:, p. 139. 2845: 2843:, p. 292. 2833: 2831:, p. 291. 2816: 2797: 2776: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2681:, p. 130. 2668: 2666:, p. 146. 2656: 2654:, p. 280. 2644: 2642:, p. 285. 2632: 2630:, p. 144. 2620: 2618:, p. 101. 2608: 2606:, p. 247. 2593: 2591:, p. 261. 2581: 2579:, p. 266. 2569: 2557: 2555:, p. 145. 2553:Mitchell 2009b 2545: 2533: 2518: 2503: 2499:Mitchell 2009a 2483: 2479:Khafipour 2021 2467: 2463:Mitchell 2009a 2455: 2453:, p. 212. 2442: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2416: 2401: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974:Dilaram Khanum 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862:Safi of Persia 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1597: 1594: 1558: 1555: 1522: 1519: 1515:Persian carpet 1477: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1438:Battle of Marv 1437: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1404:Battle of Marv 1392:Mohammad Zaman 1374:Mo'en Mosavver 1337: 1334: 1285:Ottoman Sultan 1212: 1209: 1196: 1193: 1189:Vank Cathedral 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1072:Nakihat Khanum 1035:sadr-i mamalik 1015: 1012: 975:, an Armenian 952: 949: 936:Khosrow Soltan 838: 835: 766:Main article: 763: 760: 758: 755: 619: 616: 532:Ottoman Empire 528:continuing war 496:Safavid Empire 403: 400: 363:king of Kartli 333:, invaded the 329:and a Safavid 327:King of Kartli 303:Ottoman Empire 234: 233: 226: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 178: 177: 175: 174: 171: 165: 163: 157: 156: 154: 153: 152:Princess Anuka 150: 148:Nakihat Khanum 144: 142: 138: 137: 127: 125: 121: 120: 112: 108: 107: 98:30 August 1632 94: 90: 89: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 59: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5369: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5272:Soltan Hoseyn 5270: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5095: 5087: 5085:9781838608491 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5022:9780755633784 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5003:9780521042512 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4886: 4882: 4880:9781139054980 4876: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4853: 4849: 4847:9780857716613 4843: 4839: 4838: 4832: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4746:9780810855809 4742: 4738: 4733: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4674:9780190884826 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4655:9781317871408 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4628:9781838607074 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4601:9781000392876 4597: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4530:9780691118550 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4503:9781000392876 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4425:9781780760797 4421: 4417: 4412: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4361:9781000392876 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4303:9789004260924 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4254:Floor, Willem 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4237:9781933823331 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4210:9780714114835 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3983:1-86064-721-9 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3956:9781000392876 3952: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3931:, p. 42. 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3852:, p. 18. 3851: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3812:, p. 19. 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3761:, p. 81. 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3734:, p. 20. 3733: 3732:Mokhberi 2019 3728: 3722:, p. 56. 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3698:, p. 55. 3697: 3692: 3686:, p. 91. 3685: 3680: 3678: 3671:, p. 90. 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 21. 3646: 3645:Tanavoli 2016 3641: 3635:, p. 20. 3634: 3633:Tanavoli 2016 3629: 3622: 3617: 3611:, p. 90. 3610: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3584:, p. 16. 3583: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3556:, p. 32. 3555: 3550: 3544:, p. 85. 3543: 3538: 3532:, p. 298 3531: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3501:, p. 297 3500: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3473:, p. 89. 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3413:, p. 87. 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3389:, p. 84. 3388: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3365:, p. 86. 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3329:, p. 56. 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3289:, p. 52. 3288: 3283: 3277:, p. 53. 3276: 3271: 3265:, p. 86. 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3241:, p. 52. 3240: 3235: 3229:, p. 51. 3228: 3223: 3217:, p. 50. 3216: 3211: 3205:, p. 25. 3204: 3199: 3197: 3190:, p. 71. 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3163:, p. 45. 3162: 3157: 3151:, p. 47. 3150: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3069:, p. 53. 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2924:, p. 44. 2923: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2882:, p. 81. 2881: 2876: 2870:, p. 43. 2869: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2814:, p. 44. 2813: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2729:, p. 42. 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2705:, p. 41. 2704: 2699: 2693:, p. 76. 2692: 2687: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2567:, p. 41. 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2543:, p. 69. 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2514:Hitchins 2001 2510: 2508: 2501:, p. 32. 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2481:, p. 121 2480: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2367: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 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Retrieved 4961:. New York. 4958: 4935: 4915: 4889:. Retrieved 4869: 4856:. Retrieved 4836: 4823:. Retrieved 4803: 4776:. Retrieved 4770:. New York. 4767: 4736: 4724:. Retrieved 4699: 4695: 4664: 4645: 4618: 4591: 4553: 4547: 4520: 4493: 4484: 4467: 4460:"Solayman I" 4450: 4415: 4403:. Retrieved 4386: 4382: 4351: 4325:. Retrieved 4319:. New York. 4316: 4313:"Esma'il II" 4293: 4284: 4257: 4227: 4200: 4170: 4158:. Retrieved 4125: 4121: 4094: 4068:. Retrieved 4062:. New York. 4059: 4043:. 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3122:, p. 4. 3115: 3108:Matthee 1999 3091:Matthee 2001 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3043:Matthee 2019 3038: 3026: 3019:Matthee 2021 2987:Matthee 2019 2970:Soroush 2000 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2922:Matthee 2019 2907:Matthee 2021 2902: 2875: 2868:Matthee 2019 2848: 2836: 2793:Rahimlu 2015 2772:Matthee 2012 2722: 2710: 2703:Matthee 2019 2698: 2686: 2679:Matthee 1999 2664:Matthee 2021 2659: 2647: 2635: 2628:Matthee 2021 2623: 2611: 2604:Matthee 2019 2584: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2495:Bakhash 1983 2486: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2419: 2409: 2404: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2081: 1611: 1608: 1603:Rudi Matthee 1599: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1503:Ming dynasty 1499:Bandar Abbas 1496: 1481: 1387:Farangi-sazi 1385: 1382: 1361: 1342:Khaju Bridge 1339: 1305: 1274: 1269: 1261:Bandar Abbas 1257:Persian Gulf 1234: 1201: 1198: 1178: 1162: 1159:Iranian Jews 1156: 1151: 1150:, who wrote 1105: 1103: 1092: 1056: 1047:qurchi-bashi 1046: 1034: 1028: 1000: 992: 981:qurchi-bashi 980: 976: 970: 965:Mohammad Beg 939: 913: 898: 859: 855:in 1651–1653 818: 802: 779: 735: 728: 722: 715: 695:Mohammad Beg 691:qurchi-bashi 690: 688: 676: 657: 653: 649:Jean Chardin 621: 604: 566: 556: 544: 524:power vacuum 517: 470: 458:Haydar Mirza 451: 405: 391:Iranian Jews 387: 371:Mohammad Beg 367: 300: 291:grand vizier 271:Safavid Iran 262: 238: 237: 42:Shah of Iran 18: 5327:1666 deaths 5322:1632 births 5291:(1732–1736) 5283:(1722–1732) 5275:(1694-1722) 5267:(1666–1694) 5259:(1642–1666) 5251:(1629–1642) 5243:(1587–1629) 5235:(1577–1587) 5227:(1576–1577) 5219:(1524–1576) 5211:(1501–1524) 5197:(1501–1736) 4903:"ʿAbbās II" 4764:"Ṭahmasp I" 4702:: 275–309. 4443:"ʿAbbas II" 4389:: 123–144. 3929:Newman 2008 3889:Roemer 2008 3874:Roemer 2008 3862:Roemer 2008 3838:Newman 2008 3834:Roemer 2008 3747:Roemer 2008 3684:Newman 2008 3657:Babaie 1994 3621:Taylor 1995 3609:Newman 2008 3570:Burton 1988 3566:Roemer 2008 3554:Burton 1988 3542:Newman 2008 3530:Roemer 2008 3514:Roemer 2008 3499:Roemer 2008 3483:Roemer 2008 3471:Newman 2008 3435:Morren 1981 3387:Newman 2008 3263:Newman 2008 3176:Roemer 2008 3031:Roemer 2008 3004:Roemer 2008 2958:Morgan 2014 2946:Roemer 2008 2895:Roemer 2008 2880:Newman 2008 2841:Roemer 2008 2829:Roemer 2008 2715:Roemer 2008 2691:Newman 2008 2652:Roemer 2008 2640:Roemer 2008 2616:Savory 2007 2589:Roemer 2008 2577:Roemer 2008 2565:Newman 2008 2541:Savory 2007 2475:Roemer 2008 2451:Roemer 2008 2300:Anna Khanum 1378:Reza Abbasi 1358:coffeehouse 1126:order, the 1039:Hidden Imam 920:Terek river 830:Dara Shikoh 814:Afghanistan 798:Transoxiana 661:regnal name 632:Anna Khanum 540:Mesopotamia 351:Terek river 323:Rostom Khan 283:Anna Khanum 207:Anna Khanum 173:Hamza Mirza 69:Predecessor 5306:Categories 5280:Tahmasp II 5264:Suleiman I 5151:Suleiman I 5145:1642–1666 5058:0892363622 4683:1110484021 4610:1274244049 4512:1274244049 4370:1274244049 4189:2009464064 3992:2005272298 3965:1274244049 3759:Canby 1998 2934:Floor 2008 2853:Floor 2001 2385:chronogram 2357:References 1617:Suleiman I 1543:Abbas-nama 1293:Cretan War 1185:impalement 1163:Abbas-nama 1140:Abu Muslim 994:sipahsalar 894:Vakhtang V 886:Bakhtrioni 866:Teimuraz I 790:Shah Jahan 644:Circassian 612:concubines 481:Azerbaijan 420:Aq Qoyunlu 402:Background 359:Vakhtang V 339:Teimuraz I 279:Circassian 169:Suleiman I 83:Suleiman I 57:Coronation 5288:Abbas III 5224:Ismail II 5216:Tahmasp I 4969:13 August 4924:1875-9831 4825:13 August 4778:13 August 4716:781537659 4637:875467518 4560:: 17–36, 4558:Routledge 4539:918275314 4434:863092297 4395:2588-6916 4327:13 August 4246:234257199 4219:730448896 4134:0008-9192 4070:13 August 3459:Blow 2009 3067:Suny 1994 2439:Citations 1586:panegyric 1488:porcelain 1366:Shahnameh 1301:Anatolian 1289:Mehmed IV 1229:Qajar era 1211:Diplomacy 1144:messianic 1128:Safaviyya 1052:Sam Mirza 989:New Julfa 985:favourite 821:Aurangzeb 805:Samarkand 699:sommelier 608:Qizilbash 562:Saru Taqi 530:with the 454:Ismail II 431:Tahmasp I 423:Turkomans 418:from the 355:Georgians 313:with the 287:Saru Taqi 258:ʿAbbās II 252:romanized 79:Successor 5256:Abbas II 5208:Ismail I 5067:32312791 4963:Archived 4934:(1994). 4914:(eds.). 4885:Archived 4852:Archived 4819:Archived 4772:Archived 4755:70836728 4720:Archived 4708:23507735 4399:Archived 4321:Archived 4256:(2001). 4199:(1998). 4154:Archived 4142:41927597 4064:Archived 4039:Archived 4035:55529825 4006:Muqarnas 2429:falconry 2425:leopards 2082:Abbas II 1628:Ancestry 1619:. After 1507:collapse 1350:Ali Qapu 1297:Istanbul 1195:Military 1091:A royal 1083:Religion 1078:Policies 1064:syphilis 1060:Behshahr 944:Armenian 928:Karabakh 901:Russians 890:Alaverdi 786:Kandahar 669:theology 597:Mar'ashi 589:Armenian 477:Caucasus 447:Armenian 443:Georgian 439:Ottomans 412:Ismail I 383:Suleiman 319:Kandahar 277:and his 247:عباس دوم 239:Abbas II 213:Religion 117:Behshahr 5240:Abbas I 5038:(ed.). 4584:4310753 4483:(ed.). 4466:(ed.). 4449:(ed.). 4283:(ed.). 4150:1553665 4027:1523214 2411:qurchis 1691:Abbas I 1557:Coinage 1412:Humayun 1245:taffeta 1241:brocade 1225:Humayun 1175:Jesuits 1132:Ardabil 874:Kakheti 862:Georgia 853:forces 851:Russian 809:Timurid 747:Ardabil 743:Hamadan 678:Al-Kafi 673:Persian 636:eunuchs 585:Isfahan 581:demesne 500:Abbas I 485:Abbas I 462:Sunnism 361:as the 311:the war 261:; born 254:: 243:Persian 5190:Rulers 5114: 5082: 5065: 5055: 5019: 5000: 4942: 4922: 4891:8 July 4877: 4858:8 July 4844: 4811: 4753: 4743: 4726:8 July 4714: 4706: 4681: 4671: 4652: 4635: 4625: 4608: 4598: 4582: 4572: 4537: 4527: 4510: 4500: 4432: 4422: 4405:8 July 4393: 4368: 4358: 4300: 4264: 4244: 4234: 4217: 4207: 4187: 4177: 4160:8 July 4148: 4140: 4132: 4105: 4045:8 July 4033: 4025: 3990: 3980: 3963: 3953: 1612:ghulam 1596:Legacy 1567:Tiflis 1511:Kashan 1400:Nowruz 1362:Naqali 1308:Uzbeks 1270:firman 1249:velvet 1203:qurchi 1094:firman 1066:, and 1043:Levant 977:ghulam 940:ghulam 932:Astara 930:, and 905:Sweden 878:Kartli 751:Kerman 730:firman 724:sharia 703:Shamlu 665:tomans 628:Qazvin 600:Sayyid 569:eunuch 557:ghulam 548:Ma'bas 512:Safi I 416:Tabriz 331:vassal 325:, the 307:Uzbeks 281:wife, 224:Tughra 203:Mother 197:Safi I 193:Father 141:Spouse 135:, Iran 124:Burial 119:, Iran 101:Qazvin 73:Safi I 63:Kashan 5116:Died: 5109:Born: 5034:. In 4906:. In 4704:JSTOR 4580:JSTOR 4479:. In 4462:. In 4445:. In 4279:. In 4138:JSTOR 4099:Brill 4023:JSTOR 2362:Notes 1575:Abbas 1492:China 1329:Balkh 1281:Basra 1253:satin 1221:Akbar 1107:ulama 1014:Death 961:Ganja 847:Qajar 757:Reign 593:Gilan 567:As a 552:harem 182:House 161:Issue 48:Reign 5248:Safi 5134:Safi 5080:ISBN 5063:OCLC 5053:ISBN 5017:ISBN 4998:ISBN 4985:link 4971:2022 4940:ISBN 4920:ISSN 4893:2022 4875:ISBN 4860:2022 4842:ISBN 4827:2022 4809:ISBN 4794:link 4780:2022 4751:OCLC 4741:ISBN 4728:2022 4712:OCLC 4679:OCLC 4669:ISBN 4650:ISBN 4633:OCLC 4623:ISBN 4606:OCLC 4596:ISBN 4570:ISBN 4535:OCLC 4525:ISBN 4508:OCLC 4498:ISBN 4430:OCLC 4420:ISBN 4407:2022 4391:ISSN 4366:OCLC 4356:ISBN 4343:link 4329:2022 4298:ISBN 4262:ISBN 4242:OCLC 4232:ISBN 4215:OCLC 4205:ISBN 4185:LCCN 4175:ISBN 4162:2022 4146:OCLC 4130:ISSN 4103:ISBN 4086:link 4072:2022 4047:2022 4031:OCLC 3988:LCCN 3978:ISBN 3961:OCLC 3951:ISBN 2427:and 1783:10. 1394:and 1336:Arts 1251:and 1223:ibn 1124:Sufi 938:, a 888:and 876:and 868:and 749:and 693:and 684:polo 520:Safi 445:and 427:Shah 406:The 275:Safi 267:Shah 111:Died 105:Iran 93:Born 5192:of 4562:doi 4015:doi 2399:)). 2397:Ali 2298:3. 2080:1. 1972:5. 1860:2. 1747:4. 1721:9. 1689:6. 1663:8. 1505:’s 1494:. 1165:by 1004:Qom 942:of 587:'s 269:of 133:Qom 5308:: 5061:. 4981:}} 4977:{{ 4957:. 4910:; 4883:. 4850:. 4817:. 4790:}} 4786:{{ 4766:. 4749:. 4718:. 4710:. 4700:52 4698:. 4694:. 4677:. 4631:. 4604:. 4578:, 4568:, 4554:24 4552:, 4533:. 4506:. 4428:. 4397:. 4364:. 4339:}} 4335:{{ 4315:. 4240:. 4213:. 4183:. 4152:. 4144:. 4136:. 4126:32 4124:. 4120:. 4101:. 4097:. 4082:}} 4078:{{ 4058:. 4037:. 4029:. 4021:. 4011:11 4009:. 4003:. 3986:. 3959:. 3766:^ 3739:^ 3676:^ 3601:^ 3528:; 3506:^ 3497:; 3301:; 3195:^ 3168:^ 3139:^ 3098:^ 3011:^ 2994:^ 2977:^ 2914:^ 2887:^ 2860:^ 2819:^ 2800:^ 2779:^ 2734:^ 2671:^ 2596:^ 2521:^ 2506:^ 2497:; 2493:; 1533:. 1314:, 1287:, 1247:, 1243:, 1114:, 1054:. 745:, 705:. 564:. 298:. 249:, 245:: 131:, 103:, 5182:e 5175:t 5168:v 5088:. 5069:. 5025:. 5006:. 4987:) 4973:. 4948:. 4926:. 4895:. 4862:. 4829:. 4796:) 4782:. 4757:. 4730:. 4685:. 4658:. 4639:. 4612:. 4564:: 4541:. 4514:. 4436:. 4409:. 4387:3 4372:. 4345:) 4331:. 4306:. 4270:. 4248:. 4221:. 4191:. 4164:. 4111:. 4088:) 4074:. 4049:. 4017:: 3994:. 3967:. 3317:. 3305:. 3093:. 2972:. 2795:. 2774:. 2531:. 2516:. 2465:. 2431:. 2395:( 680:. 502:. 241:(

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Knowledge

Abbas II of Persia

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