20:
918:
788:
550:, and constituted a strategic threat both to the Carolingians on their southern border, and to the Abbasids at the western end of their dominion. Embassies were exchanged both ways, with the apparent objective of cooperating against the Umayyads of Cordova (Al-Andalus): a Frankish embassy went to
583:
from Europe to
Eastern lands. It is noted that Charlemagne made attempts to establish an open market between the Carolingians and Abbasids, possibly as a means for the Carolingians to economically benefit from trade with the Abbasids. As a famous example, the 8th century English king
900:
has postulated that the successes of the
Islamic Military throughout the 8th centuries motivated Byzantine Christians to adopt the notion of Islam that does not favor the imagery of idols. Charlemagne has been recorded as following the iconoclastic fervor of the East Roman Emperor
811:
The embassies sent by
Charlemagne possessed sundry royal red fabrics, a textile noted to be of value within the Abbasid realm. In addition, Charlemagne sponsored the construction of the Church of St. Mary in Jerusalem and its library and sent sums of money with all of his envoys.
834:
and had spherical decorations which would strike cymbals below to create a chiming sound for each hour. There were also twelve figurines of horsemen that would animate at the end of each hour. Harun al-Rashid is also reported to have offered the custody of the Holy places in
681:, the troops of Charlemagne were joined by troops led by Sulayman. Husayn of Zaragoza, however, refused to surrender the city, claiming that he had never promised Charlemagne his allegiance. Meanwhile, the force sent by the Baghdad caliphate seems to have been stopped near
566:
Commercial exchanges occurred between the
Carolingian and Abbasid realms, and Arabic coins are known to have spread in Carolingian Europe in that period. Arab gold is reported to have circulated in Europe during the 9th century, apparently in payment of the export of
826:
briefly describes the arrival of the emissary referred to as Isaac the Jew, who brought with him the elephant Abul al-Abbas. Abul al-Abbas is reported to have died suddenly in 810, while
Charlemagne was on campaign in a town called "Lippeham".
711:, which was opposed to his role in Italy and his claim to the title of Roman Emperor. For Harun al-Rashid, there was an advantage in having a partner against his rivals in the Emirate of Cordova (Al-Andalus).
815:
Harun al-Rashid is reported to have sent numerous presents to
Charlemagne, including silks, a brass candelabra, perfume, balsam, a tent with multi-colored curtains, ivory chessmen, and an elephant named
471:, for example, which is known directly only from Chinese sources. There is only one contemporary source from the Abbasid Caliphate that refers to diplomacy with Charlemagne, versions III and IV of the
779:
The third and final embassy was sent by
Charlemagne in 809, but it arrived after Harun al-Rashid had died. The embassy returned in 813 with messages of friendship, but little concrete results.
807:
in the first quarter of the ninth century (now Paris, BnF lat. 2195) incorporates an elephant's head. The realistic portrayal of an Asian elephant suggests that the artist had seen Abul-Abbas.
704:
Charlemagne's conflict with the
Umayyad Emir of Cordova is one of the possible military conflicts which made him an ally of Harun al-Rashid, as they found a common enemy to unite against.
624:. The "Spanish Abbasids sought support for their cause in Pepin's Francia; he was content to oblige because the Cordovan dynasty posed a constant military threat to southwestern France".
846:
was traditionally held to have been a gift from Harun to
Charlemagne. Although this is consistent with its dating, the earliest reference to the carved piece is from Paris in 1505.
467:, routinely records relations only with the Byzantine Empire. Otherwise routine diplomacy that went smoothly goes unreported. There is no reference to diplomatic contacts with
854:
Various
Islamic influences seem to appear in Christian religious architecture such as the multi-colored tile designs which may have been inspired by Islamic
3197:
3182:
3127:
3162:
3033:
1866:
2898:
1523:
1381:
1527:
1385:
526:
Contacts between the Carolingians and the Abbasids started soon after the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate and the concomitant fall of the
3028:
760:
In 802, a second embassy was sent by Charlemagne, which returned in 806. In 807, Rodbertus, Charlemagne's ambassador died as he returned from
3192:
3187:
3080:
2908:
685:. After a month of siege at Zaragoza, Charlemagne decided to return to his kingdom. On his retreat, Charlemagne suffered an attack from the
3152:
2827:
1743:
1489:
2903:
364:
during the 8th and 9th centuries, effected through a series of embassies, rapprochements and combined military operations between the
3085:
263:
3157:
3137:
3132:
2941:
2449:
2345:
141:
1859:
734:
Three embassies were sent by Charlemagne to Harun al-Rashid's court and the latter sent at least two embassies to Charlemagne.
171:
1751:
1692:
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1357:
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121:
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1852:
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1811:
Annales regni Francorum (741–829) qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhardi. Post editionem G. H. Pertzii
1774:
1729:
1709:
1672:
1499:
81:
745:. They met with Charlemagne who was present in Italy at that time. In 799, Charlemagne sent another mission to the
456:, a record of a survey of the church in the Holy Land commissioned by Charlemagne, corroborates Einhard's account.
19:
1091:
3177:
2255:
1490:
Scholz, Bernhard Walther (1931- ). Rogers, Barbara (1945- ). Nithardus (ca 790-ca 845). Histories (ang.) (2000).
213:
944:
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2705:
1429:
951:
and mother of several tenth-century Italian kings, is reported to have sent an embassy to the Abbasid caliph
340:
71:
613:
In 777, pro-Abbasid rulers of northern Spain contacted the Carolingian to request help against the powerful
1984:
1766:
3075:
843:
459:
The absence of references to Abbasid–Carolingian diplomacy in Islamic sources is not peculiar. The major
402:
in 732, and were aimed at establishing a counter-alliance with the 'faraway' Abbasid Empire based in the
345:
324:
30:
741:(probably as interpreter), Lantfrid and Sigimud. Four years later in 801, an Abbasid embassy arrived in
2846:
2265:
1989:
554:
in 765, which returned to Europe after three years with numerous presents, and an Abbasid embassy from
440:
1662:
When worlds collide: exploring the ideological and political foundations of the clash of civilizations
2260:
1798:
1647:
472:
335:
933:. These embassies also seem to have had the objective of promoting commerce between the two realms.
896:
from 732 to 842, influenced a Christian movement that destroyed idols, icons, amongst other images.
697:, destroying it. However, on his retreat north his baggage train was ambushed by the Basques at the
3147:
2631:
2627:
2505:
1701:
917:
698:
658:
in return for military aid. The three pro-Abbasid rulers also conveyed that the caliph of Baghdad,
490:
484:
422:) sources. These are mostly contemporary or nearly so. Especially important are the quasi-official
283:
183:
151:
1664:
940:
to the throne, internal dissensions prevented the Carolingians from further ventures into Spain.
223:
193:
161:
91:
1542:
2584:
2280:
406:. Slightly later, another Carolingian-Abbasid alliance was attempted in a conflict against the
303:
243:
111:
101:
51:
1591:
1573:
1559:
1461:
1347:
1308:
1290:
1225:
1211:
1120:
1072:
1048:
970:
546:". Former supporters of the Umayyad Caliphate were established firmly in southern Spain under
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2579:
2250:
1994:
1479:
1264:
1197:
1183:
992:
981:
822:
773:
424:
1613:
M. Hamidullah, "An Embassy of Queen Bertha to Caliph al-Muktafi billah in Baghdad 293/906",
617:
510:
395:
3142:
1641:
1318:
902:
804:
8:
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2131:
1955:
1636:
1517:
1375:
1335:
1028:
866:
655:
651:
534:
had a powerful enough position in Europe to "make his alliance valuable to the Abbasid
418:
Direct evidence for Abbasid–Carolingian diplomacy comes almost entirely from Frankish (
368:
1844:
1008:
707:
For Charlemagne, the alliance may also have functioned as a counterweight against the
2411:
2371:
2338:
1912:
1875:
1833:
1823:
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1747:
1725:
1705:
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1505:
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1032:
897:
882:
792:
627:
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527:
434:
372:
273:
669:
in 778 "at the head of all the forces he could muster". His troops were welcomed in
665:
Following the sealing of this alliance at Paderborn, Charlemagne marched across the
3005:
2715:
2601:
2520:
2469:
2173:
1788:
1020:
893:
708:
407:
233:
131:
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from 719 to 759 was a period of intense conflict between the Carolingians and the
464:
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2596:
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2027:
1972:
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in the Iberian peninsula continued to represent a challenge to the Carolingians.
506:
498:
494:
399:
391:
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1801:(1762). Dell'anno 601 dell'era volgare fino all'anno 840, pp. 465. Olzati.
394:. These contacts followed the intense conflict between the Carolingians and the
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2401:
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2204:
2194:
2158:
2141:
2109:
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1813:. Hannover: Scriptores rerum germanicarum in usum scholarum. pp. 116–117.
1367:
3121:
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2427:
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1509:
1408:
906:
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686:
662:, was preparing an invasion force against the Umayyad ruler Abd al-Rhaman I.
61:
737:
The 797 embassy, the first one from Charlemagne, was composed of three men,
501:
in 732. Umayyad forces were finally expelled from Gaul with the conquest of
2990:
2740:
2564:
2525:
2500:
2459:
2366:
2054:
2049:
1763:
Carolingian chronicles : Royal Frankish annals and Nithard's Histories
1684:
1492:
Carolingian chronicles : Royal Frankish annals and Nithard's Histories
1024:
926:
859:
787:
597:
253:
1547:
Le Blog Gallica: La Bibliothèque numérique de la BnF et de ses partenaires
3038:
2406:
2245:
2225:
2199:
2136:
1917:
796:
749:, with which the Patriarch of Jerusalem sent Charlemagne the keys to the
731:, or with a view to gaining an alliance against the Umayyads of Cordova.
720:
643:
387:
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2209:
2151:
1960:
1924:
1677:
1348:
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Emperor of the East, 905-959. (2008).
1336:
Cassiodore, Commentaire sur les psaumes I-L, Initiale B ornée zoomorphe
952:
889:
870:
855:
817:
727:
from 797, apparently in view of a Carolingian-Abbasid alliance against
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453:
445:
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2720:
2673:
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2121:
2032:
1979:
1967:
1820:
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories
1758:
1724:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1715:
948:
874:
836:
769:
728:
682:
670:
647:
635:
593:
555:
543:
403:
383:
1009:"ʿAbbāsid–Carolingian Diplomacy in Early Medieval Arabic Apocalypse"
764:. In turn, Abdallah, Harun al-Rashid's envoy reached Charlemagne in
2963:
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2017:
719:
After these campaigns, there were again numerous embassies between
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2022:
1787:(1986). The early Abbasid Caliphate a political history. London:
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568:
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460:
449:
365:
830:
The automatic water-clock made of brass, described in the 807
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2812:
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2710:
2698:
2683:
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2301:
2068:
1757:
Scholz, Bernhard Walther (1931- ). Rogers, Barbara (1945- ).
905:, however, Charlemagne's attempts were ultimately stopped by
596:
with "Offa Rex" centered on the reverse amid inscriptions in
419:
2958:
1802:
1792:
1778:
921:
Romantic depiction of Harun receiving a Frankish delegation
742:
650:, offering his submission, together with the allegiance of
576:
293:
1822:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 81–2.
1540:
1398:
1291:
War And Peace in the Law of Islam by Majid Khadduri, p.247
1251:
1249:
475:, which were redacted in the aftermath of Harun's death.
608:
1874:
1645:
God's Crucible Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215
1069:
Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab roots of capitalism
1006:
1738:
Constantine VII Prophyrogentius, Emperor of the East.
1246:
993:
Carolingian Chronicles by Bernhard Walter Scholz, p.16
1476:
Legends of Charlemagne; or Romance of the middle ages
23:
Map of the Abbasid and Carolingian empires around 814
378:
The alliance is likely to have formed first between
1300:
1298:
1567:
1092:Medieval European Coinage By Philip Grierson p.330
865:Early Carolingian architecture generally combines
603:
1323:Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity
1044:
1042:
3119:
1588:A Study of History: Abridgement of volumes VII-X
1401:Dall'anno 601 dell'era volgare fino all'anno 840
1305:Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe
1295:
1117:Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe
955:, requesting friendship and a marital alliance.
516:
452:, an Irishman writing around 825. Likewise, the
37:
26:
1600:
1598:
1352:. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
1239:
1237:
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1233:
1161:
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1101:
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1860:
1277:
1275:
1595:
1522:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1380:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1230:
1154:
1133:
1096:
925:It seems that in 831, Harun al-Rashid's son
3198:Foreign relations of the Carolingian Empire
2785:
1744:Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies
1415:
1325:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 286.
772:, George and Felix, who represented of the
3183:Military history of the Carolingian Empire
3128:Foreign relations of the Abbasid Caliphate
1867:
1853:
1761:(ca 790-ca 845). Histories (ang.) (2000).
1615:Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
1526:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1435:
1384:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1272:
677:by Sulayman al-Arabi. As he moved towards
3163:Military history of the Abbasid Caliphate
916:
786:
18:
3060:
1581:
1334:BnF Expositions, Trésors carolingiens,
561:
3120:
2552:
1817:
1441:
849:
16:8th–9th-century political relationship
3059:
2929:
2784:
2652:
1890:
1848:
1808:
1425:
1266:Charlemagne and the Early Middle Ages
1002:
1000:
609:Strategic interest in Spain (777–778)
3193:9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
3188:8th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
2930:
1463:Daily life in the age of Charlemagne
386:, and later to have continued under
3153:Military alliances involving France
1714:
1541:Mathilde Avisseau-Broustet (2022),
1399:Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (1762).
782:
444:. There is also indirect evidence.
13:
3091:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
2060:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1633:A History of Early Medieval Europe
997:
912:
588:is known to have minted copies of
413:
14:
3209:
757:, as well as a Jerusalem Banner.
1990:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
1818:Scholz, Bernhard Walter (1970).
1721:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
1494:. University of Michigan Press.
1007:Samuel Ottewill-Soulsby (2019),
842:The ivory elephant known as the
1607:
1590:by Arnold Joseph Toynbee p.259
1575:A world history of architecture
1561:A world history of architecture
1553:
1534:
1483:
1469:
1455:
1392:
1341:
1328:
1312:
1284:
1258:
1219:
1205:
1191:
1177:
1168:
1145:
1124:
1110:
936:After 814 and the accession of
604:Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid
592:dinars struck in 774 by Caliph
463:history of the period, that of
3158:Military history of al-Andalus
3138:9th-century military alliances
3133:8th-century military alliances
1809:Kurze, Friedrich, ed. (1895).
1187:by Bernhard Walter Scholz p.16
1085:
1076:
1062:
1053:
986:
975:
964:
768:accompanied by two monks from
714:
530:in 751. The Carolingian ruler
1:
2796:Palace and central government
2653:
1635:Taylor & Francis, London
1623:
1430:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
517:Pepin the Short and al-Mansur
478:
2256:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
2000:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
1767:University of Michigan Press
693:. As a reprisal he attacked
521:
362:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
7:
1891:
1699:A History of Medieval Spain
1543:"L'éléphant de Charlemagne"
1444:, pp. 91 (Eng. tr. of
858:in the 800 CE gatehouse at
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
257:
247:
237:
227:
217:
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197:
187:
177:
165:
155:
145:
135:
125:
115:
105:
95:
85:
75:
65:
55:
45:
31:Foreign alliances of France
10:
3214:
1799:Muratori, Lodovico Antonio
1268:by Miriam Greenblatt, p.29
1071:by Gene W. Heck p.179-181
620:in southern Spain, led by
482:
441:Vita Hludowici imperatoris
3173:9th century in al-Andalus
3168:8th century in al-Andalus
3066:
3055:
3016:
2940:
2936:
2925:
2881:
2855:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2659:
2648:
2616:
2538:
2483:
2442:
2424:
2354:
2316:
2298:
2261:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
2218:
2187:
2100:
2083:
2010:
1948:
1933:
1901:
1897:
1886:
473:Arabic Sibylline prophecy
331:
322:
82:Franco-Hungarian alliance
42:Frankish–Abbasid alliance
36:
2856:Financial administration
2628:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
1740:De Administrando Imperio
1702:Cornell University Press
1665:Rowman & Littlefield
1350:De administrando imperio
958:
929:also sent an embassy to
801:Commentary on the Psalms
699:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
491:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
485:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
214:Franco-Austrian alliance
204:Franco-Prussian alliance
184:Franco-American alliance
152:Franco-Austrian alliance
142:Franco-Prussian alliance
62:Franco-Scottish alliance
2786:Government and military
1478:Thomas Bulfinch p. xix
1422:Annales regni Francorum
1199:Beyond the Arab disease
943:Almost a century later
892:” that occurred in the
844:Chessman of Charlemagne
723:and the Abbasid caliph
558:visited France in 768.
294:North Atlantic Alliance
254:Franco-Italian alliance
224:Franco-Russian alliance
194:Franco-Persian alliance
162:Franco-Indian Alliances
132:Franco-Spanish alliance
122:Franco-British alliance
102:Franco-English alliance
92:Franco-Ottoman alliance
3178:8th century in Francia
2281:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
1697:Joseph F. O'Callaghan
1617:, I, 1953, pp 272-300.
1307:Richard Hodges, p.121
1213:Creating East and West
1201:by Riad Nourallah p.51
1185:Carolingian Chronicles
1119:Richard Hodges, p.120
1025:10.1515/mill-2019-0011
922:
832:Royal Frankish Annals,
808:
747:Patriarch of Jerusalem
446:Charlemagne's elephant
314:European Defence Union
304:Western European Union
264:Franco-Soviet alliance
244:Franco-Polish alliance
112:Franco-Indian alliance
72:Franco-Polish alliance
52:Franco-Mongol alliance
24:
2590:Mustansiriya Madrasah
1995:Round city of Baghdad
1637:Methuen & Co, Ltd
1465:by John J. Butt p.146
1450:Royal Frankish Annals
1215:by Nancy Bisaha p.207
920:
823:Royal Frankish Annals
790:
642:sent a delegation to
425:Royal Frankish Annals
22:
3086:Science and learning
1985:Conquest of Ifriqiya
1742:, pp. 905–959.
1642:David Levering Lewis
1577:Marian Moffett p.195
1563:Marian Moffett p.194
1319:Rosamond McKitterick
805:Abbey of Saint-Denis
562:Commercial exchanges
3061:Culture and society
2164:Kharijite Rebellion
850:Artistic influences
701:on August 15, 778.
3101:Islamic philosophy
2397:Musharrif al-Dawla
2266:Qarmatian invasion
2251:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
2132:Anarchy at Samarra
2088:the Abbasid empire
1956:Abbasid Revolution
1255:O'Callaghan, p.106
923:
809:
656:Abu Taur of Huesca
652:Husayn of Zaragoza
618:Emirate of Córdoba
438:and the anonymous
396:Emirate of Córdoba
369:Carolingian Empire
325:Regional relations
172:Franco-Vietnamese
25:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2776:
2775:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2612:
2611:
2544:(1157–1258)
2534:
2533:
2434:(1055–1157)
2420:
2419:
2412:al-Malik al-Rahim
2339:Baghdad Manifesto
2294:
2293:
2079:
2078:
1913:Umayyad Caliphate
1876:Abbasid Caliphate
1752:978-0-88402-343-2
1693:978-0-7456-3193-6
1656:978-0-393-06472-8
1630:Margaret Deanesly
1359:978-0-88402-343-2
883:Northern European
795:B from a copy of
793:inhabited initial
660:Muhammad al-Mahdi
628:Sulayman al-Arabi
528:Umayyad Caliphate
448:is referenced by
435:Vita Karoli magni
373:Abbasid Caliphate
358:
357:
354:
353:
274:Treaty of Dunkirk
3205:
3057:
3056:
3034:Jews and Judaism
2938:
2937:
2931:Religion and law
2927:
2926:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2650:
2649:
2632:Mamluk Sultanate
2550:
2549:
2545:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:(946–1055)
2098:
2097:
2093:
2086:Fragmentation of
2038:Sack of Heraclea
1946:
1945:
1941:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1814:
1735:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1513:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1439:
1433:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1371:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:Lewis, p.251-267
1172:
1166:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1004:
995:
990:
984:
979:
973:
968:
894:Byzantine Empire
839:to Charlemagne.
783:Diplomatic gifts
774:Patriarch Thomas
753:and the site of
709:Byzantine Empire
630:the pro-Abbasid
511:Umayyad presence
497:, marked by the
408:Byzantine Empire
398:, marked by the
234:Entente Cordiale
38:
27:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3148:Harun al-Rashid
3118:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3096:House of Wisdom
3062:
3043:
3012:
2932:
2913:
2877:
2851:
2787:
2772:
2655:
2636:
2621:
2608:
2602:Sack of Baghdad
2546:
2543:
2530:
2479:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2416:
2392:Sultan al-Dawla
2382:Sharaf al-Dawla
2377:Samsam al-Dawla
2362:Mu'izz al-Dawla
2350:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2214:
2188:Abbasid revival
2183:
2115:Sack of Amorium
2094:
2092:(833–946)
2091:
2090:
2087:
2075:
2028:Harun al-Rashid
2006:
1973:Battle of Talas
1942:
1940:(750–833)
1939:
1938:
1929:
1906:
1893:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1830:
1732:
1681:Islam in Europe
1626:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1554:
1539:
1535:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1428:, p. 131,
1420:
1416:
1397:
1393:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:Deanesly, p.294
1047:
1040:
1005:
998:
991:
987:
982:Shalem, p.94-95
980:
976:
969:
965:
961:
938:Louis the Pious
931:Louis the Pious
915:
913:Lasting impacts
871:Early Christian
852:
785:
725:Harun al-Rashid
717:
622:Abd ar-Rahman I
611:
606:
564:
548:Abd ar-Rahman I
532:Pepin the Short
524:
519:
507:Pepin the Short
499:Battle of Tours
487:
481:
416:
414:Primary sources
400:Battle of Tours
392:Harun al-Rashid
380:Pepin the Short
350:
173:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:Robe of honour
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:Jund Qinnasrin
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Jund al-Urdunn
2733:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2484:Seljuk sultans
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Jalal al-Dawla
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:'Adud al-Dawla
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2286:Nasir al-Dawla
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Zanj Rebellion
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2104:
2102:Samarra period
2095:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1828:
1815:
1806:
1796:
1782:
1755:
1736:
1730:
1712:
1695:
1675:
1658:
1639:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1594:
1580:
1566:
1552:
1533:
1500:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1434:
1414:
1391:
1358:
1340:
1327:
1311:
1294:
1283:
1271:
1257:
1245:
1229:
1218:
1204:
1190:
1176:
1167:
1153:
1144:
1132:
1123:
1109:
1095:
1084:
1082:British Museum
1075:
1061:
1052:
1038:
1019:(1): 213–231,
996:
985:
974:
962:
960:
957:
947:, daughter of
914:
911:
898:Arnold Toynbee
851:
848:
784:
781:
751:Holy Sepulcher
716:
713:
634:(governor) of
610:
607:
605:
602:
586:Offa of Mercia
563:
560:
523:
520:
518:
515:
483:Main article:
480:
477:
415:
412:
356:
355:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
320:
319:
316:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
296:
290:
289:
286:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
260:
259:
256:
250:
249:
246:
240:
239:
236:
230:
229:
226:
220:
219:
216:
210:
209:
206:
200:
199:
196:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
176:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
154:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
54:
48:
47:
44:
34:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3210:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3006:Shi'a Century
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Sunni Revival
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Abna al-dawla
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Amir al-umara
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Jund Filastin
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Malik-Shah II
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:al-Mustarshid
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Baha al-Dawla
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:Sack of Mecca
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:al-Mutawakkil
2125:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:Establishment
1947:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:9780472061860
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:0-472-06186-0
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1731:0-521-59984-9
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:0-8014-9264-5
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:0-7425-5856-8
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:Gene W. Heck
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:0-472-06186-0
1497:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
994:
989:
983:
978:
972:
967:
963:
956:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
934:
932:
928:
919:
910:
908:
907:Pope Adrian I
904:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
828:
825:
824:
819:
818:Abul al-Abbas
813:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
780:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:Isaac the Jew
735:
732:
730:
726:
722:
712:
710:
705:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
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3071:Architecture
3029:Christianity
2991:Twelve Imams
2741:Jund Dimashq
2618:
2597:al-Musta'sim
2585:al-Mustansir
2565:al-Mustanjid
2541:Final period
2540:
2526:Ahmad Sanjar
2501:Malik-Shah I
2460:al-Mustazhir
2426:
2367:Izz al-Dawla
2300:
2085:
2050:Fourth Fitna
1999:
1936:Early period
1935:
1903:
1819:
1810:
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1739:
1720:
1698:
1685:Polity Press
1680:
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1165:Lewis, p.249
1151:Lewis, p.253
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1130:Lewis, p.245
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1107:Lewis, p.244
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803:made at the
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598:Pseudo-Kufic
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361:
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323:
41:
3143:Charlemagne
3039:Khurramites
2986:Shi'a Islam
2950:Mu'tazilism
2407:Abu Kalijar
2355:Buyid emirs
2246:al-Mustakfi
2226:al-Muqtadir
2205:al-Mu'tadid
2200:al-Muwaffaq
2195:al-Mu'tamid
2142:al-Musta'in
2137:al-Muntasir
2110:al-Mu'tasim
2065:Mu'tazilism
1918:Third Fitna
1785:Kennedy, H.
1648:W.W. Norton
1442:Scholz 1970
1059:Goody, p.80
971:Heck, p.172
797:Cassiodorus
721:Charlemagne
689:in central
644:Charlemagne
388:Charlemagne
3122:Categories
3076:Literature
3001:Qarmatians
2996:Isma'ilism
2904:Commanders
2763:Tabaristan
2630:under the
2570:al-Mustadi
2560:al-Muqtafi
2521:Muhammad I
2496:Alp Arslan
2475:al-Muqtafi
2455:al-Muqtadi
2241:al-Muttaqi
2210:al-Muktafi
2152:al-Muhtadi
2147:al-Mu'tazz
1961:Abu Muslim
1925:Hashimiyya
1904:Background
1880:(750–1258)
1805:258143787.
1795:0709900929
1789:Croom Helm
1716:Gil, Moshe
1678:Jack Goody
1624:References
1426:Kurze 1895
1424:Anno 810 (
1403:. Olzati.
1368:1062030419
1281:Gil, p.286
1013:Millennium
953:Al-Muktafi
890:Iconoclasm
856:polychromy
820:. The 802
509:, but the
505:in 759 by
479:Background
469:Tang China
454:Basel roll
308:1954–2011
288:1948–1954
278:1947–1997
268:1936–1939
248:1921–1940
228:1892–1917
218:1812–1813
208:1812–1813
198:1807–1809
188:1778–1794
178:1777–1820
156:1756–1792
146:1741–1756
136:1733–1792
126:1716–1731
116:1603–1763
106:1657–1660
96:1536–1798
86:1528–1552
76:1524–1526
66:1295–1560
56:1220–1316
3081:Musicians
2974:Shafi'ism
2969:Hanbalism
2828:Officials
2751:Jund Hims
2654:Geography
2619:Aftermath
2511:Berkyaruq
2470:al-Rashid
2174:Saffarids
2122:al-Wathiq
2055:al-Ma'mun
2033:Barmakids
1980:al-Mansur
1968:al-Saffah
1781:867938000
1759:Nithardus
1718:(1997) .
1518:cite book
1510:867938000
1409:258143787
1376:cite book
1033:207892673
949:Lothar II
927:al-Ma'mun
903:Leo Syrus
885:designs.
875:Byzantine
837:Jerusalem
770:Jerusalem
729:Byzantium
715:Embassies
683:Barcelona
671:Barcelona
648:Paderborn
636:Barcelona
594:Al-Mansur
556:al-Mansur
544:al-Mansur
522:Embassies
465:al-Ṭabarī
404:Near East
384:al-Mansur
46:777–800s
2964:Hanafism
2882:Military
2716:Khurasan
2689:Ifriqiya
2664:Arminiya
2580:al-Zahir
2575:al-Nasir
2506:Mahmud I
2450:al-Qa'im
2346:al-Qa'im
2334:al-Qadir
2231:al-Qahir
2219:Collapse
2179:Tulunids
2169:Tahirids
2018:al-Mahdi
1838:77083456
1746:, 2008.
1687:, 2004,
1432:edition)
695:Pamplona
679:Zaragoza
667:Pyrenees
600:script.
503:Narbonne
495:Umayyads
371:and the
366:Frankish
341:Americas
174:alliance
2899:Battles
2894:Ghilman
2823:Mazalim
2669:Bahrayn
2553:Caliphs
2491:Tughril
2443:Caliphs
2329:al-Ta'i
2324:al-Muti
2317:Caliphs
2236:al-Radi
2045:al-Amin
2023:al-Hadi
1892:History
1878:topics
1704:, 1983
1667:, 2007
1650:, 2008
879:Islamic
755:Calvary
691:Navarra
687:Basques
615:Umayyad
590:Abbasid
581:weapons
552:Baghdad
540:Baghdad
430:Einhard
3024:Dhimmi
2873:Kharaj
2847:Vizier
2842:Shurta
2731:Awasim
2706:Jazira
2430:period
2428:Seljuk
2304:period
2276:Bajkam
2011:Apogee
1836:
1826:
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1728:
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1356:
1031:
945:Bertha
766:Aachen
762:Persia
675:Girona
640:Girona
573:timber
569:slaves
536:caliph
461:Arabic
450:Dicuil
346:Africa
166:1700s
3017:Other
2954:Mihna
2942:Islam
2868:Iqta'
2863:Diwan
2837:tiraz
2818:Harem
2813:Hajib
2808:Barid
2768:Yemen
2726:Syria
2721:Sindh
2711:Jibal
2699:Sawad
2684:Hejaz
2679:Egypt
2674:Barqa
2302:Buyid
2069:Mihna
1029:S2CID
959:Notes
888:The “
867:Roman
420:Latin
258:1935
2959:Fiqh
2952:and
2909:Wars
2835:and
2694:Iraq
2067:and
1834:LCCN
1824:ISBN
1803:OCLC
1793:OCLC
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1771:ISBN
1748:ISBN
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1706:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1528:link
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881:and
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673:and
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638:and
632:Wali
579:and
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