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703:. At the foot of the staircase was a large rectangular water basin from which a canal led down to a raised pavilion near the river, 300 meters away from the gate. The gate itself had a second story from which the caliph, the palace residents, or the guards were able to survey the landscape. Behind the gate, a series of halls led eastward to a square courtyard. Beyond this was a domed hall with four iwans arranged in a cruciform layout, with each iwan granting access to another courtyard behind it. The eastern courtyard beyond this was a vast esplanade measuring 350 by 180 metres (1,150 by 590 ft) which had water channels, fountains, and possibly gardens. Among other excavated and partly reconstructed features visible today is a sunken courtyard with chambers constructed around a large circular water basin, the so-called "Large Serdab" (as named by
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style became popular throughout the lands of the
Abbasid Caliphate and is found as far as Afghanistan (e.g. the Nine Dome Mosque in Balkh) and Egypt (e.g. Ibn Tulun Mosque). The three types (Styles A, B, and C) of stucco decoration best exemplified, and perhaps developed, in Abbasid Samarra were quickly imitated elsewhere and Style C, which itself remained common in the Islamic world for centuries, was an important precursor to fully developed
1056:, but no other examples were built elsewhere. A possible exception is the minaret of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, which has a spiral staircase that seems to imitate the minarets of Samarra (though the current structure was at least partly reconstructed in the late 13th century). It is the only example of a spiral minaret outside Iraq. Some early scholarly theories proposed that these helicoidal minarets were inspired by ancient Mesopotamian
667:(hall) open to the court opposite the entrance hall, and residential units. Sasanian techniques persist in the construction of vaults with pointed curves using rubble and mortar faced with brick and stucco, blind arches as decorations for large wall surfaces, and long vaulted halls with recesses behind arches supported by heavy pillars. Verbal descriptions indicate that palaces in Baghdad had similar layout, although on a larger scale.
44:
3532:
873:, who had spent time in Samarra. It has a nearly square floor plan with a vast interior courtyard surrounded by roofed spaces with rectangular piers and pointed arches. The design of its arcades, in which carved decoration alternates with solid surfaces and the main arches alternate with smaller arched openings in the spandrels, forms a visual rhythmic effect that further exploits the potential of basic Abbasid design.
4444:
4457:
918:
231:
624:, as construction materials, with fire brick also used at times. In turn, these materials required regular maintenance and restoration. The flatness and openness of the land also made it possible to build on an unprecedentedly vast scale, which the early caliphs frequently did, as exemplified by the new administrative capitals they created. Abbasid architecture had foliate decorations on arches,
1448:
al-Sharabiya, a school for
Islamic theology built in 1230 by Sharif al-Din Iqbal, while some have identified it as the Bishiriya Madrasa, built in 1255. Another scholar, Yasser Tabbaa, has argued that the building lacks some key features of a madrasa and therefore its identification as a palace remains more plausible. He notes that some historical sources mention the construction of the
869:, Afghanistan (9th century). These mosques all had hypostyle forms with internal courtyards. The Ibn Tulun Mosque is one of the best-preserved Abbasid mosques anywhere and one of the most impressive provincial mosques of this era. Its design is a product of the Samarra style being adapted by local craftsmanship, probably on the instructions of its patron,
793:
1452:("House by the Breakwater") begun by al-Nasir around this location towards 1184, which could therefore correspond to this structure. Significant parts of the building were reconstructed in the 20th century by the State Establishment of Antiquities and Heritage, including restoration of the great iwan and the adjacent facades.
816:
382:, brought the Abbasid Caliphate to an end. The destruction wrought by this conflict, along with the relative fragility of building materials vulnerable to environmental damage and the later changes to the city's structure, has contributed to the loss of most of Abbasid-era Baghdad's architecture, with few exceptions.
1341:, built in 1228–1233. All have been significantly modified or restored in recent times. The Mausoleum of Sitta Zubayda, probably built by Caliph al-Nasir for his mother, exemplifies an original type of mausoleum that was being built in Mesopotamia around this period: a polygonal chamber is covered by a cone-like
1458:
615:
and earlier, was widely employed for formal spaces like reception halls. As mentioned above, the two-centered pointed arch became common in the early
Abbasid period, followed by the introduction of the four-centered pointed arch at Samarra. Physical geography also influenced local architecture. Stone
1409:
common in contemporary
Iranian architecture, but it had an unusually elongated form, possibly imposed by the narrow urban site. The courtyard displays a sophisticated combination of vaulting and carved relief decoration. It has two major iwans aligned with its long axis and a two triple-iwan façades
841:
was built by al-Mansur and expanded at a later period, but it has since disappeared and is now known only from texts. It had a hypostyle form with courtyard. The Great Mosque of
Samarra (848–852) built by al-Mutawakkil had a rectangular floor plan measuring 256 by 139 metres (840 by 456 ft). It
773:
570:
were developed in
Samarra and rapidly became popular elsewhere. The first two styles may be seen as derivative from Late Antique or Umayyad decorative styles, but the third is entirely new. Style C used molds to create repeating patterns of curved lines, notches, slits, and other elements. The fluid
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made the city his capital during the later years of his reign and built his residence here between 796 and 808. Some of its remains have been excavated, revealing buildings with spacious floor plans similar to other parts of
Mesopotamia but lacking the use of iwans. The Baghdad Gate, one of the few
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and the growing Muslim population had also brought changes in needs. Under the
Abbasids, new constructions included not only larger mosques and palaces, but also fortifications, new types of houses, commercial buildings and even recreational facilities for racing and polo matches. They upgraded the
1209:
leaves, derived from more traditional
Byzantine and Levantine styles; "style B" is a more abstract and stylized version of these motifs; and "style C", also known as the "beveled" style, is entirely abstract, consisting of repeating symmetrical forms of curved lines ending in spirals. The Abbasid
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was also first built during the
Abbasid period, but little remains of this construction as it was rebuilt and expanded in later centuries. The mosque at Balkh was about 20 by 20 metres (66 by 66 ft) square, with three rows of three square bays, supporting nine vaulted domes. Other nine-domed
690:
The palaces of Samarra, founded by al-Mu'tasim in 836, were notable for their enormous size and their well-defined subdivisions. They included vast courtyards around which numerous apartments and halls were arranged. Some of the palaces had multiple monumental gates, arranged in succession, which
1087:
Houses were often built in blocks. Most houses seem to have been two story. The lower level was often sunken into the ground for coolness, and had vaulted ceilings. The upper level had a timber ceiling and a flat terraced roof that provided living space in summer nights. Houses were built around
161:
motifs, to spread quickly across the vast territories under its control. One of the most important architectural activities during this time was the construction of new capital cities or administrative centers (a tradition also continued from earlier Mesopotamian and Persian rulers), such as the
842:
had a flat wooden roof was supported by columns and was decorated with marble panels and glass mosaics. The Abu Dulaf Mosque (859–861) near Samarra also had a rectangular floor plan, an open-air courtyard, and a prayer hall with arcades on rectangular brick piers running at right angles to the
662:
The earliest surviving Abbasid palace, built around 775, is the al-Ukhaidir Palace. It has a plan derived from earlier Sasanian and Umayyad palaces. The palace lies in the desert about 180 kilometres (110 mi) to the south of Baghdad. It is rectangular in shape, 175 by 169 metres (574 by
1447:
vaults that decorate the inside of its eastern gallery. Its design shares close similarities with the Mustansiriya Madrasa (completed in 1233), which has led some scholars to argue that it was actually a madrasa. These scholars have commonly identified it as most likely being the Madrasa
837:) and covered prayer hall. They built mosques on a monumental scale using brick construction, stucco ornament and architectural forms developed in Mesopotamia and other regions to the east. Massive rounded piers with smaller engaged columns were also typical in Abbasid mosques. The first
902:
1421:, in what was formerly the citadel of the city. Popularly known as the "Abbasid Palace", the origins and nature of the structure have been debated by scholars, as there are no surviving inscriptions or texts that identify its name or function. The building was erected under Caliph
1115:(d. 870) were also buried here. The construction of domed tombs became more common among both Shi'as and Sunnis during the tenth century, although early Sunni mausoleums were mostly built for political rulers, whereas the Shi'as built them especially over the tombs of the Prophet
1236:
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during its Abbasid reconstruction in the late 8th century. In the 9th century single minaret towers were built in or near the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall of mosques. These towers were built across the empire in a height to width ratio of around 3:1. One of the
211:
built with local Iraqi craftsmanship. Much of Abbasid art and architecture has been lost over time due to the fragile nature of the materials used and due to destruction wrought by conflicts. Very little of Abbasid-era Baghdad, the urban heart of the caliphate, has survived.
1276:
1131:, built in the tenth century by the Samanids (one of the dynasties that ruled under Abbasid suzerainty). In the early 10th century the Abbasids also built another grand mausoleum for their dynasty on the east bank of the Tigris River in Baghdad, but it was later destroyed.
571:
designs make no use of traditional vegetal, geometric or animal themes. The stucco work was sometimes colored in red or blue, and sometimes incorporated a glass mosaic. The patterns cut into the stucco surface at an angle. This is the first and purest example of the
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political power. As a result, during the 11th to 13th centuries it was difficult to differentiate architectural forms associated with the Abbasids and those associated with other dynasties, and Abbasid architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries was essentially
1321:
political power. As result, it is difficult to differentiate architectural forms associated with the Abbasids and those associated with other dynasties from the 11th to 13th centuries. Abbasid architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries was essentially
749:
551:, which had no counterparts elsewhere. While the origins of the minaret are still uncertain, these and several other early 9th-century minarets built within the Abbasid territories are the first true minarets in Islamic architecture. The two-centered
495:, and Iranian empires. This Mesopotamian influence in Islamic architecture was only diluted in the 10th century, when Abbasid Mesopotamia entered a period of economic decline and the centers of political power in the region shifted east to Iran.
1107:, dating from the mid-9th century (c. 862). It consists of an octagonal structure with a central square chamber covered by a dome. According to Ernst Herzfielf, who first documented the building in modern times, it was the mausoleum of Caliph
538:
Abbasid cities were laid out on huge sites. The palaces and mosques of Samarra sprawled along the shores of the Tigris for 40 kilometres (25 mi). To match the scale of the sites, monumental buildings were erected, such as the huge spiral
1373:
182:
for construction, allowing for enormous architectural complexes to be built at relatively low cost, as most clearly exemplified by Samarra, which was made up of vast palaces and monumental mosques spread across some 40 km (25 mi).
742:
decorating the lower part of the walls, and stucco also decorated door frames, wall-niches and arches, in three distinct styles. Other palaces that have been excavated often have a domed central chamber surrounded by four iwans facing
699:, was begun around the same time as the city's foundation. On its west side was a grand entrance overlooking the Tigris River. It consisted of a grand staircase leading up to a monumental gate in the form of a three iwans, known as
1252:
1204:
Under the Abbasids in Iraq stucco decoration developed more abstract motifs, as seen in the 9th-century palaces of Samarra. Three styles are distinguished by modern scholars: "style A" consists of vegetal motifs, including
932:
876:
The Tarikhaneh mosque in Damghan, whose structure dates from the 9th century or the second half of the 8th century, is the only early Abbasid mosque in Iran to preserve much of its original form. The 10th-century the
1351:
711:("Geometric Basin", a name given by Iraqi archeologists). The courtyard, located to the north of the grand esplanade, was probably designed to be a respite from the heat of summer. In addition to the main palace,
679:
old monuments preserved in Raqqa today, was once thought to date from al-Mansur's foundation in the late 8th century, but it has since been attributed to the 11th or 12th century instead, around the time of
1214:
decoration. The Tulunids in Egypt built copies of Abbasid buildings in Cairo. The Ibn Tulun Mosque, built in Fustat near Cairo in 876-879, combines Umayyad and Abbasid structural and decorative features.
1312:
Abbasid political power declined in the 10th century and later Abbasid caliphs were confined to Baghdad. They were less involved in public architectural patronage, which became instead dominated by the
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554 ft), with four gates. Three are in half-round towers that protrude from the wall, and one in a rectangular recess in the wall. Inside there is a vaulted entrance hall, a central court, an
1478:
1184:
146:. The Abbasids evolved distinctive styles of their own, particularly in decoration. This occurred mainly during the period corresponding with their power and prosperity between 750 and 932.
575:. It may represent a deliberate attempt to make an abstract form of decoration that avoids depiction of living things, and this may explain its rapid adoption throughout the Muslim world.
1443:), in the late Abbasid period. It stands two stories high and contains a central courtyard and an iwan with a brick ceiling and façade. One of its most unique features is the series of
1037:, built in 836 under Aghlabid rule and still well-preserved today. Other minarets that date from the same period, but less precisely dated, include the minaret of the Friday Mosque of
265:. During the Umayyad period, Muslims had largely re-used pre-Islamic buildings in the cities they conquered, but by the Abbasid era many of these structures required replacement. The
555:
and vault had appeared before the Abbasids took power, but became standard in Abbasid architecture, with the point becoming more prominent. The first fully developed example of the
1288:
738:
of the arches, giving the appearance of a foliate arch. Floors were sometimes of marble, more often tiled. The reception rooms of palaces at Samarra had carved or molded stucco
118:). The great changes of the Abbasid era can be characterized as at the same time political, geo-political and cultural. The Abbasid period starts with the destruction of the
1326:
built with local Iraqi craftsmanship. Nonetheless, during the reigns of the last few caliphs in this period, there was a renewal of caliphal patronage in Baghdad.
638:
that became identified as typical of "Islamic" architecture, although these forms may have their origins in Sassanian architecture. Thus the fronting arch of the
582:
in Ifriqiya founded in 946 was circular, perhaps in imitation of Baghdad. The choice of layout may have been a deliberate challenge to the Abbasid Caliphate. The
2071:
Moaz, Abd al-Razzaq; Tabbaa, Yasser; Takieddine, Zina; Daiber, Verena; Bakkour, Dina; Hafian, Wa'al; Hasan, Haytham; Mayor, Balázs; Michaudel, Benjamin (2015).
1523:
The mausoleum is attached to the al-Khaffafin Mosque, which was originally founded by Zumurrud Khatun but was completely rebuilt much later under Ottoman rule.
1282:
Carved stucco panels from Samarra (9th century) in Style C or "beveled" style, showing flatter and more abstract motifs (at the Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin)
3612:
278:, clearing obstacles, adding walls and drainage ditches in some areas, and built stations for the pilgrims with rooms, a water reservoir, and a mosque.
3135:
Northedge, Alastair E. (2012). "ʿAbbāsid art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
1045:(known as the "Minaret of the Bride"), now the oldest minaret in the region of Syria (though its upper section was probably rebuilt multiple times).
359:), coinciding with the Seljuk decline and other factors, the Abbasids once again gained control of Iraq and enjoyed a limited revival. His successor,
186:
While the Abbasids lost control of large parts of their empire after 870, their architecture continued to be copied by successor states in Iraq,
3322:
198:. Later Abbasid caliphs were confined to Baghdad and were less involved in public architectural patronage, which was instead dominated by the
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or "spiral" minaret behind its northern wall, known as the Malwiya. This unique design was repeated once more in the minaret of the nearby
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The Abbasids also undertook public works that included construction of canals in Samarra and of cisterns in Tunisia and Palestine. The
917:
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1092:, which later became common Islamic architectural features. Most of the houses had latrines and facilities for cold-water bathing.
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Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M. (2011). "Iraq, Iran, and Egypt: The Abbasids". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
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or Nayin), for its part, preserves some of the best Abbasid stucco decoration of its time, covering its pillars, arches, and
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1357:
1330:
823:, Iraq, built by al-Mutawakkil in 848–52; the outer wall of the mosque is on the right, the Malwiya minaret is on the left
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courtyards, and had featureless exteriors, although they were often elaborately decorated inside. There are no traces of
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Panel of carved stucco wall decoration from Samarra (9th century) in Style A, with more naturalistic motifs (from the
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Tabbaa, Yasser (2017). "Dome". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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1258:
Panel of carved stucco wall decoration from Samarra (9th century) in Style B (from the Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin)
734:
Palaces at Samara such as al-'Ashiq and al-Jiss, built around 870, display polylobed moldings carved deeply into the
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and the lands of the eastern and southern Mediterranean. The period between 750 and 900 has been described as the
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Panel of carved stucco wall decoration from Samarra (9th century) in Style A, with vine leaf motif (from the
518:. Later, in the 12th and 13th centuries, architecture in the lands ruled by the Abbasids became dominated by
674:. The city was laid out in the shape of a horseshoe and reportedly copied the Round City of Baghdad. Later,
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rulers of the Arab-Islamic empire. The Abbasid caliphs based themselves in what is now Iraq and ruled over
487:, whose features continued to be present in the region's structures even after centuries of occupation by
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2615:
2613:
607:
Typical features of early Abbasid architecture included the use of brick vaulting and stucco decoration.
552:
484:
139:
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153:. The early caliphate's great power and unity allowed architectural features and innovations, such as
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usafa: Study on Conservation and Redevelopment of Historical Centre of Baghdad City/Republic of Iraq
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The first known minarets built as towers appeared under Abbasid rule. Four towers were added to the
4337:
3620:
3546:
1030:
1009:
1337:), built around 1152 or before 1202, the al-Wastani (or al-Jafariya) Gate, built in 1221, and the
1178:, Jerusalem. Palestine was neglected by the Abbasids, and was mainly a society of peasant farmers.
911:, approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Samarra, commissioned by Al-Mutawakkil in 859
3695:
3395:
1399:
The Mustansiriya Madrasa was the first documented madrasa that was built to teach all four Sunni
1026:
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892:
820:
587:
548:
530:
371:
66:
2157:"An Interpretation of the Palace of the Caliph at Samarra (Dar al-Khilafa or Jawsaq al-Khaqani)"
329:, by now the effective ruler only of Iraq, moved his capital back to Baghdad in 889. In 945 the
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In 772 Al-Mansur founded a new city called al-Rafiqa on the Euphrates, the site of present-day
135:
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over the outlying parts of the empire, with local dynasties gaining effective independence in
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32:
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2868:. Iraq: Ministry of Culture and Information State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage.
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8:
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421:
408:. The original round city was built after the plan of circular Sasanian cities, such as
3375:
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2191:
2168:
2000:
1865:
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1016:(vassals of the Abbasid Caliphs), is one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world.
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464:, he may have been following earlier traditions such as the round city of Gur built by
302:
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granted access from one courtyard to another. Al-Mu'tasim's main palace, known as the
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Early Abbasid architecture was strongly influenced by the architecture of the earlier
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was once decorated with a lobed molding, a form copied in the Palace of al-Ukhaidir.
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Fragments of stucco from Samarra, including paintings, carvings and abstract patterns
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controlled Baghdad for the next century and posed as the protectors of the caliphs.
258:
234:
225:
107:
3279:
2100:
2098:
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444:, similar design features, such as buttress towers, and the same materials, such as
54:
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3832:
3822:
3745:
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802:, a palace near Samarra. The palace was commissioned under the 15th Abbasid caliph
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306:
1733:
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in Cairo. Even Umayyad buildings of the Iberian peninsula show Abbasid influence.
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Carved stucco panel from Samarra (9th century), in Style B (from the Iraq Museum)
1060:, but this view has been challenged or rejected by some later scholars including
1041:, now the oldest minaret in Iran, and the minaret opposite the qibla wall at the
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2996:
Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society
658:(c. 775) in Iraq, one of the earliest surviving examples of Abbasid architecture
620:
of central and southern Iraq, which encouraged the use of mud brick, faced with
293:, which soon grew to one of the largest cities in the world. In 836, the caliph
4251:
4246:
4135:
4037:
3925:
3894:
3572:
3562:
2919:
1726:
1469:
1465:
1433:
1406:
1314:
1042:
945:
is an example of Abbasid architecture built by the autonomous Abbasid governor
896:
mosques of this kind have been found in Spain, Tunisia, Egypt and Central Asia.
803:
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built luxurious palaces for his sons, such as the Balkuwara Palace for his son
704:
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360:
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326:
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1360:, built around 1152 for Zumurrud Khatun (Sitta Zubayda), the mother of Caliph
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area. As a result there was a corresponding displacement of the influence of
1095:
The oldest surviving example of a domed tomb in Islamic architecture is the
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1038:
608:
591:
488:
195:
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1142:, near modern Cairo, built in 861, has elaborate and ornate stonework and
341:, while the Abbasid caliphs retained their nominal title. After 1055, the
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127:
111:
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Some late Abbasid monuments have been preserved in Baghdad, including
4053:
4011:
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3685:
3630:
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Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook
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Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
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3025:
The Abbasid Tradition: In The Art and Architecture of Islam 650-1250
2077:(in Spanish). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen).
4022:
3983:
3920:
3863:
3837:
3802:
3700:
3521:
1422:
1361:
1116:
1057:
1049:
735:
724:
635:
630:
503:
445:
441:
349:
318:
314:
310:
175:
43:
4185:
3531:
2866:
Studies In Mediaeval Iraqi Architecture. Baghdad: Republic of Iraq
1307:
4332:
4155:
4140:
4130:
4115:
3968:
3812:
3710:
3640:
3587:
3128:
Architecture of the Islamic World; Its History and Social Meaning
2054:
2052:
1414:
1401:
1191:
1124:
1100:
1083:
in Samarra, the oldest surviving Islamic domed mausoleum (c. 862)
1034:
999:
858:
621:
540:
400:
The city of Baghdad between 767 and 912 AD, growing out from the
375:
286:
246:
167:
154:
76:
3031:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2592:
2474:
2250:
2238:
2104:
2043:
2031:
1920:
1893:
1737:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1317:
and other rulers who formally declared loyalty to them but held
432:
was a heritage shared by both the Mesopotamian lowlands and the
4292:
4241:
4231:
4226:
4211:
4179:
4150:
4125:
4100:
4027:
3973:
3899:
3847:
3827:
3715:
3705:
3690:
3675:
2431:
1695:
1418:
1139:
1119:'s descendants. Another important example of the latter is the
887:
728:
586:
of Ifriqiya and Egypt followed Abbasid styles, as shown by the
507:
492:
290:
158:
149:
Abbasid architecture was an important formative stage in wider
4443:
2385:
2383:
2049:
1831:
1829:
1799:
230:
4307:
4287:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
3878:
3868:
3817:
3772:
3757:
3751:
3725:
3720:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3635:
3516:
2693:
2622:, p. 193–198, Architecture; X. Decoration; A. Sculpture.
2529:
2480:
2280:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
1673:
1671:
1622:
1299:
965:
942:
866:
843:
671:
449:
330:
275:
191:
179:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2548:
2546:
2544:
1952:
1468:" in Baghdad, tentatively dated to the reign of al-Nasir or
4297:
4256:
4042:
4016:
3873:
3792:
3608:
2652:
2640:
2380:
1826:
1206:
1104:
1048:
In Samarra, the Great Mosque of Samarra features a massive
833:
664:
338:
271:
250:
187:
115:
3232:
The Transformation of Islamic Art During the Sunni Revival
2841:
2817:
2793:
2122:
2070:
1668:
1111:(d. 862), after which the caliphs al-Mu'tazz (d. 869) and
3278:
3187:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 198.
2829:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2747:
2541:
2268:
2256:
1417:
is located in the Al-Maiden neighborhood overlooking the
827:
The Abbasids continued to follow the Umayyad rectangular
510:
and wall paintings are similar to that of the palaces of
2925:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
2725:
2723:
1816:
1814:
1743:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
2517:
2074:
The Ayyubid Era. Art and Architecture in Medieval Syria
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
755:
Remains of Bab al-'Amma (c. 836), the main gate of the
2952:
The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà, ‘The Good Vizier’
2805:
2776:
2368:
2344:
2208:
1904:
1902:
779:
Remains (partly reconstructed) of the Large Serdab or
2735:
2720:
2220:
2179:
1988:
1811:
16:
Islamic building style from the 8th to 13th centuries
3260:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
1707:
1639:
1581:
1413:
The only potential Abbasid palace structure left in
2664:
2598:
2419:
2356:
1899:
2708:
1985:, pp. 78–81, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
1973:, pp. 78–79, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
483:Early Abbasid architecture was also influenced by
138:artistic and cultural standards in favor of local
3061:Islamic Architecture: Form, function, and meaning
2454:. American University of Cairo Press. p. 9.
2332:
436:. The Abbasids used the same techniques, such as
370:), is known for his architectural patronage. The
4473:
1174:Abbasid-period buildings being excavated at the
110:(750 to 1258 CE), primarily in its heartland of
1308:Late Abbasid architecture (12th–13th centuries)
723:. Samarra's extensive facilities also included
2688:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2593:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2475:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2301:, p. 83, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
2251:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2239:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2205:, p. 81, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
2105:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2044:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2032:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2022:, p. 80, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
1921:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
1894:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
1881:, p. 82, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
1796:, p. 79, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
1769:, p. 78, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
1738:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
806:and construction took place during 877–882 AD.
719:, which had a style and layout similar to the
126:, and the position of power is shifted to the
3316:
2992:
1958:
3019:
1633:
654:Vaulted corridors around a courtyard in the
3262:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
3078:Hoag, John (1987). "Abbasid Architecture".
3058:
2993:Ende, Werner; Steinbach, Udo (2010-04-15).
2823:
1552:. Milan: Electaarchitecture. pp. 7–9.
1505:Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab Al Faihani Palace
3323:
3309:
3280:"The Art of the Fatimid Period (909–1171)"
2918:
2872:
2835:
2702:
2658:
2637:, p. 235–238, Stucco and plasterwork.
2634:
2619:
2552:
2535:
2486:
2449:
2326:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2202:
2116:
2058:
2019:
1982:
1970:
1935:"The Art of the Fatimid Period (909–1171)"
1878:
1856:
1793:
1766:
1749:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1572:
1294:Abbasid Geometric arch decorations in the
3258:"The Resurgence of the Baghdad Caliphate"
3134:
2955:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2896:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2863:
2847:
2799:
2403:"Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan"
2154:
1662:
3330:
3153:
2967:
2811:
2646:
2563:
2561:
2523:
2437:
2389:
2214:
1835:
1805:
1616:
1541:
1387:
1075:
1003:
926:(2nd half of 8th century or 9th century)
849:Other surviving Abbasid mosques are the
815:
649:
529:
395:
229:
215:
174:, founded in 836. The Abbasids favoured
3207:
3125:
3086:
3063:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2787:
2741:
2500:"Rebels damage Iraqi national treasure"
2137:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
787:palace in Samarra (around or after 836)
506:architecture increased. In Samarra the
424:. The former Sassanid capital had been
4474:
3255:
3228:
3130:. London: London: Thanes & Hudson.
3035:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650-1250
3027:. New Haven: Yale UP. pp. 75–125.
2770:
2729:
2714:
2185:
1994:
1932:
1820:
1720:
456:. When the caliph al-Mansur built the
3304:
3264:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 307–326.
3095:
2948:
2891:
2670:
2558:
2425:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2150:
2148:
2146:
1908:
1566:
3214:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3180:
3077:
2604:
2226:
1841:
1547:
2329:, Architecture (IV. c. 750–c. 900).
611:, which had already been in use in
13:
4359:Influences on Western architecture
3157:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
2443:
2395:
2143:
1692:, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900.
1071:
597:
578:The layout of the Fatimid city of
237:at its greatest extent, around 850
14:
4518:
3296:
1939:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
1472:(late 12th or early 13th century)
1383:dome of Zumurrud Khatun Mausoleum
634:vaults and polychrome interlaced
485:ancient Mesopotamian architecture
4455:
4442:
3530:
2971:The Abbasid Caliphate: A History
2877:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 90–123.
2407:Qantara - Mediterranean Heritage
1941:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1577:Architecture (IV. c. 750–c. 900)
1488:vaulting in the "Abbasid Palace"
1477:
1457:
1372:
1350:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1235:
1219:
1183:
1167:
1151:
1012:in Tunisia, built in 836 by the
973:
953:
931:
916:
901:
792:
772:
748:
53:
42:
31:
4328:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2864:Al-Janabi, Tariq Jawad (1982).
2492:
2304:
2064:
1926:
1517:
1438:
1427:
365:
354:
3211:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
3208:Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2011).
3181:Rast, Walter E. (1992-11-01).
1029:still standing is that of the
767:, Iraq, founded by Al-Mu῾tasim
525:
480:and administrative buildings.
452:and rough stone blocks set in
348:With the long reign of Caliph
270:pilgrim road from Baghdad and
1:
3137:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
3102:Muslim Religious Architecture
2570:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
1530:
1410:aligned with its short axis.
1244:Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin
1199:
863:Nuh Gunbad (Nine Dome) Mosque
831:plan with arcaded courtyard (
563:, built between 878 and 882.
378:in 1258, during the reign of
337:, became effective rulers as
94:
4420:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
3059:Hillenbrand, Robert (1994).
2999:. Cornell University Press.
2317:. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
2155:Northedge, Alastair (1993).
1535:
7:
2928:. Oxford University Press.
2892:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013).
2875:Islam: Art and Architecture
1493:
993:
980:Stucco decoration near the
297:transferred the capital to
285:founded the new capital of
122:and its replacement by the
10:
4523:
3788:Islamic geometric patterns
3154:Petersen, Andrew (2002) .
3091:. Amanat al Assima. Japan.
2976:Cambridge University Press
2974:. Cambridge and New York:
2856:
1331:Mausoleum of Sitta Zubayda
1190:The Talsam tower, part of
997:
861:, Iran (750–789), and the
811:
645:
602:
557:four-centered pointed arch
389:
385:
313:) in eastern Iran, Egypt (
219:
202:and other rulers who held
4502:11th-century architecture
4497:10th-century architecture
4433:
4377:
4346:
4320:
4270:
4222:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
4199:
4083:
4076:
4002:
3959:
3908:
3856:
3734:
3650:
3601:
3539:
3528:
3509:
3502:
3338:
3038:. Yale University Press.
1959:Ende & Steinbach 2010
1358:Zumurrud Khatun Mausoleum
1194:'s Abbasid fortifications
90:
24:
4492:9th-century architecture
4487:8th-century architecture
4338:Museum with No Frontiers
3126:Michell, George (1978).
2968:El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021).
2922:; Blair, Sheila (2009).
2450:O'Kane, Bernard (2016).
1510:
1043:Great Mosque of Damascus
1031:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1010:Great Mosque of Kairouan
924:Friday Mosque of Damghan
853:in Cairo (877–879), the
839:Friday mosque of Baghdad
500:conquest of Central Asia
428:in present-day Iraq and
420:, as exemplified by the
4449:Architecture portal
3256:Tabbaa, Yasser (2017).
3229:Tabbaa, Yasser (2002).
893:Great Mosque of Isfahan
821:Great Mosque of Samarra
588:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
549:Great Mosque of Samarra
67:Great Mosque of Samarra
4354:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3754:(multicoloured ashlar)
2949:Bowen, Harold (1928).
2836:Blair & Bloom 2011
2703:Bloom & Blair 2009
2659:Bloom & Blair 2009
2635:Bloom & Blair 2009
2620:Bloom & Blair 2009
2553:Blair & Bloom 2011
2536:Bloom & Blair 2009
2487:Bloom & Blair 2009
2440:, p. 1, 113, 189.
2327:Bloom & Blair 2009
2299:Bloom & Blair 2009
2287:Blair & Bloom 2011
2275:Blair & Bloom 2011
2263:Blair & Bloom 2011
2203:Bloom & Blair 2009
2117:Bloom & Blair 2009
2059:Bloom & Blair 2009
2020:Bloom & Blair 2009
1983:Bloom & Blair 2009
1971:Bloom & Blair 2009
1933:Yalman, Susan (2001).
1879:Bloom & Blair 2009
1857:Bloom & Blair 2009
1808:, pp. 8, 204–232.
1794:Bloom & Blair 2009
1767:Bloom & Blair 2009
1750:Blair & Bloom 2011
1704:, pp. 95–96, 102.
1702:Blair & Bloom 2011
1690:Bloom & Blair 2009
1678:Blair & Bloom 2011
1573:Bloom & Blair 2009
1548:Hoag, John D. (2004).
1396:
1395:in Baghdad (1228-1233)
1176:Givati Parking Lot dig
1162:in Cairo, built in 861
1084:
1068:, and Jonathan Bloom.
1017:
879:Friday Mosque of Nā'īn
824:
659:
535:
413:
238:
170:, founded in 762, and
4091:Congregational mosque
3549:(four-arch structure)
3021:Ettinghausen, Richard
2061:, p. 144, Raqqa.
1500:Aghlabid architecture
1391:
1079:
1022:Great Mosque of Mecca
1007:
998:Further information:
986:Friday Mosque of Nain
819:
653:
533:
458:round city of Baghdad
430:Sasanian architecture
402:Round city of Baghdad
399:
390:Further information:
303:began to lose control
241:In 750, the Abbasids
233:
216:Historical background
120:Umayyad ruling family
4507:Islamic architecture
4482:Abbasid architecture
4415:Ottoman architecture
4405:Moorish architecture
4400:Islamic architecture
4395:Iranian architecture
3818:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3672:(or müezzin mahfili)
3332:Islamic architecture
3080:Islamic Architecture
2538:, p. 342, Tomb.
2452:The Mosques of Egypt
1550:Islamic architecture
1393:Mustansiriya Madrasa
1339:Mustansiriya Madrasa
1097:Qubbat al-Sulaibiyya
1081:Qubbat al-Sulaibiyya
1062:Richard Ettinghausen
613:Umayyad architecture
584:Fatimid architecture
404:built by the caliph
392:Umayyad architecture
151:Islamic architecture
104:Abbasid architecture
83:Mustansiriya Madrasa
73:Al-Ukhaidir Fortress
20:Abbasid architecture
4452: •
4439: •
4425:Yemeni architecture
4410:Mughal architecture
4390:Berber architecture
4385:Arabic architecture
4049:Salsabil (fountain)
3783:Islamic calligraphy
2289:, pp. 109–110.
1364:and wife of Caliph
1324:Seljuk architecture
1008:The minaret of the
939:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
857:(or Tārī Khāna) in
851:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
566:Three new types of
520:Seljuk architecture
502:, the influence of
472:. It contained the
422:Palace of Ukhaidhir
281:In 762, the caliph
209:Seljuk architecture
21:
4126:Kuttab (or maktab)
2920:Bloom, Jonathan M.
2773:, p. 316-319.
2690:, p. 215-216.
2649:, p. 267–268.
2392:, p. 187-190.
2241:, p. 105-110.
2140:, p. 183-184.
1838:, p. 187-188.
1636:, pp. 75–125.
1405:. It followed the
1397:
1144:discharging arches
1085:
1018:
825:
660:
656:al-Ukhaidir Palace
536:
414:
263:Islamic Golden Age
239:
222:Rashidun Caliphate
142:models as well as
19:
4469:
4468:
4316:
4315:
4072:
4071:
4059:Shading Umbrellas
3843:Stucco decoration
3743:For overview, see
3558:Four-centred arch
3242:978-1-85043-392-7
3194:978-1-56338-055-6
3167:978-0-203-20387-3
3112:978-90-04-03813-4
3045:978-0-300-08869-4
3006:978-0-8014-6489-8
2985:978-1-107-18324-7
2935:978-0-19-530991-1
2229:, pp. 23–31.
2084:978-3-902782-17-5
1634:Ettinghausen 1987
1559:978-1-904313-29-8
1121:Samanid Mausoleum
761:Jawsaq al-Khāqānī
731:and racecourses.
697:Jawsaq al-Khāqānī
640:Arch of Ctesiphon
568:stucco decoration
235:Abbasid Caliphate
226:Umayyad Caliphate
108:Abbasid Caliphate
106:developed in the
101:
100:
4514:
4462:Islam portal
4460:
4459:
4458:
4447:
4446:
4081:
4080:
3746:Islamic ornament
3625:South Asian dome
3553:Discharging arch
3534:
3507:
3506:
3351:Anatolian Seljuk
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3275:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3225:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3150:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3092:
3087:JPC Inc (1984).
3083:
3074:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3028:
3016:
3014:
3013:
2989:
2964:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2915:
2888:
2869:
2851:
2850:, p. 68-72.
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2824:Hillenbrand 1994
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2802:, p. 68-71.
2797:
2791:
2785:
2774:
2768:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2661:, p. 57-59.
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2377:, p. 73-75.
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:, p. 72-79.
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2253:, p. 31-33.
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2107:, p. 55-56.
2102:
2089:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1770:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1680:, p. 94-95.
1675:
1666:
1660:
1637:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1545:
1524:
1521:
1481:
1461:
1442:
1441: 1226–1242
1440:
1431:
1430: 1180–1225
1429:
1379:Interior of the
1376:
1354:
1296:Ibn Tulun Mosque
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1239:
1223:
1187:
1171:
1155:
1054:Abu Dulaf Mosque
977:
962:Nine Dome Mosque
957:
935:
920:
909:Abu Dulaf Mosque
905:
796:
781:Birka Handasiyya
776:
752:
709:Birka Handasiyya
616:was rare in the
545:Abu Dulaf Mosque
468:(r. 224-241) at
462:Madinat al-Salam
369:
368: 1226–1242
367:
358:
357: 1180–1225
356:
96:
57:
46:
35:
22:
18:
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4441:
4429:
4373:
4364:Moorish Revival
4342:
4312:
4278:Albarrana tower
4266:
4195:
4182:in modern Iran)
4096:Dar al-Muwaqqit
4068:
4019:(fountain type)
4004:
3998:
3961:
3955:
3946:Reflecting pool
3941:Persian gardens
3936:Paradise garden
3904:
3881:(entrance hall)
3852:
3808:Nagash painting
3730:
3652:
3646:
3597:
3568:Lambrequin arch
3535:
3526:
3498:
3469:Sudano-Sahelian
3334:
3329:
3299:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3282:. Metmuseum.org
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1464:The so-called "
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1335:Zumurrud Khatun
1310:
1303:
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1074:
1072:Other buildings
1027:oldest minarets
1002:
996:
989:
978:
969:
958:
949:
947:Ahmad ibn Tulun
936:
927:
921:
912:
906:
871:Ahmad Ibn Tulun
814:
807:
797:
788:
777:
768:
753:
676:Harun al-Rashid
648:
618:alluvial plains
609:Barrel vaulting
605:
600:
598:Characteristics
528:
514:in what is now
474:caliphal palace
434:Iranian plateau
418:Sassanid Empire
394:
388:
372:sack of Baghdad
364:
353:
333:, followers of
301:. The Abbasids
267:spread of Islam
228:
218:
86:
80:
70:
63:
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49:
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4407:
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4378:Category pages
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4252:Medina quarter
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4046:
4040:
4038:Riwaq (arcade)
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
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3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Islamic garden
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
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3882:
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3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
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3580:
3575:
3573:Multifoil arch
3570:
3565:
3563:Horseshoe arch
3560:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3529:
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3335:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3298:
3297:External links
3295:
3293:
3292:
3276:
3270:
3253:
3241:
3235:. I.B.Tauris.
3226:
3220:
3205:
3193:
3178:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3123:
3111:
3093:
3084:
3082:. NY: Rizzoli.
3075:
3069:
3056:
3044:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2990:
2984:
2965:
2946:
2934:
2916:
2903:978-0748637256
2902:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:Al-Janabi 1982
2840:
2838:, p. 116.
2828:
2826:, p. 223.
2816:
2804:
2800:Al-Janabi 1982
2792:
2790:, p. 247.
2775:
2746:
2734:
2732:, p. 312.
2719:
2707:
2692:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2624:
2609:
2607:, p. 198.
2597:
2585:
2578:
2557:
2555:, p. 108.
2540:
2528:
2526:, p. 240.
2516:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2460:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2394:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2277:, p. 110.
2267:
2265:, p. 113.
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2190:
2188:, p. 139.
2178:
2161:Ars Orientalis
2142:
2121:
2109:
2090:
2083:
2063:
2048:
2036:
2024:
1999:
1997:, p. 138.
1987:
1975:
1963:
1961:, p. 839.
1951:
1925:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1864:
1840:
1825:
1823:, p. 309.
1810:
1798:
1771:
1754:
1742:
1740:, p. 215.
1725:
1723:, p. 307.
1706:
1694:
1682:
1667:
1663:Northedge 2012
1638:
1621:
1580:
1565:
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1539:
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1532:
1529:
1526:
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1509:
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1507:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1466:Abbasid Palace
1463:
1456:
1432:) or possibly
1407:four-iwan plan
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1349:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:(9th century)
1293:
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1164:
1157:
1150:
1127:, present-day
1103:, present-day
1073:
1070:
995:
992:
991:
990:
988:(10th century)
979:
972:
970:
959:
952:
950:
937:
930:
928:
922:
915:
913:
907:
900:
881:(also spelled
813:
810:
809:
808:
800:Qasr al-'Ashiq
798:
791:
789:
785:Dār al-Khilāfa
778:
771:
769:
757:Dār al-Khilāfa
754:
747:
721:Dar al-Khilafa
705:Ernst Herzfeld
693:Dār al-Khilāfa
647:
644:
626:pendant vaults
604:
601:
599:
596:
561:Qasr al-'Ashiq
527:
524:
387:
384:
325:). The caliph
217:
214:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
64:
52:
51:
50:
41:
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30:
29:
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4237:Hasht-Bihisht
4235:
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4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Jama'at Khana
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
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4007:
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3990:
3987:
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3967:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Mughal garden
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
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3677:
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3629:
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3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
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3443:
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3435:
3433:
3430:
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3399:
3397:
3394:
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3382:
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3377:
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3341:
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3333:
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3312:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3271:9781119068662
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3221:9780812207286
3217:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3169:
3163:
3160:. Routledge.
3159:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3146:9789004161658
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3070:9780231101332
3066:
3062:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2966:
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2958:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2884:9783848003808
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2814:, p. 30.
2813:
2812:Petersen 2002
2808:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2744:, p. 47.
2743:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2673:, p. 20.
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2647:Petersen 2002
2643:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2595:, p. 55.
2594:
2589:
2581:
2579:9789004161658
2575:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2524:Petersen 2002
2520:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2477:, p. 30.
2476:
2471:
2463:
2461:9789774167324
2457:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2438:Petersen 2002
2434:
2428:, p. 76.
2427:
2422:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2390:Petersen 2002
2386:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2365:, p. 79.
2364:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2217:, p. 32.
2216:
2215:Petersen 2002
2211:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2046:, p. 54.
2045:
2040:
2034:, p. 53.
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1923:, p. 59.
1922:
1917:
1911:, p. 22.
1910:
1905:
1903:
1896:, p. 58.
1895:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:Petersen 2002
1832:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:El-Hibri 2021
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1752:, p. 95.
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1730:
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1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1698:
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1664:
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1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:Petersen 2002
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
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1501:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:Dar al-Masnat
1446:
1435:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1375:
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1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
987:
983:
976:
971:
968:(9th century)
967:
963:
956:
951:
948:
944:
940:
934:
929:
925:
919:
914:
910:
904:
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868:
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856:
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822:
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790:
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770:
766:
762:
758:
751:
746:
745:
744:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Al-Mutawakkil
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
688:
686:
682:
677:
673:
668:
666:
657:
652:
643:
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637:
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627:
623:
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494:
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486:
481:
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467:
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459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:made without
439:
435:
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427:
423:
419:
411:
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398:
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383:
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377:
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362:
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308:
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296:
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177:
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137:
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125:
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117:
113:
109:
105:
93:
89:
84:
78:
74:
68:
56:
45:
34:
23:
4453:
4440:
4437:Islamic arts
4217:Caravanserai
3742:
3696:Loudspeakers
3621:Persian dome
3583:Pointed arch
3381:Indo-Islamic
3371:Great Seljuk
3345:
3284:. Retrieved
3261:
3246:. Retrieved
3231:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3156:
3136:
3127:
3116:. Retrieved
3101:
3097:Kuban, Dogan
3088:
3079:
3060:
3049:. Retrieved
3034:
3024:
3010:. Retrieved
2995:
2970:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2924:
2893:
2874:
2865:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2788:Michell 1978
2742:JPC Inc 1984
2737:
2710:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2600:
2588:
2569:
2531:
2519:
2508:. Retrieved
2506:. 2005-04-01
2503:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2451:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2315:Masajed Iraq
2314:
2311:جامع ابو دلف
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2181:
2164:
2160:
2138:Ruggles 2011
2112:
2073:
2066:
2039:
2027:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1938:
1928:
1916:
1860:
1801:
1745:
1697:
1685:
1619:, p. 1.
1576:
1568:
1549:
1543:
1519:
1485:
1470:al-Mustansir
1449:
1444:
1434:al-Mustansir
1412:
1400:
1398:
1380:
1342:
1328:
1318:
1311:
1203:
1133:
1096:
1094:
1090:windcatchers
1086:
1080:
1047:
1019:
981:
886:
875:
848:
832:
826:
784:
780:
763:) palace in
760:
756:
733:
720:
708:
701:Bab al-'Amma
700:
696:
692:
689:
669:
661:
629:
606:
592:Azhar Mosque
580:Al-Mansuriya
577:
565:
553:pointed arch
537:
497:
482:
478:Great Mosque
461:
415:
380:al-Musta'sim
361:al-Mustansir
347:
280:
243:seized power
240:
203:
196:North Africa
185:
148:
140:Mesopotamian
128:Mesopotamian
103:
102:
97:750–1250s AD
91:Years active
4064:Windcatcher
4045:(courtyard)
3798:Mosque lamp
3778:Girih tiles
3735:Decorations
3613:Arabic dome
2894:The minaret
2771:Tabbaa 2017
2730:Tabbaa 2017
2715:Tabbaa 2017
2186:Tabbaa 2002
2167:: 143–170.
1995:Tabbaa 2002
1821:Tabbaa 2017
1721:Tabbaa 2017
1228:Iraq Museum
1109:al-Muntasir
1066:Oleg Grabar
941:(876–9) in
804:Al-Mu'tamid
783:inside the
559:was at the
526:Innovations
450:baked brick
327:al-Mu'tamid
295:al-Mu'tasim
255:Mesopotamia
180:baked brick
157:and carved
112:Mesopotamia
4476:Categories
4347:Influences
4262:Well house
4033:Mashrabiya
3681:Hussainiya
3617:Onion dome
3408:Indonesian
3396:Qutb Shahi
3248:2013-03-15
3200:2013-03-16
3173:2013-03-15
3118:2013-03-15
3051:2013-03-16
3012:2013-03-16
2941:2013-03-15
2705:, Baghdad.
2671:Kuban 1974
2510:2024-06-12
2489:, Minaret.
2426:Bloom 2013
2412:2022-04-26
2375:Bloom 2013
2363:Bloom 2013
2351:Bloom 2013
2339:Bloom 2013
2119:, Samarra.
1945:2022-06-19
1909:Bowen 1928
1531:References
1484:Detail of
1366:al-Mustadi
1200:Decoration
1129:Uzbekistan
1113:al-Muhtadi
1050:helicoidal
855:Tarikhaneh
717:al-Mu'tazz
516:Tajikistan
466:Ardashir I
335:Shia Islam
220:See also:
164:Round City
4321:Resources
4084:Religious
4054:Shabestan
4012:Hypostyle
3994:Shadirvan
3763:Arabesque
3686:Imamzadeh
3651:Religious
3631:Semi-dome
3578:Ogee arch
3547:Chahartaq
3510:Materials
3437:Almoravid
3412:Malaysian
3139:. Brill.
3105:. BRILL.
2912:856037134
2605:Rast 1992
2572:. Brill.
2227:Hoag 1987
1536:Citations
1212:arabesque
1160:Nilometer
1136:Nilometer
1058:ziggurats
1014:Aghlabids
829:hypostyle
636:spandrels
573:arabesque
512:Panjakent
498:With the
470:Firuzabad
460:, called
446:mud brick
426:Ctesiphon
406:al-Mansur
323:Aghlabids
283:al-Mansur
245:from the
176:mud brick
136:Byzantine
132:classical
4435:Part of
4271:Military
4207:Baradari
4200:Civilian
4023:Jharokha
3984:Mechouar
3921:Charbagh
3864:Andaruni
3838:Socarrat
3803:Muqarnas
3701:Maqsurah
3593:Vaulting
3522:Tadelakt
3503:Elements
3452:Zayyanid
3432:Aghlabid
3286:11 March
3099:(1974).
3023:(1987).
2504:ABC News
1494:See also
1486:muqarnas
1445:muqarnas
1423:al-Nasir
1402:madhhabs
1381:muqarnas
1362:al-Nasir
1343:muqarnas
1319:de facto
1117:Muhammad
994:Minarets
743:outward.
736:intrados
725:barracks
681:Numayrid
631:muqarnas
590:and the
547:and the
541:minarets
504:Soghdian
442:centring
438:vaulting
350:al-Nasir
319:Ifriqiya
315:Tulunids
311:Samanids
307:Khorasan
204:de facto
155:minarets
124:Abbasids
114:(modern
81:Bottom:
71:Middle:
4369:Mudéjar
4333:ArchNet
4283:Alcázar
4156:Musalla
4141:Maqbara
4131:Madrasa
4121:Külliye
4116:Khanqah
4106:Gongbei
4005:cooling
4003:Passive
3969:Chhatri
3962:objects
3960:Outdoor
3909:Gardens
3885:Mirador
3823:Shabaka
3813:Qashani
3768:Banna'i
3711:Minaret
3653:objects
3643:(eaves)
3641:Chhajja
3588:Squinch
3489:Umayyad
3484:Timurid
3474:Swahili
3459:Ottoman
3442:Almohad
3427:Moorish
3417:Iranian
3386:Bengali
3366:Fatimid
3361:Chinese
3356:Ayyubid
3346:Abbasid
2857:Sources
2173:4629446
1861:Minaret
1415:Baghdad
1345:dome.
1315:Seljuks
1192:Baghdad
1125:Bukhara
1101:Samarra
1035:Tunisia
1000:Minaret
984:of the
859:Damghan
812:Mosques
765:Samarra
729:stables
695:or the
646:Palaces
622:plaster
603:General
543:of the
386:Origins
376:Mongols
374:by the
343:Seljuks
299:Samarra
289:on the
287:Baghdad
247:Umayyad
200:Seljuks
172:Samarra
168:Baghdad
144:Persian
77:Karbala
4293:Kasbah
4242:Kasbah
4232:Hammam
4227:Ghorfa
4212:Bazaar
4191:Zawiya
4180:takyeh
4151:Mosque
4101:Dargah
4028:Kucheh
3974:Eidgah
3900:Zenana
3848:Zellij
3833:Sitara
3828:Shamsa
3716:Minbar
3706:Mihrab
3691:Kiswah
3676:Gonbad
3540:Arches
3494:Yemeni
3464:Somali
3447:Hafsid
3422:Mamluk
3401:Mughal
3391:Deccan
3339:Styles
3268:
3239:
3218:
3191:
3164:
3143:
3109:
3067:
3042:
3003:
2982:
2961:386849
2959:
2932:
2910:
2900:
2881:
2576:
2458:
2171:
2081:
1556:
1419:Tigris
1140:Fustat
982:mihrab
891:. The
888:mihrab
846:wall.
687:rule.
685:Zengid
508:stucco
454:mortar
331:Buyids
317:) and
291:Tigris
259:Arabia
159:stucco
85:(1233)
79:(775);
69:(852);
4308:Ribat
4303:Qalat
4288:Amsar
4247:Mahal
4186:Türbe
4176:Takya
4171:Surau
4166:Rauza
4161:Qubba
4146:Mazar
4136:Maqam
4077:Types
3989:Sebil
3879:Liwan
3869:Harem
3857:Rooms
3773:Girih
3758:Alfiz
3752:Ablaq
3726:Zarih
3721:Qibla
3670:Dikka
3665:Bedug
3660:Anaza
3636:Tajug
3602:Roofs
3517:Qadad
3479:Tatar
3376:Hausa
2169:JSTOR
1511:Notes
1300:Cairo
1039:Siraf
966:Balkh
943:Cairo
867:Balkh
844:qibla
740:dados
707:) or
672:Raqqa
493:Greek
489:Roman
339:amirs
276:Mecca
192:Egypt
4298:Ksar
4257:Souq
4178:(or
4043:Sahn
4017:Howz
3979:Fina
3951:Riad
3916:Bagh
3895:Qa’a
3890:Hosh
3874:Iwan
3793:Jali
3609:Dome
3288:2013
3266:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3141:ISBN
3107:ISBN
3065:ISBN
3040:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2957:OCLC
2930:ISBN
2908:OCLC
2898:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2079:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1333:(or
1207:vine
1158:The
1105:Iraq
960:The
883:Nain
834:sahn
759:(or
665:iwan
476:, a
272:Kufa
251:Iran
224:and
194:and
188:Iran
178:and
134:and
116:Iraq
65:Top:
1298:in
1138:at
1123:in
1099:in
1033:in
964:in
865:in
683:or
410:Gur
274:to
166:of
75:in
4478::
3623:/
3619:/
3615:/
3410:/
2978:.
2906:.
2778:^
2749:^
2722:^
2695:^
2678:^
2627:^
2612:^
2560:^
2543:^
2502:.
2405:.
2382:^
2313:.
2193:^
2165:23
2163:.
2159:.
2145:^
2124:^
2093:^
2051:^
2002:^
1937:.
1901:^
1886:^
1867:^
1859:,
1843:^
1828:^
1813:^
1774:^
1757:^
1728:^
1709:^
1670:^
1641:^
1624:^
1583:^
1575:,
1439:r.
1428:r.
1146:.
1064:,
727:,
628:,
522:.
491:,
448:,
366:r.
355:r.
257:,
253:,
190:,
95:c.
3748:)
3741:(
3627:)
3611:(
3324:e
3317:t
3310:v
3290:.
3274:.
3251:.
3224:.
3203:.
3176:.
3149:.
3121:.
3073:.
3054:.
3015:.
2988:.
2963:.
2944:.
2914:.
2887:.
2717:.
2582:.
2513:.
2464:.
2415:.
2341:.
2175:.
2087:.
1948:.
1665:.
1562:.
1436:(
1425:(
1246:)
1230:)
412:.
363:(
352:(
321:(
309:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
