275:
286:, and date to the 11th century. As there were no reindeer in Britain at this point, they must have been imported, most likely from Scandinavia. The largest measures 101 cm (40 in) across and weighs 25.5 lb (11.6 kg); the smallest measures 77 cm (30 in) across and the lightest weighs 16.25 lb (7.37 kg). Three of the sets of antlers are painted white and three are painted brown; historically the brown antlers have instead been painted blue and red at different times. In the seventeenth century they had the coats of arms of important local families painted on them, but these are no longer visible. The antlers are set into wooden heads, thought to date from the sixteenth century, which are mounted on wooden poles. The heads are painted brown with features drawn on in red and black.
236:
22:
247:(played by a man wearing women's clothes), a hobby horse, a child with a bow and arrow, a musician, and a child with a triangle. The triangle player is a relatively recent addition to the side, only having been introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century. Of these, the two musicians do not dance; their role is only to accompany the dancers. The dancers use the hobby horse's jaw and the bow and arrow as percussion instruments to keep time with the music. The Maid Marian carries a ladle used to collect money; the fool has a bladder on a stick. According to Robert Plot's account, in his day the dancer with the hobby horse also held the bow and arrow;
78:
317:
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describes the original costumes as green tunics and blue trousers, both with brown spots or flowers; she quotes a Mrs. Simpson, one of the contributors to the 1904 replacement, as saying that the new costumes were "the same in general effect ... we followed our own fancy, and were not bothered by any
332:
There is no specific tune associated with the dance. In 1898, the vicar of Abbots
Bromley recalled that there had previously been a special tune for the dance but that it had been lost. In 1912, Sharp published a tune sent to him by a J. Buckley which Buckley said he had collected in the 1850s from
213:
The dance starts at 8 a.m. at St
Nicholas's Church in Abbots Bromley and travels around the parish before returning to the village at the end of the day. The first dance is outside the vicarage; the dancers subsequently perform in the marketplace and various houses and farms around the parish. About
165:
In the seventeenth century, the dance was performed in the
Christmas period – according to Robert Plot, "on New Year, and Twelfth-day" – but it now takes place on the Monday following the first Sunday after September 4. Plot reports that the dancers collected money for church repairs and
68:
has shown that at least one of the horns dates to the eleventh century, though it is unknown how or when they came to
Staffordshire or became associated with the dance. Many explanations of the meaning of the dance have been proposed, and it is commonly interpreted as a pagan ritual, but there is no
260:
Until the 1880s, dancers wore their ordinary clothes decorated with ribbons. At this time, the vicar's wife designed costumes for the dancers in a mock-medieval style, originally made from old curtains and perhaps inspired by the sixteenth-century painted Betley window; these costumes were replaced
328:
described the dance as being made up of two main figures. In the first, the dancers process around in a circle before turning and circling back. In the second, the dancers face off in two rows, dancing together and apart before crossing over, turning around, and repeating the process to return to
336:
Other tunes associated with the dance have been collected from
William Adey, a dancer who in 1924 recalled a tune which he remembered being used in the 1870s and 1880s, and Edie Sammons, whose brother played for the dance. When Sharp collected the dance, "any country-dance air" was used; more
109:
to 1065 ± 80 years. It is unknown when the horns were brought to Abbots
Bromley and when they began to be used in the dance. Though many sources claim that the dance was first performed at the St Bartholomew's Day fair in 1226, there is no evidence for this supposition.
121:
fertility rite. Alternatively it has been suggested that it originally was connected to hunting, either as a ritual to encourage or celebrate a successful hunt, or to celebrate the villagers' hunting rights. Parallels have been drawn to the prehistoric
189:, before being re-established in the eighteenth century; this is probably when the date of the dance changed from Christmas to September time. According to local tradition, the dance has been led by the same family since the eighteenth century.
333:
a fiddler from Abbots
Bromley. According to Andrew Bullen, "this is the tune most often associated with the horn dance and it is probably the oldest"; however, there is some dispute as to whether the tune did in fact accompany the dance.
377:, the headquarters of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, depicts English folk-dances and traditions. The horn dancers shown on the right of the mural are probably based on those at Abbots Bromley. A series of pencil drawings by
304:
Wilkes also reports that the antlers were stored in Abbots
Bromley's town hall. In 1820 Thomas Harwood was the first to report that they were stored in the church, first in the church tower and subsequently in the Hurst Chapel.
265:
for the fool. The hobby horse is of the tourney style, in which a horse's head and tail are fixed to the performer's body by a frame, which is then covered by a cloth, giving the appearance of a person riding a horse.
218:
and have lunch there. Afterwards, the dancers return to the village, with the final dance around 8 p.m. In the
Victorian period, the dancers went out for several days, visiting nearby towns and villages such as
1411:
Maryanski, Alexandra (2018). "The Origin of
Religion: Recent Scientific Findings". In Petersen, Anders Klostergaard; Sælid, Gilhus Ingvild; Jensen, Jeppe Sinding; Sørensen, Jesper; Martin, Luther H. (eds.).
251:
doubts that it was possible for one person to do both. Plot does not mention either the fool or the Maid Marian; Ronald Hutton suggests that the Maid Marian was a nineteenth-century addition to the dance.
49:, England. It is performed by ten dancers, accompanied by a musician playing an accordion and a youth with a triangle. Six of the dancers carry reindeer horns; the remaining four take the roles of a
1557:
113:
Many explanations for the origin of the dance have been proposed, though there is no concrete evidence for any of them. It has often been interpreted as the remnant of a pagan ritual.
64:
The origin of the dance is unknown. The earliest written record of a hobby-horse performance at Abbots Bromley dates to 1532 and the first mention of the reindeer horns is from 1686.
392:
issued a set of stamps depicting unusual British customs and festivals which included the Abbots Bromley horn dance. The dance was one of three traditional dances which inspired
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in 1904 and again in 1951. The dancers wear either green or red jackets, with green breeches with an oak leaf pattern. The 1904 version of the costume introduced jester's
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According to tradition, the horns must not leave the parish. A different set of horns, acquired in the 1950s, is used for performances outside Abbots Bromley.
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to support the parish poor. In the Tudor period, the use of hobby horses to raise money for the parish at Christmastime seems to have been widespread in the
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at Abbots Bromley from 1532 describes it as an ancient custom, but does not mention the horns. In 1976, one of the reindeer horns was
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1280:
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the performers dance around the parish all day, beginning early in the morning at the parish church where the horns are stored.
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their original place. It is performed without any special footwork: Alford describes the dance as a "steady rhythmical plod".
206:, the day following the first Sunday after 4 September. It previously took place at the beginning of January, on New Year and
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Cecil Sharp says that the replacement costumes made in 1904 were "more or less exact" copies of the originals. However,
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The English Year: A Month-by-Month Guide to the Nation's Customs and Festivals, from May Day to Mischief Night
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290:
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White, Ethan Doyle (2012). "Mummers, Maypoles, and Milkmaids: A Journey Through the English Ritual Year".
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353:(now the English Folk Dance and Song Society). Since 1947, a version of the dance has been performed by
301:. However, Paget's return from Turkey postdates the accounts of Plot and Degge which mention the horns.
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The hobby horse, photographed in the mid-1970s. It has since been replaced by a more realistic carving.
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The music was reportedly played by a fiddler in the 1870s; from the 1880s the musician has played a
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2018:
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Buckland, Theresa (2001). "Dance, Authenticity and Cultural Memory: The Politics of Embodiment".
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The Sword Dances of Northern England, Together with the Horn Dance of Abbots Bromley
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Conneller, Chantal (2004). "Becoming deer. Corporeal transformations at Star Carr".
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to a deer-hunter being awarded the deer's "leather skin and horns to wear", and in
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Bayless, Martha (2017). "The Fuller Brooch and Anglo-Saxon Depictions of Dance".
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Twelve people perform in the dance: six dancers carrying reindeer horns, a fool,
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349:, versions of it began to be performed outside of the village by members of the
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162:"carrying a stag's head dauncing", both from the end of the sixteenth century.
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Lyon, Luke (1981). "Hobby-Horse Ceremonies in New Mexico and Great Britain".
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in his copy of Plot's book, he had seen the dance being performed before the
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1983:
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The Customs and Ceremonies of Britain: An Encyclopedia of Living Traditions
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Heaney, Michael (1987). "New Evidence for the Abbots Bromley Hobby-Horse".
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398:
Mummers, Maypoles, and Milkmaids: A Journey Through the English Ritual Year
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1240:"The Reindeer Antlers of the Abbots Bromley Horn Dance: A Re-examination"
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The horn dance apparently stopped being performed around the time of the
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396:'s "Deer Dancer". The dance has been featured in exhibitions including
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1119:"Stamps: Cheese rolling, gurning and bog snorkelling on new UK stamps"
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Video of Abbots Bromley Horn Dance on Central News, 12 September 1983
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The earliest written mention of the Abbots Bromley Horn Dance is in
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The Sword Dances of Northern England: Songs and Dance Airs, Book II
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Evolution, Cognition, and the History of Religion: A New Synthesis
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Information about the Horn Dance from the Abbots Bromley web site
224:
1346:
The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England
1988:
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1565:
1134:"Hanna Tuulikki: Deer Dancer — absurd, hyper-masculine stag do"
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Shortly after Sharp recorded the Abbots Bromley horn dance in
1998:
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in Nottinghamshire also probably took place in the winter.
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361:. In 1951 they also performed the dance to celebrate the
320:
The Horn Dance outside the Bagot Arms on 11 September 2006
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The antlers used in the dance, stored in the parish church
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claimed that the Abbots Bromley horns were brought by
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1094:"Six works from the series 'Under the Seven Trees'"
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432:period, and have been dated to the 10th millennium
41:which takes place each September in the village of
1362:Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society
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178:in Northamptonshire; a hobby-horse performance at
289:The eighteenth-century Staffordshire antiquarian
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170:. Along with Abbots Bromley, it is attested at
57:, a fool, and a youth with a bow and arrow. On
1172:"The Mysterious World of British Folk Costume"
1682:
1551:
1483:Morris Men: Dancing Englishness, c. 1905–1951
138:in southern France, as well as references in
1566:Ritual animal disguise in the British Isles
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1675:
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1509:"Staffordshire Folk and their Lore"
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1196:(1933). "The Abbots Bromley Horn Dance".
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117:believed that the dance was originally a
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1170:Howse, Christopher (25 February 2023).
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406:Making Michief: Folk Costume in Britain
337:recently modern tunes are also played.
282:The antlers used in the dance are from
101:(1642–1651). An earlier mention of the
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1525:Abbot's Bromley traditional dance tune
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436:; the "Sorcerer" cave painting is
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1489:(Thesis). De Montfort University.
1132:Durrant, Nancy (17 August 2019).
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1067:Ellis, Lucy (15 February 2012).
347:Sword Dances of Northern England
91:Natural History of Staffordshire
1281:"The Abbots Bromley Horn Dance"
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357:at the Thaxted meetings of the
1438:. Shrewsbury: Wilding and Son.
1260:Yearbook for Traditional Music
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202:The Horn Dance takes place on
1:
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340:
1506:Burne, Charlotte S. (1896).
440:, dating to about 13,000 BC.
7:
1464:. London: Novello & Co.
197:
10:
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2153:Festivals in Staffordshire
1348:. Oxford University Press.
1238:Buckland, Theresa (1980).
351:English Folk Dance Society
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69:evidence for any of them.
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1812:Abbots Bromley Horn Dance
1801:
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1651:Abbots Bromley Horn Dance
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1571:
1532:. British Film Institute.
1475:. London: Novello and Co.
1381:Kightly, Charles (1986).
1313:10.1017/S1380203804001357
1210:10.1017/S0003598X00007948
373:, in the Kennedy Hall of
35:Abbots Bromley Horn Dance
1480:Simons, Matthew (2019).
1469:Sharp, Cecil J. (1912).
1301:Archaeological Dialogues
1288:Country Dance & Song
1069:"Ivon Hitchens' 'Mural'"
415:
311:
297:, the ambassador to the
239:The dancers, before 1906
192:
2019:Northumbrian smallpipes
1656:Wooing Play Hobby Horse
1279:Bullen, Andrew (1987).
2158:Ritual animal disguise
475:antiquarian scruples".
321:
279:
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130:in Yorkshire, or the "
124:deer skull headdresses
82:
30:
2094:Folk music of Denmark
2009:Lincolnshire bagpipes
1817:English country dance
1761:Subgenres and fusions
319:
277:
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214:midday they dance at
134:" cave-painting from
80:
24:
1630:Minehead Hobby Horse
1385:. Thames and Hudson.
1057:, pp. 162, 164.
27:Blithfield Reservoir
2089:Scottish folk music
2048:Regional traditions
1625:'Obby 'Oss festival
1354:Kennedy, Douglas N.
1219:Anglo-Saxon England
1121:. BBC. 9 July 2019.
978:, pp. 108–111.
859:, pp. 226–227.
694:, pp. 394–395.
363:Festival of Britain
140:William Shakespeare
2148:English folk dance
2085:External relations
2004:Lancashire bagpipe
1863:2/2 and 4/4 Dances
1788:Medieval folk rock
1703:English folk music
1613:Easter and May Day
1392:Folk Music Journal
1322:Folk Music Journal
383:In the Seven Woods
355:Thaxted Morris Men
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280:
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66:Radiocarbon dating
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16:English folk dance
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2034:Yorkshire bagpipe
1768:British folk rock
1710:Folk music by era
1664:
1663:
1360:by Marcia Rice".
1356:(1939). "Review:
1247:Lore and Language
835:, pp. 73–74.
375:Cecil Sharp House
187:English Civil War
180:Holme Pierrepoint
107:radiocarbon dated
99:English Civil War
25:The dance, above
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2079:Related articles
1938:Children's songs
1832:Long Sword dance
1793:Progressive folk
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1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
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1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
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1575:
1573:
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1503:
1496:
1495:External links
1493:
1492:
1491:
1477:
1466:
1452:
1440:
1436:Abbots Bromley
1428:
1422:
1408:
1398:(2): 117–145.
1387:
1378:
1368:(4): 281–283.
1358:Abbots Bromley
1350:
1342:Hutton, Ronald
1338:
1317:
1296:
1276:
1255:
1235:
1214:
1194:Alford, Violet
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1162:
1143:
1124:
1110:
1085:
1059:
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1045:, p. 281.
1035:
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1011:
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784:
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763:, p. 206.
750:
735:
723:
721:, p. 395.
708:
696:
684:
672:
653:
636:
634:, p. 213.
632:Maryanski 2018
624:
620:Conneller 2004
612:
610:, p. 208.
600:
598:, p. 136.
588:
573:
558:
556:, p. 396.
543:
541:, p. 397.
531:
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517:, p. 359.
507:
487:
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434:Before Present
420:
419:
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410:Compton Verney
394:Hanna Tuulikki
342:
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299:Ottoman Empire
291:Richard Wilkes
271:
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168:north Midlands
150:Anthony Munday
145:As You Like It
74:
71:
43:Abbots Bromley
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1943:Protest songs
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1423:9789004385375
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1328:(3): 359–30.
1327:
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952:Buckland 1980
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936:
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928:Buckland 1980
924:
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916:Buckland 1980
912:
910:
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901:Buckland 1980
897:
895:
893:
885:
884:Buckland 1980
880:
878:
870:
869:Buckland 1980
865:
858:
853:
847:, p. 74.
846:
841:
834:
829:
822:
821:Buckland 2001
817:
811:, p. 83.
810:
805:
798:
793:
791:
789:
781:
776:
774:
772:
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762:
757:
755:
748:, p. 10.
747:
742:
740:
733:, p. 77.
732:
727:
720:
715:
713:
706:, p. 41.
705:
700:
693:
688:
681:
680:Buckland 2001
676:
669:
668:Buckland 2001
664:
662:
660:
658:
651:, p. 90.
650:
645:
643:
641:
633:
628:
622:, p. 37.
621:
616:
609:
604:
597:
592:
585:
584:Buckland 1980
580:
578:
571:, p. 91.
570:
565:
563:
555:
550:
548:
540:
535:
528:
527:Buckland 1980
523:
516:
511:
504:
503:Buckland 1980
499:
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473:
467:
460:
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431:
425:
421:
413:
411:
407:
404:in 2012, and
403:
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386:
384:
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376:
372:
368:
367:Ivon Hitchens
364:
360:
356:
352:
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338:
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327:
318:
309:
306:
302:
300:
296:
295:William Paget
292:
287:
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276:
267:
264:
253:
250:
249:Violet Alford
246:
237:
228:
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217:
211:
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208:Twelfth Night
205:
190:
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183:
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177:
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125:
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116:
115:Violet Alford
111:
108:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
79:
70:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:Staffordshire
44:
40:
36:
28:
23:
19:
2127:Portal:Music
1984:Crowdy-crawn
1948:Sea shanties
1847:Rapper dance
1842:Morris dance
1811:
1773:Folk baroque
1650:
1646:Dorset Ooser
1517:
1513:
1482:
1471:
1460:
1447:
1435:
1432:Rice, Marcia
1413:
1395:
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1137:
1127:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
1062:
1050:
1043:Kennedy 1939
1038:
1033:, p. 1.
1026:
1014:
1009:, p. 9.
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
918:, p. 4.
903:, p. 3.
886:, p. 5.
871:, p. 2.
864:
852:
840:
828:
823:, p. 5.
816:
804:
782:, p. 6.
726:
704:Kightly 1986
699:
687:
682:, p. 3.
675:
670:, p. 2.
627:
615:
608:Bayless 2017
603:
591:
586:, p. 6.
534:
522:
510:
505:, p. 1.
466:
445:
424:
405:
397:
387:
382:
379:Dave Pearson
370:
346:
344:
335:
331:
323:
307:
303:
288:
281:
259:
242:
212:
204:Wakes Monday
201:
184:
164:
153:
143:
136:Trois-Frères
112:
90:
84:
63:
59:Wakes Monday
34:
32:
18:
2060:Northumbria
2029:Tin whistle
1967:Instruments
1822:Furry Dance
1802:Dance forms
1225:: 183–212.
1187:Works cited
1055:Simons 2019
1007:Bullen 1987
988:Alford 1933
964:Bullen 1987
780:Bullen 1987
761:Alford 1933
746:Bullen 1987
649:Hutton 1996
569:Hutton 1996
515:Heaney 1987
472:Marcia Rice
438:paleolithic
359:Morris Ring
326:Cecil Sharp
245:Maid Marian
103:hobby horse
95:Simon Degge
87:Robert Plot
55:Maid Marian
51:hobby horse
2142:Categories
2104:Folk clubs
1979:Concertina
1958:Work songs
1921:Song forms
1783:Folk metal
1450:. Penguin.
1253:(2A): 1–8.
1103:7 February
1078:2 February
1031:Sharp 1912
1019:Sharp 1911
976:Sharp 1911
797:Sharp 1911
483:References
451:concertina
430:mesolithic
390:Royal Mail
341:In culture
160:Friar Tuck
39:folk dance
1974:Accordion
1953:War songs
1908:9/8 Dance
1898:6/8 Dance
1888:3/2 Dance
1878:3/4 Dance
1853:2/4 Dance
1778:Folk punk
1752:2000–2009
1747:1990–1999
1742:1980–1989
1737:1970–1979
1732:1960–1969
1727:1950–1959
1722:1900–1949
1717:1500–1899
1604:Old Horse
1594:The Broad
1589:Mari Lwyd
1584:Láir Bhán
1579:Hoodening
1514:Folk-Lore
1416:. Brill.
1307:: 37–56.
1198:Antiquity
1176:Spectator
1138:The Times
857:Roud 2006
845:Rice 1939
833:Rice 1939
809:Rice 1939
731:Rice 1939
719:Roud 2006
692:Roud 2006
596:Lyon 1981
554:Roud 2006
539:Roud 2006
455:accordion
412:in 2023.
388:In 2019,
324:In 1911,
128:Star Carr
2065:Somerset
2055:Cornwall
2014:Melodeon
1912:Slip jig
1867:Hornpipe
1620:Old Ball
1458:(1911).
1446:(2006).
1434:(1939).
1344:(1996).
1266:: 1–16.
1231:26332316
1098:Art Fund
459:melodeon
284:reindeer
198:Schedule
176:Culworth
172:Stafford
132:Sorcerer
1928:Ballads
1808:General
1599:Old Tup
1404:4522083
1374:4521160
1334:4522242
1294:: 2–15.
1272:1519626
400:at the
270:Antlers
256:Costume
231:Dancers
225:Rugeley
174:and at
73:History
29:in 2006
2070:Sussex
1989:Fiddle
1933:Carols
1420:
1402:
1372:
1332:
1270:
1229:
263:motley
221:Colton
2024:Tabor
1999:Flute
1882:Waltz
1857:Polka
1639:Other
1487:(PDF)
1400:JSTOR
1370:JSTOR
1330:JSTOR
1284:(PDF)
1268:JSTOR
1243:(PDF)
1227:JSTOR
1073:ArtUK
457:, or
416:Notes
371:Mural
312:Dance
193:Event
126:from
37:is a
1994:Fife
1902:Jigs
1872:Reel
1418:ISBN
1159:(2).
1105:2024
1080:2024
223:and
33:The
1309:doi
1206:doi
408:at
365:.
158:to
152:'s
142:'s
89:'s
45:in
2144::
1516:.
1512:.
1394:.
1364:.
1324:.
1305:11
1303:.
1292:17
1290:.
1286:.
1264:33
1262:.
1249:.
1245:.
1223:45
1221:.
1200:.
1174:.
1157:14
1155:.
1136:.
1096:.
1071:.
995:^
908:^
891:^
876:^
787:^
768:^
753:^
738:^
711:^
656:^
639:^
576:^
561:^
546:^
491:^
453:,
381:,
369:'
227:.
210:.
53:,
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
1559:e
1552:t
1545:v
1520:.
1518:7
1426:.
1406:.
1396:4
1376:.
1366:3
1336:.
1326:5
1315:.
1311::
1274:.
1251:3
1233:.
1212:.
1208::
1202:7
1178:.
1140:.
1107:.
1082:.
461:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
