Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

736: 1150:. Two days later Abd al-Rahman proclaimed his strong support for the army's action, saying "It grieves me greatly to say that the politicians who have led the political parties have all failed... This now is a day of release. The men of the Sudanese army have sprung up and taken matters into their own hands... They will not permit hesitation, anarchy or corruption to play havoc in this land ... God has placed at our disposal ... someone who will take up the reins of government with truth and decisiveness ... Rejoice at this blessed revolution and go to your work calmly and contentedly, to support the men of the Sudanese revolution". It is possible that Abd al-Rahman expected to be appointed president for life. If so, he was disappointed. 1159: 925:, writing in April 1935, "He has the defects of a Sudanese of his type, the liking of intrigue, vanity, irrelevance and opportunism. On the other hand, he has quick perceptions, panache and subtle tenacity of purpose... He has used the opportunities ... of laying the foundations of his Mahdist organisation in the provinces... His favourite role is that of the loyal supporter of Government who is maliciously misunderstood". Symes refused to take action to suppress neo-Mahdism, preferring to follow a policy of ensuring that Abd al-Rahman conformed to agreed guidelines of behaviour, with the implied threat of punishment if he broke those rules. He allowed some restrictions to be lifted, while retaining others. 871: 1058:

Ismail al-Azhari opposed the assembly purely because it would bring Sudan away from Egypt and nearer to full independence. In December 1950 a member of the Umma tabled a resolution asking the Governor-General to demand that Egypt and Britain grant Sudan independence at once. The British strongly opposed the measure, saying the assembly was not truly representative since the Khatmiyya had chosen not to participate. The resolution was passed by one vote. Abd al-Rahman and al-Azhari both claimed victory: Abd al-Rahman since the vote had been passed, and the al-Azhari since the British had said the assembly was not representative.

584:, the Mahdi's cousin and one of his chosen successors. In 1899 the government heard rumours that the family group was advocating a Mahdist revival and dispatched a military force to al-Shakaba. One account stated that the force attacked the family and followers, firing on them at random. Abd al-Rahman was badly wounded and his two elder brothers were killed. Another account said that Muhammad Sharif and the two elder sons of the Mahdi were arrested. There was a skirmish when an attempt was made to rescue them. Muhammad Sharif and the Mahdi's two sons were found guilty by a court martial trial and were shot. 699:. When he toured Aba Island in 1915, he was greeted by thousands of sword-carrying Mahdists who prayed that "the day had arrived". Alarmed at the possibility of a Mahdist revival, the British ordered him to return to Omdurman in 1916. However, Abd al-Rahman appointed agents in the Blue Nile and Funj provinces and later in Kordofan and Darfur. Their ostensible role was to report on any illegal activity and to encourage payment of taxes to the British. They took advantage of their visits to collect payments of 62: 827:

legally in force, as it would until Sudan gained independence, but in practice Egypt now had no say in the administration of Sudan. In the aftermath of the upheaval the British saw educated Sudanese as potential propagators of "dangerous" nationalist ideas imported from Egypt. Although Abd al-Rahman had backed the government and condemned local supporters of the Egyptians, he was viewed with suspicion as a potential enemy of the colonial power. However, at the start of 1926, Abd al-Rahman made a

565:, who was present at the Battle, summed up the result: "The River War is over. In its varied course, which extended over fourteen years and involved the untimely destruction of perhaps 300,000 lives, many extremes and contrasts have been displayed. There have been battles which were massacres, and others that were mere parades. There have been occasions of shocking cowardice and surprising heroism... of wisdom and incompetence. But the result is at length achieved and the flags of 767:

and the resulting wide range of contacts with merchants and owners of pump-schemes for irrigating cotton fields, gave him influence among Sudanese engaged in commerce. From 1 January 1922, the government suspended payment of allowances to Mahdist notables other than the old and those whose movements were restricted. The allowance paid to Abd al-Rahman was increased somewhat, but only so that he could support old women and other vulnerable people whose allowances had been stopped.

343: 1037:, applied for a government license. The constitution of the party made no mention of Sayyid Abd al-Rahman or of the Ansar; the only visible link to Abd al-Rahman was the party's reliance on him for funding. However, there were rumours that the Umma party had been created by the colonial government and aimed to place Sayyid Abd al-Rahman on the throne. These rumours persisted until June 1945, when the government publicly said it would not support a Mahdist monarchy. 487: 980:(1939–1945) the British wanted to reduce growth of Egyptian influence in Sudan, which had become more likely as a result of the 1936 treaty, while also suppressing the ultra-nationalist neo-Mahdist movement. They gave their support to Sayyid Ali al-Mirghani of the Khatmiyyah sect as a counterpoise to Sayyid Abd al-Rahman. Sayyid Abd al-Rahman responded by telling the British that Sayyid Ali al-Mirghani was pro-Italian due to his family commitments in 1126:. In his speeches, Buth Diu quoted NUP campaign promises supporting a Federal system in which the southern provinces would have considerable autonomy. Prime Minister Azhari described this as seditious talk and threatened to use force to prevent secession from Sudan by the south. In May 1955, Ismail al-Azhari announced that Sudan would seek complete independence, a reversal of the earlier NUP position in favour of union with Egypt. 1075: 1009: 724: 1167:

have preferred the Ansar movement to be purely religious in nature, but Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi was also a competent political leader of Sudan. Explanations for the resurgence of neo-Mahdism in Sudan have included the British need for a figurehead, Abd al-Rahman's financial influence as his cotton growing business expanded, or a resurgence of religious and nationalist feeling in the Ansar sect.

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1,500 Ansar supporters. Escorted by horsemen, the dignitaries went on by car to a reception at Abd al-Rahman's house. Replying to a speech by Abd al-Rahman, Archer said his visit marked "an important stage forward in the relations" between Abd al-Rahman and his followers and the government. Archer said he had come to cement the ties of friendship and understanding.

1115:(NUP), the successor to the al-Ashiqqa party, gained a solid majority in parliament and Ismail al-Azhari became prime minister. The NUP victory, greatest in northern and central Sudan, may have partly been due to support from the Khatmiyya. Another factor may have been fear that the Umma party would try to re-establish a Mahdist state with Abd al-Rahman as king. 655:. He emphasised his peaceful intentions, convincing the colonialist government that his movement was not dangerous. A British official described him in 1909, when he was aged about twenty-four, as "an obsequious, sorry-looking youth in soiled clothes". In 1910 he made a public speech in which he supported the condominium administration of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1041:

take-over and the loss of his power. The British also were against an Egyptian take-over, but for different reasons. Yet Abd al-Rahman could not be seen as supporting an indefinite colonial status for Sudan, and continued to promote independence. Abd al-Rahman and the British were engaged in delicate and unstable arrangements characterised by mutual distrust.

846:. He made it very clear that he was commander in chief of a purely Sudanese army, while reassuring Sudanese officers who had served in the Egyptian army that they would be retained if they had not taken part in the mutiny. The British authorities, who had again became hostile to Mahdism, banned the enlistment of Ansar into the Sudanese Defence Force. 996:

Sudan, but did not follow him as a religious leader and were not members of the Ansar movement. By the end of 1942, the government had decided the Congress had no political value. The Mahdists had split into rival camps, other factions had emerged, and the attendees at the annual meeting of the Congress included artisans, merchants and illiterates.

595:. In practice, although Egypt bore most of the costs of the military conquest and occupation of Sudan, the British ran the country as they chose. The head of the military and the civil administration under the 19 January 1899 Condominium Agreement was a British-nominated Governor-General, who acted independently of the Cairo government. 1179:

elections he became Prime Minister of Sudan, holding office until the government was overthrown by a Muslim Brotherhood coup d'état in 1989. After further imprisonment and exile, Sadiq al-Mahdi returned to Sudan in 2000 and in 2002 was elected Imam of the Ansar. In 2003 Sadiq Al-Mahdi was re-elected President of Umma.

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al-Rahman, more power to prevent changes demanded by the secular opposition. In a shift of policy, the Graduates' General Congress was launched in 1938 as a forum for the intelligentsia of Sudan to express their opinions and as an alternative voice to that of the tribal leaders, who had become discredited.

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followers from Darfur and Kordofan. These western tribes had been the backbone of the original Mahdist movement. The riverine tribes were more inclined to side with the rival Khatmiyya movement. The government supported Abd al-Rahman in these commercial enterprises. Abd al-Rahman's economic activity,

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The British encouraged the development of a version of the Ansar movement that was not fanatical, and did much to accommodate Abd al-Rahman's ambitions, although they could not go as far as supporting his goal of becoming King of Sudan. However, the toleration and even support of Mahdism during World

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Northern and central Sudan had been nominally under Egyptian suzerainty since an Ottoman force had conquered and occupied the region in 1821. The primary motive was not territorial conquest but to secure a source of slaves to serve in the Egyptian army. The slaves, paid in lieu of taxes, were brought

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of the Sudanese al-Ashiqqa party began seeking support for unification of the Nile Valley, Abd al-Rahman was strongly opposed to any hint that the King of Egypt might have authority of any kind in Sudan. He and his followers set up an "Independence Front" and organised huge demonstrations throughout

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In May 1944, the government created a central Advisory Council, with the full backing of Sayyid Abd al-Rahman. The majority of the Council members were Ansar or tribal leaders. Many educated Sudanese were suspicious of the Council and drifted towards the Khatmiyya side in the 1944 elections, not for

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Egyptian army units in Sudan, bound by their oath to the Egyptian king, refused to obey the orders of their British officers and mutinied. The British violently suppressed the mutiny, removed the Egyptian army from Sudan and purged the administration of Egyptian officials. The "condominium" remained

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against Britain. Governor-General Wingate had to persuade the Sudanese people that the Ottoman Empire was no longer a truly Muslim state. Wingate was helped by Sudanese memories of the harsh former Turkish rule. Wingate described Britain as the true defender of Islam, and called the Turkish rulers a

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Abd al-Rahman quietly began to regroup the Ansar as a religious sect. Until 1914, he lived in seclusion in Omdurman or on Aba Island, closely watched by Slatin's intelligence agents. Despite the surveillance, he built considerable influence in the White Nile region. He often visited the many mosques

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The Sudan Political Service was an elite corps of British colonial administrators whose members served in Sudan for their entire career. While the senior government officials were typically from military backgrounds, at least in the early years, the Sudan Political Service was staffed by university

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Sayyid Abd al-Rahman died on 24 March 1959, aged 73. Throughout a long and turbulent career he had always been a strong and consistent leader of the neo-Mahdist movement. By the end of the condominium in 1956, Sayyid Abd al-Rahman was reported to be the wealthiest of all Sudanese. The British would

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competed in the election, and won 40 of the 46 seats allocated to the southern provinces. The Federal party platform represented a serious challenge to the authorities. However, when it became clear that the party's demands for a federal structure would be ignored by the Constituent Assembly, on 16

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should be held to determine if Sudan was to be independent of Egypt, which Sayyid Ali supported and Ismail al-Azhari opposed. To strengthen his position in parliament, Ismail al-Azhari started making overtures to associates of Sayyid Abd al-Rahman to explore the idea of an NUP-Umma coalition. Sudan

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was assassinated while driving through Cairo. The British responded with anger, demanding from the Egyptian government a public apology, an inquiry, suppression of demonstrations and the payment of a large fine. Further, they demanded withdrawal of all Egyptian officers and Egyptian army units from

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in 1862, he found that everyone in the town was involved in the slave trade, including the Governor-General. The Egyptian and Nubian garrison lived on the land like an army of occupation. Bribery was the only way to get anything done. Torture and floggings were routine in the prisons. Baker said of

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took over the leadership of the Umma party. Sadiq Al-Mahdi was arrested in 1970, and for many years alternated between spells in prison in Sudan and periods of exile. In 1985, Sadiq al-Mahdi, who studied at Oxford and fought for democracy, was again elected president of the Umma party. In the 1986

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for two hours in London. When Attlee asked why the Sudanese had not spoken up while Egypt pressed its claims over Sudan for the last seventy years, Abd al-Rahman said that was because the British had excluded them from any talks. He went on to say the Sudanese would fight with all their power for

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who were opposed to indirect rule or unification with Egypt, and were building a Sudanese national movement. In 1931 the colonial government lowered the starting rates of pay for Sudanese officials. After protests and demonstrations were ignored, a general strike was declared on 24 November 1931.

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After the war, the Ottoman Empire was broken up, leading to a revival of Egyptian nationalism. Some Egyptians claimed that Sudan was a natural extension of Egypt. The Sudanese view was mixed, with some wanting ties with Egypt to offset British influence and others wanting complete independence of

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However, the state suffered from economic problems and internal opposition to the Khalifa, particularly from the Mahdi's family, and the Khalifa was forced to concentrate on consolidation. The British detected his weakness, and prepared an invasion motivated in part by a desire to avenge Gordon's

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Sayyid Abd al-Rahman said that from then on the British did everything they could to break up the Umma party and to thwart him personally. They tried without success to get tribal chiefs and village leaders to leave the Umma. He claimed that it was the Umma that forced the British to establish a

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Abd al-Rahman supported the work of the Legislative Assembly which began in December 1948. He saw it as the first time that Sudan's political and religious groups had been able to meet each other in a venue where the British could not stir up disputes between the different factions. He said that

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Abd al-Rahman at this time was a flamboyant figure with broad popular support. His stature served to diminish that of the politicians, who were seen as his followers rather than as leaders. Abd al-Rahman could not afford a sudden British withdrawal, since that would open the door for an Egyptian

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In August and September 1940, the Congress became split between Ansar and Khatmiyya supporters. At first the Ansar were dominant, but they lost this position by the end of 1942. Many of Abd al-Rahman's supporters saw him as a source of financial backing and admired his advocacy of an independent

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By the mid-1930s, the British realised that Abd al-Rahman expected to be recognized as royalty, had firm control over a thriving Mahdist movement, and was actively seeking new adherents. British officials became increasingly suspicious of his motives, and their correspondence showed a mixture of

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advised Archer to keep Abd al-Rahman at arm's length. In March 1926 Archer ignored this advice and made an official visit to Abd al-Rahman on Aba Island accompanied by a full escort of troops and officials. When Archer arrived on 14 February, he was formally welcomed by Sayyid Abd al-Rahman with

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with telegrams suggesting alternative courses, and delayed starting the evacuation. On 13 March 1884 the tribes north of Khartoum declared for the Mahdi, cutting the telegraph and blocking river traffic. Khartoum was besieged, falling on 25 January 1885 after a siege of 313 days. A relief column

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on 11 November 1952. On 10 January 1953 the Egyptian government ratified an agreement with the Umma representatives and other pro-independence Sudanese parties that gave the Sudanese the right of self-determination. During a transition period of no longer than three years, it was intended that

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valley, which he considered unrealistic. In May 1937, his eldest son al-Siddiq al-Mahdi visited Egypt and was given a royal reception. These moves concerned the British, who saw them as potentially the start of a Mahdist alliance with Egypt, despite Abd al-Rahman's avowed Sudanese nationalism.

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became independent. The British tried to exploit his influence over the Sudanese people while at the same time profoundly distrusting his motives. Throughout most of the colonial era of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, the British saw Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi as important as a moderate leader of the

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movement and Abd al-Rahman's rival, said he would prefer Sudan to be part of the Egyptian kingdom than to be an independent monarchy under Sayyid Abd al-Rahman. At that time the British favoured Sayyid Ali, who they saw as a purely religious leader, while they regarded Abd al-Rahman as having

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in 1922, and had recognized and reinforced the judicial powers of over 300 tribal leaders by 1923. They had ignored the aspirations of educated Sudanese in government employment to take a greater role in administration. The principle of indirect rule had also given the Sayyids, including Abd

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By the 1920s, Abd al-Rahman was a respected religious and political leader. In 1921, he held a meeting at his home where the attendees signed two documents that laid out the Mahdist objectives. These were for Sudan to be ruled by Britain rather than Egypt, and for Sudan to eventually achieve

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were determined to stamp out Mahdism. Slatin had been held a prisoner of the Mahdists for eleven years. He placed many restrictions on the Mahdist leaders such as prohibiting them from reading the Mahdi's prayer book, from visiting "sacred" places associated with their movement other than

883:, essentially designed to glorify the Mahdi and his son. Abd al-Rahman tried to publish the book in either 1925 or 1926, but the British confiscated the manuscript, which they considered to be highly seditious. To avoid publicity, they did not prosecute al-Jabri but quietly deported him. 1129:

As Ismail al-Azhari began to assert his power, both Sayyid Ali al-Mirghani and Sayyid Abd al-Rahman became concerned that they would lose their political influence. From October 1955 Sayyid Ali began to seek ways to oust Ismail al-Azhari from power. A key issue was whether a

651:(traditional stories about Muhammad). However, he was never able to become a well-educated and knowledgeable Islamic scholar as his father had been. The government lent him money to build the family mosque in Omdurman in 1908, and let him farm part of his father's land on 684:, the leaders of the main Islamic groups, as the natural spokesmen for the people. Wingate decided to enlist Sayyid Abd al-Rahman to support the British cause. Abd al-Rahman publicly declared his full support for the British and assisted in suppressing a rebellion in the 800:

and in 1924. On the other hand, the Government of Sudan found that his services had a hidden agenda and described his actions as "evasive and obstructive". On balance the British found it best to treat Abd al-Rahman as an ally, although some felt that Governor-General

454:. He arrived on 18 February 1884. Gordon was reluctant to abandon the population of Khartoum to the forces of the Mahdi, and also felt that by evacuating the city he would open the way for the Mahdi to threaten Egypt. He bombarded the authorities in 1062:

committee to start drafting a constitution for an independent Sudan in 1951, a constitution that was endorsed in April 1952. However, broader considerations were leading the British towards support for an independent Sudan despite attempts by the

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From 1906 Abd al-Rahman lived in Gezirat al-Fil, near Omdurman. He was subject to constant and obtrusive supervision by the intelligence department. However, after 1908 Abd al-Rahman was allowed to live in Omdurman and study under a distinguished

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In August 1944, Sayyid Abd al-Rahman met with senior Congress members and tribal leaders to discuss formation of a pro-independence political party that was not associated with Mahdism. The first step taken was to launch a new daily newspaper,

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gathered momentum, with the Egyptians steadily losing ground and the British showing little enthusiasm for a costly engagement in this remote region. By the end of 1883, the Ansar army had wiped out three Egyptian armies. A force under

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Archer's visit precipitated a crisis in the colonial administration. It was felt he had been far too friendly to Abd al-Rahman, who was viewed with suspicion by many administrators. Archer was forced to resign, and was replaced by Sir

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Sudan against the draft Anglo-Egyptian agreement on Sudan. In November 1946, Abd al-Rahman left with a delegation for London via Cairo. Completely ignored by the Egyptian government in Cairo, he talked with British Prime Minister

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With no other leader taking the initiative, it was left to Sayyid Abd al-Rahman to act as mediator and he successfully brought the strike to an end. This helped consolidate his position as a leader in the eyes of intelligentsia.

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War I was not based on official policy. A British official who was critical of the support given to Abd al-Rahman at this time later wrote that some changes were "a modification of policy deliberately proposed; others ... the

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In 1953, Abd al-Rahman made a major proclamation in which he supported a republican system, "since the democratic republican system is a system deeply rooted in Islam, our pure, tolerant, and democratic religion". The first

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Sayyid Abd al-Rahman invited the Yemenite scholar Abd al-Rahman ibn Hurayn al-Jabri to come to Omdurman and make a study of Mahdism. Al-Jabri wrote a book covering the history of the movement and its justification in the

330:(Nation) political party in the period before and just after Sudan became independent in 1956. In 1958 the Umma party won the most seats in the first parliamentary elections after independence. In November 1958 the army 750:

of the United Kingdom on the British victory in the war. In a dramatic gesture of loyalty, Abd al-Rahman presented the Mahdi's sword to the King. The delegation was led by Sayyid Ali al-Mirghani, the leader of the

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to make his case. His Ansar followers became an influential faction in the General Congress established in 1938, and in the successor Advisory Council set up in 1944. Abd al-Rahman was patron of the nationalist

509:, the Mahdist state. At first the state was run on military lines as a Jihadist state. Later, a more conventional form of administration was introduced. The Kalifa consolidated his rule in Sudan, then invaded 906:. The newspaper helped him gain influence with the educated elite in Sudan, including politically oriented government officials, many of whom joined the Ansar and became lifetime adherents of Abd al-Rahman. 886:

Abd al-Rahman made overtures to the "effendiyya", the growing elite of educated people in Sudan, patronising their social and educational institutions. He became the acknowledged leader of a group of

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arrived two days after the city had fallen and Gordon had been killed. Despite a short-lived public outcry in Britain over Gordon's death, Britain took no further action in Sudan for several years.

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The British maintained a close political relationship with Abd al-Rahman. Meanwhile, he grew wealthy from cotton production, for which his supporters provided labour since he was a child exiled to

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religious reasons but because they were hostile to the government, wanted to retain links with Egypt as a counterpoise to British influence and did not want a monarchy under Sayyid Abd al-Rahman.

781:, the Islamic interpretation of Jesus, and assumed that he would drive the Christian colonists out of Sudan. The British found that Abd al-Rahman was in correspondence with agents and leaders in 321:

In the 1930s, Abd al-Rahman spoke out against a treaty between Egypt and Britain that recognized Egyptian claims of sovereignty in Sudan, although no Sudanese had been consulted. He travelled to

862:. Abd al-Rahman was placed under restriction on his ability to travel outside Omdurman and Khartoum and was told to instruct his supporters to halt their political and religious activities. 1138:

The first parliamentary elections after independence were held on 27 February and 8 March 1958. The result was a victory for Abd al-Rahman's Umma Party, which won 63 of the 173 seats. The

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formally became independent on 1 January 1956. On 2 February 1956 Ismail al-Azhari announced a new cabinet that included representatives of all political parties and factions.

301:. A joint British and Egyptian force recaptured Sudan in 1898. At first, the British severely restricted Abd al-Rahman's movement and activity. However, he soon emerged as the 1196:

graduates, mainly from Oxbridge. They were selected by a board of Sudan Government Officials as much on the basis of their ability to "fit in" as on any formal qualification (

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parliamentary elections would be held and a Sudanese government formed. British and Egyptian troops and officials would leave the country and would be replaced by Sudanese.

318:, and was influential and well loved among his people. The British administration distrusted him because they could not control him or use him to exert influence in Sudan. 1170:

Abd al-Rahman's son Sayyid al-Siddiq al-Mahdi was Imam of the Ansar for the next two years. After al-Siddiq's death in 1961 he was succeeded as imam by his brother Sayyid

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for their textile industry. A methodical invasion was launched in 1896 slowly moving south supported by a railway that the army built along its route. The force reached

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to Ethiopia via Sudan in a new Italian empire. The treaty recognized Egyptian claims of sovereignty in Sudan in return for British rights in the Nile valley and the

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in Omdurman to meet his followers with his face covered so he would not be recognized by government agents. He received many visitors who sought his blessing.

842:, with a command completely separate from the Egyptian army. He dropped the Egyptian title "Sirdar" for the supreme commander, and did not wear the Egyptian 270: 43: 715:

of action taken; others, perhaps the majority, appear superficially to represent a gradual drift, of which the Government was at the time unconscious".

968:. His purpose was to present Sudanese criticism of the Anglo-Egyptian treaty in person. He was openly critical of the Egyptian plans for unity of the 622:, Abd al-Rahman was constantly watched in the early years of British rule, was given a very small allowance and was not allowed to call himself 2507: 587:

Organised resistance to the British had ended by 1899, although sporadic fighting continued for a few more years. In theory the British ruled

297:, who had proclaimed himself the Mahdi or redeemer of the Islamic faith in 1881, and died in 1885 a few months after his forces had captured 838:

was appointed Governor-General of Sudan in 1925 in place of Sir Lee Stack. One of his early decisions was to initiate the formation of the

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In 1924, there was a crisis in Egypt when a government hostile to the British was elected. On 19 November 1924, the Governor of Sudan Sir

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named Muhammad al-Badawi, where he gained some understanding of Islamic jurisprudence and the fundamentals of his religion, including the

789:, predicting the eventual victory of the Mahdists over the Christians. They blamed him for unrest in these colonies. After pilgrims from 762:

In the post-war period, the Mahdi's family became wealthy from cotton production based on irrigation and migrant labourers, mainly their

2393: 961:. It allowed for unrestricted immigration of Egyptians to Sudan and for the return of Egyptian troops. The Sudanese were not consulted. 3003: 691:

In 1915 Abd al-Rahman made a series of tours and visits to parts of the country where Mahdism was still strong, particularly among the

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For a long time the British were ambivalent in their attitude to Abd al-Rahman. He had provided valuable political assistance during

479:, Mohammed al-Fadl. As a child, Abd al-Rahman's only formal education was that of a religious school where the pupils memorised the 2829: 1098:, who later to emerge as the sole ruler in 1954. Sayyid Abd al-Rahman visited London and met the British Foreign Secretary Sir 2804: 2731: 2710: 2689: 2434: 2353: 545: 2606: 1108: 735: 120: 746:

In 1919 Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi was among a delegation of Sudanese notables who went to London to congratulate King

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self-government. In the early 1920s, between 5,000 and 15,000 pilgrims were coming to Aba Island each year to celebrate

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celebrations Abd al-Rahman displayed signs with "various expressions advertising the Mahdi's prophetic standing". Sir

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began to preach renewal of the faith and liberation of Sudan from the Egyptians. In 1881 he proclaimed himself the

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Sudan, an increase to the scope of an irrigation scheme in Gezira and laws to protect foreign investors in Egypt.

592: 432: 331: 680:"Syndicate of Jews, financiers and low-born intriguers". The British and most of the northern Sudanese saw the 397:

Khartoum that "a more miserable and unhealthy place can hardly be imagined". He described the Governor-General

281:; June 1885 – 24 March 1959) was one of the leading religious and political figures during the colonial era in 229: 1008: 3018: 946: 918:, Governor-General of Sudan from 1934 to 1940, sternly warned him to remove the signs or face consequences. 506: 1139: 859: 294: 398: 1087: 828: 793:

held mass demonstrations on Aba Island in 1924, Abd al-Rahman was told to put a stop to the pilgrimages.

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in 1869 it gained huge strategic importance. In 1882 the British took effective control of Egypt in the

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Muhammad Ahmad died of typhus a few months after his victory, leaving power to his three deputies, or

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Insurgent Politics: London, the Darfur Crisis and the New Landscape of Transnational Political Action

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In 1937, Abd al-Rahman visited England and Egypt, where he met with high-ranking officials and with

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to Abd al-Rahman and to encourage the Ansar, who now freely used the illegal Mahdist prayer book,

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The British had ceded some power in Egypt with the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1922 and more in the

850: 835: 805:(1900–1918) was too lenient towards him. In September 1924 Sayyid Ali al-Mirghani, leader of the 581: 1123: 712: 498: 443:, surrendered to the Mahdi almost all of the west of Sudan had come under the Mahdi's control. 239: 2870: 2761: 2721: 2679: 2466: 2445: 2403: 3028: 2933: 2912: 2891: 2849: 2700: 2643: 2585: 2564: 2541: 2487: 2424: 2343: 1171: 447: 243: 112: 475:, three weeks after his father's death. His mother was granddaughter of a former Sultan of 2998: 2993: 588: 282: 2387: 2320: 910:

hostility and fear of his growing influence. In 1933, and more forcefully in 1934, during

8: 1030: 839: 636: 514: 476: 369: 327: 285:(1898–1955), and continued to exert great authority as leader of the Neo-Mahdists after 2626: 1095: 615: 549: 490: 381: 151: 2893:

Kordofan Invaded: Peripheral Incorporation and Social Transformation in Islamic Africa

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Caretaker in the Khalifa's house in Omdurman, typical of the Mahdi's followers (1936)

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After the British took control, Abd al-Rahman lived at first with a relative in the

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from the formerly inaccessible regions of southern Sudan. When the British explorer

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of the White Nile region, speaking in opposition to the Ottoman sultan's calls for

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as combining "the worst of Oriental failings with the brutality of a wild animal".

173: 20: 2814: 2809: 2634: 2512: 2313: 1091: 1034: 1013: 981: 965: 938: 525: 274: 412:, the promised redeemer of the Islamic world. The Mahdi's followers were named " 61: 1175: 1147: 1050: 887: 777: 685: 672: 405: 346: 253: 100: 2645:

Sayyid ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mahdī: A Study of neo-Mahdīsm in the Sudan, 1899–1956

2607:"Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi: a master of manipulation manipulated, 1935–44" 552:

on 2 September 1898. The battle is known as the Battle of Karari to Mahdists.

2987: 2966:

Sayyid Abd Al-Rahman Al-Mahdi: A Study of Neo-Mahdism in the Sudan, 1899–1956

2382: 1063: 954: 922: 915: 676: 557: 537: 502: 414: 308: 205: 77: 2914:

Islam, Nationalism and Communism in a Traditional Society: The Case of Sudan

2397:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25. 2363: 1099: 1079: 977: 902:), an organ of the Ansar and the first daily newspaper in Sudan written in 619: 607: 440: 389: 141: 342: 797: 790: 755:

movement, who was later to clash with Abd al-Rahman over several issues.

668: 603: 517: 427: 435:

was sent to suppress the revolt but was destroyed. When the governor of

1131: 1017: 958: 652: 573: 486: 377: 315: 2763:

Class and Power in Sudan: The Dynamics of Sudanese Politics, 1898–1985

2663: 2622: 2201: 1888: 1118:

In August 1954, Sayyid Abd al-Rahman sponsored a tour of the south by

819: 806: 752: 577: 373: 2781:

Nohlen, Dieter; Thibaut, Bernard; Krennerich, Michael, eds. (1999).

334:, which Abd al-Rahman supported. He died on 24 March 1959, aged 73. 2489:

Images of Empire: Photographic Sources for the British in the Sudan

1119: 843: 786: 747: 644: 472: 451: 423: 393: 298: 225: 201: 2681:

Peacemakers in Action: Profiles of Religion in Conflict Resolution

2386: 1230: 1228: 933: 782: 772: 763: 739: 728: 692: 566: 1074: 911: 903: 723: 681: 648: 541: 533: 521: 505:

of the west. He proved to be an able and ruthless ruler of the

436: 419: 322: 35: 1225: 921:

A British view of Abd al-Rahman at this time was given by Sir

2938:

Islam, Sectarianism, and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya

1878: 1876: 1355: 1353: 1351: 696: 480: 455: 409: 357: 350: 286: 1800: 1705: 1467: 1326: 1324: 1279: 1277: 1638: 1636: 1445: 1443: 1413: 969: 450:

was given the job of evacuating the Egyptian garrison from

303: 2506: 2189: 2126: 1894: 1873: 1693: 1348: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 865: 569:

and Egypt wave unchallenged over the valley of the Nile".

418:", or helpers, the name that was given to the citizens of 2723:

William Robertson Smith: His Life, His Work and His Times

2242: 2240: 2143: 2141: 1734: 1732: 1653: 1651: 1321: 1274: 32: 2447:

Imperial Sudan: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 1934–1956

2405:

The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan

2252: 1955: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1778: 1776: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1683: 1681: 1668: 1666: 1633: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1534: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1491: 1479: 1455: 1440: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1294: 1292: 1264: 1262: 1146:

In November 1958, the army staged a coup led by General

928: 2780: 2468:

Empire on the Nile: The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934

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emerged as sole leader due to support from the nomadic

2566:

Britain's Foreign Policy in Egypt and Sudan, 1947–1956

2288: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2153: 2138: 2054: 2042: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1812: 1788: 1744: 1729: 1648: 2264: 2177: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2030: 2018: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1931: 1900: 1836: 1824: 1773: 1756: 1678: 1663: 1621: 1604: 1592: 1575: 1563: 1546: 1522: 1503: 1389: 1304: 1289: 1259: 544:

in April 1898. The British and Egyptian force led by

3024:

Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire

2003: 1425: 1377: 1365: 1336: 1094:

was overthrown by a group of officers that included

1033:

had been organised and the party's first secretary,

639:, and from praying or making offerings at the tomb. 311:

religious sect, supporters of the Mahdist movement.

2165: 1943: 1848: 1717: 1213: 829:

Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire

2533: 2312: 580:in September 1898. The group included the Khalifa 483:. By the age of eleven he could recite the Quran. 23:, leader of the Ogaden National Liberation Front. 2985: 1919: 497:By 1891, after a prolonged struggle, the Kalifa 1016:with Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi (center) on 598: 2889: 1806: 1711: 1234: 2934:"Sayyid 'Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 1885 – 1959" 2583: 1419: 1069: 775:. Many of them identified Abd al-Rahman with 2832:. Club De Madrid. 2007-09-12. Archived from 2532:Esposito, John L.; Voll, John Obert (1996). 2531: 2132: 1699: 1143:June 1958 the southern MPs left parliament. 984:, but this was not accepted by the British. 471:. Abd al-Rahman was born on 15 July 1885 in 810:potentially dangerous political ambitions. 731:, many of whom were supporters of the Mahdi 727:Area from Nigeria to Sudan occupied by the 2828: 2294: 1003: 949:. The 1936 treaty was designed to counter 360:has straddled the trade route between the 60: 2890:Stiansen, Endre; Kevane, Michael (1998). 2740: 2587:Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age 2584:Hughes, Matthew; Johnson, Gaynor (2005). 2485: 2401: 2362: 2258: 2072: 1882: 1540: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1407: 1342: 1197: 618:. On the advice of the Inspector General 2851:Politics and Islam in contemporary Sudan 2847: 2662: 2381: 2341: 2159: 1794: 1750: 1738: 1371: 1268: 1219: 1157: 1086:Egypt gained full independence with the 1073: 1007: 932: 869: 734: 722: 602: 520:in March 1889 and penetrating as far as 485: 341: 293:Abd al-Rahman was the posthumous son of 133:22 October 1952 – November 1953 2931: 2910: 2759: 2641: 2605:Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed (April 1, 2002). 2604: 2422: 2310: 2282: 2270: 2246: 2231: 2219: 2195: 2183: 2147: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2024: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1937: 1913: 1867: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1782: 1767: 1687: 1672: 1657: 1642: 1627: 1615: 1598: 1586: 1528: 1516: 1359: 1330: 1315: 1298: 1283: 1253: 1066:to persuade them to give Egypt a role. 1029:(The Community). In February 1945, the 866:Growing influence and British hostility 630:. Both Slatin and the Governor-General 572:The British sent the Mahdi's family to 532:death, and in part by a desire for raw 462: 2986: 2868: 2698: 2677: 2540:. Oxford University Press US. p. 1569: 1557: 1434: 1395: 2719: 2364:"Brief History of Elections in Sudan" 2208:Nohlen, Thibaut & Krennerich 1999 1383: 929:Political activity under British rule 894:In 1935 Sayyid Abd al-Rahman founded 2799: 2783:Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook 2562: 2464: 2443: 2366:. Embassy of Sudan in South Africa. 2171: 2012: 1949: 1925: 1723: 591:in partnership with Egypt through a 404:In the 1870s, a Muslim cleric named 1088:Egyptian Revolution of 23 July 1952 987:The government had promulgated the 813: 718: 278: 16:Chief Minister of Sudan (1952–1953) 13: 2956: 493:: the Flight of the Khalifa (1898) 90:June 1885 – 24 March 1959 14: 3050: 3004:20th-century Sudanese politicians 2872:Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised 2486:Daly, M. W.; Hogan, Jane (2005). 2370:from the original on 18 July 2011 989:Powers of Nomad Shiekhs Ordinance 2508:"Egypt: Shots and Repercussions" 2699:Lobban, Richard Andrew (2010). 1189: 2964:Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed (2004). 2848:Sidahmed, Abdel Salam (1996). 2813:. No. 520. Archived from 2684:. Cambridge University Press. 2642:Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed (2004). 2471:. Cambridge University Press. 2450:. Cambridge University Press. 2429:. Cambridge University Press. 2408:. NuVision Publications, LLC. 2342:Bartlett, Anne Louise (2008). 1895:Egypt: Shots and Repercussions 1162:Street sign in Khartoum (2018) 662: 428:religious and political revolt 1: 2968:. Brill Academic Publishers. 2569:. Garnet & Ithaca Press. 2516:. Dec 1, 1924. Archived from 947:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 337: 1207: 1140:Southern Sudan Federal Party 610:, Inspector-General of Sudan 599:Early period of British rule 524:. The same year, the Kalifa 295:Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah 7: 2940:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 2785:. Oxford University Press. 2702:Global Security Watch—Sudan 2423:Collins, Robert O. (2008). 2402:Churchill, Winston (1899). 1082:, British Foreign Secretary 742:horseman in Chad (pre-1918) 548:defeated the Kalifa at the 10: 3055: 3039:20th-century slave traders 3034:19th-century slave traders 2869:Spiers, Edward M. (1998). 2311:Bartkus, Viva Ona (1999). 2303: 1807:Stiansen & Kevane 1998 1712:Stiansen & Kevane 1998 1235:Stiansen & Kevane 1998 1070:Elections and independence 376:. With the opening of the 18: 2932:Warburg, Gabriel (2003). 2911:Warburg, Gabriel (1978). 2805:"The Sudan Defence Force" 2426:A History of Modern Sudan 1420:Hughes & Johnson 2005 1153: 1111:were held that year. The 259: 249: 235: 211: 188: 183: 179: 167: 157: 147: 137: 126: 118: 106: 94: 83: 75: 71: 59: 50: 30: 2741:Moorehead, Alan (1963). 2720:Maier, Bernhard (2009). 2315:The Dynamic of Secession 2133:Esposito & Voll 1996 1700:Esposito & Voll 1996 1182: 1174:, while al-Siddiq's son 526:attacked Egypt at Tushki 51: 19:Not to be confused with 2394:Encyclopædia Britannica 1113:National Unionist Party 1109:parliamentary elections 1004:Lead-up to independence 851:Sudan Political Service 671:broke out in 1914, the 148:Governor‑General 121:Chief Minister of Sudan 2854:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2803:(8–14 February 2001). 2678:Little, David (2007). 2611:Middle Eastern Studies 1163: 1124:Southern Liberal Party 1083: 1021: 942: 875: 743: 732: 713:unforeseen consequence 611: 540:in September 1897 and 499:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad 494: 353: 349:, the self-proclaimed 267:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi 240:Siddick Sayed el-Mahdi 40:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi 2760:Niblock, Tim (1987). 2259:Daly & Hogan 2005 2073:Daly & Hogan 2005 1883:Daly & Hogan 2005 1198:Daly & Hogan 2005 1161: 1077: 1011: 976:In the period before 936: 873: 738: 726: 606: 489: 448:Charles George Gordon 374:countries to the east 345: 3019:People from Omdurman 2563:Hail, J. A. (1996). 2465:Daly, M. W. (2004). 2444:Daly, M. W. (2003). 953:'s ambition to link 589:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 528:, but was defeated. 463:Mahdiyah (1885–1898) 283:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 163:Position established 2637:on January 4, 2007. 2536:Islam and Democracy 2520:on November 7, 2012 2198:, pp. 208–209. 1476:, pp. 267–268. 1362:, pp. 219–220. 1333:, pp. 125–127. 1286:, pp. 106–107. 912:Muhammad's birthday 840:Sudan Defence Force 2388:"Suez Canal" 1164: 1096:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1084: 1022: 943: 876: 744: 733: 612: 550:Battle of Omdurman 495: 491:Battle of Omdurman 382:Anglo-Egyptian War 354: 152:Robert George Howe 2801:Rizk, Yunan Labib 2745:. Penguin Books. 2733:978-3-16-149995-1 2712:978-0-313-35332-1 2691:978-0-521-85358-3 2623:10.1080/714004458 2436:978-0-521-67495-9 2355:978-0-549-56552-9 1964:, pp. 84–85. 1885:, pp. 28–29. 1645:, pp. 81–82. 1256:, pp. 76–77. 1237:, pp. 23–27. 563:Winston Churchill 546:General Kitchener 279:عبد الرحمن المهدي 263: 262: 53:عبد الرحمن المهدي 3046: 2979: 2951: 2928: 2907: 2886: 2865: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2830:"Sadig Al-Mahdi" 2825: 2823: 2822: 2796: 2777: 2756: 2737: 2726:. Mohr Siebeck. 2716: 2695: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2659: 2638: 2633:. Archived from 2601: 2580: 2559: 2556:Internet Archive 2539: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2503: 2482: 2461: 2440: 2419: 2398: 2390: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2359: 2338: 2335:Internet Archive 2318: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2285:, pp. 8–10. 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2015:, pp. 91ff. 2010: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1871: 1865: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1676: 1670: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1640: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1438: 1432: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1319: 1313: 1302: 1296: 1287: 1281: 1272: 1266: 1257: 1251: 1238: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1201: 1193: 1172:al-Hadi al-Mahdi 1046:Ismail al-Azhari 1020:(Christmas 1945) 951:Benito Mussolini 814:Political crises 803:Reginald Wingate 719:Post World War I 637:the Mahdi's tomb 632:Reginald Wingate 356:Since antiquity 307:(leader) of the 280: 222: 220: 199: 197: 184:Personal details 174:Ismail al-Azhari 170: 160: 131: 109: 97: 88: 66:Al-Mahdi in 1958 64: 54: 28: 27: 21:Abdirahman Mahdi 3054: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3009:Al-Mahdi family 2984: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2963: 2959: 2957:Further reading 2954: 2948: 2925: 2904: 2883: 2862: 2839: 2837: 2820: 2818: 2817:on 24 July 2008 2810:Al-Ahram Weekly 2793: 2774: 2753: 2734: 2713: 2692: 2668: 2666: 2656: 2598: 2577: 2552: 2523: 2521: 2500: 2479: 2458: 2437: 2416: 2373: 2371: 2356: 2331: 2306: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1874: 1866: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1774: 1766: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1679: 1671: 1664: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1441: 1433: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1322: 1314: 1305: 1297: 1290: 1282: 1275: 1267: 1260: 1252: 1241: 1233: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1156: 1072: 1044:When, in 1946, 1035:Abdullah Khalil 1014:Comboni College 1006: 939:Farouk of Egypt 931: 868: 836:Geoffrey Archer 816: 721: 665: 601: 582:Muhammad Sharif 465: 340: 242: 224: 218: 216: 200: 195: 193: 168: 158: 132: 127: 107: 95: 89: 84: 67: 55: 52: 46: 41: 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3052: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2929: 2923: 2908: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2845: 2826: 2797: 2791: 2778: 2772: 2766:. SUNY Press. 2757: 2751: 2743:The White Nile 2738: 2732: 2717: 2711: 2696: 2690: 2675: 2664:"Index Ma-Mam" 2660: 2654: 2639: 2617:(2): 123–148. 2602: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2560: 2550: 2529: 2504: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2441: 2435: 2420: 2414: 2399: 2385:, ed. (1911). 2383:Chisholm, Hugh 2379: 2360: 2354: 2339: 2329: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2295:Sadig Al-Mahdi 2287: 2275: 2263: 2261:, p. 233. 2251: 2249:, p. 171. 2236: 2234:, p. 105. 2224: 2222:, p. 136. 2212: 2210:, p. 851. 2200: 2188: 2176: 2174:, p. 383. 2164: 2152: 2150:, p. 207. 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2063:, p. 117. 2053: 2051:, p. 110. 2041: 2029: 2017: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1952:, p. 337. 1942: 1930: 1918: 1899: 1887: 1872: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1821:, p. 170. 1811: 1799: 1787: 1772: 1755: 1743: 1728: 1726:, p. 278. 1716: 1704: 1692: 1677: 1662: 1660:, p. 173. 1647: 1632: 1620: 1603: 1591: 1574: 1572:, p. 207. 1562: 1560:, p. 216. 1545: 1543:, p. 264. 1541:Churchill 1899 1533: 1521: 1502: 1500:, p. 276. 1498:Moorehead 1963 1490: 1488:, p. 270. 1486:Moorehead 1963 1478: 1474:Moorehead 1963 1466: 1464:, p. 236. 1462:Moorehead 1963 1454: 1452:, p. 231. 1450:Moorehead 1963 1439: 1424: 1412: 1408:Moorehead 1963 1400: 1398:, p. 189. 1388: 1386:, p. 216. 1376: 1364: 1347: 1335: 1320: 1318:, p. 115. 1303: 1301:, p. 121. 1288: 1273: 1258: 1239: 1224: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1200:, p. 16). 1187: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1176:Sadiq al-Mahdi 1155: 1152: 1148:Ibrahim Abboud 1071: 1068: 1054:independence. 1051:Clement Attlee 1005: 1002: 930: 927: 888:intelligentsia 867: 864: 815: 812: 720: 717: 705:ratib al-mahdi 686:Nuba Mountains 673:Ottoman Empire 664: 661: 600: 597: 464: 461: 446:Major-General 406:Muhammad Ahmad 347:Muhammad Ahmad 339: 336: 261: 260: 257: 256: 254:Muhammad Ahmad 251: 247: 246: 237: 233: 232: 223:(aged 73) 213: 209: 208: 190: 186: 185: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 161: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 124: 123: 116: 115: 110: 104: 103: 101:Muhammad Ahmad 98: 92: 91: 81: 80: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 42: 39: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3051: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2977: 2975:90-04-13854-4 2971: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2949: 2947:0-299-18294-0 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2924:0-7146-3080-2 2920: 2917:. Routledge. 2916: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2903:90-04-11049-6 2899: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2882:0-7146-4749-7 2878: 2875:. Routledge. 2874: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2861:0-312-16144-1 2857: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2836:on 2007-10-08 2835: 2831: 2827: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2792:0-19-829645-2 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2773:0-88706-481-7 2769: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2752:0-14-001933-2 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2655:90-04-13854-4 2651: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2597:0-7146-5716-6 2593: 2590:. Routledge. 2589: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2576:0-86372-206-7 2572: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2551:0-19-510296-7 2547: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2499:90-04-14627-X 2495: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2478:0-521-89437-9 2474: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2457:0-521-53116-0 2453: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2415:1-59547-814-0 2411: 2407: 2406: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2330:0-521-65970-1 2326: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2308: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2273:, p. 64. 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2186:, p. 99. 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2162:, p. 55. 2161: 2160:Sidahmed 1996 2156: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2135:, p. 83. 2134: 2129: 2123:, p. 77. 2122: 2117: 2111:, p. 74. 2110: 2105: 2099:, p. 73. 2098: 2093: 2087:, p. 71. 2086: 2081: 2075:, p. 47. 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2039:, p. 40. 2038: 2033: 2027:, p. 46. 2026: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2000:, p. 91. 1999: 1994: 1988:, p. 99. 1987: 1982: 1976:, p. 38. 1975: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1940:, p. 37. 1939: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1916:, p. 90. 1915: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1845:, p. 89. 1844: 1839: 1833:, p. 25. 1832: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1809:, p. 23. 1808: 1803: 1797:, p. 28. 1796: 1795:Sidahmed 1996 1791: 1785:, p. 83. 1784: 1779: 1777: 1770:, p. 87. 1769: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1753:, p. 26. 1752: 1751:Sidahmed 1996 1747: 1741:, p. 25. 1740: 1739:Sidahmed 1996 1735: 1733: 1725: 1720: 1714:, p. 27. 1713: 1708: 1702:, p. 82. 1701: 1696: 1690:, p. 82. 1689: 1684: 1682: 1675:, p. 77. 1674: 1669: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1630:, p. 12. 1629: 1624: 1618:, p. 66. 1617: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1601:, p. 65. 1600: 1595: 1589:, p. 13. 1588: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1571: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1542: 1537: 1531:, p. 11. 1530: 1525: 1519:, p. 81. 1518: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1437:, p. 60. 1436: 1431: 1429: 1422:, p. 19. 1421: 1416: 1410:, p. 90. 1409: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1385: 1380: 1373: 1372:Chisholm 1911 1368: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1344: 1343:Brief History 1339: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1271:, p. 73. 1270: 1269:Bartlett 2008 1265: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1199: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1160: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1081: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1064:United States 1059: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1001: 997: 993: 990: 985: 983: 979: 974: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 940: 935: 926: 924: 923:Stewart Symes 919: 917: 916:Stewart Symes 913: 907: 905: 901: 897: 892: 889: 884: 882: 872: 863: 861: 855: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 824: 821: 811: 808: 804: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779: 774: 768: 765: 760: 756: 754: 749: 741: 737: 730: 725: 716: 714: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 678: 674: 670: 660: 656: 654: 650: 646: 640: 638: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 609: 605: 596: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 559: 558:The River War 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 529: 527: 523: 519: 516: 512: 508: 504: 503:Baggara Arabs 500: 492: 488: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 460: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 433:William Hicks 429: 425: 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 402: 400: 395: 391: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:Mediterranean 359: 352: 348: 344: 335: 333: 332:staged a coup 329: 324: 319: 317: 312: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 291: 288: 284: 276: 272: 268: 258: 255: 252: 248: 245: 244:Hadi al-Mahdi 241: 238: 234: 231: 227: 215:24 March 1959 214: 210: 207: 206:Mahdist Sudan 203: 191: 187: 182: 178: 175: 172: 166: 162: 156: 153: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 130: 125: 122: 117: 114: 113:Hadi al-Mahdi 111: 105: 102: 99: 93: 87: 82: 79: 74: 70: 63: 58: 49: 45: 37: 34: 29: 26: 22: 3029:Slave owners 2965: 2937: 2913: 2892: 2871: 2850: 2838:. 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Brill. 2172:Daly 2003 2013:Hail 1996 1950:Daly 2004 1926:Rizk 2001 1724:Daly 2004 1208:Citations 1090:in which 820:Lee Stack 807:Khatmiyya 753:Khatmiyya 688:in 1915. 628:the Mahdi 578:Blue Nile 192:June 1885 129:In office 86:In office 2368:Archived 1120:Buth Diu 900:The Nile 844:tarboush 787:Cameroon 748:George V 645:Azharite 511:Ethiopia 507:Mahdiyah 473:Omdurman 452:Khartoum 424:Muhammad 394:Khartoum 392:visited 299:Khartoum 236:Children 226:Omdurman 202:Omdurman 3014:Mahdism 2304:Sources 1122:of the 1027:al-Umma 982:Eritrea 831:(KBE). 783:Nigeria 773:Ramadan 764:Baggara 759:Sudan. 740:Baggara 729:Baggara 693:Baggara 682:Sayyids 677:Germany 576:on the 567:England 515:Emperor 469:Kalifas 217: ( 196:1885-06 194: ( 138:Monarch 2972: 2944: 2921: 2900: 2879: 2858: 2789: 2770: 2749: 2730: 2709: 2688: 2652: 2629: 2594: 2573: 2548: 2496: 2475: 2454: 2433: 2412: 2352: 2327: 1154:Legacy 941:(1948) 904:Arabic 896:al-Nil 881:hadith 649:Hadith 616:Gezira 561:, Sir 542:Atbara 538:Berber 534:cotton 522:Gondar 477:Darfur 437:Darfur 426:. 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