7297:(instead of Russian, which is currently a de facto administrative language) from 2010, and all state officials will be obliged to use Abkhaz as their language of everyday business from 2015. Some, however, have considered the implementation of this law unrealistic and concerns have been made that it will drive people away from Abkhazia and hurt the independent press due to a significant share of non-Abkhaz speakers among ethnic minorities as well as Abkhaz themselves, and a shortage of teachers of Abkhaz. The law is an attempt to amend a situation where up to a third of the ethnic Abkhaz population are no longer capable of speaking their ethnic language, and even more are unable to read or write it; instead, Russian is the language most commonly used in public life at present.
7212:
7165:
7182:
7197:
6628:
7240:
6966:
7024:
6951:
6994:
6539:
7536:
7150:
6602:
4613:
6866:
306:
7009:
10147:
9398:
315:
5688:
63:
436:
1955:
461:
by most of the descendants, and bilingualism being low except in some specific areas, although there seems to be an effort for the new generation to learn the language with public schools being able to teach Abkhaz and together with 7,836 second language speakers. Abkhazian villages are concentrated around the cities of
5161:. Gender is a fairly weak concept in Abkhaz grammar, and gender distinctions undergo a fair degree of neutralization in several contexts, including personal pronouns, verb agreement and possession marking. This class and gender system distinguishes Abkhaz from the other Northwest Caucasian languages.
7296:
In
November 2007, the de facto authorities of Abkhazia adopted a new law "on the state language of the Republic of Abkhazia" that mandates Abkhaz as the language of official communication. According to the law, all meetings held by the president, parliament, and government must be conducted in Abkhaz
2248:
However, the fully conjugated personal Abkhaz verb forms are "templatic," with each grammatical distinction occupying a specific "slot" or "position" within the broader verb template. Verbs are thus formed by the addition of various affixes to the verb stem; these affixes express such distinctions as
460:
gives 150,000 Abkhazians living in Turkey, of these 50,000 still speak the language. The Joshua
Project says there are 166,000 ethnic Abkhazians in Turkey, and the head of the Abkhaz federation says there are in between 500-700 thousand Abkhazians in Turkey. In general, Abkhaz seems to have been lost
4930:
Abkhaz distinguishes singular and plural; the singular is unmarked, whereas the plural is indicated by noun class-dependent suffixes. There are several pluralizing suffixes, but the two most commonly used refer generally to the human and non-human noun classes. There are instances where explicitly
443:
There is not an agreed number of speakers of Abkhaz, and there are widely different numbers. It is agreed that today most of the Abkhaz people do not live in
Abkhazia. In the census conducted by the Republic of Abkhazia in 2011, Abkhazians comprised 50.8% of the population, around 122,175 people; of
2285:
of a transitive verb in an ergative construction. The following table illustrates the various agreement markers which can occupy the first position. These prefixes can either be in their long forms, containing the letters inside the parenthesis, or in the short forms that do not contain them. The
3760:
Several tense markers occupy this position, dependent upon whether the verb in question is stative or dynamic. Dynamic verbs have a richly developed tense paradigm incorporating tense and aspect distinctions. The table below illustrates these various dynamic tense forms using the verb агара
455:
The exact number of
Abkhazians and Abkhaz speakers in Turkey is not clear. The Turkish census denotes 13,951, but the figures are dubious, since the numbers of Abkhazians that came from the beginning of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th have been documented at around 30 thousand.
4368:
takes a few possible forms, depending upon the type of verb. Dynamic verbs form the imperative by the addition of agreement suffixes to a bare verb stem; intransitives include the subject and indirect object makers, whereas transitives include the direct object and absolutive. Thus
2067:
features a highly complex verb system that could be called a "sentence in miniature." Chirikba (2003) describes Abkhaz as a "verbocentric" language wherein verbs occupy the "central part of the morphology." However, despite its complexity, Abkhaz verbal morphology is highly regular.
600:
became the first institution of higher education to teach
Abkhazian language. The founders of the university began to take care of the development and scientific study of the Abkhazian language. At the meeting of the Council of Professors held at Tbilisi State University in 1918,
4444:
Like verbs, Abkhaz nouns are formed by the addition of various prefixes and suffixes to a static noun stem. Noun stems can be derived according to several different processes, including compounding, reduplication, or the addition of a derivational affix.
8364:"Ketevan tsikhelashvili: "1918 ts'els, tbilisis sakhelmts'ipo universit'et'is daarsebisas, misma damaarsebelma mamebma, pakt'obrivad tavidanve daits'q'es imaze zrunva, rom universit'et'shi shesadzlebeli q'opiliq'o apkhazuri da osuri enebis shests'avla""
8334:
8177:
1888:
Other linguists however, mainly
Russian ones, describe the vowels differently. They describe the sound of 'ә' being completely different from , and by their descriptions being closer to . The 'а' is described as being particularly back, likely .
841:
Labialised alveolo-palatal fricatives are found in the Bzyp and Sadz dialects of Abkhaz, but not in
Abzhywa. Plain alveolo-palatal consonants and the pharyngealised and labialised-pharyngealised uvular fricatives are unique to the Bzyp dialect.
778:
in the 19th century. While most differences are phonetic, differences in the lexicon are present, although mostly due to exterior contact. Bzyp contains the most preserved lexicon, with few borrowings. Abzhywa has adopted many loans from
8369:[Ketevan Tsikhelashvili: "When Tbilisi State University Was Founded in 1918, Its Founding Fathers Actually Took Care of the Possibility of Studying Abkhazian and Ossetian Languages at the University from the Very Beginning."].
765:
In some form or the other, all dialects are richer in phonemes than the standard
Abzhywa dialect. The only dialects spoken in Abkhazia are Abzhywa and Bzyp. Northern dialects which are the basis for literary Abaza are spoken in
8366:ქეთევან ციხელაშვილი: "1918 წელს, თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის დაარსებისას, მისმა დამაარსებელმა მამებმა, ფაქტობრივად თავიდანვე დაიწყეს იმაზე ზრუნვა, რომ უნივერსიტეტში შესაძლებელი ყოფილიყო აფხაზური და ოსური ენების შესწავლა"
605:
noted the scientific importance of studying
Caucasian languages. In 1918, by the decision of the Council of Professors, Petre Charaia was invited to teach the Abkhazian language, and from 1925, this mission was continued by
8181:
5438:
Morphologically, adjectives are very similar to nouns, differing only in their syntactic function. Similarly to nouns, adjective stems can be derived by compounding, reduplication and affixation. When used
415:; these are the main reasons for many others to prefer keeping the two separate, while others still refer to it as the Tapanta dialect of Abkhaz. Chirikba mentions that there are possible indications that
9521:
452:
to the western environs of
Sukhumi and the Psyrtskha valley, whereas the Abzhywa dialect is spoken south-east of Sukhumi. The rest of the Abkhaz speaking population inhabits other neighbouring areas.
4808:
These suffixes convey either plural number or case-like adverbial information. Plural markers are addressed further below; the other possible inflectional suffixes are the following:
5443:, adjectives follow the noun that they modify. Predicative adjectives, or those derived by suffixation, precede the noun. Adjectives are formed according to the following paradigm:
2104:
versus non-finite, referring to the duration of the action. Finite verbs usually contain enough information to form a complete sentence, whereas non-finite verbs typically form
7353:"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
7395:
by 5 UN member states (two other states previously recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while the remainder of the international community recognizes it as
1847:; with the two vowels being distinguished by height, 'ә' being the high/close vowel, and 'а' being the low/open. This system would very closely resemble the one found in
593:
which had been considered nonsense are in fact written in Abkhaz-Adydge languages. The methodology of the research was criticised and the results called improbable.
9386:
9548:
7392:
3004:
Any indirect object occurring after the one in the second position occupies this position instead; a possessive prefix of stative verbs can also be placed here.
444:
these 92,838 speaking it natively. Only two of the original dialects are still spoken in Abkhazia. The Bzyp dialect is still spoken in its homeland northwest of
7325:
Darbanzaalak’ auaiwy dshoup’ ikhy daqwitny. Auaa zegj zinlei pat’ulei eiqaroup’. Urt irymoup’ akhshyiwi alamysi, dara daragj aesjei aesjei reipsh eizyqazaroup’.
9364:
8272:
Mayor, Adrienne; Colarusso, John; Saunders, David (2014). "Making Sense of Nonsense Inscriptions Associated with Amazons and Scythians on Athenian Vases".
5157:
Nouns in Abkhaz are classified broadly according to a human/non-human paradigm, with the human class itself further subdivided into masculine and feminine
1851:. The quality of 'ә' in this case, is usually represented as if the vowel is in a stressed position, and being unaffected by its neighbouring consonants.
570:, with around 5,000 speakers, but other communities are found in countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Austria, France, Belgium and so on.
9662:
7342:
Darbanzaalak auaòy dšoup ihy dak̦a̋ițny. Auaa zegʹ zinlei patulei eik̄aroup. Urț irymoup ahšyòi alamysi, dara daragʹ aešʹei aešʹei reip̀š eizyk̄azaroup.
2082:- "she is a child"). Dynamic verbs express direct actions, functioning more closely to standard English verbs. Dynamic verbs possess the full range of
7366:[darbanzaːlakʼawaɥɨtʂəʊpʼjɨχɨdakʷʰitʰnɨǁawaːzəgʲzinləɪpʼatʼwɨləɪəɪqʼarəʊpʼǁwərtʰjɨrɨməʊpʼaχʂɨɥiːalamɨsiːǀdaradaragʲajəʃəɪrəɪpʰʂəɪzɨqʼazarəʊpʼǁ]
566:
with around 5,000 Abkhazians, although this number could reach 10,000 according to the Abkhazia's Foreign Ministry. The biggest western diaspora is in
2038:
verb. Notably, Abkhaz expresses ergativity entirely through the ordering of subjects and objects within verb constructions rather than through overt
10508:
7557:
2001:
513:
8068:
7910:
7312:Дарбанзаалак ауаҩы дшоуп ихы дақәиҭны. Ауаа зегь зинлеи патулеи еиҟароуп. Урҭ ирымоуп ахшыҩи аламыси, дара дарагь аешьеи аешьеи реиԥш еизыҟазароуп.
9329:
665:
10488:
9158:
411:. Grammatically, the two are very similar; however, the differences in phonology are substantial, it also contains elements characteristic of
10518:
7982:
9379:
4624:. They come in two forms, the full and short ones. The full ones contain the vowels inside the parenthesis, whereas the short ones do not.
4452:
and possession, as well as some case-like elements. Taken as a whole, the entire morphological structure of the Abkhaz noun is as follows:
516:. Today they are exclusively spoken in the northwestern part of Turkey, specially in the Sakarya province, it being spoken in 14 villages.
550:, with about 982 people considering Abkhaz their first language. In the Russian census of 2010, 6,786 speakers of Abkhaz were reported in
9682:
9541:
9245:
Hewitt, B. George (2008). "Cases, arguments, verbs in Abkhaz, Georgian and Mingrelian". In Corbett, Greville G.; Noonan, Michael (eds.).
4548:
The absence of either article affix implies a zero reference implying universal quantifiers, or to express the total lack of a referent.
325:
554:. In Ukraine there are around 1,458 according to the 2001 census, but of these only 317 speak Abkhazian. There were also communities in
9608:
9319:
4464:
As with verbs, not all of these elements can occur at the same time. The individual parts of noun morphology are addressed below.
10498:
9655:
9372:
9394:
2269:
Not all of these elements will necessarily co-occur in every verb. The individual parts of verb morphology are addressed below.
10478:
9534:
9516:
4476:
adhering to definite/generic categories appear as prefixes in the broader noun structure, whereas the indefinite is suffixed.
508:
Historically the dialects of Sadz, Ahchypsy and Tsabal were located in Abkhazia; Sadz being spoken from the Bzyp river to the
9217:
8256:
7091:
1717:
2164:
form of the verb resembles the English gerund. It is formed by the addition of a specific suffix to a bare verb stem, -ра (
523:, where the Northern dialects are spoken, although there they are considered as a separate language and form the literary
8212:
6813:
6102:
1700:
1483:
9105:
9648:
9254:
Hewitt, B. George (1999). "Morphology Revisited: Some Peculiarities of the Abkhaz Verb". In van den Berg, Helma (ed.).
9198:
7246:
6365:
1130:
1120:
416:
359:, where around 100,000 people speak it. Furthermore, it is spoken by thousands of members of the Abkhazian diaspora in
9175:
8554:
8307:
Kassian, Alexei (December 2016). "Un-Making Sense of Alleged Abkhaz-Adyghean Inscriptions on Ancient Greek Pottery".
7463:
7286:
5735:
2253:
and stative/dynamic quality, occupying rigid positions within the overall verb structure. There is a high degree of
2071:
Abkhaz, being an ergative language, makes a strong distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, as well as
9284:
Vaux, Bert; Psiypa, Zihni (1997). "The Cwyzhy Dialect of Abkhaz". In Kuno, Susumu; Vaux, Bert; Peter, Steve (eds.).
5717:
5234:
language. Pronouns are not inflected, and verbal agreement is generally sufficient to indicate grammatical person.
542:
Abkhaz is also spoken as a minority language around the world. There is a considerable number of Abkhaz speakers in
10483:
8247:
Gippert, Jost (1992). "The Caucasian Language Material in Evliya Çelebi's 'Travel Book'". In Hewitt, George (ed.).
8145:
6972:
6411:
5765:
5709:
3547:
The first of the suffixing elements expresses adverbial information relating to "inside" (-la) or "outside" (-aa).
1625:
1465:
1371:
5760:. In 1909 a 55-letter Cyrillic alphabet was used. A 75-letter Latin script devised by a Russian/Georgian linguist
5614:- "more"), which precedes the adjective. The superlative form is indicated by the intensifier suffix -ӡа. Thus:
10513:
7402:
6591:
6242:
1447:
6580:
6135:
5916:
10493:
10447:
9402:
6704:
6286:
5713:
4578:
Definite and indefinite affixes may appear together in the same noun, implying that the referents are meant as
1563:
10392:
10086:
9758:
9557:
8178:"Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 | The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue"
7188:
6957:
6920:
6466:
6398:
5938:
2031:
1865:
1843:
The nature of the vowels of Abkhaz is not clear. Some linguists, characterise the vowel system as a 2 degree
1607:
1507:
1361:
830:/plain distinctions. By contrast, the language has only two phonemically distinct vowels, which have several
392:
344:
241:
120:
10503:
7171:
7045:
6942:
6846:
6387:
6181:
5815:
4828:
1589:
1458:
1150:
8033:
7628:
7549:
4744:
These few prefixes add numeric information to the noun complex. Often, this takes the form of a numeral.
260:
9922:
7847:
6545:
6332:
1113:
9345:
Andersson, Samuel; Vaux, Bert; Pysipa (Şener), Zihni (2021). "Cwyzhy Abkhaz". Illustrations of the IPA.
8134:
3299:
The agreement marker corresponding to the agent (the subject of a transitive verb) takes this position.
2078:
Stative verbs describe states of being, roughly analogous to copular phrases in English, as in дхәыҷуп (
7708:
7272:
The Latin alphabet in Abkhaz is currently not in Unicode. Its inclusion was proposed in 2011. See also:
7128:
7067:
7056:
6896:
6791:
6754:
6680:
6645:
6634:
6508:
6477:
6455:
6264:
6253:
5927:
5870:
5837:
5793:
1879:
1669:
1649:
1527:
1520:
1405:
1391:
976:
957:
823:
4132:
Stative verbs, by contrast, lack this rich tense system, as illustrated below using the verb а́цәара (
9671:
8371:
Sherigebisa da samokalako tanasts’orobis sak’itkhebshi sakartvelos sakhelmts’ipo minist’ris ap’arat’i
7586:
7255:
7244:
7229:
7216:
7211:
7201:
7186:
7169:
7154:
7141:
7139:
7126:
7113:
7102:
7100:
7089:
7078:
7065:
7054:
7043:
7028:
7013:
6998:
6983:
6970:
6955:
6940:
6929:
6918:
6905:
6894:
6883:
6870:
6855:
6844:
6833:
6822:
6811:
6800:
6789:
6776:
6763:
6752:
6741:
6730:
6715:
6702:
6689:
6678:
6667:
6654:
6643:
6632:
6617:
6606:
6589:
6578:
6567:
6554:
6543:
6528:
6517:
6506:
6486:
6475:
6464:
6453:
6442:
6431:
6420:
6409:
6396:
6385:
6374:
6363:
6352:
6341:
6330:
6319:
6306:
6295:
6284:
6273:
6262:
6251:
6240:
6223:
6212:
6201:
6190:
6179:
6168:
6157:
6146:
6133:
6122:
6111:
6100:
6089:
6078:
6067:
6056:
6043:
6032:
6021:
6010:
5999:
5984:
5975:
5973:
5960:
5958:
5947:
5936:
5925:
5914:
5903:
5892:
5881:
5868:
5857:
5846:
5835:
5824:
5813:
5802:
5791:
1935:
1600:
1354:
877:
590:
420:
9087:
8812:
7535:
5780:
together with Konstantin Machavariani and modified in 1909 by Aleksey Chochua, was restored to use.
10473:
10382:
9769:
8528:
5698:
3384:
2510:
2064:
1980:
870:
597:
7164:
4401:
Stative verbs form the imperative simply by adding the durative suffix -z to the verb stem. Thus
2524:
Example of an absolutive construction with the intransitive subject in the first slot highlighted
10442:
10210:
10155:
8069:"In one of the public educational schools in Turkey they have begun to study the Abkhaz language"
7591:
7289:, grants Abkhaz the status of second official language in the territory of Abkhazia — along with
6669:
6556:
6519:
5894:
5859:
5804:
5702:
4275:
The final position in the verb complex can accommodate any one of several mixed purpose markers.
3174:
This position is occupied by preverbal elements which are not an explicit part of the verb stem.
2254:
2045:
All Latin transliterations in this section utilize the system explicated in Chirikba (2003) (see
2034:
typology, such that the subject of an intransitive verb functions identically to the object of a
1662:
1337:
1330:
791:. Northern dialects in general have more loanwords from Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Circassian.
427:
then being the closest relative to Abkhaz, with it only later on being influenced by Circassian.
7401:
Georgian territory. Georgia continues to claim the area as its own territory, designating it as
9815:
9498:
8523:
7000:
6872:
6192:
6148:
5511:
These suffixes are added to the adjective stem to show agreement with the noun being modified.
4604:
There are some semantic differences in article usage between the different dialects of Abkhaz.
2150:
2027:
1997:
1096:
1089:
7282:
Both Georgian and Abkhaz law enshrines an official status of the Abkhaz language in Abkhazia.
7196:
2257:
between verbs and other parts of speech. Overall, the Abkhaz verb is constructed as follows:
10425:
7599:
7387:
The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from
6931:
6835:
6824:
6170:
6124:
6113:
5083:
1844:
1755:
1692:
1028:
1021:
6627:
5199:
Similarly, the suffix -a can be added to a proper noun ending in a consonant to communicate
10437:
10342:
10113:
9695:
9585:
9437:
9309:
7239:
6885:
6619:
6069:
5826:
5607:
5440:
2097:
Some verbs, called inversives, combine certain features of both stative and dynamic verbs.
2058:
DETR:detrimental BENF:benefactive PREV:preverb SPREV:stem preverb EXT:extension MSD:masdar
1398:
1178:
901:
788:
780:
775:
586:
in the 17th century. Abkhaz has been used as a literary language for only about 100 years.
204:
9339:
7653:
810:
Abkhaz has a very large number of consonants (58 in the literary dialect), with three-way
8:
10452:
9739:
9705:
9457:
7273:
7231:
7156:
6985:
6857:
6778:
6743:
6530:
6376:
6354:
6308:
6214:
6159:
6045:
6034:
6001:
2589:
Example of an ergative construction with the direct object in the first slot highlighted
1434:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1223:
1216:
1157:
884:
784:
767:
694:
602:
520:
7724:
10240:
10123:
9911:
9595:
9152:
8800:
8289:
7904:
7863:
7030:
7023:
6203:
6091:
6080:
6023:
6012:
5406:
pronouns are derived from short-form personal pronouns combined with the suffix -хаҭá (
5158:
2735:
2250:
2083:
2006:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1164:
1140:
1103:
1082:
921:
865:
819:
412:
8689:
Hewitt, George (1999). "Morphology Revisited: Some Peculiarities of the Abkhaz Verb."
8639:, edited by Greville G. Corbett and Michael Noonan, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p.80
6993:
6950:
295:
10377:
10301:
10256:
10186:
10166:
10067:
10042:
9989:
9810:
9805:
9792:
9710:
9462:
9416:
9397:
9276:
9213:
9189:
9171:
8788:
8635:
Hewitt, George (2008). "Cases, arguments, verbs in Abkhaz, Georgian and Mingrelian."
8560:
8550:
8252:
7892:
7867:
7728:
7388:
7290:
7257:
6444:
6433:
5769:
5231:
4833:
4473:
4433:
3237:
Preverbal elements that are explicitly attached to the verb stem take this position.
3097:
2278:
2091:
1917:
1582:
1553:
1542:
1323:
990:
811:
687:
408:
380:
364:
219:
83:
2206:
Various prefixes can be added to the Masdar to form entire dependent clauses, as in
379:, and several Western countries. 27 October is the day of the Abkhazian language in
10352:
10347:
10292:
10273:
10266:
10261:
10235:
10227:
10191:
10174:
10096:
10025:
10001:
9962:
9906:
9882:
9867:
9832:
9801:
9787:
9568:
9472:
9442:
9350:
9324:
9272:
8316:
8293:
8281:
8008:
7939:
7859:
7720:
7416:
7149:
6538:
2296:
If the prefix is not followed by a consonant cluster, the short form shall be used.
2282:
2105:
2087:
2039:
896:
860:
835:
800:
643:
578:
The earliest indisputable extant written records of the Abkhaz language are in the
494:
125:
8391:
Bert Vaux, 1997. The Phonetics and Phonology of Secondary Articulations in Abkhaz.
7803:
7580:
5045:
Collective, with the added meaning of animal young (in some nouns with -s ending)
583:
10400:
10334:
10309:
10196:
10118:
10038:
10034:
10013:
9935:
9872:
9862:
9857:
9845:
9840:
9777:
9715:
9603:
9590:
5757:
5749:
5677:
4579:
4363:
2658:
Example of a reflexive construction with the possessive prefix in the first slot
2046:
2035:
1848:
1747:
1015:
891:
396:
187:
175:
171:
112:
9526:
9344:
8518:
Vaux, Bert. "The Phonetics and Phonology of Secondary Articulations in Abkhaz".
4612:
10419:
10319:
10314:
10131:
10101:
10047:
9976:
9957:
9940:
9901:
9890:
9796:
9631:
9615:
9573:
9193:
8285:
1070:
611:
546:
in southern Georgia, with the diaspora concentrating itself around the capital
528:
524:
509:
424:
400:
348:
164:
9354:
9334:
8580:"ФОНОЛОГО-ФОНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА ЯЗЫКА – ОСНОВА ОБУЧЕНИЯ БИЛИНГВА ВТОРОМУ ЯЗЫКУ"
8320:
8216:
7983:"TÜRKİYE'DE BAĞLI OLDUĞU İLLERE GÖRE ABAZA (AŞUWA-ŞKARAWA VE TAPANTA) KÖYLERİ"
4224:
The negation prefix m- occupies this position in a stative verb construction.
2290:
If the prefix is followed by a consonant cluster, the long form shall be used.
407:, of which the literary dialects of Abkhaz and Abaza are simply two ends of a
10467:
10324:
10202:
10051:
9984:
9850:
9822:
9782:
9748:
9729:
9511:
9482:
9477:
9447:
9304:
9185:
8792:
8401:
8140:[Appendix 6: Population of the Russian Federation by Languages Used]
7896:
7871:
7732:
7523:
7218:
7203:
7115:
7080:
7015:
6907:
6802:
6765:
6732:
6717:
6691:
6656:
6608:
6569:
6488:
6422:
6343:
6321:
6297:
6275:
6225:
6058:
5986:
5969:
5949:
5905:
5883:
5848:
5356:
5170:
4873:
4813:
2730:
The second position is occupied by the indirect object or by the prefix аи- (
2154:
1970:
1899:
1676:
1636:
1614:
1570:
1534:
1494:
1472:
1440:
1412:
1381:
1344:
1300:
1269:
1230:
1209:
1007:
983:
964:
945:
933:
914:
827:
815:
579:
536:
498:
470:
179:
9640:
8564:
6865:
10372:
10278:
10072:
10006:
9945:
9916:
9734:
9721:
9467:
9452:
9263:
Hewitt, B. George (1979). "The Relative Clause in Abkhaz (Abžui Dialect)".
8579:
8274:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
5777:
5761:
4449:
2160:
Roughly equivalent to the infinitive, or to a so-called "verbal noun," the
2072:
1990:
660:
607:
183:
150:
678:, nowadays spoken only in Turkey, formerly also spoken between the rivers
490:
462:
278:
9114:
8135:"Prilozheniye 6: Naseleniye Rossiyskoy Federatsii po vladeniyu yazykami"
7181:
2101:
1859:
305:
9288:. Vol. 6. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
8363:
7008:
3571:
3489:
3411:
3329:
3126:
3044:
2770:
2684:
2614:
2299:
If the stress does not fall on the prefix, the short form shall be used.
849:
and in brackets are the 4 kinds of labialisation described by Chirikba.
8402:"АБХАЗСКИЙ ЯЗЫК • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия"
7528:
6601:
5200:
4621:
1927:
1904:
1873:
679:
532:
449:
352:
93:
2543:
10215:
10146:
9314:
8782:
7886:
5363:), although this is done less frequently with third-person pronouns.
4993:
There are also several plural endings that are of much narrower use.
4812:
The third-person singular non-human possessive marker, attached to a
3466:
2277:
The first prefixing element of the verb complex expresses either the
1911:
1075:
831:
527:. They are spoken by 37,831 people in Russia, mostly in the south of
288:
271:
252:
233:
8544:
5687:
5610:
form of an adjective is formed using the comparative particle аиҳá (
486:
314:
10179:
9674:
9184:
7493:
7365:
7225:
5773:
5772:
was adopted and used between 1938 and 1954, after that the initial
5753:
4620:
These are possessive prefixes which express grammatical person and
664:
or Bzyp, spoken in the Caucasus and in Turkey, and named after the
403:, and they are sometimes considered dialects of the same language,
356:
73:
9247:
Case and Grammatical Relations: Studies in Honor of Bernard Comrie
8637:
Case and Grammatical Relations: Studies in Honor of Bernard Comrie
5359:
to use a short version of the pronoun which omits the suffix -рá (
1831:
Found in the Bzyp and Sadz dialects of Abkhaz, but not in Abzhywa.
502:
466:
62:
9995:
9170:. Languages of the World/Materials 119. Muenchen: Lincom Europa.
7678:
7397:
3387:
prefix m- occupies this position in a dynamic verb construction.
2738:
pronouns equivalent to "each other" or "one another" in English.
635:
634:, spoken in the Caucasus, and named after the historical area of
567:
482:
445:
435:
9299:
8137:Приложение 6: Население Российской Федерации по владению языками
8753:. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 19, p.194
6965:
5460:
The possessive prefix r- is used to show possessive agreement.
2281:
of an intransitive verb in the absolutive construction, or the
771:
559:
551:
547:
543:
478:
474:
404:
376:
368:
360:
322:
5177:), when attached to a noun stem, can express a vocative form.
2293:
If the stress falls on the prefix, the long form shall be used
10387:
9330:
Abkhaz basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
7452:
7431:
7332:
7109:
6914:
6772:
555:
372:
9236:
Hewitt, B. George (1989). "Abkhaz". In Greppin, John (ed.).
3096:
Where a possessive prefix exists in the first position, the
481:
in the northern part, and in the west around cities such as
7449:
2517:) in a reflexive construction or the relative prefix иы́- (
627:
Abkhaz is generally viewed as having three major dialects:
563:
8469:
V.A. Chirikba 1996. A dictionary of common Abkhaz. Page II
7122:
6711:
6663:
6563:
4895:
Inflectional suffixes can follow each other sequentially.
4436:, and as such there is no true passive voice distinction.
693:
Below is a classification of Abkhaz dialects according to
650:, derived from the Russian form of the name for the area,
7440:
7419:
7135:
3688:
Several aspect markers occupy this position as suffixes.
3469:
prefix r- takes the final position before the verb stem.
2149:
Verb stems can be derived in a number of ways, including
8598:Грамматика абхазского языка : Фонетика и морфология
7987:
Gerçek sizi özgür kılar! ⚜️ The truth will set you free!
7826:
7824:
7631:. ISO 639-2 Registration Authority – Library of Congress
2521:) in a non-finite construction to occupy this position.
9240:. Vol. 2. New York: Caravan Books. pp. 39–88.
8847:
8845:
8843:
2030:
language that relies heavily on affixation. It has an
2026:
Typical of Northwest Caucasian languages, Abkhaz is an
9072:
9070:
9068:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9035:
9033:
9014:
9012:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8902:
8900:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8705:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8622:
8620:
8460:
V.A. Chirikba 1996. Sadz, an Abkhaz Dialect in Turkey.
8271:
8102:
V.A. Chirikba 1996. Sadz, an Abkhaz dialect in Turkey.
7656:. ISO 639-3 Registration Authority – SIL International
770:, while the other dialects such as Sadz are spoken in
9203:. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
7821:
7464:
7455:
7434:
7428:
5374:) to the short version of a personal pronoun. Thus:
7709:"Mountain of Tongues: The Languages of the Caucasus"
7487:
7443:
7422:
7340:
7323:
52:
46:
9065:
9042:
9030:
9009:
8976:
8960:
8927:
8897:
8854:
8820:
8696:
8669:
8651:
8617:
7804:"The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire"
7446:
7425:
4472:There is a range of definiteness in Abkhaz. Those
519:The other major place where Abkhaz is spoken is in
7848:"Structure and System in the Abaza Verbal Complex"
7579:
5752:since 1862. The first alphabet was a 37-character
4658:
2100:Another important verbal distinction in Abkhaz is
9556:
9347:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9300:Introduction, basic phrases and grammar and texts
8693:edited by Helma van den Berg, Leiden: CNWS, p.197
7550:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
5067:Delineating a group associated with the referent
4698:
2822:This position accommodates a number of prefixes.
1996:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
10465:
9249:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 75–104.
7684:[October 27 is Abkhazian Language Day].
7578:
7285:The 1992 law of Georgia, reiterated in the 1995
4668:
399:. The language of Abkhaz is especially close to
9107:Ауаҩытәыҩса изинқәа Зегьеицырзеиҧшу Адекларациа
8146:Federal'naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki
7383:
7381:
4708:
4678:
7393:is formally recognised as an independent state
4718:
2225:
2094:forms, in contrast to statives, which do not.
589:It was suggested that certain inscriptions on
512:, and further to the north-west bordering the
9670:
9656:
9542:
9380:
8729:The Relative Clause in Abkhaz (Abžui Dialect)
8309:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
8213:"Abkhaz Syrians return home: Voice of Russia"
7923:
7830:
7787:
7771:
7769:
5370:can be indicated by adding the suffix -тәы́ (
5023:Collective, referring to ethnicities, groups
1827:
1825:
787:; Sadz on the other hand has more words from
651:
9305:Abkhaz alphabet and pronunciation (Omniglot)
8167:George Hewitt 1998. The Abkhazians. Page 167
8120:George Hewitt 1998. The Abkhazians. Page 167
8058:George Hewitt 1998. The Abkhazians. Page 167
7972:George Hewitt 1998. The Abkhazians. Page 167
7909:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7378:
7310:
5410:). These have a roughly reflexive meaning.
4688:
2136:
2119:
493:; they are mainly found in the provinces of
430:
40:
34:
7654:"Documentation for ISO 639 Identifier: abk"
7646:
7629:"Documentation for ISO 639 Identifier: abk"
7621:
5716:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4931:human nouns take non-human plural markers.
4728:
4648:
3623:The suffix -kºá pluralizes a stative verb.
2157:or conversion from another part of speech.
9663:
9649:
9549:
9535:
9387:
9373:
9325:Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet
9283:
9157:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8780:
8577:
7766:
1822:
760:
321:Abkhaz is classified as Vulnerable by the
313:
304:
61:
8784:Грамматика абхазского литературного языка
8527:
8340:[Abkhazian Language Day at TSU].
8128:
8126:
7356:
5764:lasted for 2 years 1926–1928 (during the
5736:Learn how and when to remove this message
4240:
3497:
3416:
3116:
2674:
355:. It is one of the official languages of
10509:Languages attested from the 17th century
9238:The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus
9165:
9142:
9085:
8502:
8425:
7852:Transactions of the Philological Society
4611:
2286:rules for using them are the following:
434:
326:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
16:Northwest Caucasian language of Abkhazia
9520:) is being considered for merging. See
8306:
8246:
7706:
4413:
3323:
3038:
3028:
2764:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
439:Distribution of Abkhaz in the Caucasus.
10466:
9262:
9253:
9244:
9235:
9226:
9207:
8542:
8445:
8123:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7492:
7364:
3638:
3585:
3511:
3493:
3425:
3339:
3263:
3201:
3134:
3052:
2960:
2778:
2692:
2622:
2553:
9644:
9530:
9368:
9286:Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics
9094:. Caucasus Reporting Service No. 424.
9092:Institute for War and Peace Reporting
9086:Gogorian, Anahid (20 December 2007).
8584:АБХАЗСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
7845:
7679:"27 okt'omberi apkhazuri enis dghea"
7612:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7331:
5328:
5312:
5287:
5271:
4381:
3643:
3563:
3538:"I did not manage to make it better."
3485:
3403:
3319:
3259:
3130:
3024:
2946:
2758:
2688:
2618:
2608:
2549:
2308:
2042:as most other ergative languages do.
857:
10519:Languages written in Cyrillic script
8520:10th Non-Slavic Languages Conference
7600:participating institution membership
5714:adding citations to reliable sources
5681:
4638:
3567:
3407:
3254:
1948:
1800:
638:(Абжьыуа), sometimes referred to as
582:, recorded by the Turkish traveller
8478:
7739:
7725:10.1146/annurev.an.06.100177.001435
7305:
3032:
2951:
622:
13:
10424:Languages between parentheses are
9210:Abkhaz: A Comprehensive Self-Tutor
9199:World Atlas of Language Structures
9004:Abkhaz: A Comprehensive Self-Tutor
8450:. United States: SMP. p. 167.
7884:
7864:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1956.tb00566.x
7615:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
7560:from the original on 2 August 2018
7510:
7317:
5064:- "parents of the sister-in-law")
3656:
3648:
1986:for transliterated languages, and
1966:of its non-English content, using
501:in the western part, and near the
419:, could have divided firstly into
14:
10530:
9524:to help reach a consensus. ›
9320:Abkhaz-Russian On-Line Dictionary
9293:
9258:. Leiden: CNWS. pp. 197–208.
8034:"Özel Haber) Türkiye'de Abhazlar"
5671:
5344:
5303:
3576:
3502:
3121:
2680:
2492:
2430:
2168:) for a dynamic verb and -заара (
1934:
1916:
1878:
1864:
1754:
1716:
1699:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1624:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1588:
1569:
1562:
1552:
1541:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1506:
1493:
1482:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1446:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1353:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1268:
1256:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1112:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1027:
1020:
690:is based on the Abzhywa dialect.
386:
10145:
9396:
9256:Studies in Caucasian Linguistics
9088:"Abkhaz Worried by Language Law"
8751:Expletive Verb Marking in Abkhaz
8691:Studies in Caucasian Linguistics
8517:
8503:Chirikba, A. Viacheslav (2003).
7924:Viacheslav A., Chirikba (2003).
7831:Viacheslav A., Chirikba (2003).
7788:Viacheslav A., Chirikba (1996).
7534:
7415:
7238:
7210:
7195:
7180:
7163:
7148:
7022:
7007:
6992:
6964:
6949:
6864:
6626:
6600:
6537:
5686:
5246:
3228:"(S)he sat down (for a moment)."
2343:
2333:
2323:
1953:
838:quality of adjacent consonants.
834:depending on the palatal and/or
9136:
9098:
9079:
9056:
9021:
8996:
8951:
8918:
8909:
8888:
8879:
8870:
8774:
8765:
8756:
8743:
8734:
8721:
8712:
8683:
8642:
8629:
8604:
8590:
8571:
8536:
8511:
8496:
8487:
8472:
8463:
8454:
8439:
8430:
8419:
8394:
8385:
8356:
8327:
8300:
8265:
8240:
8231:
8205:
8196:
8180:. 11 March 2007. Archived from
8170:
8161:
8152:
8114:
8105:
8096:
8087:
8061:
8052:
8026:
8001:
7975:
7966:
7957:
7932:
7917:
7878:
7839:
7796:
7781:
7707:Catford, J. C. (October 1977).
7700:
7681:27 ოქტომბერი აფხაზური ენის დღეა
3922:"They will probably take him."
3652:
3191:
2221:
2217:
2183:
10499:Languages of Georgia (country)
10428:of the language on their left.
9113:(in Abkhazian), archived from
8373:(in Georgian). 8 February 2018
8344:(in Georgian). 27 October 2020
8335:"Apkhazuri enis dghe tsu-shi"
8251:. München: Lincom. p. 9.
7846:Allen, W. S. (November 1956).
7671:
7606:
7572:
7542:
7408:
7348:
7300:
5776:alphabet, designed in 1892 by
5334:
5293:
5251:
3589:
3581:
3515:
3507:
3429:
3421:
3343:
3335:
3267:
3205:
3197:
3138:
3056:
3048:
2964:
2956:
2782:
2774:
2714:-REFL-she(A)-kill-PRES:DYN-FIN
2696:
2626:
2557:
2479:
2414:
2348:
2338:
2328:
2229:
2187:
2002:multilingual support templates
845:The consonants highlighted in
1:
10489:Subject–object–verb languages
10479:Northwest Caucasian languages
9558:Northwest Caucasian languages
9517:Northwest Caucasian languages
9229:Abkhaz: A Descriptive Grammar
9145:A Dictionary of Common Abkhaz
8610:Chirikba, Viacheslav (2003).
8215:. 11 May 2012. Archived from
8158:V.A. Chirikba 2003. Pages 6-7
8040:(in Turkish). 5 February 2014
7891:. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR.
7790:A Dictionary Of Common Abkhaz
7713:Annual Review of Anthropology
7617:. Edinburgh University Press.
7503:
5433:
5366:In addition to noun-marking,
5316:
5275:
5169:Although there is no special
4891:Various coordinating suffixes
4616:Pronominal prefixes in Abkhaz
2449:
2384:
805:
701:Common Abkhaz (Proto-Abkhaz)
351:. It is spoken mostly by the
9277:10.1016/0024-3841(79)90034-2
7760:Atlas of Caucasian Languages
5321:
5280:
5173:declension, the prefix уа- (
4024:"They took him and then..."
2509:It is also possible for the
2454:
2389:
794:
393:Northwest Caucasian language
345:Northwest Caucasian language
7:
9231:. Amsterdam: North Holland.
8111:V.A. Chirikba 2003. Page 11
7488:
7341:
7324:
5756:alphabet invented by Baron
5225:
5082:) functions as an in-built
4816:or directional postposition
617:
423:and to proto-Ubykh-Abkhaz;
53:
47:
10:
10535:
9315:Example of Abkhaz language
9227:Hewitt, B. George (1979).
9212:. München: Lincom Europa.
9208:Hewitt, B. George (2010).
8436:V.A. Chirkba 2003. Page 12
8286:10.2972/hesperia.83.3.0447
8237:V.A. Chirikba 2003. Page 8
8202:V.A. Chirikba 2003. Page 8
8093:V.A. Chirikba 2003. Page 6
7989:(in Turkish). 8 March 2019
7963:V.A. Chirikba 2003. Page 7
7403:Russian-occupied territory
7267:
5675:
1944:
1819:Unique to the Bzyp dialect
798:
573:
367:'s autonomous republic of
10410:
10365:
10333:
10300:
10291:
10249:
10226:
10165:
10154:
10143:
10085:
10060:
10024:
9975:
9881:
9831:
9768:
9757:
9694:
9681:
9625:
9564:
9491:
9425:
9409:
9355:10.1017/S0025100320000390
9310:Abkhaz at Language Museum
8781:I︠A︡kovlev, N.F. (2006).
8578:Pozdnyakov, V.I. (2017).
8321:10.1163/15700577-12341301
7944:www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru
7776:B. G. Hewitt Abkhaz 1979;
7587:Oxford English Dictionary
7480:
7311:
7277:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5325:
5315:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5284:
5274:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5221:"Dear Zurab" (given name)
4858:Comparative suffix -ҵас (
4448:The affixes mark number,
3679:"Those who were sitting."
3605:it(DO)-SPREV-he(A)-bring-
3158:-she(A)-kill-PRES:DYN-FIN
2491:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2429:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2383:
2380:
2357:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2137:
2120:
1838:
1746:
1691:
1433:
1069:
1014:
900:
895:
890:
883:
876:
869:
864:
859:
669:
652:
505:river in the north-east.
431:Geographical distribution
417:proto-Northwest Caucasian
312:
303:
286:
269:
250:
231:
226:
210:
200:Official language in
198:
193:
161:
141:
109:
99:
89:
79:
69:
60:
41:
35:
33:
28:
23:
10383:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
9522:templates for discussion
9166:Chirikba, V. A. (2003).
9143:Chirikba, V. A. (1996).
9106:
8365:
8337:აფხაზური ენის დღე თსუ-ში
8336:
8136:
7680:
7371:
5495:tawrә́xt’º tagә́lazaaš’a
5084:coordinating conjunction
4918:áč’k’ºəncºaj atә́phacºaj
4823:) or directional -хьы́ (
4439:
4092:"They had to take him."
2052:
598:Tbilisi State University
347:most closely related to
105:190,000 (2015–2019)
10484:Agglutinative languages
10443:Languages of Azerbaijan
9509:
9128:– via unicode.org
9002:Hewitt, George (2010).
8957:Chirikba 2003, pp.23-24
8894:Chirikba 2003, pp.44-45
8876:Chirikba 2003, pp.53-54
8762:Chirikba 2003, pp.37-39
8749:Kathman, David (1993).
8727:Hewitt, George (1979).
8718:Chirikba 2003, pp.54-55
8648:Chirikba 2003, pp.18-21
8446:Hewitt, George (1998).
7762:. 2002. pp. 13–14.
7592:Oxford University Press
7494:[ˈɑpʰswɑbəzʃᶣɑ]
4915:аҷкәы́нцәеи аҭы́ԥҳацәеи
4397:"(you pl) look at him!"
4058:"They would take him."
3956:"They have taken him."
3824:"They are taking him."
3363:it(DO)-to her(IO)-
3100:prefix is placed here.
3080:-he(A)-give-AOR-DYN:FIN
2241:ART-PREV-RECI-break-MSD
761:General characteristics
395:and is thus related to
10514:Vertical vowel systems
9499:Georgian Sign Language
8479:V.A, Chirikba (2003).
8249:Caucasian Perspectives
7885:N., Genko, A. (1955).
7613:Bauer, Laurie (2007).
7357:Phonetic transcription
5201:respect and endearment
4617:
4126:"They had taken him."
3888:"They will take him."
3000:Second Indirect Object
2806:-I(A)-give-AOR-DYN:FIN
2647:-I(A)-see-PRES:DYN-FIN
448:, stretching from the
440:
10494:Languages of Abkhazia
9006:. LINCOM Europa, p.31
8543:Hewitt, B.G. (1989).
5766:Latinization campaign
5645:ajhá jəbzә́jaw ajºnә́
5502:historical situation"
5489:ҭоурыхтә ҭагылазаашьа
4843:Adverbial suffix -с (
4806:Inflectional Suffixes
4615:
4608:Inflectional Prefixes
4136:- "to be sleeping").
2991:"She took it from me
2988:-she-take-AOR-DYN:FIN
2244:"breaking each other"
1845:vertical vowel system
591:Ancient Greek pottery
438:
10448:Languages of Georgia
10438:Languages of Armenia
9403:Languages of Georgia
9340:Recordings of Abkhaz
8614:LINCOM Europa, p.22.
7792:. Leiden. p. 2.
5748:Abkhaz has used the
5710:improve this section
4888:- "without a house")
4740:Quantifying Prefixes
4600:"one of the horses."
4434:diathetic opposition
4064:Future Conditional 2
4030:Future Conditional 1
3531:it(DO)-I(A)-POT-NEG-
2263:++++++++++STEM++++++
2202:"to read/be reading"
1964:specify the language
1962:This article should
205:Republic of Abkhazia
10504:Languages of Russia
10453:Languages of Russia
9120:on 21 November 2008
9076:Chirikba 2003, p.30
9062:Chirikba 2003, p.31
9053:Chirikba 2003, p.29
9039:Chirikba 2003, p.33
9027:Chirikba 2003, p.32
9018:Chirikba 2003, p.26
8993:Chirikba 2003, p.25
8973:Chirikba 2003, p.24
8948:Chirikba 2003, p.23
8924:Chirikba 2003, p.28
8906:Chirikba 2003, p.68
8885:Chirikba 2003, p.44
8867:Chirikba 2003, p.39
8851:Chirikba 2003, p.38
8771:Chirikba 2003, p.40
8740:Chirikba 2003, p.55
8709:Chirikba 2003, p.41
8680:Chirikba 2003, p.22
8666:Chirikba 2003, p.37
8626:Chirikba 2003, p.48
8493:Chirikba 2003, p.19
7940:"население абхазии"
7590:(Online ed.).
5456:Inflectional Prefix
4352:-аа(и)т//-заа(и)т (
4187:"he was sleeping."
3076:it(DO)-me(IO)-BENF-
2073:dynamic and stative
2032:ergative-absolutive
1893:
1855:
854:
853:Consonant phonemes
768:Karachay-Cherkessia
603:Ivane Javakhishvili
535:, and in the upper
531:in the area around
521:Karachay-Cherkessia
212:Recognised minority
121:Northwest Caucasian
9923:Caucasian Albanian
9426:Minority languages
9335:Abkhaz text corpus
9190:Haspelmath, Martin
8731:. Lingua 47, p.173
8009:"Abkhaz in Turkey"
7391:in 1992, Abkhazia
5507:Adjective Suffixes
4618:
4220:Negation (Stative)
4213:"he is sleeping."
3445:it(DO)-SPREV-I(A)-
3379:Negation (Dynamic)
3287:-I-do-PRES:DYN-FIN
2049:for the details).
1892:
1854:
852:
646:form of the name (
441:
10461:
10460:
10420:extinct languages
10361:
10360:
10287:
10286:
10141:
10140:
10081:
10080:
9638:
9637:
9632:extinct languages
9507:
9506:
9410:Official language
9219:978-3-89586-670-8
9194:"Abkhaz language"
9186:Dryer, Matthew S.
8915:Hewitt 2008, p.82
8600:. pp. 13–14.
8483:. pp. 11–14.
8258:978-3-929075-01-4
8075:. 21 October 2014
8013:joshuaproject.net
7928:. pp. 10–11.
7598:(Subscription or
7532:(25th ed., 2022)
7486:
7265:
7264:
6496:
6495:
5783:Cyrillic script:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5604:
5603:
5353:
5352:
5078:The clitic -гьы (
5071:
5070:
4991:
4990:
4870:- "like a house")
4855:- "as a brother")
4737:
4736:
4546:
4545:
4542:- "some person")
4524:- "this person")
4360:
4359:
4217:
4216:
4130:
4129:
3990:"They took him."
3854:"They took him."
3753:
3752:
3535:-good-AOR-DYN:FIN
3367:-give-AOR-DYN:FIN
2927:
2926:
2507:
2506:
2172:) for a stative.
2147:
2146:
2126:"I saw him/her""
2106:dependent clauses
2024:
2023:
2004:may also be used.
1942:
1941:
1886:
1885:
1796:
1795:
1585:
1443:
1326:
1212:
1085:
776:Russian invasions
688:literary language
648:Abzhuiski dialekt
409:dialect continuum
334:
333:
10526:
10298:
10297:
10163:
10162:
10149:
9766:
9765:
9692:
9691:
9672:Languages of the
9665:
9658:
9651:
9642:
9641:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9528:
9527:
9443:Western Armenian
9401:
9400:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9366:
9365:
9358:
9289:
9280:
9271:(2–3): 151–188.
9259:
9250:
9241:
9232:
9223:
9204:
9181:
9162:
9156:
9148:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9119:
9112:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9083:
9077:
9074:
9063:
9060:
9054:
9051:
9040:
9037:
9028:
9025:
9019:
9016:
9007:
9000:
8994:
8991:
8974:
8971:
8958:
8955:
8949:
8946:
8925:
8922:
8916:
8913:
8907:
8904:
8895:
8892:
8886:
8883:
8877:
8874:
8868:
8865:
8852:
8849:
8818:
8816:
8810:
8806:
8804:
8796:
8778:
8772:
8769:
8763:
8760:
8754:
8747:
8741:
8738:
8732:
8725:
8719:
8716:
8710:
8707:
8694:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8667:
8664:
8649:
8646:
8640:
8633:
8627:
8624:
8615:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8515:
8509:
8508:
8500:
8494:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8476:
8470:
8467:
8461:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8428:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8398:
8392:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8349:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8244:
8238:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8209:
8203:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8184:on 11 March 2007
8174:
8168:
8165:
8159:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8143:
8130:
8121:
8118:
8112:
8109:
8103:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7979:
7973:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7908:
7900:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7737:
7736:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7661:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7638:
7636:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7595:
7583:
7576:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7521:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7485:romanized:
7484:
7482:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7412:
7406:
7385:
7368:
7363:
7344:
7327:
7314:
7313:
7306:Original version
7261:
7250:
7242:
7235:
7222:
7214:
7207:
7199:
7192:
7184:
7175:
7167:
7160:
7152:
7145:
7132:
7119:
7106:
7095:
7084:
7071:
7060:
7049:
7034:
7026:
7019:
7011:
7004:
6996:
6989:
6976:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6946:
6935:
6924:
6911:
6900:
6889:
6876:
6868:
6861:
6850:
6839:
6828:
6817:
6806:
6795:
6782:
6769:
6758:
6747:
6736:
6721:
6708:
6695:
6684:
6673:
6660:
6649:
6638:
6630:
6623:
6612:
6604:
6595:
6584:
6573:
6560:
6549:
6541:
6534:
6523:
6512:
6501:
6500:
6492:
6481:
6470:
6459:
6448:
6437:
6426:
6415:
6402:
6391:
6380:
6369:
6358:
6347:
6336:
6325:
6312:
6301:
6290:
6279:
6268:
6257:
6246:
6229:
6218:
6207:
6196:
6185:
6174:
6163:
6152:
6139:
6128:
6117:
6106:
6095:
6084:
6073:
6062:
6049:
6038:
6027:
6016:
6005:
5990:
5979:
5964:
5953:
5942:
5931:
5920:
5909:
5898:
5887:
5874:
5863:
5852:
5841:
5830:
5819:
5808:
5797:
5786:
5785:
5741:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5721:
5690:
5682:
5648:"a better house"
5642:аиҳа ибзиоу аҩны
5514:
5513:
5355:It is common in
5346:
5336:
5323:
5318:
5305:
5295:
5282:
5277:
5253:
5248:
5237:
5236:
5165:Vocative Affixes
5020:- "Abkhazians")
4996:
4995:
4934:
4933:
4921:"boys and girls"
4730:
4720:
4710:
4700:
4690:
4680:
4670:
4660:
4650:
4640:
4627:
4626:
4571:wajºә́ dsəmbáøjt
4479:
4478:
4415:
4383:
4278:
4277:
4242:
4139:
4138:
3768:
3767:
3691:
3690:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3374:gave it to her."
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3290:"I am doing it."
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3225:-sit-AOR-DYN:FIN
3207:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3026:
2993:against my will.
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2825:
2824:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2578:-go-PRES:DYN-FIN
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2494:
2481:
2456:
2451:
2432:
2416:
2409:шә(ы)- / жә(ы)-
2391:
2386:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2303:
2302:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2189:
2185:
2140:
2139:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2019:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1938:
1920:
1894:
1891:
1882:
1868:
1856:
1853:
1832:
1829:
1820:
1817:
1758:
1720:
1703:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1592:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1450:
1439:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1322:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1081:
1031:
1024:
1010:
1003:
998:
993:
986:
979:
972:
967:
960:
953:
948:
941:
936:
929:
924:
917:
910:
855:
851:
848:
801:Abkhaz phonology
671:
655:
654:
421:proto-Circassian
339:, also known as
328:
317:
308:
298:
281:
274:
264:
263:
255:
245:
244:
236:
214:language in
178:) Historically:
167:
115:
65:
56:
50:
44:
43:
38:
37:
21:
20:
10534:
10533:
10529:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10524:
10523:
10474:Abkhaz language
10464:
10463:
10462:
10457:
10431:
10406:
10401:Shirvani Arabic
10357:
10329:
10310:Karachay-Balkar
10283:
10245:
10222:
10157:
10150:
10137:
10089:
10077:
10056:
10020:
9971:
9877:
9827:
9761:
9753:
9716:Judaeo-Georgian
9698:
9685:
9677:
9669:
9639:
9634:
9621:
9560:
9555:
9525:
9508:
9503:
9487:
9421:
9405:
9395:
9393:
9362:
9296:
9220:
9192:, eds. (2013).
9178:
9150:
9149:
9139:
9134:
9133:
9123:
9121:
9117:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9103:
9099:
9084:
9080:
9075:
9066:
9061:
9057:
9052:
9043:
9038:
9031:
9026:
9022:
9017:
9010:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8977:
8972:
8961:
8956:
8952:
8947:
8928:
8923:
8919:
8914:
8910:
8905:
8898:
8893:
8889:
8884:
8880:
8875:
8871:
8866:
8855:
8850:
8821:
8808:
8807:
8798:
8797:
8779:
8775:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8757:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8735:
8726:
8722:
8717:
8713:
8708:
8697:
8688:
8684:
8679:
8670:
8665:
8652:
8647:
8643:
8634:
8630:
8625:
8618:
8609:
8605:
8596:
8595:
8591:
8576:
8572:
8557:
8541:
8537:
8516:
8512:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8488:
8477:
8473:
8468:
8464:
8459:
8455:
8444:
8440:
8435:
8431:
8426:Chirikba (1996)
8424:
8420:
8410:
8408:
8400:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8376:
8374:
8367:
8362:
8361:
8357:
8347:
8345:
8338:
8333:
8332:
8328:
8305:
8301:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8245:
8241:
8236:
8232:
8222:
8220:
8211:
8210:
8206:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8185:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8141:
8138:
8133:
8131:
8124:
8119:
8115:
8110:
8106:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8067:
8066:
8062:
8057:
8053:
8043:
8041:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8017:
8015:
8007:
8006:
8002:
7992:
7990:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7971:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7948:
7946:
7938:
7937:
7933:
7922:
7918:
7902:
7901:
7888:Абазинский язык
7883:
7879:
7844:
7840:
7829:
7822:
7812:
7810:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7786:
7782:
7774:
7767:
7758:
7757:
7740:
7705:
7701:
7691:
7689:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7666:Name: Abkhazian
7659:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7647:
7641:Name: Abkhazian
7634:
7632:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7577:
7573:
7563:
7561:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7533:
7522:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7500:
7470:
7466:
7439:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7409:
7386:
7379:
7374:
7361:
7359:
7351:
7337:
7320:
7318:Transliteration
7308:
7303:
7280:
7270:
7254:
7243:
7228:
7215:
7200:
7185:
7168:
7153:
7138:
7125:
7112:
7099:
7088:
7077:
7064:
7053:
7042:
7038:
7027:
7012:
6997:
6982:
6969:
6954:
6939:
6928:
6917:
6904:
6893:
6882:
6869:
6854:
6843:
6832:
6821:
6810:
6799:
6788:
6775:
6762:
6751:
6740:
6729:
6725:
6714:
6701:
6688:
6677:
6666:
6653:
6642:
6631:
6616:
6605:
6588:
6577:
6566:
6553:
6542:
6527:
6516:
6505:
6485:
6474:
6463:
6452:
6441:
6430:
6419:
6408:
6395:
6384:
6373:
6362:
6351:
6340:
6329:
6318:
6305:
6294:
6283:
6272:
6261:
6250:
6239:
6235:
6222:
6211:
6200:
6189:
6178:
6167:
6156:
6145:
6132:
6121:
6110:
6099:
6088:
6077:
6066:
6055:
6042:
6031:
6020:
6009:
5998:
5994:
5983:
5972:
5957:
5946:
5935:
5924:
5913:
5902:
5891:
5880:
5867:
5856:
5845:
5834:
5823:
5812:
5801:
5790:
5770:Georgian script
5758:Peter von Uslar
5750:Cyrillic script
5742:
5731:
5725:
5722:
5707:
5691:
5680:
5678:Abkhaz alphabet
5674:
5669:
5659:
5650:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5504:
5484:
5476:
5436:
5357:everyday speech
5228:
5223:
5213:
5197:
5187:
5150:
5120:
5106:
4926:Plural Suffixes
4923:
4913:
4905:
4819:Locative -ҿы́ (
4803:
4770:
4602:
4592:
4580:a group or body
4576:
4574:"I saw nobody."
4566:
4558:
4468:Article Affixes
4442:
4430:
4417:
4399:
4394:you:PL-him-look
4386:
4354:-aajt'//-zaajt'
4301:Stative-Finite
4289:Dynamic-Finite
4271:Ending Suffixes
4268:
4245:
3996:Past Indefinite
3681:
3676:-PAST:STAT:NFIN
3660:
3618:
3612:"He brought it
3593:
3540:
3519:
3458:
3449:-do-AOR-DYN:FIN
3433:
3376:
3347:
3292:
3271:
3230:
3223:PREV('thither')
3209:
3167:
3142:
3089:
3060:
2997:
2968:
2868:Non-Volitional
2815:
2804:to her(IO)
2786:
2726:Second Position
2723:
2708:-čә́-l-šʹ-wa-jt
2700:
2669:-čә́-l-šʹ-wa-jt
2656:
2630:
2587:
2561:
2246:
2238:a-pә́-j+ba-č-ra
2233:
2214:a-pә́-j+ba-č-ra
2204:
2191:
2061:
2060:RECI:reciprocal
2055:
2047:Abkhaz alphabet
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1981:transliteration
1977:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1801:
1643:
1634:
1623:
1618:
1574:
1551:
1540:
1501:
1492:
1481:
1476:
1385:
1369:
1348:
1273:
1262:
1255:
1234:
1144:
1128:
1107:
1006:
1001:
996:
989:
982:
975:
970:
963:
956:
951:
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
913:
908:
886:
879:
872:
846:
808:
803:
797:
763:
625:
620:
576:
514:Sochypsta River
433:
389:
330:
329:
320:
294:
277:
270:
259:
258:
251:
240:
239:
232:
222:
215:
213:
201:
194:Official status
176:Abkhaz alphabet
168:
163:
137:
116:
113:Language family
111:
102:
101:Native speakers
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10532:
10522:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10429:
10422:
10412:
10411:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10404:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10380:
10375:
10369:
10367:
10363:
10362:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10339:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10306:
10304:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10270:
10269:
10264:
10253:
10251:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10243:
10238:
10232:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10218:
10208:
10207:
10206:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10171:
10169:
10160:
10152:
10151:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10135:
10128:
10127:
10126:
10121:
10111:
10110:
10109:
10104:
10093:
10091:
10083:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10075:
10070:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10054:
10045:
10031:
10029:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10018:
10017:
10016:
10011:
10010:
10009:
9999:
9987:
9981:
9979:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9960:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9938:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9926:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9893:
9887:
9885:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9854:
9853:
9843:
9837:
9835:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9825:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9799:
9790:
9785:
9774:
9772:
9763:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9746:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9737:
9727:
9726:
9725:
9718:
9702:
9700:
9689:
9679:
9678:
9668:
9667:
9660:
9653:
9645:
9636:
9635:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9619:
9612:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9576:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9554:
9553:
9546:
9539:
9531:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9495:
9493:
9492:Sign languages
9489:
9488:
9486:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9429:
9427:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9413:
9411:
9407:
9406:
9392:
9391:
9384:
9377:
9369:
9360:
9359:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9295:
9294:External links
9292:
9291:
9290:
9281:
9260:
9251:
9242:
9233:
9224:
9218:
9205:
9182:
9176:
9163:
9138:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9097:
9078:
9064:
9055:
9041:
9029:
9020:
9008:
8995:
8975:
8959:
8950:
8926:
8917:
8908:
8896:
8887:
8878:
8869:
8853:
8819:
8773:
8764:
8755:
8742:
8733:
8720:
8711:
8695:
8682:
8668:
8650:
8641:
8628:
8616:
8603:
8589:
8570:
8555:
8535:
8529:10.1.1.17.6362
8510:
8495:
8486:
8471:
8462:
8453:
8448:The Abkhazians
8438:
8429:
8418:
8393:
8384:
8355:
8326:
8315:(2): 177–198.
8299:
8280:(3): 447–493.
8264:
8257:
8239:
8230:
8219:on 11 May 2012
8204:
8195:
8169:
8160:
8151:
8144:(in Russian).
8122:
8113:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8060:
8051:
8025:
8000:
7974:
7965:
7956:
7931:
7916:
7877:
7858:(1): 127–176.
7838:
7820:
7795:
7780:
7765:
7738:
7719:(1): 283–314.
7699:
7670:
7645:
7620:
7605:
7571:
7554:www.unesco.org
7541:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7407:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7358:
7355:
7350:
7347:
7336:
7330:
7319:
7316:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7279:
7276:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7251:
7236:
7223:
7208:
7193:
7177:
7176:
7161:
7146:
7133:
7120:
7107:
7096:
7085:
7073:
7072:
7061:
7050:
7039:
7035:
7020:
7005:
6990:
6978:
6977:
6962:
6947:
6936:
6925:
6912:
6901:
6890:
6878:
6877:
6862:
6851:
6840:
6829:
6818:
6807:
6796:
6784:
6783:
6770:
6759:
6748:
6737:
6726:
6722:
6709:
6697:
6696:
6685:
6674:
6661:
6650:
6639:
6624:
6613:
6597:
6596:
6585:
6574:
6561:
6550:
6535:
6524:
6513:
6498:Latin script:
6494:
6493:
6482:
6471:
6460:
6449:
6438:
6427:
6416:
6404:
6403:
6392:
6381:
6370:
6359:
6348:
6337:
6326:
6314:
6313:
6302:
6291:
6280:
6269:
6258:
6247:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6219:
6208:
6197:
6186:
6175:
6164:
6153:
6141:
6140:
6129:
6118:
6107:
6096:
6085:
6074:
6063:
6051:
6050:
6039:
6028:
6017:
6006:
5995:
5991:
5980:
5966:
5965:
5954:
5943:
5932:
5921:
5910:
5899:
5888:
5876:
5875:
5864:
5853:
5842:
5831:
5820:
5809:
5798:
5744:
5743:
5694:
5692:
5685:
5676:Main article:
5673:
5672:Writing system
5670:
5652:
5651:
5633:
5625:
5617:
5616:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5477:
5463:
5462:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5421:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5227:
5224:
5206:
5205:
5180:
5179:
5107:
5089:
5088:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4989:
4988:
4978:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4953:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4906:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4871:
4856:
4841:
4831:
4817:
4747:
4746:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4585:
4584:
4559:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4441:
4438:
4404:
4403:
4372:
4371:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4337:Interrogative
4334:
4333:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4227:
4226:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3842:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:– "to take").
3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3626:
3625:
3550:
3549:
3472:
3471:
3390:
3389:
3322:)-to her(
3302:
3301:
3240:
3239:
3177:
3176:
3161:"She kills her
3103:
3102:
3007:
3006:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2818:Third Position
2741:
2740:
2661:
2660:
2592:
2591:
2527:
2526:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2474:р(ы)- / д(ы)-
2472:
2469:
2468:р(ы)- / д(ы)-
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:с(ы)- / з(ы)-
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2273:First Position
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2249:transitivity,
2209:
2208:
2175:
2174:
2153:, affixation,
2145:
2144:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2022:
2021:
2000:. Knowledge's
1961:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1798:
1797:
1794:
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1789:
1787:
1785:
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1767:
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1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
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1714:
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1704:
1697:
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1673:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1632:
1621:
1611:
1604:
1597:
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1586:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
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1513:
1511:
1504:
1490:
1479:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1266:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
999:
994:
987:
980:
973:
968:
961:
954:
949:
942:
937:
930:
925:
918:
911:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
882:
875:
868:
863:
858:
807:
804:
799:Main article:
796:
793:
762:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
754:
753:
752:
751:
742:
730:
729:
728:
717:
712:
711:
710:
684:
683:
673:
657:
624:
623:Classification
621:
619:
616:
612:Simon Janashia
575:
572:
529:Stavropol Krai
525:Abaza language
510:Matsesta River
432:
429:
388:
387:Classification
385:
332:
331:
319:
318:
310:
309:
301:
300:
292:
284:
283:
275:
267:
266:
256:
248:
247:
237:
229:
228:
227:Language codes
224:
223:
218:
216:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
196:
195:
191:
190:
169:
165:Writing system
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
153:
148:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
133:
119:
117:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
70:Native to
67:
66:
58:
57:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10531:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
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10497:
10495:
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10280:
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10260:
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10225:
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10200:
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10023:
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10003:
10000:
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9993:
9992:
9991:
9988:
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9983:
9982:
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9974:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9955:
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9947:
9944:
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9939:
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9934:
9933:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9899:
9897:
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9894:
9892:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9880:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
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9856:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9830:
9824:
9821:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9767:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9750:
9747:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9709:
9708:
9707:
9704:
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9701:
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9693:
9690:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9673:
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9646:
9643:
9633:
9629:
9624:
9618:
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9613:
9610:
9606:
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9588:
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9580:
9577:
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9567:
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9532:
9529:
9523:
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9513:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9490:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
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9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9399:
9390:
9385:
9383:
9378:
9376:
9371:
9370:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9287:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9261:
9257:
9252:
9248:
9243:
9239:
9234:
9230:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9211:
9206:
9202:
9200:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9177:9783895861369
9173:
9169:
9164:
9160:
9154:
9146:
9141:
9140:
9116:
9109:
9101:
9093:
9089:
9082:
9073:
9071:
9069:
9059:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9036:
9034:
9024:
9015:
9013:
9005:
8999:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8954:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8921:
8912:
8903:
8901:
8891:
8882:
8873:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8814:
8802:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8785:
8777:
8768:
8759:
8752:
8746:
8737:
8730:
8724:
8715:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8692:
8686:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8645:
8638:
8632:
8623:
8621:
8613:
8607:
8599:
8593:
8585:
8581:
8574:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8556:0-415-03883-9
8552:
8549:. Routledge.
8548:
8547:
8539:
8530:
8525:
8521:
8514:
8507:. p. 20.
8506:
8499:
8490:
8482:
8475:
8466:
8457:
8449:
8442:
8433:
8427:
8422:
8407:
8403:
8397:
8388:
8372:
8368:
8359:
8343:
8339:
8330:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8303:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8268:
8260:
8254:
8250:
8243:
8234:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8199:
8183:
8179:
8173:
8164:
8155:
8147:
8139:
8129:
8127:
8117:
8108:
8099:
8090:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8055:
8039:
8035:
8029:
8014:
8010:
8004:
7988:
7984:
7978:
7969:
7960:
7945:
7941:
7935:
7927:
7920:
7912:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7881:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7842:
7835:. p. 11.
7834:
7827:
7825:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7772:
7770:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7688:(in Georgian)
7687:
7683:
7674:
7667:
7655:
7649:
7642:
7630:
7624:
7616:
7609:
7601:
7593:
7589:
7588:
7582:
7575:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7509:
7495:
7490:
7489:Apsua byzshwa
7478:
7474:
7473:
7460:
7411:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7382:
7377:
7369:
7367:
7354:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7334:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7315:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7283:
7275:
7274:
7259:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7227:
7224:
7220:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7183:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7124:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7093:
7086:
7082:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7062:
7058:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6933:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6852:
6848:
6841:
6837:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6756:
6749:
6745:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6686:
6682:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6490:
6483:
6479:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6435:
6428:
6424:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6323:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6161:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6093:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6014:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5740:
5737:
5729:
5726:February 2019
5719:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5695:This section
5693:
5689:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5628:
5623:
5620:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5545:Instrumental
5544:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5482:tagә́lazaaš’a
5480:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:attributively
5427:- "I myself")
5426:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5320:
5311:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5279:
5270:
5256:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4965:– "fathers")
4964:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:postpositions
4826:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4568:Уаҩы дсымбеит
4565:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4437:
4435:
4432:Abkhaz lacks
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:š˚-jә́-x˚a-pš
4389:
4385:
4378:
4377:š˚-jә́-x˚a-pš
4375:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3579:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3505:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3419:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3333:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3195:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3124:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3042:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2768:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2612:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2513:prefix ҽы́- (
2512:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2453:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:direct object
2280:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2155:reduplication
2152:
2143:"whom I saw"
2142:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:d-x˚əčә́-wə-p
2076:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:agglutinative
2018:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
907:
906:
903:
898:
893:
888:
881:
874:
867:
862:
856:
850:
843:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
750:
746:
743:
741:
737:
734:
733:
732:Southeastern
731:
727:
724:
723:
722:Southwestern
721:
720:
719:South Abkhaz
718:
716:
713:
709:
706:
705:
704:North Abkhaz
703:
702:
700:
699:
698:
696:
691:
689:
681:
677:
674:
667:
663:
662:
658:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
615:
613:
609:
608:Dimitri Gulia
604:
599:
594:
592:
587:
585:
584:Evliya Çelebi
581:
580:Arabic script
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
453:
451:
447:
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Abkhaz people
350:
346:
342:
338:
327:
324:
316:
311:
307:
302:
299: Abkhaz
297:
293:
291:
290:
285:
280:
276:
273:
268:
262:
257:
254:
249:
243:
238:
235:
230:
225:
221:
217:
209:
206:
203:
197:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
160:
154:
152:
149:
146:
145:
144:
140:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
118:
114:
108:
104:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
49:
48:Apsua byzshwa
42:Аԥсшәа/Аҧсшәа
32:
27:
22:
19:
10415:
10399:
10373:Kalmyk Oirat
10279:Pontic Greek
10201:
10130:
10106:
9994:
9921:
9722:Old Georgian
9720:
9699:(Kartvelian)
9686:
9627:
9614:
9602:
9578:
9515:
9468:Pontic Greek
9432:
9361:
9346:
9285:
9268:
9264:
9255:
9246:
9237:
9228:
9209:
9197:
9167:
9144:
9137:Bibliography
9122:, retrieved
9115:the original
9100:
9091:
9081:
9058:
9023:
9003:
8998:
8953:
8920:
8911:
8890:
8881:
8872:
8783:
8776:
8767:
8758:
8750:
8745:
8736:
8728:
8723:
8714:
8690:
8685:
8644:
8636:
8631:
8611:
8606:
8597:
8592:
8583:
8573:
8545:
8538:
8519:
8513:
8504:
8498:
8489:
8480:
8474:
8465:
8456:
8447:
8441:
8432:
8421:
8409:. Retrieved
8405:
8396:
8387:
8375:. Retrieved
8370:
8358:
8346:. Retrieved
8341:
8329:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8248:
8242:
8233:
8221:. Retrieved
8217:the original
8207:
8198:
8186:. Retrieved
8182:the original
8172:
8163:
8154:
8116:
8107:
8098:
8089:
8077:. Retrieved
8073:Abkhaz World
8072:
8063:
8054:
8042:. Retrieved
8038:Haberler.com
8037:
8028:
8016:. Retrieved
8012:
8003:
7991:. Retrieved
7986:
7977:
7968:
7959:
7947:. Retrieved
7943:
7934:
7925:
7919:
7887:
7880:
7855:
7851:
7841:
7832:
7811:. Retrieved
7807:
7798:
7789:
7783:
7775:
7759:
7716:
7712:
7702:
7690:. Retrieved
7685:
7673:
7665:
7658:. Retrieved
7648:
7640:
7633:. Retrieved
7623:
7614:
7608:
7585:
7574:
7562:. Retrieved
7553:
7544:
7527:
7481:Аԥсуа бызшәа
7476:
7410:
7396:
7360:
7352:
7339:
7338:
7335:Romanization
7322:
7321:
7309:
7295:
7287:constitution
7284:
7281:
7271:
6497:
5879:Ӷә ӷә/Ҕә ҕә
5866:Ӷь ӷь/Ҕь ҕь
5782:
5778:Dmitry Gulia
5762:Nikolai Marr
5747:
5732:
5723:
5708:Please help
5696:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5618:
5611:
5605:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5569:Comparative
5561:
5549:
5537:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5479:ҭагылазаашьа
5478:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5437:
5424:
5417:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5230:Abkhaz is a
5229:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5017:
5013:
4992:
4987:- "horses")
4984:
4980:
4971:
4962:
4958:
4949:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:áč’k’ºəncºaj
4902:
4899:
4894:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:suffix -да (
4867:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4836:suffix -ла (
4834:Instrumental
4824:
4820:
4805:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4619:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4522:wә́j áwajºә́
4521:
4517:
4506:- "person")
4503:
4499:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4450:definiteness
4447:
4443:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4364:
4361:
4353:
4349:Subjunctive
4341:
4329:
4317:
4313:Conditional
4305:
4293:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4203:
4192:
4181:
4177:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4133:
4131:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4103:
4097:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4069:
4063:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4001:
3995:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3933:
3927:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3829:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3702:Progressive
3687:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3609:-AOR-DYN:FIN
3606:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3595:иаҭа́игалеит
3594:
3575:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3552:иаҭа́игалеит
3551:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:jə-s-zә́-mə-
3523:
3521:исзы́мырҽеит
3520:
3501:
3483:
3478:
3477:jə-s-zә́-mə-
3476:
3474:исзы́мырҽеит
3473:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3415:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3280:-s-c’a-wá-jt
3277:
3275:
3272:
3253:
3251:
3249:-s-c’a-wá-jt
3246:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:Stem Preverb
3232:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3170:Free Preverb
3169:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3083:"He gave it
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3036:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2950:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2856:Detrimental
2848:
2844:Benefactive
2828:Preposition
2821:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2763:to her(
2762:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2376:ҳ(а)- / аа-
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2199:ART-read-MSD
2198:
2195:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2131:
2114:
2099:
2096:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2044:
2040:case marking
2025:
2012:
1998:ISO 639 code
1994:}}
1988:{{
1984:}}
1978:{{
1974:}}
1968:{{
1963:
1887:
1842:
1640:
1629:
1557:
1546:
1498:
1487:
1375:
1263:
1134:
1074:
997:lab. + phar.
844:
840:
809:
783:, specially
764:
748:
744:
739:
735:
725:
714:
707:
692:
685:
675:
659:
647:
639:
631:
626:
595:
588:
577:
541:
518:
507:
457:
454:
442:
391:Abkhaz is a
390:
340:
336:
335:
287:
130:
18:
10343:Azerbaijani
9510:‹ The
9438:Azerbaijani
8817:, p.157-158
8809:|work=
7349:Translation
7301:Sample text
5608:comparative
5144:"my mother
5042:- "lambs")
4940:Noun Class
4911:atә́phacºaj
4908:аҭы́ԥҳацәеи
4900:аҷкәы́нцәеи
4532:Indefinite
3951:dərgax’ájt’
3738:Repetitive
3598:jə-tá-j-ga-
3555:jə-tá-j-ga-
3435:иҟасымҵе́ит
3392:иҟасымҵе́ит
3218:-t’º-á-ø-jt
3194:('thither')
3186:-t’º-á-ø-jt
3151:-l-šʹ-wa-jt
3112:-l-šʹ-wa-jt
2916:Reciprocal
2880:Comitative
2836:Relational
2809:"I gave it
2717:"She kills
2641:-z-ba-wá-jt
2603:-z-ba-wá-jt
2312:Absolutive
2151:compounding
1693:Approximant
824:palatalized
682:and Khosta.
10468:Categories
10114:Circassian
9770:Avar–Andic
9740:Mingrelian
9586:Circassian
9458:Mingrelian
8342:www.tsu.ge
7808:www.eki.ee
7602:required.)
7529:Ethnologue
7504:References
5593:Privative
5557:Adverbial
5525:Intensive
5517:Agreement
5474:tawrә́xt’º
5434:Adjectives
5368:possession
5195:"Oh Lord!"
5153:Noun Class
5148:my father"
4977:Non-Human
4880:), as in:
4862:), as in:
4847:), as in:
4622:noun class
4458:+++STEM+++
4365:imperative
4262:"(S)he is
4256:(s)he-sit-
4238:(s)he-sit-
4150:Non-Finite
4098:Pluperfect
3947:дыргахьеит
3819:dərgawájt’
3779:Non-Finite
3714:Excessive
3438:jə-q’a-sə-
3395:jə-q’a-sə-
3154:her(POSS)-
3144:лҽылшьуеит
3105:лҽылшьуеит
3073:-j-ta-ø-jt
3020:-j-ta-ø-jt
2984:it(DO)-me-
2981:-l-ga-ø-jt
2955:-she-take-
2942:-l-ga-ø-jt
2892:Potential
2799:-s-ta-ø-jt
2754:-s-ta-ø-jt
2736:reciprocal
2702:лҽылшьуеит
2663:лҽылшьуеит
2511:possessive
2132:Non-Finite
2065:morphology
2036:transitive
902:Pharyngeal
832:allophones
828:labialized
806:Consonants
789:Circassian
785:Mingrelian
781:Kartvelian
715:Ashkharywa
537:Kuma river
533:Kislovodsk
458:Ethnologue
450:Bzyp River
94:Abkhazians
10426:varieties
10418:indicate
10241:Ukrainian
10216:Judeo-Tat
10124:Kabardian
10087:Northwest
9932:Southern
9912:Tabasaran
9762:(Caspian)
9759:Northeast
9706:Karto-Zan
9683:Caucasian
9630:indicate
9596:Kabardian
9433:Abkhazian
9153:cite book
9147:. Leiden.
8811:ignored (
8801:cite book
8793:163620826
8524:CiteSeerX
8411:28 August
8406:bigenc.ru
8223:28 August
8188:28 August
8132:Row 7 in
8079:28 August
8044:28 August
8018:28 August
7993:28 August
7949:28 August
7905:cite book
7897:977702574
7872:0079-1636
7733:0084-6570
7686:sknews.ge
5697:does not
5667:"reddest"
5664:jəq’apšʒá
5657:jəq’apšʒá
5630:jəbzә́jaw
5449:++STEM+++
5404:Intensive
5397:- "hers")
5387:- "mine")
4874:Privative
4564:dsəmbáøjt
4518:уи а́уаҩы
4514:Specific
4485:Category
4422:wә́-q’a-z
4409:wә́-q’a-z
4384:-him-look
4325:Emphatic
4266:sitting."
4121:dərgax’án
4117:дыргахьан
4053:dərgarә́n
3962:Imperfect
3932:-ҳьа-ит (
3746:Emphatic
3726:Habitual
3543:Extension
3528:-čaj-ø-jt
3481:-čaj-ø-jt
3467:causative
3461:Causative
3442:-c’á-ø-jt
3399:-c’á-ø-jt
3098:reflexive
3092:Reflexive
2904:Relative
2712:her(POSS)
2572:-cá-wa-jt
2538:-cá-wa-jt
2318:Ergative
2255:agreement
2196:á-px’a-ra
2180:á-px’a-ra
2015:June 2022
1441:voiceless
1435:Fricative
1210:voiceless
1076:Affricate
816:voiceless
795:Phonology
668:(Abkhaz:
644:Russified
596:In 1918,
491:Eskişehir
463:Adapazarı
413:Kabardian
341:Abkhazian
289:Glottolog
282:Abkhazian
272:ISO 639-3
265:Abkhazian
253:ISO 639-2
246:Abkhazian
234:ISO 639-1
90:Ethnicity
29:Abkhazian
10434:See also
10388:Assyrian
10378:Lomavren
10257:Armenian
10187:Ossetian
10180:Kurmanji
10158:European
10090:(Pontic)
10068:Khinalug
10043:Khwarshi
10028:(Didoic)
9954:Western
9898:Eastern
9811:Chamalal
9806:Godoberi
9793:Bagvalal
9711:Georgian
9675:Caucasus
9609:proposed
9512:template
9463:Ossetian
9417:Georgian
9349:: 1–21.
8565:18961122
7813:9 August
7581:"Abkhaz"
7558:Archived
7291:Georgian
6581:e̞/aj/ja
6155:Ԥ ԥ/Ҧ ҧ
6136:o̞/aw/wa
5917:e̞/aj/ja
5855:Ӷ ӷ/Ҕ ҕ
5774:Cyrillic
5754:Cyrillic
5468:ҭоурыхтә
5232:pro-drop
5226:Pronouns
5189:Уанцәа́!
5182:Уанцәа́!
5171:vocative
5028:-(а)ра (
5002:Example
4943:Example
4868:jºənc’ás
4814:locative
4561:дсымбеит
4496:Generic
4488:Example
4474:articles
4388:шәихәаԥш
4374:шәихәаԥш
4281:Purpose
4208:dә́cºawp
4087:dərgášan
4083:дыргашан
4049:дыргарын
3985:dərgawán
3917:dərgášt’
3894:Future 2
3860:Future 1
3849:dərgájt’
3845:дырге́ит
3672:REL-sit-
3665:jə-t’ºá-
3662:итәақәаз
3631:jə-t’ºá-
3628:итәақәаз
3574:)-bring-
3385:negation
3360:-ta-ø-jt
3315:-ta-ø-jt
3273:иҟасҵоит
3242:иҟасҵоит
3211:днатәеит
3179:днатәеит
3087:for me."
3069:jə-sə-z-
3016:jə-sə-z-
2871:а́мха- (
2315:Oblique
2235:аԥибаҽра
2211:аԥибаҽра
1083:ejective
878:Alveolo-
873:alveolar
866:Alveolar
820:ejective
736:Ahchypsy
697:(1996):
695:Chirikba
618:Dialects
357:Abkhazia
296:abkh1244
188:Georgian
172:Cyrillic
147:Abzhywan
142:Dialects
74:Abkhazia
10416:Italics
10353:Turkmen
10348:Turkish
10302:Kipchak
10267:Western
10262:Eastern
10236:Russian
10192:Persian
10175:Kurdish
10167:Iranian
10002:Chechen
9996:Arshtin
9990:Vainakh
9963:Tsakhur
9868:Kubachi
9802:Botlikh
9788:Akhvakh
9687:(areal)
9628:Italics
9514:below (
9473:Russian
8294:8068881
7778:page 1.
7564:3 March
7398:de jure
7389:Georgia
7268:Unicode
5768:). The
5718:removed
5703:sources
5661:иҟаԥшӡа
5654:иҟаԥшӡа
5581:Irreal
5533:Plural
5520:Suffix
5423:схаҭá (
5261:
5243:Gender
5240:Person
5215:Зура́ба
5208:Зура́ба
5014:а́ԥсуаа
4999:Suffix
4959:а́бацәа
4937:Suffix
4886:jºnә́da
4794:"their
4729:3rd pl.
4709:3rd H:M
4699:3rd H:F
4693:шә(ы)-
4689:2nd pl.
4669:2nd H:M
4659:2nd H:F
4649:1st pl.
4633:Prefix
4630:Person
4594:аҽқәа́к
4587:аҽқәа́к
4540:wajºә́k
4504:awajºә́
4284:Suffix
4250:d-t’ºa-
4232:d-t’ºa-
4204:дыцәоуп
4193:Present
4182:dә́cºan
4160:English
4155:Example
4109:-хьаз (
4102:-хьан (
3939:-хьоу (
3934:-x’ájt’
3928:Perfect
3913:дыргашт
3883:dərgáp’
3815:дыргоит
3802:-wá-jt’
3800:-уа-ит(
3796:Present
3789:English
3784:Example
3717:-цәа (-
3697:Suffix
3694:Aspect
3614:inside.
3456:do it."
3452:"I did
3356:jə-lә́-
3311:jə-lә́-
3129:)-kill-
3078:her(IO)
3047:)-give-
2859:цәы́- (
2831:Prefix
2811:to her.
2802:it(DO)-
2773:)-give-
2687:)-kill-
2650:"I see
2403:шә(ы)-
2397:шә(ы)-
2358:
2309:Gender
2306:Person
2279:subject
2228:-break-
2193:аԥхьара
2177:аԥхьара
2121:дызбеит
2063:Abkhaz
2007:See why
1945:Grammar
1900:Central
1145:(t͡ɕᶠ’)
880:palatal
871:Palato-
774:due to
749:Abzhywa
708:Tapanta
672:) area.
636:Abzhywa
632:Abzhywa
574:History
568:Germany
495:Sakarya
483:Bilecik
446:Sukhumi
381:Georgia
365:Georgia
343:, is a
220:Georgia
84:Georgia
54:apsshwa
10393:Bohtan
10366:Others
10293:Turkic
10274:German
10250:Others
10228:Slavic
10197:Talysh
10119:Adyghe
10107:Abkhaz
10097:Abazgi
10061:Others
10048:Hinukh
10039:Hunzib
10035:Bezhta
10026:Tsezic
10014:Ingush
9936:Budukh
9907:Lezgin
9895:Samur
9883:Lezgic
9873:Mehweb
9863:Kaitag
9858:Itsari
9846:Dargwa
9841:Chirag
9833:Dargin
9816:Karata
9604:Hattic
9591:Adyghe
9579:Abkhaz
9569:Abazgi
9265:Lingua
9216:
9201:Online
9174:
9168:Abkhaz
9124:17 May
8791:
8612:Abkhaz
8586:: 420.
8563:
8553:
8546:Abkhaz
8526:
8505:Abkhaz
8481:Abkhaz
8377:23 May
8348:23 May
8292:
8255:
7926:Abkhaz
7895:
7870:
7833:Abkhaz
7731:
7692:23 May
7660:4 July
7635:4 July
7524:Abkhaz
7477:Abkhaz
7278:Status
6462:Џь џь
6418:Шә шә
6407:Шь шь
6339:Ҵә ҵә
6317:Цә цә
6293:Ҳә ҳә
6271:Хә хә
6260:Хь хь
6221:Ҭә ҭә
6199:Тә тә
6087:Ҟә ҟә
6076:Ҟь ҟь
6054:Қә қә
6041:Қь қь
6019:Кә кә
6008:Кь кь
5982:Ӡә ӡә
5945:Жә жә
5934:Жь жь
5901:Дә дә
5844:Гә гә
5833:Гь гь
5638:ajºnә́
5627:ибзиоу
5584:-шәа (
5572:-ҵас (
5536:-кәа (
5420:- "I")
5416:сарá (
5395:lt’˚ә́
5385:st’˚ә́
5372:-t’˚ә́
5288:шәарá
5218:zurába
5211:zurába
5192:wancºá
5185:wancºá
5159:gender
5074:Clitic
5058:а́браа
5050:-рaa (
5036:аса́ра
5030:-(a)ra
5018:ápswaa
5005:Usage
4981:аҽқәа́
4970:-қәа (
4963:ábacºa
4955:Human
4948:-цәа (
4882:ҩны́да
4864:ҩнҵа́с
4853:jaš’ás
4849:иашьас
4791:-pacºa
4779:-ԥацәа
4768:-pacºa
4756:-ԥацәа
4733:р(ы)-
4719:3rd NH
4703:л(ы)-
4679:2nd NH
4663:б(ы)-
4653:ҳ(а)-
4643:с(ы)-
4597:ačkºák
4590:ačkºák
4556:wajºә́
4536:уаҩы́к
4500:ауаҩы́
4482:Affix
4425:be-DUR
4178:дыцәан
4145:Finite
4134:ácºara
4075:-шаз (
4068:-шан (
4041:-рыз (
4034:-рын (
4019:dərgán
4015:дырган
3981:дыргон
3973:-уаз (
3966:-уан (
3879:дыргап
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8522:: 2.
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7469:, ap-
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7260:]
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7230:[
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1270:t͡ɕʷʰ
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503:Çoruh
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467:Düzce
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373:Syria
349:Abaza
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10325:Urum
10052:Tsez
10007:Aukh
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9783:Andi
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8561:OCLC
8551:ISBN
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8081:2021
8046:2021
8020:2021
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