2516:
2391:
2677:
20:
91:
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2145:
2589:
2056:, the interference of Napoleon and the competition of Spain. Without this pressure of economic forces, Parliament would not have yielded so easily to the abolition crusade. Moreover, new fields of investment and profit were being opened to Englishmen by the consolidation of the empire in India and by the acquisition of new spheres of influence in China and elsewhere. In Africa, British rule was actually strengthened by the anti-slavery crusade, for new territory was annexed and controlled under the aegis of emancipation. It would not be right to question for a moment the sincerity of Sharpe, Wilberforce,
1801:
2264:
2070:
2449:(the Poor Blacks of London) and the United States. Great Britain had promised freedom to American slaves who left rebel owners to join its cause during the American Revolutionary War. It evacuated thousands of slaves together with its troops and transported 3,000 Black Loyalists to Nova Scotia for resettlement. About a decade later, they were offered a chance to resettle in Freetown and several hundred made the move. Freetown was the first settlement of the colony of
1911:
1907:(1769). Each of the slaves had been baptised in Scotland and challenged the legality of slavery. They set the precedent of legal procedure in British courts that would later lead to success for the plaintiffs. In these cases, deaths of the plaintiff and defendant, respectively, brought an end to the action before a court decision could be rendered.
2318:. There traders sold or exchanged the slaves for rum and sugar (in the Caribbean) and tobacco and rice (in the American South), which they took back to British ports. The merchants traded in three places with each round-trip. Political influence against the inhumanity of the slave trade grew strongly in the late 18th century.
3038:, "Weaver Family: Three members of the Weaver family, probably brothers, were called "East Indians" in Lancaster County, between 1707 and 1711."; "'The indenture of Indians (Native Americans) as servants was not common in Maryland ... the indenture of East Indian servants was more common.", Retrieved 15 February 2008
2453:, which was protected under a British Act of Parliament in 1807–08. British influence in West Africa grew through a series of negotiations with local chieftains to end trading in slaves. These included agreements to permit British navy ships to intercept chieftains' ships to ensure their merchants were not carrying slaves.
2051:
The rise of liberal and philanthropic thought in the latter part of the eighteenth century accounts, of course, for no little of the growth of opposition to slavery and the slave trade; but it accounts for only a part of it. Other and dominant factors were the diminishing returns of the
African slave
1977:
The state of slavery is of such a nature that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political, but only by positive law, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasions, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory. It is so odious, that nothing
2433:
of the cities in the
Midlands and north of England. Even women and children, previously un-politicised groups, became involved in the campaign especially the successful sugar boycott. At this time, women often had to hold separate meetings as there were social rules against their appearing in public
2648:
freedom. Full emancipation for all slaves was legally granted on 1 August 1838, ahead of schedule, making
Trinidad the first British slave society to fully end slavery. The government set aside £20 million for compensation of slave owners for their "property" across the Empire, but it did not offer
2198:
In 1783, an anti-slavery movement began in
Britain. That year a group of Quakers founded their first abolitionist organisation. The Quakers continued to be influential throughout the lifetime of the movement, in many ways leading the campaign. On 17 June 1783, Sir Cecil Wray (one of the Members of
57:
The buying and selling of slaves was made illegal across the
British Empire in 1807, but owning slaves overseas was permitted until it was outlawed completely in 1833, beginning a process where from 1834 slaves became indentured "apprentices" to their former owners until emancipation was achieved
1986:
of the judgement are unclear when analysed by lawyers, the judgement was generally taken at the time to have determined that slavery did not exist under
English common law and was thus prohibited in England. By 1774, between 10,000 and 15,000 slaves gained freedom in England. The decision did not
2539:. This law at last made slave trading a criminal felony throughout the empire, and for British subjects worldwide. This proved far more effective and ended the trade across the Empire, as the Royal Navy ruthlessly pursued slave ships. In 1827, Britain defined participation in the slave trade as
3050:, IndoLink, Quote: "Documents available from American archival sources of the colonial period now confirm the presence of indentured servants or slaves who were brought from the Indian subcontinent, via England, to work for their European American masters.", Retrieved 20 April 2010
2035:
to represent their views. From its inception in 1780, the organisation played a major role in resisting the abolition of the slave trade and that of slavery itself. The
Society brought together three different groups: British sugar merchants, absentee planters and colonial agents.
2649:
former slaves compensation or reparations (though that has never happened anywhere). This was because abolitionists had not planned for much more than the long-awaited reform of the law, and felt that freedom along with the option of returning to Africa to live in
2639:
addressed an audience about the new laws, the mostly elderly, unarmed slaves began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out his voice. Peaceful protests continued until the government passed a resolution to abolish
1934:
African slaves were not bought or sold in London but were brought by masters from other places. Together with people from other nations, especially non-Christian ones, Africans were considered foreigners and thus ineligible to be
English subjects; England had no
1866:
of 1569 regarding the punishment of a slave from Russia, the court ruled that
English law could not recognise slavery, as it was never established officially. This ruling was overshadowed by later developments. It was upheld in 1700 by Lord Chief Justice Sir
4163:
the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an apprenticeship of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field
2437:
In 1792, after multiple petitions had been presented, the House of
Commons voted in favour of the gradual abolition of the slave trade, a decision subsequently reversed by the House of Lords, which wanted to hear its own evidence for and against the trade.
2163:
continued to practice it. British banks continued to finance the commodities and shipping industries in the colonies they had earlier established which still relied upon slavery, despite the legal developments in Great Britain. In 1785, the English poet
1890:
To fully understand how remarkable the rise of British abolitionism was, both as a political movement and as a popular sentiment, it is important to remember how few voices were raised against slavery in Britain until the last quarter of the eighteenth
1589:
2413:, a petition in 1792 got 400,000 signatures and the petition in 1814 got 1,375,000 signatures. One of the earliest books promoted by Clarkson and the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was the autobiography of the freed slave
2230:(1788) promoted the abolitionists' cause. Such expeditions highlighted the sophistication of African social organisation; before this, Europeans had considered them 'other' and uncivilised. The African Association had close ties with
2613:) in Jamaica, an event that catalyzed anti-slavery sentiment. This combination of political pressure and popular uprisings convinced the British government that there was no longer any middle ground between slavery and emancipation.
2624:, paving the way for the abolition of slavery within the British Empire and its colonies. On 1 August 1834, all slaves in the British Empire (except for India) were emancipated, but they were indentured to their former owners in an
1978:
can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged.
2270:(1759–1833), politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. Between 1789 and 1807, Wilberforce raised 12 parliamentary bills to ban the slave trade, succeeding on the last attempt.
2600:
After the 1807 Act, slaves could still be held, though not sold, within the British Empire. In the 1820s, the abolitionist movement may have revived the campaign against the institution of slavery. In 1823 the first
2076:(c. 1729–1780), an escaped slave, gained fame as an active 18th-century British abolitionist. He opened a popular shop in Mayfair and mixed with influential people. He was the first person of African descent to vote.
2309:
who exported manufactured goods from ports such as Bristol and Liverpool, sold or exchanged these for slaves in West Africa (where the African chieftain hierarchy was tied to slavery), and shipped the slaves to
1943:
in 1772, when the fugitive slave James Somersett forced a decision by the courts. Somersett had escaped and his master, Charles Steuart, had him captured and imprisoned on board a ship, intending to ship him to
3820:
2711:
The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society campaigned to outlaw slavery in other countries, and pressured the British government to do more to enforce the suppression of the slave trade, by declaring
1584:
3667:
2708:, with surpluses exported to Europe and India. London merchant banks made loans throughout the supply chain to planters, factors, warehousers, carters, shippers, spinners, weavers, and exporters.
2383:
campaign. Clarkson became the group's most prominent researcher, gathering vast amounts of data and gaining first-hand accounts by interviewing sailors and former slaves at British ports such as
3692:
2830:
4931:
2628:
that meant gradual abolition: the first set of apprenticeships came to an end on 1 August 1838, while the final apprenticeships were scheduled to cease on 1 August 1840, two years later.
1882:
to work as servants. Men who migrated to the North American colonies often took their East Indian slaves or servants with them, as East Indians have been documented in colonial records.
3624:
2060:
and their followers. But the moral force they represented would have met with greater resistance had it not been working along lines favorable to English investment and colonial profit.
4816:
1874:
English colonists imported slaves to the North American colonies and by the 18th century, traders began to import slaves from Africa, India and East Asia (where they were trading) to
4522:
4252:
2405:
Mainly because of Clarkson's efforts, he trailed the country setting up a network of 1,200 local abolition groups. They campaigned through public meetings and the publication of
3759:
2605:
was founded in Britain. The Society's members consisted of a union of non-conformist churches and many had previously campaigned against the slave trade. In 1831, enslaved man
3578:
2241:, whose autobiography was published in nine editions in his lifetime, campaigned tirelessly against the slave trade. Also important were horrific images such as the famous
1970:. No legislation had ever been passed to establish slavery in England. The case received national attention and five advocates supported the action on behalf of Somersett.
2705:
3795:
2371:
Quakers made up most of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade and were the first to present a petition against the slave trade to the British Parliament. As
3824:
1710:
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4924:
2759:
2398:
2151:(1760–1846) dedicated his life to ending slavery, he travelled 35,000 miles visiting ports gathering evidence against the slave trade to present to parliament.
1574:
1105:
3863:
1998:, an enslaved African who had been purchased by his master John Wedderburn in Jamaica and brought to Scotland, left him. Married and with a child, he filed a
1991:. Somersett's case became a significant part of the common law of slavery in the English-speaking world and it helped launch the movement to abolish slavery.
2732:
5183:
3671:
3599:
1459:
831:
568:
2141:
based Universal Free Debating Society challenged its members to consider if "enslaving the Negro race justifiable on principles of humanity of policy?"
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3838:
2032:
1195:
836:
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seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. Britain used its influence to coerce other countries to agree to
528:
2024:
and slaves could seek court protection to leave a master or avoid being forcibly removed from Scotland to be returned to slavery in the colonies.
4299:
A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions, and Reciprocal Regulations, at Present Subsisting Between Great Britain and Foreign Powers
2515:
3777:
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883:
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and a few evangelical religious groups condemned slavery (by then applied mostly to Africans) as un-Christian. A few secular thinkers of the
4784:
4996:
1579:
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Abolitionism in the Atlantic World: The Organization and Interaction of Anti-Slavery Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
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2532:
910:
4756:
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1656:
408:
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was recruited from West African volunteers, and eventually included freed slaves from the Caribbean before it was disbanded in 1819.
858:
2558:. Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade. For example, the 1851
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893:
311:
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1959:
1923:
1471:
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920:
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depicting the cruel treatment of runaway slaves. It was an example of what became a large body of abolitionist literature.
1663:
1624:
1267:
5062:
5054:
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Europeans and Africans worked for abolition of the slave trade and slavery. Well-known abolitionists in Britain included
1705:
1342:
1002:
853:
649:
558:
4539:
Wyman-McCarthy, Matthew. "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview."
2916:
Matthew Wyman-McCarthy, "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview."
4809:
4562:
3989:
2660:
In context, the £20 million voted by Parliament to compensate slave owners under the 1833 Act can be compared with the
2551:
1963:
1899:, court cases in Britain to challenge the legality of slavery, took place in Scotland in 1755 and 1769. The cases were
1725:
1173:
2676:
4856:
4468:
4024:
3947:
3702:
3551:
3518:
3236:
3201:
3168:
3110:
2939:
2803:
2375:, Quakers were not eligible to become British MPs in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Anglican evangelist
1547:
1424:
848:
617:
484:
2479:, former slaves living in the interior. The book is critical of the treatment of slaves and contains many images by
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4846:
4779:
3867:
2500:
1863:
1678:
888:
873:
819:
504:
494:
489:
318:
174:
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1394:
5107:
5001:
4821:
4654:
4331:
2242:
1673:
1444:
250:
24:
3963:
3603:
19:
5070:
4826:
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4644:
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2766:. It came to inherit its own staffing budget in 1841, and in 1854 it was finally recognised as a branch of the
2763:
1868:
1143:
1131:
711:
523:
169:
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on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire. It was partly enforced by the
5078:
4555:
4400:
4146:
3280:
3080:
2893:
1715:
1498:
359:
4332:"Treaty between Her Majesty and the United States of America for the suppression of the African slave trade"
2290:. He continued to campaign for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, which he lived to see in the
5161:
4882:
4664:
4228:
3653:
3414:
2788:
2349:
1915:
1720:
1564:
1434:
1095:
863:
843:
403:
371:
90:
5178:
2536:
2527:, but the lucrative trade continued through smuggling. Sometimes captains at risk of being caught by the
2397:(c. 1745–1797) After purchasing his freedom, Olaudah was an active abolitionist and wrote a best selling
2380:
2322:
1780:
1730:
1454:
1372:
499:
280:
100:
5013:
2721:
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1639:
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1367:
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233:
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was "a tacit of acknowledgement that suppression was a gradual process, but revolution was imminent".
4751:
3781:
3397:
A Nation of Politicians: Gender, Patriotism, and Political Culture in Late Eighteenth-Century Ireland
1855:
1735:
1634:
1165:
1153:
743:
716:
221:
4587:
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2003:
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937:
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211:
112:
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2631:
The apprenticeship system was deeply unpopular with slaves. On 1 August 1834, as the Governor in
2129:
man (notwithstanding the barbarity of custom and prejudice), can have no right, by virtue of his
1824:
1700:
1439:
1389:
1317:
1090:
868:
812:
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226:
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was formed. At the time, Britain continued to import cotton and other commodities from the U.S.
2584:
A poster advertising a special chapel service in celebration of the Abolition of Slavery in 1838
1862:. However, the council had no legislative powers, unless decreed and signed by the monarch. In
5136:
5028:
3914:"Slavery in Diplomacy: The Foreign Office and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
2808:
2724:, the world's oldest international human rights organisation, with its headquarters in London.
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2472:
1773:
1742:
1247:
988:
900:
748:
472:
438:
433:
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2234:, who became known as a prominent figure in the campaign for abolition in the British Empire.
1827:
was the first to act on the Enlightenment case against slavery on humanistic grounds. In his "
4014:
3735:
2617:
2588:
2430:
1995:
1987:
apply to British overseas territories; e.g. the American colonies had established slavery by
1983:
1919:
1896:
1609:
1464:
1377:
1362:
1044:
1032:
778:
763:
548:
323:
245:
216:
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The abolitionists negotiated with chieftains in West Africa to purchase land to establish '
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4602:
4578:
3892:
3024:"Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware"
2547:
2504:
2496:
2484:
2464:
2417:. The movement had support from such freed slaves, from many denominational groups such as
2298:
2287:
2008:
1859:
1816:
1747:
1651:
1614:
1542:
1486:
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1312:
1126:
1056:
731:
511:
413:
297:
204:
47:
8:
4629:
4612:
4500:
4041:"The legal and diplomatic background to the seizure of foreign vessels by the Royal Navy"
3723:
3048:
Francis C. Assisi, "First Indian-American Identified: Mary Fisher, Born 1680 in Maryland"
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2457:
2434:
meetings. They could not vote, nor could the majority of the men in Britain at the time.
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2279:
2267:
2231:
2227:
2156:
1940:
1844:
1832:
1235:
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1100:
1085:
954:
925:
915:
805:
753:
721:
518:
376:
344:
339:
292:
149:
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led the cause of abolition through the parliamentary campaign. It finally abolished the
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5120:
5115:
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4411:
4368:
4127:
2748:
2559:
2555:
2283:
2216:
2085:
2053:
1828:
1481:
1327:
1302:
1292:
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1112:
969:
788:
783:
773:
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349:
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39:
3839:"Children boycotted sugar to protest slavery and support abolitionists in 1790s–1830s"
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4390:
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3821:"Elizabeth Heyrick and The Birmingham Ladies' Society for the Relief of Negro Slaves"
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realized that trading would continue, and so as a new MP successfully introduced the
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from 1735. However, slavery was reinstated in 1751. He also encouraged his friends
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and other northern cities. The finished goods furnished Britain's low-wage export
38:
was the movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries to end the practice of
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Africans themselves played a visible role in the abolition movement. In Britain,
2148:
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2021:
2017:
1836:
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to pursue the cause vigorously. Soon after his death in 1785, they joined with
1800:
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2755:. There was a treaty between Britain and the United States of America in 1862.
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137:
43:
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2507:. The Act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship.
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when he ruled that "As soon as a man sets foot on English ground he is free".
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Barbaric Traffic: Commerce and Antislavery in the 18th-century Atlantic World
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Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877
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2713:
2684:(1841). An elderly Thomas Clarkson addresses a meeting of over 500 delegates.
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1966:, had to judge whether Somersett's abduction was lawful or not under English
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Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves
3796:"Appeal to the hearts and consciences of British women by Elizabeth Heyrick"
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The 1807 act's intention was to entirely outlaw the slave trade within the
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1999:
1988:
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1695:
1532:
1508:
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1407:
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639:
602:
580:
467:
184:
164:
142:
132:
122:
117:
107:
51:
4909:
4040:
2566:". Britain signed anti-slavery treaties with more than 50 African rulers.
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trade itself, the bankruptcy of the West Indian sugar economy through the
947:
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4699:
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The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem
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2226:. The exploration of the African continent by such British groups as the
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1840:
1537:
1525:
878:
681:
671:
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443:
3333:"Record of Ignatius Sancho's vote in the general election, October 1774"
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2012:(1778), Wedderburn said that Knight owed him "perpetual servitude". The
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A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals
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A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals
1967:
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553:
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William Wilberforce: The Life of the Great Anti-Slave Trade Campaigner
2039:
Writing critically of English altruism in abolishing the slave trade,
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Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World
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was established in 1841, and was headed by the first superintendent,
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would throw slaves into the sea to reduce their fines. Abolitionist
612:
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4318:
3077:"Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case"
2934:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 201–206.
2887:"Timeline of Events Leading up to the Abolition of the Slave Trade"
2650:
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2519:
The capture of a slave ship by HMS Buzzard to free the slaves, 1834
2442:
2422:
1520:
1078:
1022:
974:
634:
479:
334:
240:
1854:
The slave trade had been banned in England in 1102, by the Church
4716:
4534:
The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870
4523:
Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution
3066:
2860:
2654:
2384:
2365:
2114:, in which he passionately criticised the practice. In his 1776
2091:
1949:
1945:
1812:
1503:
585:
265:
82:
4102:
Drescher, Seymour (2000). "Abolitionist expectations: Britain".
3760:"British citizens campaign for the abolition of the slave trade"
3281:"The Realities in Africa: European Profit or Negro Development?"
3262:
The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica & Barbados, 1823–1843
2932:
The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond
2720:
and pursuing them as such. The Society is in operation today as
2475:
in South America as part of a military force sent out to subdue
4684:
3163:(Concise 6th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 119.
2717:
2540:
2332:
who courageously campaigned for parliament in the port city of
2223:
2138:
1948:
to be resold into slavery. While in London, Somersett had been
1875:
1205:
1027:
607:
590:
452:
287:
255:
58:
for the majority by 1840 and for remaining exceptions by 1843.
3940:
Sweet Water and Bitter: The Ships that Stopped the Slave Trade
3889:"Reasons for the success of the abolitionist campaign in 1807"
2090:
case. In 1774, influenced by the case and by the writings of
1939:
procedure. The African slaves' legal status was unclear until
4354:
Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain
3484:"BBC News | Magazine | Keeping it under their hats"
3225:
Hinks, Peter P; McKivigan, John R; Williams, R. Owen (2007).
2563:
2203:) presented the Quaker petition to parliament. Also in 1783,
462:
448:
423:
2245:
of 1787 and the engraving showing the ghastly layout of the
2964:"The Viking slave trade: entrepreneurs or heathen slavers?"
2325:, who had seen the cruelty of the trade at first hand; the
329:
159:
4421:
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823
4079:"Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire?"
2657:, was infinitely preferable to continued chattel slavery.
4689:
3469:(London: printed for J. Johnson, 1785), p. 47. Online at
3399:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 10.
2002:, on the grounds that he could not be held as a slave in
42:, whether formal or informal, in the United Kingdom, the
3134:
Mowat, Robert Balmain; Slosson, Preston William (1943).
2219:
and to formulate a policy to improve the conditions of
4486:
Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America
3467:
The task: a poem, in six books. By William Cowper, ...
3224:
2429:
and others. They reached out for support from the new
2356:
medallion for the Committee; and other members of the
4179:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–379.
3650:"Thomas Clarkson's diary and the 1807 abolition bill"
3411:"Thomas Clarkson's diary and the 1807 abolition bill"
2831:"Abolition of the slave trade and slavery in Britain"
2784:
List of Abolitionist Forerunners (by Thomas Clarkson)
2733:
Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade
2554:
to end their slave trade and allow the Royal Navy to
2467:
published the memoirs of his five-year voyage to the
1804:
Title page of a published lecture against slavery by
5184:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2155:
Despite the ending of slavery in Great Britain, the
2031:
became concerned, and got organised, setting up the
1460:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3268:
2305:, encompassed the trafficking in slaves by British
2033:
London Society of West India Planters and Merchants
4962:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf
4408:Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism
3279:
4526:(London: BBC Books, 2005) (New York: Ecco, 2006 )
3724:"The Suppression of the Transoceanic Slave Trade"
3542:McGrath, Elizabeth; Massing, Jean Michel (2012).
3455:Two Nations: A Financial Study of English History
3231:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 643.
2735:, was signed in London by the representatives of
1973:In his judgment of 22 June 1772, Mansfield held,
5198:
4214:Engerman, Stanley, 2006, "Engerman on Slavery",
3573:
3571:
3436:. The Wisbech and Fenland Museum. Archived from
3140:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 162.
2179:Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs
1831:" he convinced Parliament to ban slavery in his
1575:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4577:
4437:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery
4019:. Greenwood Press. pp. xxi, xxxiii–xxxiv.
3728:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
3105:. Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. pp. 85–86.
2680:"The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840" by
2183:They touch our country and their shackles fall.
4177:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838
3541:
2664:of the UK in 1832, which was £443 million and
2510:
2276:Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
2191:Of all your empire. That where Britain's power
2175:And they themselves once ferried o'er the wave
1886:wrote of the sea change that had taken place:
1811:In the 17th and early 18th centuries, English
4925:
4563:
4012:
3964:"An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade"
3568:
3449:
3447:
3194:Housing, Race and Law: The British Experience
2569:
1781:
54:movement in Western Europe and the Americas.
4512:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
4280:. Anti-slavery International. Archived from
3780:. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from
3133:
2731:for the suppression of the slave trade, the
2700:, to fuel the spinning and weaving mills in
2671:
2187:And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then,
2080:Antislavery sentiment may have grown in the
1580:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
4939:
4319:Vienna and the Abolition of the Slave Trade
4255:. National Portrait Gallery. Archived from
4253:"The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840"
4055:"The West African Squadron and slave trade"
3475:
2794:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
2401:which influenced the abolitionism movement.
2181:Receive our air, that moment they are free,
2173:We have no slaves at home.—Then why abroad?
2016:of Scotland ruled against him, saying that
4932:
4918:
4757:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
4570:
4556:
4357:(1st ed.). Cornell University Press.
4278:"Our history – Anti-Slavery International"
4175:Dryden, John. 1992 "Pas de Six Ans!", In:
3823:. University of Birmingham. Archived from
3444:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3264:. Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books. p. 8.
2445:' – a settlement for former slaves of the
1788:
1774:
4461:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition
4426:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
3987:
3694:Popular Politics and British Anti-Slavery
3652:. University of Cambridge. Archived from
3513:. London: Harper Perennial. p. 327.
3413:. University of Cambridge. Archived from
3311:"Ignatius Sancho: African Man of Letters"
3228:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition
3100:
2997:Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies
2258:
2193:Is felt, mankind may feel her mercy too.
2185:That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud
2177:That parts us, are emancipate and loos'd.
5174:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
5087:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919
4997:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
4640:Decline and legacy of the British Empire
4321:, Oxford Public International Law, 2020.
4144:
4101:
3302:
2690:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
2675:
2587:
2579:
2546:Between 1808 and 1860, the Royal Navy's
2514:
2389:
2262:
2143:
2068:
1909:
1799:
1585:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1450:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1430:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
18:
4459:Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds.
4145:Oldfield, Dr John (February 17, 2011).
4013:Falola, Toyin; Warnock, Amanda (2007).
3481:
3421:
3394:
3379:
3274:
3191:
3137:History of the English Speaking Peoples
3103:The Wit and Wisdom of the Bench and Bar
2987:
2856:"Chronology – Who banned slavery when?"
2490:
2189:And let it circulate through ev'ry vein
5199:
4494:Black and British: A Forgotten History
4350:
3736:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.938
3721:
3579:"Parliament abolishes the slave trade"
3259:
3253:
3158:
3061:Black and British: A Forgotten History
2929:
1994:After reading about Somersett's Case,
1952:and three godparents issued a writ of
4977:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
4913:
4551:
3798:. The British Library. Archived from
3778:"The Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion"
3508:
3353:
3101:Moncreiff, Frederick Charles (2006).
2833:. The British Library. Archived from
2799:Slavery in the British Virgin Islands
2314:and other Caribbean countries or the
2064:
1472:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1149:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
31:for the British anti-slavery campaign
3937:
2825:
2823:
2592:Abolitionist painting attributed to
1922:, the great-nieces of Chief Justice
1664:Slave marriages in the United States
1268:Human trafficking in the Middle East
46:and the world, including ending the
4747:Black and Asian Studies Association
4301:, vol. 6 (London, 1845), pp. 2–20.
3864:"Women: From Abolition to the Vote"
3490:from the original on 2 January 2008
3021:
2770:. Arguably, its alignment with the
1003:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
5217:Human rights in the United Kingdom
5207:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
4382:
4229:"Public Spending Details for 1832"
4016:Encyclopedia of the middle passage
3482:Tomkins, Stephen (22 March 2007).
2133:, to enslave and tyrannise over a
1657:last survivors of American slavery
36:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
14:
5228:
5014:African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.)
4762:National Black Police Association
4403:, 2010, retrieved: June 14, 2012.
3471:"Eighteenth Century Texts Online"
3308:
3196:. London: Routledge. p. 39.
2820:
2804:Abolitionism in the United States
2084:in the first few years after the
618:Field slaves in the United States
485:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
4982:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880
4471:; 846pp; 300 articles by experts
4196:from the original on 24 May 2008
4083:The Abolition of Slavery Project
3600:"The Tools of the Abolitionists"
2990:"African Slaves and English Law"
2215:to cease its involvement in the
1819:criticised it for violating the
495:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
490:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
319:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
89:
5029:Eastern Naval Division (Brazil)
5002:Brussels Conference Act of 1890
4344:
4324:
4308:
4288:
4270:
4245:
4221:
4208:
4182:
4169:
4138:
4095:
4071:
4047:
4033:
4006:
3981:
3956:
3942:. London: Chatto & Windus.
3931:
3916:. 15 April 2013. Archived from
3906:
3881:
3856:
3831:
3813:
3788:
3770:
3752:
3715:
3685:
3660:
3642:
3617:
3592:
3535:
3502:
3459:
3403:
3388:
3373:
3347:
3325:
3218:
3185:
3152:
3127:
3094:
3053:
2727:On 20 December 1841, the first
2336:for which he was briefly M.P.,
2286:in the British Empire with the
2243:Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion
1445:Committee of Experts on Slavery
996:East, Southeast, and South Asia
25:Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion
3384:. London: R. Hett. p. 11.
3260:Butler, Kathleen Mary (1995).
3041:
3015:
2981:
2956:
2923:
2910:
2879:
2848:
2696:, which relied on slavery for
2562:deposed "the usurping King of
1144:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
5212:Slavery in the United Kingdom
4401:Institute of European History
4110:(2). Informa UK Limited: 53.
3546:. London: Warburg Institute.
3081:National Archives of Scotland
2814:
2609:led the Christmas Rebellion (
2352:Am I Not A Man And A Brother?
2020:was not recognised under the
5162:Temporary Slavery Commission
4883:Multicultural London English
4190:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833"
3988:Loosemore, Jo (2008-07-08).
3290:. Vol. 21, no. 4.
3028:www.freeafricanamericans.com
2789:Slavery in the British Isles
1435:Temporary Slavery Commission
1096:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
5179:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
5009:West Africa Squadron (U.K.)
4406:Brown, Christopher Leslie.
3730:. Oxford University Press.
2777:
2537:Slave Trade Felony Act 1811
2511:Slave Trade Felony Act 1811
2274:After the formation of the
1455:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
500:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
5233:
4810:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
4510:Rodriguez, Junius P., ed.
3625:"Abolitionist campaigners"
3395:Higgins, Padhraig (2010).
2988:Mtubani, V. C. D. (1981).
2722:Anti-Slavery International
2576:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
2573:
2570:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
2292:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
1847:and others in forming the
1640:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1477:Anti-Slavery International
1242:North Africa and West Asia
61:
4947:
4891:
4870:
4770:
4752:Black Equity Organisation
4737:
4653:
4586:
4116:10.1080/01440390008575305
3990:"Sailing against slavery"
3866:. The BBC. Archived from
3668:"The Campaign in Bristol"
3602:. The BBC. Archived from
3380:Primatt, Humphry (1776).
3356:"John Wesley (1703–1791)"
2930:Wilson, Thomas D (2012).
2672:Campaigning after the Act
2653:, or the nearby state of
2543:and punishable by death.
1964:Court of the King's Bench
1736:Emancipation Proclamation
1408:Opposition and resistance
1166:Sex trafficking in Europe
1154:Blackbirding in Polynesia
717:Trans-Saharan slave trade
50:. It was part of a wider
4598:First Africans in London
4351:Huzzey, Richard (2012).
3722:Suzuki, Hideaki (2022).
3354:Carey, Brycchan (2002).
3276:Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt
3192:MacEwen, Martin (2002).
2387:, Liverpool and London.
1516:Compensated emancipation
727:Indian Ocean slave trade
5167:1926 Slavery Convention
5152:Treaty of Jeddah (1927)
5137:Battle of Little Bereby
4941:Slave trade suppression
4635:Race Relations Act 1965
4447:Encyclopedia of Slavery
4397:European History Online
4104:Slavery & Abolition
3509:Hague, William (2008).
3159:Murrin, John M (2013).
2616:On 28 August 1833, the
2556:seize their slave ships
2211:, issued a call to the
1962:, Chief Justice of the
1825:James Edward Oglethorpe
1440:1926 Slavery Convention
1196:Germany in World War II
813:North and South America
335:Contract of manumission
16:Movement to end slavery
5116:Bombardment of Johanna
5024:Brazil Squadron (U.S.)
5019:Africa Squadron (U.S.)
4389:Bader-Zaar, Birgitta:
4147:"British Anti-slavery"
2809:Abolitionism in France
2760:Slave Trade Department
2685:
2662:Gross Domestic Product
2644:and the slaves gained
2597:
2585:
2520:
2402:
2364:reformers, as well as
2271:
2259:Growth of the movement
2196:
2152:
2077:
2062:
1980:
1931:
1893:
1808:
921:British Virgin Islands
473:Circassian slave trade
439:Safavid imperial harem
434:Ottoman Imperial Harem
32:
4785:Antiguan and Barbudan
4543:16.10 (2018): e12480.
2706:manufacturing economy
2679:
2626:apprenticeship system
2618:Slavery Abolition Act
2591:
2583:
2518:
2393:
2266:
2170:
2147:
2112:Thoughts Upon Slavery
2072:
2049:
1975:
1920:Lady Elizabeth Murray
1913:
1901:Montgomery v. Sheddan
1888:
1803:
1160:Europe and North Asia
1120:Australia and Oceania
820:Pre-Columbian America
392:Slave raid of Suðuroy
324:Slavery in al-Andalus
246:Black Sea slave trade
175:21st-century jihadism
22:
4603:Atlantic slave trade
4579:Black British people
4501:Rodriguez, Junius P.
3453:Christopher Hollis:
2603:Anti-Slavery Society
2548:West Africa Squadron
2505:West Africa Squadron
2491:Slave Trade Act 1807
2485:Francesco Bartolozzi
2465:John Gabriel Stedman
2299:Atlantic slave trade
2288:Slave Trade Act 1807
2157:West Indian colonies
2102:, the leader of the
2009:Knight v. Wedderburn
1916:Dido Elizabeth Belle
1615:Indentured servitude
1543:Underground Railroad
1343:United Arab Emirates
732:Zanzibar slave trade
699:By country or region
512:Atlantic slave trade
414:Ma malakat aymanukum
298:Venetian slave trade
48:Atlantic slave trade
4771:Ethnic and national
4630:Bristol Bus Boycott
3938:Rees, Siân (2009).
3697:. Routledge. 2012.
2729:multilateral treaty
2666:government spending
2458:Royal African Corps
2456:Also from 1800 the
2377:William Wilberforce
2348:, who produced the
2280:William Wilberforce
2268:William Wilberforce
2232:William Wilberforce
2228:African Association
2137:man." In 1781 the
1845:William Wilberforce
1833:Province of Georgia
1701:Slave Route Project
832:Americas indigenous
722:Red Sea slave trade
712:Contemporary Africa
575:Topics and practice
345:Crimean slave trade
340:Bukhara slave trade
293:Genoese slave trade
170:Contemporary Africa
150:Forced prostitution
4987:Blockade of Africa
4862:Other black groups
4738:Civic and economic
4417:Davis, David Brion
4373:10.7591/j.cttq4338
4233:UK Public Spending
4192:. 28 August 1833.
2686:
2668:which was £51.5m.
2598:
2586:
2560:Reduction of Lagos
2521:
2501:British Parliament
2499:was passed by the
2431:industrial workers
2403:
2272:
2153:
2078:
2065:Activists organize
2054:Haitian revolution
2027:At this point the
1984:legal implications
1932:
1905:Spens v. Dalrymple
1895:Some of the first
1829:Georgia Experiment
1809:
1482:Blockade of Africa
789:Somali slave trade
705:Sub-Saharan Africa
397:Turkish Abductions
355:Khivan slave trade
350:Khazar slave trade
303:Balkan slave trade
261:Prague slave trade
33:
5194:
5193:
4992:Kanunname of 1889
4907:
4906:
4780:African-Caribbean
4484:Morgan, Kenneth.
4433:Drescher, Seymour
4364:978-0-8014-5108-9
4284:on 19 March 2023.
3827:on 20 March 2023.
3784:on 20 March 2023.
3766:on 20 March 2023.
3745:978-0-19-027773-4
3711:on 20 March 2023.
3656:on 20 March 2023.
3465:Cowper, William,
3440:on 20 March 2023.
3434:"Thomas Clarkson"
3417:on 20 March 2023.
3335:. British Library
3309:Carey, Brycchan.
2698:cotton production
2316:American colonies
2213:Church of England
2209:Bishop of Chester
2108:Church of England
2006:. In the case of
1864:Cartwright's Case
1856:Council of London
1798:
1797:
1748:Freedmen's Bureau
1570:Third Servile War
1565:International law
1132:Human trafficking
894:Human trafficking
569:Thirteen colonies
387:Sack of Baltimore
155:Human trafficking
5224:
5034:Slave Trade Acts
4942:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4491:Olusoga, David.
4475:Hochschild, Adam
4377:
4376:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4322:
4315:Randall Lesaffer
4312:
4306:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:on 23 March 2023
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4225:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3966:. Archived from
3960:
3954:
3953:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:on 14 March 2023
3891:. Archived from
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:on 23 March 2023
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:on 14 March 2023
3841:. Archived from
3835:
3829:
3828:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:on 23 March 2023
3792:
3786:
3785:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3762:. Archived from
3756:
3750:
3749:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3707:. Archived from
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:on 18 March 2023
3670:. Archived from
3664:
3658:
3657:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3627:. Archived from
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:on 23 March 2023
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3479:
3473:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3313:. Brycchan Carey
3306:
3300:
3299:
3283:
3278:(July 1, 1943).
3272:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3073:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:on 14 March 2023
2898:
2892:. Archived from
2891:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:on 18 March 2023
2864:. Archived from
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:on 18 March 2023
2827:
2312:British colonies
2106:tendency in the
2045:W. E. B. Du Bois
2041:African-American
2014:Court of Session
1941:Somersett's Case
1790:
1783:
1776:
1760:Emancipation Day
1593:
1560:Slave Trade Acts
251:Byzantine Empire
93:
66:
65:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5142:Hamerton Treaty
5108:Capture of the
5079:Capture of the
5073:Veloz Passagera
5071:Capture of the
5063:Capture of the
5055:Capture of the
5047:Capture of the
5039:Capture of the
4943:
4940:
4938:
4908:
4903:
4887:
4878:British English
4866:
4772:
4766:
4739:
4733:
4685:British hip hop
4656:
4649:
4614:Empire Windrush
4589:
4582:
4576:
4546:
4541:History Compass
4452:Gould, Philip.
4443:Finkelman, Paul
4385:
4383:Further reading
4380:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4313:
4309:
4303:On Google Books
4293:
4289:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4237:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4170:
4156:
4154:
4143:
4139:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4085:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4063:
4061:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4011:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3970:on 11 July 2023
3962:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3936:
3932:
3923:
3921:
3920:on 15 July 2023
3912:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3805:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3720:
3716:
3705:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3582:
3581:. UK Parliament
3577:
3576:
3569:
3554:
3540:
3536:
3521:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3480:
3476:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3303:
3287:Foreign Affairs
3273:
3269:
3258:
3254:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3204:
3190:
3186:
3171:
3157:
3153:
3132:
3128:
3113:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3022:Heinegg, Paul.
3020:
3016:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2968:History Ireland
2962:
2961:
2957:
2942:
2928:
2924:
2918:History Compass
2915:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2817:
2780:
2682:Benjamin Haydon
2674:
2578:
2572:
2513:
2497:Slave Trade Act
2493:
2415:Olaudah Equiano
2395:Olaudah Equiano
2346:Josiah Wedgwood
2342:Thomas Clarkson
2338:Granville Sharp
2261:
2239:Olaudah Equiano
2199:Parliament for
2195:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2149:Thomas Clarkson
2123:Humphry Primatt
2096:Anthony Benezet
2074:Ignatius Sancho
2067:
2022:law of Scotland
2018:chattel slavery
1958:. As a result,
1837:Granville Sharp
1794:
1765:
1764:
1669:Slave narrative
1625:Fugitive slaves
1605:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1555:Slave rebellion
1410:
1400:
1399:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1170:United Kingdom
1106:Yankee princess
700:
692:
691:
419:Avret Pazarları
365:Avret Pazarları
234:Medieval Europe
200:
190:
189:
128:Forced marriage
103:
64:
29:Josiah Wedgwood
17:
12:
11:
5:
5230:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5157:Moresby Treaty
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Firman of 1857
4969:
4967:Firman of 1854
4964:
4959:
4957:Firman of 1830
4954:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Sierra Leonean
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4805:Montserratians
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4661:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4527:
4515:
4508:
4498:
4489:
4482:
4472:
4463:(2 vol. 2006)
4457:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4414:
4404:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4363:
4343:
4323:
4307:
4295:Lewis Hertslet
4287:
4269:
4244:
4220:
4207:
4181:
4168:
4137:
4094:
4070:
4046:
4032:
4025:
4005:
3980:
3955:
3948:
3930:
3905:
3880:
3855:
3830:
3812:
3787:
3769:
3751:
3744:
3714:
3703:
3684:
3659:
3641:
3616:
3591:
3567:
3552:
3534:
3519:
3501:
3474:
3458:
3443:
3420:
3402:
3387:
3372:
3360:Brycchan Carey
3346:
3324:
3301:
3267:
3252:
3237:
3217:
3202:
3184:
3169:
3151:
3126:
3111:
3093:
3065:
3052:
3040:
3014:
2980:
2955:
2940:
2922:
2920:16.10 (2018) .
2909:
2878:
2847:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2772:Foreign Office
2768:Foreign Office
2764:James Bandinel
2673:
2670:
2642:apprenticeship
2574:Main article:
2571:
2568:
2533:Henry Brougham
2525:British Empire
2512:
2509:
2492:
2489:
2447:British Empire
2419:Swedenborgians
2330:William Roscoe
2303:Triangle trade
2301:, also called
2260:
2257:
2221:Afro-Caribbean
2205:Beilby Porteus
2171:
2166:William Cowper
2161:British Empire
2066:
2063:
2047:in 1948 said,
1960:Lord Mansfield
1937:naturalisation
1924:Lord Mansfield
1858:, convened by
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1647:List of slaves
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Dutch Republic
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
998:
992:
991:
986:
979:
978:
977:
972:
962:
957:
952:
951:
950:
940:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
908:
903:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
841:
840:
839:
829:
828:
827:
816:
815:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
792:
791:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
735:
734:
724:
719:
714:
708:
707:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
662:
658:
657:
652:
650:Child soldiers
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
626:
625:
615:
610:
605:
600:
599:
598:
593:
588:
577:
576:
572:
571:
566:
561:
559:Spanish Empire
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:Middle Passage
536:
531:
526:
521:
515:
514:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
369:
368:
367:
360:Ottoman Empire
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
315:
314:
308:
307:
306:
305:
295:
290:
285:
284:
283:
278:
273:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
237:
236:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
207:
201:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
182:
180:Sexual slavery
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
146:
145:
140:
138:Child marriage
135:
125:
120:
115:
113:Child soldiers
110:
104:
99:
98:
95:
94:
86:
85:
75:
74:
63:
60:
44:British Empire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5229:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5130:Edward Barley
5127:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4900:
4899:Black Britons
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:sub-divisions
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4728:
4727:Drum and bass
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4655:Black British
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4588:Black British
4585:
4580:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4518:Schama, Simon
4516:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4469:0-313-33142-1
4466:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4347:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4217:
4211:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4178:
4172:
4165:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4028:
4026:9780313334801
4022:
4018:
4017:
4009:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3949:9780701181598
3945:
3941:
3934:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3704:9781136295911
3700:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3631:on 2023-03-18
3630:
3626:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3553:9781908590435
3549:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3520:9780007228867
3516:
3512:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3334:
3328:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:
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3209:
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3203:9780203032428
3199:
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3170:9781133947738
3166:
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3114:
3112:9781584777243
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2941:9780813932903
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2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:slave traders
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:In 1839, the
2683:
2678:
2669:
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2663:
2658:
2656:
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2647:
2643:
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2634:
2633:Port of Spain
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2481:William Blake
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2381:parliamentary
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2240:
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2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:abolitionist
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:British Isles
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:Great Britain
2001:
1997:
1996:Joseph Knight
1992:
1990:
1989:positive laws
1985:
1982:Although the
1979:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:habeas corpus
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1928:Kenwood House
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:freedom suits
1892:
1887:
1885:
1884:David Olusoga
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:rights of man
1818:
1817:Enlightenment
1814:
1807:
1806:Joseph Ivimey
1802:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
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1769:
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1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Slave catcher
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
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1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Forced labour
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
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1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:Abolitionists
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
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1234:
1232:
1229:
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1224:
1222:
1219:
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1214:
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1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
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1192:
1189:
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1128:
1125:
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1118:
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1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:comfort women
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:Chukri System
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
980:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
939:
938:Latin America
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
895:
892:
890:
889:interregional
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:prison labour
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
844:United States
842:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:
703:
702:
696:
695:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
659:
656:
655:White slavery
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:Slave raiding
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
614:
613:Corvée labour
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
578:
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547:
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464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:Abbasid harem
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:Barbary Coast
370:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
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116:
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111:
109:
106:
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102:
97:
96:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:Forced labour
77:
76:
72:
68:
67:
59:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
5147:Frere Treaty
5129:
5121:
5109:
5100:
5092:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5057:El Almirante
5056:
5048:
5040:
4952:Abolitionism
4620:
4613:
4608:Abolitionism
4607:
4540:
4533:
4530:Thomas, Hugh
4521:
4511:
4504:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4436:
4424:
4420:
4407:
4391:
4353:
4346:
4335:. Retrieved
4326:
4310:
4298:
4290:
4282:the original
4272:
4261:. Retrieved
4257:the original
4247:
4236:. Retrieved
4232:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4184:
4176:
4171:
4162:
4155:. Retrieved
4150:
4140:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4086:. Retrieved
4082:
4073:
4062:. Retrieved
4058:
4049:
4035:
4015:
4008:
3997:. Retrieved
3993:
3983:
3972:. Retrieved
3968:the original
3958:
3939:
3933:
3922:. Retrieved
3918:the original
3908:
3897:. Retrieved
3893:the original
3883:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3858:
3847:. Retrieved
3843:the original
3833:
3825:the original
3815:
3804:. Retrieved
3800:the original
3790:
3782:the original
3772:
3764:the original
3754:
3727:
3717:
3709:the original
3693:
3687:
3676:. Retrieved
3672:the original
3662:
3654:the original
3644:
3633:. Retrieved
3629:the original
3619:
3608:. Retrieved
3604:the original
3594:
3583:. Retrieved
3543:
3537:
3510:
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3477:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3438:the original
3415:the original
3405:
3396:
3390:
3381:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:
3349:
3337:. Retrieved
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3304:
3285:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3227:
3220:
3193:
3187:
3160:
3154:
3136:
3129:
3102:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3060:
3055:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3017:
3003:(2): 71–75.
3000:
2996:
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2970:. 2013-03-05
2967:
2958:
2931:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2901:. Retrieved
2894:the original
2881:
2870:. Retrieved
2866:the original
2859:
2850:
2839:. Retrieved
2835:the original
2757:
2726:
2710:
2687:
2659:
2645:
2630:
2622:Royal Assent
2615:
2599:
2545:
2522:
2494:
2471:-controlled
2462:
2455:
2451:Sierra Leone
2440:
2436:
2404:
2370:
2358:Clapham Sect
2351:
2323:James Ramsay
2320:
2296:
2273:
2250:
2236:
2197:
2172:
2154:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:wrote, "the
2115:
2111:
2110:, published
2086:
2079:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2007:
2000:freedom suit
1993:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1953:
1933:
1914:Portrait of
1904:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1873:
1853:
1849:Clapham Sect
1810:
1696:Slave patrol
1533:Freedom suit
1509:Sierra Leone
1499:Colonization
1419:
1415:Abolitionism
1395:Baháʼí Faith
1368:Christianity
1318:Saudi Arabia
1174:Penal Labour
1139:Blackbirding
1045:Debt bondage
1033:penal system
859:Contemporary
849:Field slaves
837:U.S. Natives
796:South Africa
667:Galley slave
640:Slave market
630:House slaves
603:Blackbirding
581:Conscription
505:21st century
468:Umm al-walad
312:Muslim world
281:Emancipation
185:Wage slavery
165:Penal labour
143:Wife selling
133:Bride buying
118:Conscription
108:Child Labour
101:Contemporary
56:
52:abolitionism
35:
34:
27:designed by
5122:Mary Carver
5041:Providentia
4700:Lovers rock
4151:BBC History
3365:26 December
3086:27 November
2611:Baptist War
2421:, Quakers,
2362:evangelical
2284:slave trade
2217:slave trade
2201:Westminster
2100:John Wesley
2029:plantocracy
1903:(1755) and
1841:Hannah More
1711:court cases
1588: [
1538:Slave Power
1526:Manumission
1373:Catholicism
1248:Afghanistan
989:Puerto Rico
901:The Bahamas
879:Slave codes
682:Shanghaiing
672:Impressment
564:Slave Coast
444:Qajar harem
404:Concubinage
377:slave trade
5201:Categories
5101:La Amistad
5065:Marinerito
5049:Presidente
4857:Zimbabwean
4645:Race riots
4337:2023-03-18
4263:2023-03-23
4238:2019-08-09
4157:January 2,
4088:2019-08-09
4064:2019-08-09
3999:2019-08-09
3974:2023-07-11
3924:2023-07-15
3899:2023-03-14
3874:2023-03-23
3849:2023-03-14
3806:2023-03-23
3678:2023-03-18
3635:2023-03-18
3610:2023-03-23
3585:2023-03-18
3212:1086444682
3033:2019-08-09
2974:2019-08-09
2903:2023-03-14
2872:2023-03-18
2841:2023-03-18
2815:References
2702:Manchester
2694:Deep South
2607:Sam Sharpe
2594:Emma Soyer
2529:Royal Navy
2427:Methodists
2373:Dissenters
2247:slave ship
2043:historian
1968:Common Law
1926:living at
1726:J.Q. Adams
1716:Washington
1686:Slave name
1635:convention
1610:Common law
983:Encomienda
779:Seychelles
764:Mauritania
687:Slave ship
554:Panyarring
549:New France
198:Historical
5081:Brillante
4871:Languages
4847:Tanzanian
4817:Congolese
4790:Barbadian
4712:UK garage
4695:Caribbean
4675:Afroswing
4670:Afrobeats
4399:, Mainz:
4218:, 36m.30s
4132:145059848
4124:0144-039X
4059:pdavis.nl
3562:811970449
3529:192026996
3494:2 January
3339:2 October
3296:0015-7120
3247:230763683
3179:857231893
3146:560320214
3009:0256-2316
2950:907676628
2620:received
2477:bosnegers
2463:In 1796,
2411:petitions
2407:pamphlets
2334:Liverpool
2327:Unitarian
2307:merchants
2278:in 1787,
2120:clergyman
2104:Methodist
2087:Somersett
1880:Edinburgh
1869:John Holt
1721:Jefferson
1378:Mormonism
1313:Palestine
1127:Australia
1057:Indonesia
948:Lei Áurea
931:Code Noir
911:Caribbean
884:Treatment
623:Treatment
596:Devshirme
458:Odalisque
276:In Russia
217:Babylonia
205:Antiquity
5132:Incident
5110:Emanuela
5103:Incident
4837:Nigerian
4822:Ghanaian
4800:Guyanese
4795:Jamaican
4680:Britfunk
4621:Windrush
4423:(1999);
4216:EconTalk
4194:Archived
3488:Archived
3121:65538391
2778:See also
2651:Freetown
2646:de facto
2637:Trinidad
2552:treaties
2443:Freetown
2423:Baptists
2379:led the
1950:baptised
1891:century.
1753:Iron bit
1743:40 acres
1706:breeding
1521:Freedman
1356:Religion
1216:Portugal
1101:Thailand
1091:Maldives
1086:Malaysia
1079:Kwalliso
1023:Booi Aha
975:Restavek
955:Colombia
926:Trinidad
916:Barbados
806:Zanzibar
754:Ethiopia
635:Saqaliba
529:Database
480:Saqaliba
241:Ancillae
71:a series
69:Part of
4852:Ugandan
4827:Ivorian
4717:Dubstep
4657:culture
4623:scandal
4590:history
4536:(2006).
4410:(2006)
4297:(ed.),
3486:. BBC.
3317:2 March
2861:Reuters
2749:Prussia
2741:Britain
2737:Austria
2718:pirates
2655:Liberia
2473:Surinam
2385:Bristol
2366:Quakers
2252:Brookes
2168:wrote,
2159:of the
1946:Jamaica
1813:Quakers
1731:Lincoln
1604:Related
1504:Liberia
1390:Judaism
1328:Tunisia
1303:Morocco
1293:Lebanon
1258:Bahrain
1253:Algeria
1221:Romania
1186:Denmark
1179:Slavery
1113:Vietnam
784:Somalia
774:Nigeria
749:Comoros
677:Pirates
586:Ghilman
519:Bristol
409:history
382:pirates
271:History
160:Peonage
83:slavery
62:Origins
40:slavery
5124:Affair
5093:Creole
4832:Kenyan
4740:groups
4722:Jungle
4581:topics
4514:(1997)
4507:(2007)
4503:, ed.
4497:(2016)
4488:(2008)
4481:(2005)
4467:
4456:(2003)
4449:(1999)
4445:, ed.
4439:(2009)
4429:(1988)
4412:online
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2541:piracy
2399:memoir
2249:, the
2224:slaves
2139:Dublin
2131:colour
2118:, the
2092:Quaker
2058:Buxton
1876:London
1860:Anselm
1652:owners
1288:Kuwait
1283:Jordan
1236:Sweden
1226:Russia
1211:Poland
1206:Norway
1028:Laogai
1013:Brunei
1008:Bhutan
970:revolt
943:Brazil
906:Canada
869:partus
854:female
739:Angola
608:Coolie
591:Mamluk
544:Nantes
524:Brazil
453:Cariye
288:Thrall
256:Kholop
222:Greece
4892:Lists
4707:Grime
4665:Music
4369:JSTOR
4164:hands
4153:. BBC
4128:S2CID
2993:(PDF)
2897:(PDF)
2890:(PDF)
2564:Lagos
2469:Dutch
2135:black
2127:white
1679:songs
1674:films
1592:]
1548:songs
1385:Islam
1363:Bible
1338:Yemen
1333:Qatar
1323:Syria
1298:Libya
1263:Egypt
1231:Spain
1201:Malta
1074:Korea
1062:Japan
1040:India
1018:China
965:Haiti
825:Aztec
801:Sudan
769:Niger
661:Naval
534:Dutch
463:Qiyan
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424:Harem
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3525:OCLC
3515:ISBN
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3367:2018
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3319:2013
3292:ISSN
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1487:U.K.
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1420:U.K.
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1278:Iraq
1273:Iran
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