Aboriginal title - Knowledge

1759:"All infidels are in law perpetui inimici, perpetual enemies (for the law presumes not that they will be converted, that being remota potentia, a remote possibility) for between them, as with the devils, whose subjects they be, and the Christian, there is perpetual hostility, and can be no peace; . . . And upon this ground there is a diversity between a conquest of a kingdom of a Christian King, and the conquest of a kingdom of an infidel; for if a King come to a Christian kingdom by conquest, . . . he may at his pleasure alter and change the laws of that kingdom: but until he doth make an alteration of those laws the ancient laws of that kingdom remain. But if a Christian King should conquer a kingdom of an infidel, and bring them under his subjection, there ipso facto the laws of the infidel are abrogated, for that they be not only against Christianity, but against the law of God and of nature, contained in the decalogue; and in that case, until certain laws be established amongst them, the King by himself, and such Judges as he shall appoint, shall judge them and their causes according to natural equity." 2464:"Stripped to essentials, an boriginal claimant must prove a modern practice, tradition or custom that has a reasonable degree of continuity with the practices, traditions or customs that existed prior to contact. The practice, custom or tradition must have been "integral to the distinctive culture" of the boriginal peoples, in the sense that it distinguished or characterized their traditional culture and lay at the core of the peoples' identity. It must be a "defining feature" of the Aboriginal society, such that the culture would be "fundamentally altered" without it. It must be a feature of "central significance" to the peoples' culture, one that "truly made the society what it was" (Van der Peet, supra, at paras. 54–59). This excludes practices, traditions and customs that are only marginal or incidental to the Aboriginal society's cultural identity, and emphasizes practices, traditions and customs that are vital to the life, culture and identity of the aboriginal society in question." (Paragraph 12) 821:) before its courts acknowledged the independent existence of common law aboriginal title. Native Customary Rights (NCR) and Native Customary Land (NCL) are provided for under section 4(2) of the National Land Code 1965, the Sarawak Land Code 1957, the respective provisions of the National Land Code (Penang and Malacca Titles) Act 1963, and the Customary Tenure Enactment (FMS). Rajah's Order IX of 1875 recognized aboriginal title by providing for its extinguishment where cleared land was abandoned. Rajah's Order VIII of 1920 ("Land Order 1920") divided "State Lands" into four categories, one of them being "native holdings", and provided for the registration of customary holdings. The Aboriginal People's Act 1954 creates aboriginal areas and reserves, also providing for state acquisition of land without compensation. Article 160 of the Federal Constitution declares that custom has the force of law. 1240: 789:. Rejecting the government's claim that Aboriginal title applied only to villages and fishing sites, it instead agreed with the First Nation that Aboriginal title extends to the entire traditional territory of an indigenous group, even if that group was semi-nomadic and did not create settlements on that territory. It also stated that governments must have consent from First Nations which hold Aboriginal title in order to approve developments on that land, and governments can override the First Nation's wishes only in exceptional circumstances. The court reaffirmed, however, that areas under Aboriginal title are not outside the jurisdiction of the provinces, and provincial law still applies. 140: 1171: 776:(1997) laid down the essentials of the current test to prove Aboriginal title: "in order to make out a claim for boriginal title, the boriginal group asserting title must satisfy the following criteria: (i) the land must have been occupied prior to sovereignty, (ii) if present occupation is relied on as proof of occupation pre-sovereignty, there must be a continuity between present and pre-sovereignty occupation, and (iii) at sovereignty, that occupation must have been exclusive." 5757: 1454: 899: 22: 598:, filed a representative action on behalf of all the Maya communities of the Toledo District, and on 28 June 2010, CJ Conteh ruled in favor of the claimants, declaring that Maya customary land tenure exists in all the Maya villages of the Toledo District, and gives rise to collective and individual property rights under sections 3(d) and 17 of the 2254: 291:. Especially in Australia, the content of aboriginal title varies with the degree to which claimants are able to satisfy the standard of proof for recognition. In particular, the content of aboriginal title may be tied to the traditions and customs of the indigenous peoples, and only accommodate growth and change to a limited extent. 167:. The Act of State doctrine held that the Crown could confiscate or extinguish real or personal property rights in the process of conquering, without scrutiny from any British court, but could not perpetrate an Act of State against its own subjects. The Doctrine of Continuity presumed that the Crown did not intend to extinguish 2251: 1011:

Land was also lost under other legislation. The Counties Act 1886 s.245 said that tracks, "over any Crown lands or Native lands, and generally used without obstruction as roads, shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to be public roads, not exceeding sixty-six feet in width, and under the

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overturned the judgement in 1985, without reversing the doctrine of aboriginal title, holding that the specific claimants had not proved that they were native. The Extinction of Customary Land Right Order 1987, which purported to extinguish Barabaig customary rights, was declared null and void that

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The Court of Appeal delivered a decision in 1994 that sided with the aboriginal title claimant on nearly all issues, but ultimately ruled against them, holding that the Constitution (Consequential, Transitional and Temporary Provisions) Act, 1984—which rendered the constitutional right to property

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state. The requirements of proof for the recognition of aboriginal title, the content of aboriginal title, the methods of extinguishing aboriginal title, and the availability of compensation in the case of extinguishment vary significantly by jurisdiction. Nearly all jurisdictions are in agreement

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Aboriginal title can be extinguished by the general government, but again, the requirement to do this varies by country. Some require the legislature to be explicit when it does this, others hold that extinguishment can be inferred from the government's treatment of the land. In Canada, the Crown

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declared 18,000 square kilometres (6,900 sq mi), about half of Taiwan's land area (mostly in the east of the island), to be "traditional territory"; about 90 percent is public land that indigenous people can claim, and to whose development they can consent or not; the rest is privately

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which was regarded as the motivation for Crown settlement of the sea fisheries claims (1992). Subsequent cases began meanwhile—and apart from the common law doctrine—to rehabilitate the Treaty of Waitangi, declaring it the "fabric of New Zealand society" and thus relevant even to legislation of

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laid the basis for several elements of the modern aboriginal title doctrine, upholding a customary land claim and urging the need to "study of the history of the particular community and its usages in each case." Subsequently, the Privy Council issued many opinions confirming the existence of

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directly and expressly challenged a state taking of their land. The opinion held that: "the aborigines' common law rights include, inter alia, the right to live on their land as their forefathers had lived." The case was upheld on appeal, but the Federal Court did not write an opinion.

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The case ultimately did not lead to the inclusion of the Aboriginal title in South African doctrine. Legal scholars allege that this is because the application of terms like 'indigenous' and 'Aboriginal' in a South African context would lead to a number of contradictions.

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Unlike Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, the United States allows aboriginal title to be created post-sovereignty; rather than existing since pre-sovereignty, aboriginal title need only have existed for a "long time" (as little as 30 years) to be compensable.

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extinguished those rights before any lower court could hear a claim to either territorial customary title (the Maori Land Court) or non-territorial customary rights (the High Court's inherent common law jurisdiction). That legislation has been condemned by the

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did not prevail because the seventh justice, Pigeon J, found that the Court did not have jurisdiction to make a declaration in favour of the Nisga'a in the absence of a fiat of the Lieutenant-Governor of B.C. permitting suit against the provincial government.

882:, stating that "the proposition of law as enunciated in these two cases reflected the common law position with regard to native titles throughout the Commonwealth." The High Court of Kuching held in 2010, for the first time, that NCL may be transferred for 171:

upon acquiring sovereignty, and thus that pre-existing interests were enforceable under British law. Its mirror was the Recognition Doctrine, which held that private property rights were presumed to be extinguished in the absence of explicit recognition.

1437:. On the strength of this precedent, claimants in the Court of Federal Claims have been denied interest—which otherwise would be payable under Fifth Amendment jurisprudence—totalling billions of dollars ($ 9 billion alone, as estimated by a footnote in 779:

Subsequent decisions have drawn on the fiduciary duty to limit the ways in which the Crown can extinguish Aboriginal title, and to require prior consultation where the government has knowledge of a credible, but yet unproven, claim to Aboriginal title.

5247: 1386:, whose content was limited only by "their own discretion", inalienable except to the federal government, and extinguishable only by the federal government. Early state court decisions also presumed the existence of some form of aboriginal title. 250:

The requirements for establishing an aboriginal title to the land vary across countries, but generally speaking, the aboriginal claimant must establish (exclusive) occupation (or possession) from a long time ago, generally before the assertion of

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Later cases established that aboriginal title could be terminated only by the "clear and plain intention" of the federal government, a test that has been adopted by most other jurisdictions. The federal government was found to owe a

1212:, but held that the aboriginal title had been extinguished. Whether the precedent will be the start of further land rights claims by indigenous peoples is an open question, given the cut-off date of 1913 in the Restitution Act. 640:. The court described the right as a "right to use and occupy the lands" rather than a right of ownership. The government has interpreted the ruling very narrowly and has allowed only a small number of San to re-enter the CKGR. 2212: 223:

Some tribes are so low in the scale of social organization that their usages and conceptions of rights and duties are not to be reconciled with the institutions or the legal ideas of civilized society. Such a gulf cannot be

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It is common ground among the relevant jurisdictions that aboriginal title is inalienable, in the sense that it cannot be transferred except to the general government (known, in many of the relevant jurisdictions, as

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and Santa Cruz, citing the IACHR judgement and key precedents from other common law jurisdictions. The government entered into negotiations with the Maya communities, but ultimately refused to enforce the judgement.

841:. The High Court cited the Federal Constitution and the Aboriginal Peoples Act, as well as decisions from the Privy Council, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. That case was the first time where 1309:. From then, indigenous people's access to traditional lands was limited, as the ROC built cities, railroads, national parks, mines and tourist attractions. In 2005 the Basic Law for Indigenous Peoples was passed. 576:(IACHR), which sided with the Maya in 2004 and stated that the failure of the government of Belize to demarcate and title the Maya cultural lands was a violation of the right to property in Article XXIII of the 114:

were not a party. Significant aboriginal title litigation resulting in victories for indigenous peoples did not arise until recent decades. The majority of court cases have been litigated in Australia, Canada,

1333:. The wheat program would later become the National Agricultural and Food Corporation (NAFCO). NAFCO would lose a different suit to the Mulbadaw Village Council in 1981, which upheld customary land rights. The 300:

cannot extinguish aboriginal title without the explicit prior informed consent of the proper aboriginal title holders. New Zealand formerly required consent, but today requires only a justification, akin to a

870: 531:(2002), an appeal from the first native title claim to go to trial since the Native Title Act, adopted strict requirements of continuity of traditional laws and customs for native title claims to succeed. 1106:, declaring that Māori could bring claims to the foreshore in Land Court. The Court also indicated that customary aboriginal title interests (non-territorial) might also remain around the coastline. The 1019:

Favorable court decisions turned aboriginal title litigation towards the lake beds, but the Māori were unsuccessful in claiming the rivers the beaches, and customary fishing rights on the foreshore. The

1419: 1253: 837: 828:. In the 1970s, aboriginal rights were declared to be property rights, as protected by the Federal Constitution. Decisions in the 1970s and 1980s blocked state-sanctioned logging on customary land. 2060: 491: 944:

went farther than any judge—before or since—in declaring that aboriginal title "cannot be extinguished (at least in times of peace) otherwise than by the free consent of the Native occupiers".

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at the pleasure of the Queen. This case did not involve indigenous parties, but rather was a lumber dispute between the provincial government of Ontario and the federal government of Canada.

616: 696:). It allowed provinces to abrogate treaties (until 1951), and, from 1927, made it a federal crime to prosecute First Nation claims in court, raise money, or organize to pursue such claims. 1189: 541: 557:

during the gap between Spanish and British sovereignty. This decision did not involve indigenous peoples, but was an important example of the key doctrines that underlie aboriginal title.

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in 1774. The two doctrines were reconciled, with the Doctrine of Continuity prevailing in nearly all situations (except, for example, public property of the predecessor state) in

2209: 482:, held that native title exists (6–1) and is extinguishable by the sovereign (7–0), without compensation (4–3). In the wake of the decision, the Australian Parliament passed the 1001: 3198: 1060:

and indicated that whilst the Treaty of Waitangi confirmed those property rights, their legal foundation was the common law principle of continuity. The Crown did not appeal

204:, was litigated from 1705 to 1773, with the Privy Council affirming without opinion the judgement of a non-judicial tribunal. Other important Privy Council decisions include 1330: 275:, i.e. a right to use, although in practice this may mean anything from a right to use land for specific, enumerated purposes, or a general right to use which approximates 728:("British North America Act 1867") gives the federal government exclusive jurisdiction over First Nations, and thus the exclusive ability to extinguish Aboriginal title. 2136: 436: 3270: 1016:

in 1894. A series of Acts, beginning a year after the Treaty of Waitangi with the Land Claims Ordinance 1841, allowed the government to take and sell 'Waste Lands'.

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Jurisdictions differ on whether the state is required to pay compensation upon extinguishing aboriginal title. Theories for the payment of compensation include the

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aboriginal title, and upholding customary land claims; many of these arose in African colonies. Modern decisions have heaped criticism upon the views expressed in

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Superintendent of Lands & Surveys Miri Division & Anor v Madeli bin Salleh (suing as the administrator of the estate of the deceased, Salleh bin Kilong)

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Supreme Court Claim No. 366 of 2008 – The Maya Leaders Alliance and the Toledo Alcaldes et al v The Attorney General of Belize et al and Francis Johnston et al

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Madeli bin Salleh (Suing as Administrator of the Estate of the Deceased, Salleh bin Kilong) v Superintendent of Lands & Surveys (Miri Division) and Ors

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The identity of the indigenous groups in South Africa is not self-evident. The adoption of a strict definition, including only communities descended from

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Tolain, Tapalau, Tomaret, Towarunga, and Other Villagers of Latlat Village v Administration of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea; In re Vulcan Land

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challenged their eviction from the Hanang District of the Manyara Region, due to the government's decision to grow wheat in the region, funded by the

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declared aboriginal title unenforceable against the Crown. Eventually, the Privy Council acquiesced to the view that the Treaty was non-justiciable.

729: 585: 1086:, less than 5% of New Zealand was held as Māori customary land. In 2002, the Privy Council confirmed that the Maori Land Court, which does not have 1227:

people, would entail the exclusion of black African communities, an approach deemed detrimental to the spirit of national unity. The legacy of the

1116: 930:. In 1847, in a decision that was not appealed to the Privy Council, the Supreme Court of the colony of New Zealand recognized aboriginal title in 191: 1542:

in a line of decisions, originating with the proprietary claims of the former rulers of the Princely states, as well as their heirs and assigns.

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In 1996, the Toledo Maya Cultural Council (TMCC) and the Toledo Alcaldes Association (TAA) filed a claim against the government of Belize in the

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showing traditional territories of indigenous highland peoples. Alternate spellings or names: Pazih (Pazeh); Taroko (Truku, Seediq); Yami (Tao).

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toward the Māori. This cleared the way for a variety of Treaty-based non-land Māori customary rights. By this time the Waitangi Tribunal in its

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New Zealand was the second jurisdiction in the world to recognize aboriginal title, but a slew of extinguishing legislation (beginning with the

1526: 185:(1608) that the laws of all non-Christians would be abrogated upon their conquest. Coke's view was not put into practice, but was rejected by 2314: 1255: 754: 704: 3915: 1254: 5165: 1247: 1067: 927: 853:. However, the ability for indigenous peoples to bring such suits was seriously limited by a 2005 ruling that claims must be brought under 25: 1250: 1246: 1090:

jurisdiction, was the exclusive forum for territorial aboriginal title claims (i.e. those equivalent to a customary title claim) In 2003,

5425: 2235: 1788:"'Mohegan Indians v. Connecticut'(1705–1773) and the Legal Status of Aboriginal Customary Laws and Government in British North America" 212: 1079:(1988) was describing Treaty-based and common law aboriginal title derived rights as complementary and having an 'aura' of their own. 4775: 4339:

Native Title and Pastoral Leases, in Mabo: A Judicial Revolution—The Aboriginal Land Rights Decision and Its Impact on Australian Law

2228: 1256: 1041: 785: 573: 1251: 5854: 3209: 513:(the "Ten Point Plan"), extinguishing a variety of Aboriginal land rights and giving state governments the ability to follow suit. 390: 4197:

Richard A. Epstein, Property Rights Claims of Indigenous Populations: The View from the Common Law, 31 U. Toledo L. Rev. 1 (1999).

1790: 4748: 3141: 3094: 3070: 3043: 2627: 2182: 1933: 1624: 1398: 659: 546: 398: 152: 4498:

Gray, S. "Skeletal Principles in Malaysia's Common Law Cupboard: the Future of Indigenous Native Title in Malaysian Common Law"

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Ramy Bulan. "Native Title as a Proprietary Right under the Constitution in Peninsula Malaysia: A Step in the Right Direction?"

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In 2019, Japan fully recognised the Ainu people as the indigenous people of Japan and gave them some land rights if requested.

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Cavanagh, Edward (June 2013). "The History of Dispossession at Orania and the Politics of Land Restitution in South Africa".

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never took hold in India. Sales of land from indigenous persons to both British subjects and aliens were widely upheld. The

5376: 1425: 1423:(1946) was the first ever judicial compensation for a taking of Indian lands unrecognized by a specific treaty obligation. 1402: 1193: 969: 3701:

Patterson, S., "The Foundations of Aboriginal Title in South Africa? The Richtersveld Community v Alexkor Ltd Decisions,"

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Administration of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea v Blasius Tirupia and Others (In Re Vunapaladig and Japalik Land)

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In a 1924 appeal from India, the Privy Council issued an opinion that largely corresponded to the Continuity Doctrine:

5460: 4271: 3931:, Civil Appeal No 53 of 1998, unreported, (1999) 2 CHRLD 416 (Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Arusha) (Nyalali, C.J.). 2682: 1148: 408: 4487:

Bulan, Ramy. "Native Title in Malaysia: A 'Complementary' Sui Generis Right Protected by the Federal Constitution",

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Lekengere Faru Parutu Kamunyu and 52 Others v. Minister for Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment and 3 Others

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were void. A variety of non-land rights cases, anchored on the Constitution Act 1982, have also been influential.

5678: 5058: 4724: 1517:(1757), a joint opinion of England's Attorney-General and Solicitor-General, declared that land purchases by the 1510: 1489:

were uninhabited for hundreds of years prior to colonization, although they had previously been inhabited by the

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of South Africa talked frankly about Aboriginal title. The Land Claims Court had dismissed the complaint of the

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Hill, R. "Politicising the past: Indigenous scholarship and crown—Maori reparations processes in New Zealand."

3792: 3351: 3331: 3117: 2446: 959:(New Zealanders of European descent). That court created the "1840 rule", which converted Māori interests into 911: 772: 487: 458: 200: 4602:

McHugh, Paul G. 1984. "Aboriginal title in New Zealand courts", 2 University of Canterbury Law Review 235–265.

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Johnson, Ralph W. (1991). "Fragile Gains: two centuries of Canadian and United States policy toward Indians".

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were awarded monetary compensation and alternative land by the Court of Appeal due to their eviction from the

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and other international case law, and based the right on the San's occupation of their traditional lands from

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under Spanish rule with limited property rights, were enforceable against the Crown, and had been upgraded to

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in the United States - 227,000 square kilometres (88,000 sq mi) (2.308% of the country's land area)

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The Impact of the American Doctrine of Discovery on Native Land Rights in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand

955:) to hear aboriginal title claims, and—if proven—convert them into freehold interests that could be sold to 835:

JCA of the Jahore High Court became the first Malaysian judge to acknowledge common law aboriginal title in

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people) became more politically active, after being included in the Australian citizenry as a result of the

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Bisi ak Jinggot @ Hilarion Bisi ak Jenggut v Superintendent of Lands and Surveys Kuching Division & Ors

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to the holders of aboriginal title, but such duty did not become enforceable until the late-20th century.

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casino commemorates the site of the world's first common-law indigenous land rights case, decided in 1773.

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Bartlett, R.. "The Content and Proof of Native Title: Delgamuukw v Queen in right of British Columbia",

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The New Zealand Parliament responded with the Native Lands Act 1862, the Native Rights Act 1865 and the

764:(1929) which had held that Aboriginal peoples had no capacity to enter into treaties, and thus that the 5849: 5804: 5105: 5083: 1518: 1286: 713: 287:")—although Malaysia allows aboriginal title to be sold between indigenous peoples, unless contrary to 996:, and other rulings, but courts in New Zealand continued to hand down decisions materially similar to 716:. Six of the judges split 3–3 on the question of whether Aboriginal title had been extinguished. The 351:

in Colombia - 1,141,748 square kilometres (440,831 sq mi) (31.5% of the country's land area)

5794: 5199: 1052:(1986) was the first modern case to recognize an aboriginal title claim in a New Zealand court since 865: 372: 327:

in Australia - 1,228,373 square kilometres (474,277 sq mi) (16% of the country's land area)

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Leane, G. "Fighting them on the Benches: the Struggle for Native Title Recognition in New Zealand."

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Gilling, Bryan D. "By whose Custom? The Operation of the Native Land Court in the Chatham Islands."

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Gilling, Bryan D. "Engine of Destruction? An Introduction to the History of the Maori Land Court."

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also means that few communities retain relationships with the land of which they held before 1913.

517: 505: 468: 451: 4216:"...Never Drink from the Same Cup": Proceedings of the conference on indigenous peoples in Africa. 693: 345:

in Brazil - 1,105,258 square kilometres (426,742 sq mi) (13% of the country's land area)

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in Canada - 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi) (0.2804% of the country's land area)

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Shaharuddin bin Ali & Anor v Superintendent of Lands and Surveys, Kuching Division & Anor

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Report Nº 40/04, Case 12.053, Merits, Maya Indigenous Communities of the Toledo District, Belize

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in Bolivia - 168,000 square kilometres (65,000 sq mi) (15% of the country's land area)

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Lehmann, Karin (7 April 2017). "Aboriginal Title, Indigenous Rights and the Right to Culture".

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Amit bin Salleh & Ors v The Superintendent, Land & Survey Department, Bintulu & Ors

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TZCA 1; 2 LRC 399 (Court of Appeal of Tanzania, Civil Appeal No. 31 of 1994) (Nyalali, C.J.).

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Dorsett, S., "Making Amends for Past Injustice: Restitution of Land Rights in South Africa,"

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Sapiah binti Mahmud (F) v Superintendent of Lands and Surveys, Samarahan Division & 2 Ors

1201: 1159: 948: 858: 483: 382: 4686:. Human & People's Rights Monograph Series No. 8, Institute of Southern African Studies. 4374:

Unsettling: land dispossession and the Guatemalan and Belizean frontier colonization process

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Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands

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land rights litigation has yielded little result. Most Adivasi live in state-owned forests.

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Aboriginal title arose at the intersection of three common law doctrines articulated by the

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Land, power, and custom: Controversies generated by South Africa's Communal Land Rights Act

3775:"Taiwan's indigenous are still seeking justice on the democratic side of the Taiwan Strait" 3515: 3491: 3467: 3439: 2141: 2115: 2089: 2065: 2025: 1999: 1949: 1668: 1652: 1632: 1458: 1347: 1271: 1192:, lawyers gathered case law from settler jurisdictions around the world, and judges of the 941: 577: 561: 32:, which extinguished claims to aboriginal title to the foreshore and seabeds in New Zealand 3443: 1616: 8: 5725: 5413: 5408: 5095: 5009: 4951: 4884: 4402:

Let Right Be Done: Aboriginal title, the Calder case, and the future of indigenous rights

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decision handed down after the Constitution Act 1982, declared that Aboriginal title was

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Aboriginal title was first acknowledged in the early 19th century, in decisions in which

3905:, High Court of Tanzania at Arusha, Civil Appeal No. 27 of 1985 (Unreported) (Chua, J.). 3133: 3109: 2614:"Indigenous World 2020: Japan - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs" 952: 5692: 5016: 4813: 4738: 3737: 3630: 2394: 1787: 937: 903: 432: 354: 123:, with many cases being cited as persuasive authority across jurisdictions. Legislated 111: 99:, influencing and influenced by non-land issues, such as whether the government owes a 1056:, granting non-exclusive customary fishing rights. The Court cited the writings of Dr 5761: 5485: 5470: 5090: 4956: 4906: 4901: 4267: 3741: 3634: 2678: 1306: 1037: 886:

between members of the same community, as long as such transfers are not contrary to

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agreed that the claimed Aboriginal title existed, and did not solely depend upon the

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Mulbadaw Village Council and 67 Others v. National Agricultural and Food Corporation

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in 1982). These bodies have no authority to title land, only to pay compensation.

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National Agricultural and Food Corporation v. Mulbadaw Village Council and Others

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Keepa v. Inspector of Fisheries; consolidated with Wiki v. Inspector of Fisheries

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control of the Council". Opposition to such confiscation was met by force, as at

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Supreme Court Claims Nos. 171 and 172 of 2007 (Consolidated) re Maya land rights

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Malaysian court decisions from the 1950s on have held that customary lands were

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Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

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Native Title Claims in Canada and Australia: Delgamuukw and Miriuwung Gajerrong

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to issue non-binding decisions, concerning alleged breaches of the Treaty, and

749: 581: 500: 330: 312: 301: 264: 186: 119:, New Zealand, and the United States. Aboriginal title is an important area of 107:, it has been codified nationally by legislation, treaties, and constitutions. 100: 48: 4209:

Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination

3756:"The First Nations of Taiwan: A Special Report on Taiwan's indigenous peoples" 5788: 5700: 5667: 5465: 5445: 5396: 5073: 5053: 4994: 4911: 4808: 4588:

Mikaere, Ani and Milroy, Stephanie. "Treaty of Waitangi and Maori Land Law",

2366: 1369: 1343: 983: 887: 883: 868:

wrote an opinion endorsing common law aboriginal title for the first time in

478: 288: 268: 16:

Concept in common law of indigenous land rights persisting after colonization

849:

Later High Court and Court of Appeal decisions built upon the foundation of

5672: 5648: 5615: 5596: 5577: 5532: 5505: 5498: 5480: 5418: 5194: 5148: 5143: 5046: 5031: 4874: 3872:, High Court of Tanzania at Arusha, Civil Case No. 10 of 1981 (Unreported). 2673: 2328: 1372:, became the first jurisdiction in the world to judicially acknowledge (in 1197: 1175: 734: 565: 431:, established a statutory procedure that returned approximately 40% of the 424: 377:

Australia did not experience native title litigation until the 1970s, when

156: 128: 56: 2885:

Superintendent of Lands & Surveys, Bintulu v Nor Anak Nyawai & Ors

2648:"Japan's 'vanishing' Ainu will finally be recognized as indigenous people" 1429:(1955) established that the extinguishment of aboriginal title was not a " 963:

if they were sufficiently in existence in 1840, or else disregarded them.

503:, which cover nearly half of Australia, do not extinguish native title in 5640: 5440: 5325: 5214: 5189: 5177: 5158: 5041: 5021: 4931: 4828: 4531:

Boast, Richard, Andrew Erueti, Doug McPhail & Norman F. Smith. 1999.

2951: 2380: 1498: 1470: 956: 932: 798: 744: 549:

held that the property rights of British subjects who had been living in

252: 176: 144: 52: 525:, which may be extinguished one by one, for example, by a mining lease. 496:

upheld the NTA and struck down a conflicting Western Australia statute.

5733: 5620: 5237: 4818: 4146:

Vinod Kumar Shantilal Gosalia v. Gangadhar Narsingdas Agarwal & Ors

1351: 1298: 1220: 960: 919: 842: 717: 677: 658:

Aboriginal title has been recognized in Common Law in Canada since the

632:(CKGR), which was violated by their 2001 eviction. The decision quoted 621: 554: 276: 40: 4545:

Erueti, A. "Translating Maori Customary Title into Common Law Title."

4279:

Ancestral lands, alien laws: judicial perspectives on aboriginal title

4091:, 28 Fed Cl 95 (1993); order modified by 2000 WL 1013532 (unreported). 2563:"Landmark Supreme Court ruling grants land title to B.C. First Nation" 815:

recognised various statutory rights related to native customary laws (

271:

in any jurisdiction. Instead, its content is generally described as a

5634: 5435: 5386: 5369: 5307: 5289: 5063: 4977: 4677:

Law and Justice in Tanzania: Quarter a Century of the Court of Appeal

4635:

Land Between Two Laws: Early European land acquisitions in New Guinea

4257:

Emerging Justice? essays on indigenous rights in Canada and Australia

1032:

prevented the enforcement of customary tenure against the Crown. The

923: 284: 4337:

Reynolds, Henry. M.A. Stephenson & Suri Ratnapala (eds.). 1993.

3584:

Madaha Resena and Others v The Independent State of Papua New Guinea

2936:

Mohamad Rambli bin Kawi v Superintendent of Lands Kuching & Anor

2825:

Nor anak Nyawai & Ors v Borneo Pulp Plantation Sdn Bhd & Ors

1604:

Several earlier cases tangentially involved issues of native title:

1453: 1401:

barred the enforcement of aboriginal title until the passage of the

311:, as protected by constitutional or common law, and the breach of a 175:

In 1608, the same year in which the Doctrine of Continuity emerged,

5522: 5455: 5391: 5204: 5182: 5078: 5026: 4784: 1494: 1482: 1383: 1224: 898: 812: 669: 611: 594: 416: 272: 116: 3829:"Taiwan's indigenous people take land rights fight to the capital" 3811:"Taiwan - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs" 3810: 2897:

Hamit bin Matusin & Ors v Penguasa Tanah dan Survei & Anor

2512:

Bartlett, R., "The Different Approach to Native Title in Canada,"

21: 5475: 5269: 5262: 5127: 4923: 2550:

Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canada Heritage)

1543: 1509:

Unlike most jurisdictions, the doctrine that aboriginal title is

783:

In 2014 the Supreme Court ruled unanimously for the plaintiff in

625: 103:

to indigenous peoples. While the judge-made doctrine arises from

4243:

Aboriginal Title: The Modern Jurisprudence of Tribal Land Rights

3690:

Law Against Law: Indigenous Rights and the Richtersveld Decision

1477:

There is no possibility for aboriginal title litigation in some

801:. However, land rights were not given for another eleven years. 5450: 5402: 5171: 4158:

Sardar Govindrao & Ors v. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors

1870:

Bakare Ajakaiye v Lieutenant Governor of the Southern Provinces

1490: 1469:, hundreds of years after archaeologists estimate the original 1275: 1260: 550: 219:

The former rejected a claim for aboriginal title, noting that:

95:(in New Zealand). Aboriginal title jurisprudence is related to 3388:

Ngai Tahu Maori Trust Board v Director-General of Conservation

2849:

Kerajaan Negeri Selangor & Ors v Sagong Bin Tasi & Ors

2837:

Sagong bin Tasi & Ors v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor & Ors

1397:

Although the property right itself is not created by statute,

1301:

Republic of China was established on Taiwan in 1949 after the

1289:

and indigenous rights to land were extinguished. In 1945, the

5539: 5135: 4520:"Our land they took": San land rights under threat in Namibia 3660:

Richtersveld Community & Ors v Alexkor Limited & Anor

2589:"Supreme Court expands land-title rights in unanimous ruling" 1374: 689: 680:(1876), which laid out an assimilationist policy towards the 3376:

Te Runanganui o Te Ika Whenua Inc Society v Attorney-General

198:

The first Indigenous land rights case under the common law,

4753: 2813:

Kerajaan Negri Johor & Anor v Adong bin Kuwau & Ors

1028:

for aboriginal title claims (6 years for damages), and the

817: 427:

on behalf of all Aborigines claiming all of Australia. The

3793:"Taiwan's first settlers camp out in city for land rights" 3572:

Toare Karakara v The Independent State of Papua New Guinea

2717:

Sat Anak Akum & Anor v RAndong Anak Charanak Charereng

2137:

Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria

1981:

Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981

1959: 1162:, and 97% of the land in the country remains unalienated. 437:

Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981

5512: 4122:

Vaje Singji Jorava Ssingji v Secretary of State for India

3848:, High Court Sessional Case No. 168 of 1976 (Unreported). 1535:

Vaje Singji Jorava Ssingji v Secretary of State for India

1278:'s population; the rest of the population is composed of 5589:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

4614:"Te Kooti tango whenua": the Native Land Court 1864–1909 4400:

Foster, Hamar, Heather Raven & Jeremy Webber. 2007.

4346:

Compromised Jurisprudence: Native Title Cases Since Mabo

4286:

Trouble with tradition: native title and cultural change

3130:

Hoani Te Heuheu Tukino v Aotea District Maori Land Board

1354:

farm. The government has yet to comply with the ruling.

1282:

who colonised the island from the 17th century onward.

4430:

The damned: the plight of the Akawaio Indians of Guyana

2270:

Sesana and Others v Attorney General (52/2002) BWHC 1.

1743:

Witrong v. Blany (1674) 3 Keb. 401 (conquest of Wales).

1342:

enforceable in court—was not retroactive. In 1999, the

732:

explicitly recognized and preserved aboriginal rights.

4670:

Human Rights in Tanzania: Selected Cases and Materials

4134:

Virendra Singh & Ors v. The State of Uttar Pradesh

2538:

Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests)

1448: 2205: 2203: 1368:

The United States, under the tenure of Chief Justice

1200:

peoples, whose land was seized by a government owned

1115:. The 2004 Act was repealed with the passage of the 1113:

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

4388:

Recovering Canada: the resurgence of Indigenous law

4190:

Bartlett, Richard H., and Jill Milroy (eds.). 1999.

3903:

Tito Saturo and 7 Others v. Matiya Seneya and Others

3308:

Huakina Development Trust v Waikato Valley Authority

1967:

Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976

1071:

held that the government owed a duty analogous to a

987:

and declaring the Treaty of Waitangi unenforceable.

4170:

R.C. Poudyal & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors

3464:

Administration of Papua and New Guinea v Daera Guba

2765:

Selangor Pilot Association v Government of Malaysia

1144:

Administration of Papua and New Guinea v Daera Guba

951:which established the Native Land Court (today the 486:(NTA), codifying the doctrine and establishing the 4675:Peter, Chris Maina, and Helen Kijo-Bisimba. 2007. 4327:. Report No. 31. Parliamentary Paper No. 136/1986. 3199:"Some Government Breaches of Te Tiriti o Waitangi" 2245: 2200: 1147:(1973) (the "Newtown case"), and other cases. The 4458:Land, ecology, and resistance in Kenya, 1880–1952 4089:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas v. United States 2919: 2917: 2777:Keruntum Sdn Bhd v. Minister of Resource Planning 1828:Amodu Tijani v. Southern Nigeria (Secretary), 2 1777:Oyekan & Ors v Adele 2 All ER 785 (Nigeria). 730:Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982 5786: 3445: 2171:Attorney-General for British Honduras v Bristowe 2039: 1638: 1204:. The Supreme Court of Appeal disagreed, citing 1117:Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 564:, but the Court failed to act on the claim. The 3107:Hohepa Wi Neera v Wallis (Bishop of Wellington) 2129: 1665:Wade v New South Wales Rutile Mining Co Pty Ltd 1242: 936:. The decision was based on common law and the 797:In 2008, Japan gave partial recognition to the 592:In 2008, The TMCC and TAA, and many individual 3608: 3606: 3604: 3598:ZACC 18; 2004 (5) SA 460; 2003 (12) BCLR 1301. 2946: 2944: 2914: 1579:For modern litigation over the same land, see 423:(1979), attempted (unsuccessfully) to bring a 4769: 4444:Land administration and practice in Hong Kong 3916:Attorney-General v. Lohay Akonaay and Another 3893:Government Notice No. 88 of 13 February 1987. 3648:Richtersveld Community v Alexkor Ltd and Anor 2315:Calder v. British Columbia (Attorney General) 705:Calder v. British Columbia (Attorney General) 4558:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 4325:The recognition of Aboriginal customary laws 3344:New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General 3320:New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General 2789:Koperasi Kijang Mas v. Kerajaan Negeri Perak 1538:. This line of reasoning was adopted by the 1068:New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General 871:Superintendent of Lands v. Madeli bin Salleh 213:Amodu Tijani v. Southern Nigeria (Secretary) 4428:Bennett, Gordon & Audrey Colson. 1978. 3799:. 11 June 2018 – via www.reuters.com. 3715: 3713: 3711: 3601: 3364:Tainui Maori Trust Board v Attorney-General 2941: 456:by striking down a State statute under the 4776: 4762: 4647:Claasens, Aninka & Ben Cousins. 2008. 4597:Maori land laws of New Zealand: two essays 4077:Fort Berthold Reservation v. United States 3488:Custodian of Expropriated Property v Tedep 3083:Wallis v Solicitor-General for New Zealand 1135:—decades before it did so in Australia—in 702:was more or less the prevailing law until 620:(2006), a case brought by named plaintiff 614:High Court recognized aboriginal title in 584:ruled in favor of the Maya communities of 361: 134: 4053:United States v. Alcea Band of Tillamooks 3772: 2729:Galau & Ors v Penghuluimang & Ors 2672: 2309: 2307: 2229:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1939: 1917: 1893:Nalukuya (Rata Taito) v Director of Lands 1885:Stool of Abinabina v. Chief Kojo Enyimadu 1420:United States v. Alcea Band of Tillamooks 574:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 3708: 3612: 3589: 2801:Adong bin Kuwau v. Kerajaan Negeri Johor 2705:Sumbang Anak Sekam v Engkarong Anak Ajah 2664:Defining Native Customary Rights to Land 2344:1 D.L.R. 307 (Nova Scotia County Court). 2103: 1824: 1822: 1452: 1238: 1169: 897: 838:Adong bin Kuwau v. Kerajaan Negeri Johor 138: 71:Aboriginal title is also referred to as 20: 4628:Land law and policy in Papua New Guinea 4465:Siasa: politics and nationalism in E.A. 4202:Legal Pluralism and the Colonial Legacy 3719: 2628:"Japan: New Ainu Law Becomes Effective" 2291: 2185: (on appeal from British Honduras). 2079: 2013: 1987: 1973: 1378:) the existence of aboriginal title in 668:(1888), characterized it as a personal 411:was established in 1973 in the wake of 399:Supreme Court of the Northern Territory 153:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 5787: 4684:State Coercion and Freedom in Tanzania 4318:Aborigines and the law: a bibliography 3560:Rahonamo v Enai and Another (Re Hitau) 3006:Re Lundon and Whitaker Claims Act 1871 2474:Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia 2304: 1734:(1608) Davis 28 (conquest of Ireland). 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1293:(ROC) took control of Taiwan from the 967:remained the guiding principle, until 786:Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia 748:and that the federal government has a 4757: 4348:. Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra. 3979:United States v. Santa Fe Pac. R. Co. 3722:South African Journal on Human Rights 2660: 2086:Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland 1819: 1415:United States Court of Federal Claims 1364:Aboriginal title in the United States 509:. In response, Parliament passed the 318: 263:Aboriginal title does not constitute 255:, and continuity to the present day. 240: 127:often follow from the recognition of 4574:Social and Legal Studies 163 (2007). 4200:Hazelhurst, Kayleen M. (ed.). 1995. 4065:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 3773:Aspinwall, Nick (13 February 2019). 3596:Alexkor Ltd v Richtersveld Community 3296:Te Weehi v Regional Fisheries Office 3234:Tamihana Korokai v Solicitor-General 3018:Wi Parata v the Bishop of Wellington 2586: 2526:Osoyoos Indian Band v. Oliver (Town) 1595:, 528 F. Supp. 1359 (D. Conn. 1982). 1583:, 483 F. Supp. 597 (D. Conn. 1980), 1426:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 1403:Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946 1049:Te Weehi v Regional Fisheries Office 970:Wi Parata v the Bishop of Wellington 617:Sesana and Others v Attorney General 4236:Land Law and Custom in the Colonies 4100:McNeil, 1989, pp. 136–141, 147–157. 4079:, 390 F.2d 686, 690 (Ct. Cl. 1968). 3615:Journal of Southern African Studies 3400:McGuire v Hastings District Council 2661:Cooke, Fadzilah Majid, ed. (2006). 2280:St. Catharines Milling v. The Queen 1706: 1473:inhabitants departed these islands. 1449:Jurisdiction rejecting the doctrine 1190:Restitution of Land Rights Act 1994 1122: 708:(1973). All seven of the judges in 665:St. Catharines Milling v. The Queen 542:A-G for British Honduras v Bristowe 521:(2002) held that native title is a 407:(the "Gove land rights case"). The 66:either individually or collectively 13: 4179: 3144: (on appeal from New Zealand). 3097: (on appeal from New Zealand). 3073: (on appeal from New Zealand). 3046: (on appeal from New Zealand). 1877:Sakariyawo Oshodi v Moriamo Dakolo 1768:Campbell v. Hall (1774) Lofft 655. 1757:(1608) 77 E.R. 377, 397–98 (K.B.): 1350:when a foreign investor started a 499:In 1996, the High Court held that 14: 5866: 4718: 4395:Native Liberty, Crown Sovereignty 3688:Mostert, H. and Fitzpatrick, P., 3562:(1971) unreported judgment N612 . 1900:Adeyinka Oyekan v Musendiku Adele 1863:Sunmonu v Disu Raphael (Deceased) 1629:Williams v Attorney General (NSW) 1149:Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea 409:Aboriginal Land Rights Commission 294: 45:land rights of indigenous peoples 5756: 5755: 4691:Pastoral Land Rights in Tanzania 4540:Waitangi & Indigenous Rights 4493:Australian Indigenous Law Review 4332:Aborigines and the law: a digest 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4022: 4010: 4004:Seminole Nation v. United States 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3934: 3922: 3908: 3896: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3846:R. v. Bukunda Kilanga and Others 3839: 3821: 3803: 3785: 3766: 3748: 3695: 3682: 3665: 3653: 3650:, 2001 (3) 1293 (22 March 2001). 3641: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3505: 3481: 3457: 3436:Geita Sebea v Territory of Papua 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3337: 3313: 3248:(1929) 11 Bay of Islands MB 253. 2984:(1866) (unreported) (CJ Fenton). 2061:Western Australia v Commonwealth 1357: 1274:, making up a little over 2% of 1185:Alexkor v Richtersveld Community 1156:Constitution of Papua New Guinea 1138:Geita Sebea v Territory of Papua 918:with little to claim except for 654:Indigenous land claims in Canada 628:have the right to reside in the 493:Western Australia v Commonwealth 51:persist after the assumption of 5855:Aboriginal title in New Zealand 4749:Aboriginal Title Implementation 4518:Legal Assistance Center. 2006. 3301: 3289: 3277: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3191: 3165: 3147: 3123: 3100: 3076: 3049: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2929: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2654: 2640: 2620: 2606: 2580: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2506: 2493: 2479: 2467: 2453: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2401: 2387: 2373: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2321: 2285: 2273: 2264: 2222: 2188: 2164: 2053: 1905: 1891:207 (West African Gold Coast); 1848: 1835: 1682: 1649:Randwick Corporation v Rutledge 1598: 1587:, 638 F.2d 612 (2d Cir. 1980), 1165: 990:The Privy Council disagreed in 676:was decided in the wake of the 511:Native Title Amendment Act 1998 429:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 5321:Right of way (property access) 4565:Victoria U. Wellington L. Rev. 4507:Land administration in Sarawak 4442:Nissim, Roger. 2008 (2d ed.). 3734:10.1080/19962126.2004.11864810 2447:Delgamuukw v. British Columbia 2160:(Australia). 12 December 2002. 1806: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1746: 1737: 1725: 1688:Currently, section 261 of the 1573: 1287:Taiwan was under Japanese rule 912:New Zealand land confiscations 893: 773:Delgamuukw v. British Columbia 488:National Native Title Tribunal 459:Racial Discrimination Act 1975 245: 201:Mohegan Indians v. Connecticut 1: 4712:Land Law and Policy in Zambia 4323:Law Reform Commission. 1986. 3858:Noya Gomusha and Others v. R. 3020:(1877) 3 N.Z. Jur. (N.S.) 72. 1699: 1481:jurisdictions; for instance, 1411:United States Court of Claims 1314:Council of Indigenous Peoples 1108:Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 1084:Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 1002:Coal Mines Amendment Act 1903 981:, advocating the doctrine of 874:. The Federal Court endorsed 630:Central Kalahari Game Reserve 435:to Aboriginal ownership; the 179:delivered a famous dictum in 30:Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 4783: 4344:Strelein, L. 2009 (2d ed.). 4309:Bartlett, R. 2004 (2d ed.). 4262:Robertson, Lindsay G. 2005. 4207:Hocking, Barbara Ann. 2005. 4017:United States v Sioux Nation 3969:, 20 Johns. 693 (N.Y. 1823). 3662:(unreported, 24 March 2003). 3627:10.1080/03057070.2013.795811 3512:Teori Tau v The Commonwealth 3424:Attorney-General v Ngati Apa 3412:Attorney-General v Ngati Apa 3390:3 NZLR 553 (whale watching). 3378:2 NZLR 641 (fishing rights). 3173:"The Opuatia Survey Dispute" 1581:Mohegan Tribe v. Connecticut 1433:" within the meaning of the 1268:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 1093:Ngati Apa v Attorney-General 682:Aboriginal peoples in Canada 366: 7: 5627:Two Treatises of Government 4416:Customary Land Law in Ghana 4288:. Sydney: Federation Press. 4266:. Oxford University Press. 4250:Common Law Aboriginal Title 4229:Land Tenure in the Colonies 3258:In Re Bed of Wanganui River 2587:Fine, Sean (26 June 2014). 2006:186 (8 December 1988), 1925:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd 1902:2 All ER 785 (West Africa). 1549: 1335:Court of Appeal of Tanzania 1331:Canadian Food Aid Programme 1320: 1099:In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach 1034:Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 807: 605: 572:filed a complaint with the 404:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd 105:customary international law 10: 5871: 4696:Widner, Jennifer A. 2001. 4689:Tenga, Ringo Willy. 1992. 4668:Peter, Chris Maina. 1997. 4330:McCorquodale, John. 1987. 4252:. Oxford University Press. 4227:Liversage, Vincent. 1945. 3945:, 21 U.S. 543, 573 (1823). 3179:. 10 March 1894. p. 5 2096:1 (23 December 1996), 1617:[1889] UKLawRpAC 7 1529:authorizing the purchase. 1525:were valid even without a 1519:British East India Company 1361: 714:Royal Proclamation of 1763 647: 450:, after paving the way in 439:, had a similar effect in 370: 258: 64:, and that it may be held 5800:Indigenous Australian law 5751: 5548: 5350: 5230: 5123: 5116: 4965: 4922: 4867: 4791: 4739:Resources in your library 4710:Mvunga, Mphanza P. 1982. 4612:Williams, David V. 1999. 4311:Native Title in Australia 2398:(1996) 137 DLR (4th) 289. 2384:(1996) 138 DLR (4th) 657. 2332:2 S.C.R. 335 (Wilson J.). 2072:186 (16 March 1995), 1841:In re Southern Rhodesia 1812:In re Southern Rhodesia 1234: 1188:(2003), a suit under the 1077:Muriwhenua Fishing Report 866:Federal Court of Malaysia 643: 580:. In 2007, Chief Justice 534: 373:Native title in Australia 60:that aboriginal title is 5679:The Great Transformation 5037:Labor theory of property 4698:Building the rule of law 4463:Odhiambo, Atieno. 1981. 4456:Mackenzie, Fiona. 1998. 4316:Brockwell, Sally. 1979. 4124:(1924) L.R. 51 I.A. 357. 3833:South China Morning Post 3760:www.culturalsurvival.org 2514:Australian Law Librarian 2111:Western Australia v Ward 2021:Mabo v Queensland (No 2) 1995:Mabo v Queensland (No 1) 1912:Nyali v Attorney General 1854:In chronological order: 1623:286 (3 April 1889), 1606:Attorney-General v Brown 1566: 1504: 1407:Indian Claims Commission 1382:. Marshall envisioned a 1202:diamond mining operation 792: 518:Western Australia v Ward 506:Wik Peoples v Queensland 469:Mabo v Queensland (No 2) 401:rejected the concept in 55:to that land by another 5825:Law of Papua New Guinea 5248:Forest-dwelling (India) 5210:restraint on alienation 4990:Common good (economics) 4547:New Zealand Law Journal 4538:Brookfield, F.M. 1999. 4482:Asia Pacific Law Review 4277:Slattery, Brian. 1983. 3703:Indigenous Law Bulletin 3679:4(23), pp. 9–11 (1999). 3677:Indigenous Law Bulletin 3348:[2007] NZCA 269 3271:In Re Ninety-Mile Beach 2501:Indigenous Law Bulletin 2318:(1973) 34 DRL (3d) 145. 2282:(1888) 14 App. Cas. 46. 2122:1 (8 August 2002), 1501:peoples, respectively. 1413:in 1978, and later the 1380:series of key decisions 1129:High Court of Australia 1065:general applicability. 740:Supreme Court of Canada 650:Canadian Indigenous law 448:High Court of Australia 362:History by jurisdiction 207:In re Southern Rhodesia 135:British colonial legacy 5687:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 5461:Primitive accumulation 5316:Right of way (transit) 5101:Tragedy of the commons 4983:fictitious commodities 4682:Shivji, Issa G. 1990. 4661:Japhet, Kirilo. 1967. 4605:McHugh, Paul G. 1991. 4595:McHugh, Paul G. 1983. 4393:Clark, Bruce A. 1990. 4231:. pp. 2–18, 45—53 4067:, 348 U.S. 272 (1955). 4019:, 448 U.S. 371 (1980). 4007:, 316 U.S. 286 (1942). 3993:, 187 U.S. 553 (1903). 3991:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 3981:, 314 U.S. 339 (1942). 3324:[1987] NZCA 60 3206:Treaty Resource Centre 3177:The New Zealand Herald 3087:[1901] UKPC 50 3063:[1901] UKPC 50 3036:[1901] UKPC 18 3031:Nireaha Tamaki v Baker 2926:6 CLJ 509; 2 MLJ 677. 2887:4 AMR 621; 1 MLJ 256. 2674:10.22459/SCFCB.07.2006 2175:[1880] UKPC 46 1914:1 QB 1 (Lord Denning). 1627:(on appeal from NSW); 1611:; 2 SCR (NSW) App 30; 1540:Supreme Court of India 1474: 1264: 1259:Clickable imagemap of 1179: 1042:facilitate settlements 1030:Maori Affairs Act 1953 1026:statute of limitations 1024:established a 12-year 993:Nireaha Tamaki v Baker 907: 726:Constitution Act, 1867 724:Section 91(24) of the 624:, which held that the 528:Yorta Yorta v Victoria 387:Torres Strait Islander 379:Indigenous Australians 349:Indigenous territories 343:Indigenous territories 337:Native Community Lands 226: 161:Doctrine of Continuity 148: 125:Indigenous land rights 33: 5740:The Wealth of Nations 5720:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5712:The Ethics of Liberty 4633:Sack, Peter G. 1973. 4626:Mugambwa, J.T. 2002. 4607:The Maori Magna Carta 4386:Borrows, John. 2002. 4112:(1828) 1 Moo. IA 305. 4055:, 329 U.S. 40 (1946). 3516:[1969] HCA 62 3492:[1964] HCA 75 3468:[1973] HCA 59 3440:[1941] HCA 37 3402:UKPC 43; 2 NZLR 577. 3134:[1941] UKPC 6 2875:MLJU 240; 5 MLJ 305. 2294:Washington Law Review 2142:[2002] HCA 58 2116:[2002] HCA 28 2090:[1996] HCA 40 2066:[1995] HCA 47 2032:1 (3 June 1992), 2026:[1992] HCA 23 2000:[1988] HCA 69 1950:[1979] HCA 68 1669:[1969] HCA 28 1653:[1959] HCA 63 1633:[1913] HCA 33 1456: 1258: 1173: 1160:customary land tenure 949:Native Lands Act 1865 901: 859:representative action 648:Further information: 484:Native Title Act 1993 221: 142: 85:original Indian title 24: 5603:Progress and Poverty 4937:Common-pool resource 4583:Newcastle Law Review 4414:Ollennu, N.A. 1962. 4372:Grandi, Liza. 2006. 4284:Young, Simon. 2008. 4255:McNeil, Kent. 2001. 4248:McNeil, Kent. 1989. 4222:The Indigenous World 2996:(1870) (unreported). 2257:16 July 2010 at the 2215:17 July 2010 at the 1932:141 (27 April 1971) 1732:The Case of Tanistry 1405:, which created the 1348:Mkomazi Game Reserve 1272:Austronesian peoples 1194:Constitutional Court 1006:Native Land Act 1909 928:foreshore and seabed 578:American Declaration 562:Belize Supreme Court 165:Recognition Doctrine 89:in the United States 5830:Law of South Africa 5726:The Social Contract 5414:population transfer 5331:prior-appropriation 5010:homestead principle 4672:. pp. 214–269. 4505:Porter, A.F. 1967. 4245:(Oxford: OUP, 2011) 3942:Johnson v. McIntosh 3236:(1912) 32 NZLR 321. 3155:"Counties Act 1886" 3056:Te Teira Te Paea v 2633:Library of Congress 2516:9(1): 32–41 (2001). 2238:9 June 2011 at the 2231:. 12 October 2004. 2197:, 1989, at 141–147. 1856:Sobhuza II v Miller 1793:6 July 2011 at the 1722:, 1989, at 161–179. 1690:Coal Mines Act 1979 1561:Native Tongue Title 1515:Pratt–Yorke opinion 1022:Limitation Act 1950 600:Belize Constitution 355:Indian reservations 5706:Murray N. Rothbard 5017:Free-rider problem 4663:The Meru Land Case 4297:Seattle U. L. Rev. 4241:McHugh, PG. 2011. 3967:Goodell v. Jackson 3957:, 1 Ky. 77 (1791). 3366:2 NZLR 513 (coal). 3298:(1986) 1 NZLR 682. 3215:on 30 January 2018 2957:"(1847) NZPCC 387" 2593:The Globe and Mail 2460:Mitchell v. Canada 2395:R. v. Van der Peet 2151:"Judgment Summary" 1946:Coe v Commonwealth 1609:(1847) 1 Legge 312 1475: 1409:(succeeded by the 1399:sovereign immunity 1265: 1180: 1154:Schedule 2 of the 938:Treaty of Waitangi 908: 904:Treaty of Waitangi 857:, rather than the 738:(1982), the first 433:Northern Territory 421:Coe v Commonwealth 319:Percentage of land 241:Doctrinal overview 149: 112:indigenous peoples 43:doctrine that the 34: 5850:Land registration 5805:Real property law 5782: 5781: 5693:What Is Property? 5486:human trafficking 5471:Regulatory taking 5346: 5345: 5091:Right to property 4725:Library resources 4291:Blake A. Watson, 4234:Meek, C.K. 1946. 4110:Freeman v. Fairie 3955:Marshall v. Clark 3008:(1872) NZPCC 387. 2476:, 2007 BCSC 1700. 2450:153 D.L.R. (4th). 1861:518 (Swaziland); 1800:Osgoode Hall L.J. 1307:Chinese Civil War 1291:Republic of China 1038:Waitangi Tribunal 766:Numbered Treaties 758:(1985) overruled 309:right to property 235:Southern Rhodesia 228:Two years later, 97:indigenous rights 5862: 5795:Aboriginal title 5759: 5758: 5663:John Stuart Mill 5583:Friedrich Engels 5564:Frédéric Bastiat 5557: 5409:Forced migration 5377:Collectivization 5121: 5120: 5000:First possession 4973:Bundle of rights 4778: 4771: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4730:Aboriginal Title 4621:Papua New Guinea 4298: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3717: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3610: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3509: 3503: 3485: 3479: 3461: 3455: 3447: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3341: 3335: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3214: 3208:. 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Marshall 2478: 2466: 2452: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2400: 2386: 2372: 2370:1 S.C.R. 1075. 2358: 2346: 2334: 2320: 2303: 2284: 2272: 2263: 2244: 2221: 2199: 2187: 2163: 2128: 2102: 2078: 2052: 2038: 2012: 1986: 1972: 1958: 1938: 1916: 1904: 1847: 1834: 1818: 1805: 1786:Mark Walters, 1779: 1770: 1761: 1745: 1736: 1724: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1681: 1597: 1591:452 U.S. 968, 1571: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1506: 1503: 1467:Norfolk Island 1461:landed on the 1450: 1447: 1392:fiduciary duty 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1322: 1319: 1280:ethnic Chinese 1236: 1233: 1167: 1164: 1124: 1121: 1073:fiduciary duty 895: 892: 809: 806: 794: 791: 750:fiduciary duty 700:St. Catharines 674:St. Catharines 645: 642: 607: 604: 582:Abdulai Conteh 536: 533: 371:Main article: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 358: 352: 346: 340: 334: 328: 320: 317: 313:fiduciary duty 302:public purpose 296: 295:Extinguishment 293: 265:allodial title 260: 257: 247: 244: 242: 239: 192:Oyekan v Adele 187:Lord Mansfield 159:doctrine, the 136: 133: 101:fiduciary duty 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5867: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840:Law of Canada 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5810:Law of Belize 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760:Categories: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5701:David Ricardo 5699: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5668:Elinor Ostrom 5666: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Privatization 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5446:Legal plunder 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5397:Expropriation 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5131:(watercourse) 5130: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 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4183: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3816: 3815:www.iwgia.org 3812: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3728:(1): 86–118. 3727: 3723: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3497: 3494:, (1964) 113 3493: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3473: 3470:, (1973) 130 3469: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3329: 3325: 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ANU Press. 2666: 2665: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2568: 2567:Vancouver Sun 2564: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2470: 2462:1 S.C.R. 911. 2461: 2456: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2436:2 S.C.R. 915. 2435: 2430: 2424:2 S.C.R. 686. 2423: 2422:R. v. Sappier 2418: 2412:3 S.C.R. 139. 2411: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2369: 2368: 2367:R. v. Sparrow 2362: 2356:2 S.C.R. 387. 2355: 2350: 2343: 2342:R. v. Syliboy 2338: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2191: 2184: 2183:Privy Council 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2144:, (2002) 214 2143: 2139: 2138: 2132: 2125: 2121: 2118:, (2002) 213 2117: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2092:, (1996) 187 2091: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2068:, (1988) 166 2067: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2048: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2028:, (1992) 175 2027: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2009: 2005: 2002:, (1988) 166 2001: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1934:Supreme Court 1931: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1815: 1809: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1754:Calvin's Case 1749: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1671:, (1969) 121 1670: 1666: 1663:(Australia); 1662: 1658: 1655:, (1959) 102 1654: 1650: 1647:(Australia); 1646: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:Privy Council 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1465:and later on 1464: 1460: 1455: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1370:John Marshall 1365: 1358:United States 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325:In 1976, the 1318: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1177: 1172: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 988: 986: 985: 984:terra nullius 980: 976: 972: 971: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 934: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 905: 900: 891: 889: 888:customary law 885: 884:consideration 881: 877: 873: 872: 867: 864:In 2007, the 862: 860: 856: 852: 847: 844: 840: 839: 834: 833:Mokhtar Sidin 829: 827: 822: 820: 819: 814: 805: 802: 800: 790: 788: 787: 781: 777: 775: 774: 769: 767: 763: 762: 761:R. v. Syliboy 757: 756: 751: 747: 746: 741: 737: 736: 731: 727: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706: 701: 697: 695: 691: 687: 686:First Nations 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 661: 660:Privy Council 655: 651: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618: 613: 603: 601: 597: 596: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 547:Privy Council 544: 543: 532: 530: 529: 524: 520: 519: 514: 512: 508: 507: 502: 497: 495: 494: 489: 485: 481: 480: 479:terra nullius 475: 471: 470: 465: 461: 460: 455: 454: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 374: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 322: 316: 314: 310: 305: 304:requirement. 303: 292: 290: 289:customary law 286: 280: 278: 274: 270: 269:radical title 266: 256: 254: 238: 236: 231: 225: 220: 217: 215: 214: 209: 208: 203: 202: 196: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 182:Calvin's Case 178: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 146: 141: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 113: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 67: 63: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 31: 27: 23: 19: 5767:Property law 5738: 5724: 5710: 5691: 5677: 5673:Karl Polanyi 5653: 5649:Marcel Mauss 5639: 5625: 5616:David Harvey 5601: 5597:Henry George 5587: 5578:Ronald Coase 5568: 5553: 5499:wife selling 5481:bride buying 5419:repatriation 5401: 5352:Disposession 5306: 5279: 5195:Property law 5170: 5166:Forest types 5136: 5128: 5117:Applications 5047:rent-seeking 5032:Gift economy 4890:Intellectual 4729: 4711: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4648: 4642:South Africa 4634: 4627: 4613: 4606: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4519: 4517: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4478: 4464: 4457: 4443: 4429: 4415: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4373: 4359: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4191: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3725: 3721: 3702: 3697: 3689: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3618: 3614: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3526:(Australia). 3511: 3507: 3502:(Australia). 3487: 3483: 3478:(Australia). 3463: 3459: 3454:(Australia). 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3343: 3339: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3217:. Retrieved 3210:the original 3205: 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3129: 3125: 3112:; (1902) 21 3106: 3102: 3082: 3078: 3055: 3051: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2967:28 September 2965:. Retrieved 2961:the original 2950: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2690:28 September 2688:. Retrieved 2663: 2656: 2642: 2631: 2622: 2608: 2598:28 September 2596:. Retrieved 2592: 2582: 2572:28 September 2570:. Retrieved 2566: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2441: 2434:R. v. Morris 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329:R. v. Guerin 2327: 2323: 2313: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2247: 2224: 2190: 2170: 2166: 2135: 2131: 2109: 2105: 2100:(Australia). 2085: 2081: 2076:(Australia). 2059: 2055: 2045: 2041: 2036:(Australia). 2019: 2015: 2010:(Australia). 1993: 1989: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1961: 1945: 1941: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1898:325 (Fiji); 1892: 1884: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1845:211, 233–34. 1837: 1808: 1798: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1684: 1679:(Australia). 1664: 1648: 1628: 1612: 1605: 1600: 1592: 1589:cert. denied 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1533: 1531: 1527:Crown patent 1508: 1479:Commonwealth 1476: 1457:Some of the 1443: 1438: 1424: 1418: 1396: 1388: 1373: 1367: 1340: 1324: 1312:In 2017 the 1311: 1284: 1266: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1198:Richtersveld 1183: 1181: 1176:Richtersveld 1166:South Africa 1153: 1142: 1136: 1126: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1081: 1076: 1066: 1061: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1036:created the 1018: 1010: 997: 991: 989: 982: 978: 974: 968: 964: 946: 931: 909: 879: 875: 869: 863: 850: 848: 836: 830: 823: 816: 811: 803: 796: 784: 782: 778: 771: 770: 759: 753: 743: 735:R. v. Guerin 733: 723: 709: 703: 699: 698: 673: 663: 657: 633: 615: 609: 593: 591: 566:Maya peoples 559: 545:(1880), the 540: 538: 526: 516: 515: 504: 498: 492: 477: 476:, rejecting 473: 467: 463: 462:, overruled 457: 452: 445: 425:class action 420: 412: 402: 376: 325:Native title 306: 298: 281: 262: 249: 234: 230:Amodu Tijani 229: 227: 222: 218: 211: 205: 199: 197: 190: 180: 174: 157:Act of State 150: 129:native title 109: 92: 84: 81:in Australia 77:native title 76: 72: 70: 36: 35: 28:against the 18: 5845:Land tenure 5641:Das Kapital 5528:progressive 5518:inheritance 5441:Land reform 5215:real estate 5190:Land tenure 5178:Inheritance 5106:anticommons 5042:Law of rent 5022:Game theory 4952:Information 4932:Common land 4829:Cooperative 4592:363 (2000). 4526:New Zealand 4299:507 (2011). 4185:Comparative 4041:§ 1505 3426:3 NZLR 643. 3414:2 NZLR 661. 3310:2 NZLR 188. 2994:Kauwaeranga 2952:R v Symonds 2381:R. v. Adams 2354:R. v. Simon 2177:, (1880) 6 2126:(Australia) 1956:(Australia) 1511:inalienable 1439:Tee-Hit-Ton 1210:Yorta Yorta 1158:recognizes 1058:Paul McHugh 933:R v Symonds 894:New Zealand 861:provision. 826:inalienable 799:Ainu people 755:R. v. Simon 745:sui generis 395:Blackburn J 393:. In 1971, 253:sovereignty 246:Recognition 210:(1919) and 177:Edward Coke 145:Mohegan Sun 62:inalienable 53:sovereignty 5789:Categories 5772:by country 5734:Adam Smith 5621:John Locke 5285:indigenous 5280:aboriginal 5200:alienation 4895:indigenous 4885:Intangible 4799:Collective 4585:65 (2004). 4502:99 (2002). 4495:54 (2007). 4484:83 (2001). 4353:Bangladesh 3705:18 (2004). 3574:PNGLR 186. 3538:PNGLR 232. 3524:High Court 3500:High Court 3476:High Court 3452:High Court 3444:(1941) 67 2938:8 MLJ 441. 2911:2 MLJ 555. 2899:3 MLJ 289. 2851:6 MLJ 289. 2839:2 MLJ 591. 2827:6 MLJ 241. 2815:2 MLJ 158. 2803:1 MLJ 418. 2755:MLJU 0410. 2743:4 MLJ 415. 2731:1 MLJ 192. 2503:19 (1998). 2409:R. v. 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