Desertion - Knowledge

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widespread killing of innocent civilians and their unfair artillery advantage. Soviet deserters found support and acceptance within Afghan villages. After entering the mujahideen, many deserters came to recognize the falsity of Soviet propaganda from the beginning. Unable to legitimize the unnecessary killing and mistreatment of the Afghan people, many deserters could not face returning home and justifying their own actions and the unnecessary deaths of comrades. Upon deserting to the mujahideen, soldiers immersed themselves into Afghan culture. Hoping to rectify their position as the enemy, deserters learned the Afghan language and converted to Islam.

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Afghanistan's people. As Afghan troops continued to abandon the Soviet army to support the mujahideen, they became anti-Russian and antigovernment. Opposition forces emphasized the Soviets' atheism, demanding support for the Muslim faith from civilians. The hostility shown towards soldiers, who entered the war believing their assistance was requested, grew defensive. The opposition circulated pamphlets within Soviet camps stationed in cities, calling for Afghan freedom from the aggressive Communist influence and a right to establish their own government.

2827:, set the Soviets at a serious fighting disadvantage. While the mujahideen structure was based on kinship and social cohesion, the Soviet army was bureaucratic. Because of this, mujahideen could significantly weaken the Soviet army by the elimination of a field commander or officer. Resistance forces were locally based, more ready to address and mobilize the Afghan population for support. The Soviet army was centrally organized; its regime structure emphasized rank and position, paying less attention to the well-being and effectiveness of its army. 2426: 2699: 3138: 2995:, the desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3% (9,200 out of 111,000), compared to 12.7% during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8% per year. Many men deserted in order to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus. Others deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp, or in 1849–1850 were using the army to get free transportation to California, where they deserted to join the 2759:

announcements of upcoming operations, and were highest during the summer and winter. Seasonal desertions were probably a response to the harsh weather conditions of the winter and immense field work required in the summer. A significant jump in desertion in 1989 when the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan may suggest a higher concern regarding returning home, rather than an overall opposition towards the war itself.

2662:'s draconian measures. According to Figes, "a majority of deserters (most registered as "weak-willed") were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges also noted that the Red Army instituted 2413:. The Colombian Ministry of Defense reported 19,504 deserters from the FARC between August 2002 and their collective demobilization in 2017, despite potentially severe punishment, including execution, for attempted desertion in the FARC. Organizational decline contributed to FARC's high desertion rate which peaked in the year 2008. A later stalemate between the FARC and government forces gave rise to the 2775:. The Soviets believed that shared ideologies between Muslim Central Asians and Afghan soldiers would build trust and morale within the army. However, Central Asians' longstanding historical frustrations with Moscow degraded soldiers' willingness to fight for the Red Army. As Afghan desertion grew and Soviet opposition was strengthened within Afghanistan, the Soviet plan overtly backfired. 3201:. The number had reached about 8,000 by the first quarter of 2006. Almost all of these soldiers deserted within the United States. There has been only one reported case of a desertion in Iraq. The Army, Navy, and Air Force reported 7,978 desertions in 2001, compared with 3,456 in 2005. The Marine Corps showed 1,603 Marines in desertion status in 2001. That had declined to 148 by 2005. 3070:

Georgia into the war with "little support from non-slaveholders" (p. 12), and the ambivalence of non-slaveholders toward secession, he maintains, was the key to understanding desertion. The privations of the home front and camp life, combined with the terror of battle, undermined the weak attachment of southern soldiers to the Confederacy. For Georgian troops,

2961:(3) without being regularly separated from one of the armed forces enlists or accepts an appointment in the same or another one of the armed forces without fully disclosing the fact that he has not been regularly separated, or enters any foreign armed service except when authorized by the United States; is guilty of desertion. 2969:(c) Any person found guilty of desertion or attempt to desert shall be punished, if the offense is committed in time of war, by death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, but if the desertion or attempt to desert occurs at any other time, by such punishment, other than death, as a court-martial may direct. 3085:

Adoption of a localist identity caused soldiers to desert as well. When soldiers implemented a local identity, they neglected to think of themselves as Southerners fighting a Southern cause. When they replaced their Southern identity with their previous local identity, they lost their motive to fight

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Decades after, the morality of their actions was debated; on the one hand, they had illegally abandoned their country's armed forces at a time when it was threatened with invasion — indeed, it was argued that their acts were treasonous at a time when Britain may have been planning to seize control of

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In 1980, the Soviet army began to rely on smaller and more cohesive units, a response to mirror mujahideen tactics. A decrease in unit size, while solving organizational issues, promoted field leaders to head more violent and aggressive missions, promoting Soviet desertion. Often, small forces would

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People who are away for more than thirty days but return voluntarily or indicate a credible intent to return may still be considered AWOL. Those who are away for fewer than thirty days but can credibly be shown to have no intent to return (for example, by joining the armed forces of another country)

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began to form. Moderates and fundamentalists banded together to oppose Soviet intervention. The Islamic ideology solidified a strong base of opposition by January 1980, overriding ethnic, tribal, geographic and economic differences among Afghans willing to fight the Soviet invasion, which attracted

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shadowed the U.S. Army, and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks. The guerrillas coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks—threatening to kill them if they failed to comply. The generous promises proved illusory for most deserters, who risked execution if captured by

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Within the Soviet army, serious drug and alcohol problems significantly reduced the effectiveness of soldiers. Resources became further depleted as soldiers pushed into the mountains; drugs were rampantly abused and available, often supplied by Afghans. Supplies of heating fuel, wood, and food ran

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for the first time uninfluenced by Soviet propagandist versions, and felt a stronger connection towards the opposition than their own comrades. The highest rates of desertion were found among border troops, ranging from 60 to 80% during the first year of the Soviet invasion. In these areas, strong

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A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the slave power. Many of their soldiers deserted, returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to

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In major cities, Afghan youth that originally supported the leftist movement soon turned to Soviet oppositional forces for patriotic and religious reasons. The opposition built resistance in cities, calling Soviet soldiers infidels that were forcing an imperialist Communist invasive government on

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Soviet soldiers entered the war under the impression that their roles were primarily related to the organization of Afghan forces and society. Soviet media portrayed the Soviet intervention as a necessary means of protecting the Communist uprising from outside opposition. Propaganda declared that

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Ireland was neutral during the Second World War; the Irish Army expanded to 40,000 men, but they had little to do once it became clear in 1942 that invasion (either by Nazi Germany or by the British Empire) was unlikely. Soldiers were put to work cutting trees and peat; morale was low and pay was

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Any person found guilty of desertion or attempt to desert shall be punished, if the offense is committed in time of war, by death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, but if the desertion or attempt to desert occurs at any other time, by such punishment, other than death, as a

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The Afghan army, comprising 100,000 men before 1978, was reduced to 15,000 within the first year of the Soviet invasion. Of the Afghan troops that remained, many were considered untrustworthy to Soviet troops. Afghans that deserted often took artillery with them, supplying the mujahideen. Soviet

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The total number of Confederate deserters was officially 103,400. Desertion was a major factor for the Confederacy in the last two years of the war. According to Mark A. Weitz, Confederate soldiers fought to defend their families, not a nation. He argues that a hegemonic "planter class" brought

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Interviews with Soviet soldier deserters confirm that much of Soviet desertion was in response to widespread Afghan opposition rather than personal aggravation towards the Soviet army. Armed with modern artillery against ill-equipped villagers, Soviet soldiers developed a sense of guilt for the

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The native Afghan army fell from 90,000 to 30,000 by mid-1980, forcing Soviets into more extreme combative positions. The mujahideen's widespread presence among Afghan civilians in rural regions made it difficult for Soviet soldiers to distinguish between the civilians they believed they were

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explain their reasons for desertion as political and in response to internal disorganization and disillusionment regarding their position in the war. Analyses of desertion rates argue that motivations were far less ideological than individual accounts claim. Desertion rates increased prior to

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High desertion rates were a major problem for the Mexican army, depleting forces on the eve of battle. Most of the soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family but not to the generals who conscripted them. Often hungry and ill, never well paid, under-equipped and only

2782:, caused tension within the Soviet military. Non-Russian ethnic groups easily related the situation in Afghanistan to Communist takeover of their own states' forced induction into the USSR. Ethnic Russians suspected Central Asians of opposition, and fighting within the army was prevalent. 2835:

troops, to fill Afghan soldiers' place, were pushed into mountainous tribal regions of the East. Soviet tanks and modern warfare was ineffective in the rural, mountainous regions of Afghanistan. Mujahideen tactics of ambush prevented Soviets from developing successful counterattacks.

2642:, and introduced several articles related to military operations. Desertion during a period of mobilization or wartime will be punished by up to 10 years in jail. In December 2022, Kazakhstan deported back to Russia a Russian officer who was trying to avoid the Russo-Ukrainian war. 3061:

New York suffered 44,913 desertions by the war's end, and Pennsylvania recorded 24,050, with Ohio reporting desertions at 18,354. About 1 out of 3 deserters returned to their regiments, either voluntarily or after being arrested and being sent back. Many of the desertions were by

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order meant deserters were allowed to return to Ireland; they were not imprisoned, but lost rights to an army pension and could not work for the state or claim unemployment benefits for seven years. They were also seen as traitors by some Irish people in their homes.

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Soviets were providing aid to villagers and improving Afghanistan by planting trees, improving public buildings and "generally acting as good neighbors". Upon entering Afghanistan, Soviet soldiers became immediately aware of the falsity of the reported situation.

2900:"During the period between August 1914 and March 1920 more than 20,000 servicemen were convicted by courts-martial of offences which carried the death sentence. Only 3,000 of those men were ordered to be put to death and of those just over 10% were executed." 3066:, men who would enlist to collect the often large cash bonuses and then desert at the earliest opportunity to repeat another enlistment elsewhere. If caught they would face execution; otherwise it could prove a very lucrative criminal enterprise. 2965:(b) Any commissioned officer of the armed forces who, after tender of his resignation and before notice of its acceptance, quits his post or proper duties without leave and with intent to remain away therefrom permanently is guilty of desertion. 2798:

Central Asian deserters. By March 1980, the Soviet army made an executive decision to replace Central Asian troops with the European sectors of the USSR to avoid further religious and ethnic complications, drastically reducing Soviet forces.

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The initial Soviet plan relied on Afghan troops' support in the mountainous regions of Afghanistan. The majority of the Afghan army support crumbled easily as forces lacked strong ideological support for Communism from the beginning.

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Although a soldier under direct orders, in battle, is normally not subject to prosecution for war crimes, there is legal language supporting a soldier's refusal to commit such crimes, in military contexts outside of immediate peril.

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conscientious objections" while performing military service. This opens the possibility of desertion as a response to cases in which the soldier is required to perform crimes against humanity as part of his mandatory military duty.

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was 12.7%, according to available service records. Desertion was especially common in 1814, when enlistment bonuses were increased from $ 16 to $ 124, inducing many men to desert one unit and enlist in another to get two bonuses.

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There are similar concepts to desertion. Missing movement occurs when a member of the armed forces fails to arrive at the appointed time and place to deploy (or "move out") with their assigned unit, ship, or aircraft. In the

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partially trained, the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans. Looking for their opportunity, many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village.

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desertion was a massive drain on British army resources, despite the threat of court martial and the possibility of capital punishment for the crime. Many deserters were harboured by citizens who were sympathetic to them.

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low at bases. Soviet soldiers often resorted to trading weapons and ammunition in exchange for drugs or food. As morale decreased and infections of hepatitis and typhus spread, soldiers became further disheartened.

2337:(AIF) to be executed for desertion, despite pressure from the British Government and military to do so. The AIF had the highest rate of soldiers going absent without leave of any of the national contingents in the 3209:

Before the Civil War, deserters from the Army were flogged; after 1861, tattoos or branding were also used. The maximum U.S. penalty for desertion in wartime remains death, but this punishment was last applied to

3185:. Other countries also gave asylum to deserted U.S. soldiers. For example, Sweden allows asylum for foreign soldiers deserting from war, if the war does not align with the current goals of Swedish foreign policy. 3118:

Over 20,000 American soldiers were tried and sentenced for desertion. Forty-nine were sentenced to death, though forty-eight of these death sentences were subsequently commuted. Only one U.S. soldier, Private

4492: 2920:, with 566 missing from 2005 and that part of 2006. The Ministry of Defence said that levels of absence were fairly constant and "only one person has been found guilty of deserting the Army since 1989". 3258:

The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him.

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Throughout the Second World War, almost 100,000 British and Commonwealth troops deserted from the armed forces. Capital punishment for desertion was abolished in 1930 so most were imprisoned.

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punish them. North Carolina lost 23% of its soldiers (24,122) to desertion. The state provided more soldiers per capita than any other Confederate state, and had more deserters as well.

2455: 5371:"The Status of Conscientious Objections Under Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000); See pages 412–424, (or PDF pages 34–36)" 5219: 2610:

During the First World War 28 New Zealand soldiers were sentenced to death for desertion; of these, five were executed. These soldiers were posthumously pardoned in 2000 through the

2447:, but due to many factors, like the inability to manage and keep track of all the armies or differentiating between men with similar names, the exact number is unclear. In 1800, the 5140: 5249: 2267:

if they enlist or accept an appointment in the same or another branch of service without disclosing the fact that they have not been properly separated from current service.

2999:. Several hundred deserters went over to the Mexican side; nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the United States. The most famous group was the 2295:

Failure to repair consists of missing a formation or failing to appear at an assigned place and time when so ordered. It is a lesser offense within Article 86 of the UCMJ.

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commuted their death sentences to prison terms. Deserters were often publicly humiliated. One U.S. Navy deserter, Henry Holscher, later joined a UK regiment and won the

2574:); on the other hand, they chose to leave a safe if tedious posting in order to risk their lives fighting against fascism, and many were motivated by genuine idealism. 3102:(AEF) charged 5,584 servicemen and convicted 2,657 for desertion. 24 AEF troops were eventually sentenced to death, but all managed to avoid execution after President 4079: 2605: 2677:, dated 16 August 1941, was issued by Joseph Stalin. The order required superiors to shoot deserters on the spot. Their family members were subjected to arrest. 2656: 4672: 3098:

Desertion still occurred among American armed forces after the U.S. joined the First World War on 6 April 1917. Between 6 April 1917, and 31 December 1918, the

3940: 3567: 2304:— was established by the U.S. military in 2020 to prompt unit actions and police investigations during the first 48 hours that a service member is missing. 3250:

Under international law, ultimate "duty" or "responsibility" is not necessarily always to a "government" nor to "a superior", as seen in the fourth of the

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Montgomery, Paul L. (20 August 1974). "Number of Deserters and Draft Evaders Disputed - Proponents Call for Full Pardon, Public Service or Hearings".

2685:) which would shoot "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear. Over the course of the war, the Soviets executed 158,000 troops for desertion. 2358: 4216: 2768: 3395: 3229:

under Article 86 of the UCMJ for repeat or more severe offenses. Many AWOL/UA service members are also given a discharge in lieu of court-martial.

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fighting for and the official opposition. Soldiers who had entered the war with idealistic viewpoints of their roles were quickly disillusioned.

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Dotson, Rand (2000). ""The Grave and Scandalous Evil Infected to Your People": The Erosion of Confederate Loyalty in Floyd County, Virginia".

4793: 4339: 3003:, about half of whom were Catholics from Ireland, anti-Catholic prejudice reportedly being another reason for desertion. The Mexicans issued 2955:(1) without authority goes or remains absent from his unit, organization, or place of duty with intent to remain away therefrom permanently; 2888: 2451:

reported that there were 175,000 deserters based on the number of individuals that sought the benefits following the amnesty put in place.

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engage in rapes, looting, and general violence beyond what higher ranks ordered, increasing negative sanctions in undesirable locations.

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During the First World War, only 18 Germans who deserted were executed. However, the Germans executed 15,000 men who deserted from the

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weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000-132,000 deserters to the army.

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bad. Of the 60,000 men who passed through the army in 1940–45, about 7,000 men deserted, about half of them deciding to fight on the

2338: 4043: 5510:– includes an alphabetical listing of more than 17,000 Australian soldiers who were court-martialled by the AIF during World War I. 2091: 1022: 3077: 2794: 1454: 3904: 2402: 5634:

Weitz, Mark A. (1999). "Preparing for the Prodigal Sons: The Development of the Union Desertion Policy during the Civil War".

5327: 5503: 4245: 2862: 17: 5212:"Misconduct (including drug and alchohol abuse): Air Force · GI Rights Hotline: Military Discharges and Military Counseling" 5305: 4235: 2540: 5271: 4087: 3922: 3548: 5071: 4198: 2722: 1810: 78: 3774: 2958:(2) quits his unit, organization, or place of duty with intent to avoid hazardous duty or to shirk important service; or 2503:

as the Red Army approached in February 1945, warning soldiers that escaping with civilians will be treated as desertion.

2341:, and the proportion of soldiers who deserted was also higher than that of other forces on the Western Front in France. 5484: 5242:"Misconduct (including drug and alchohol abuse): Navy · GI Rights Hotline: Military Discharges and Military Counseling" 3214:

in 1945. No U.S. serviceman has received more than 24 months imprisonment for desertion or missing movement after

2005: 1783: 393: 2515:. In June 1988 the Initiative for the Creation of a Memorial to Deserters who deserted the Wehrmacht came to life in 5682:

Maria Fritsche. "Proving One's Manliness: Masculine Self-perceptions of Austrian Deserters in the Second World War".

5616: 5523: 5328:"Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see preamble "Aware..."" 5153: 4987: 3168: 2741: 2429:"Convoy of Deserters - Paris" in the book "Cassell's History of the War between France and Germany. 1870–1871" 1459: 4726: 3570:. In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). 2495: 5709:

Pater Wilhelm Schmidt im Schweizer Exil: Interaktionen mit Wehrmachtsdeserteuren und Nachrichtendiensten, 1943–1945

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King-Owen, Scott (2011). "Conditional Confederates: Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers, 1861–1865".

2942: 2289: 1537: 4307: 3501:. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center & School (JAGS), U.S. Army. p. 3. 2257:

by leaving or remaining absent from their unit, organization, or place of duty, where there has been a determined

3999:"Pariah Dogs: Deserters from the Irish Defence Forces Who Joined the British Armed Forces during 'The Emergency'" 3160: 3132: 2334: 1882: 1520: 1307: 127: 5446:

Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".

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Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".

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From 1914 to 1918 between 600 and 650 French soldiers were executed for desertion. In 2013, a report for the

2063: 1510: 2614:. Those who deserted before reaching the front were imprisoned in what were claimed to be harsh conditions. 3037: 3000: 2860:

Historically, one who was paid to enlist and then deserted could be arrested under a type of writ known as

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In 1919, 616 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following

2000: 699: 459: 4777:

Bennett, Shannon Smith (2013). "Draft Resistance and Rioting". In Morehouse, Maggi M.; Trodd, Zoe (eds.).

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making light of the high incidence of soldiers going absent without leave in the Australian Imperial Force

3479:(2012 ed.). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: United States Army Publishing Directorate. pp. IV-16–IV-17. 3457:(2012 ed.). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: United States Army Publishing Directorate. pp. IV-10–IV-13. 3432:(2012 ed.). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: United States Army Publishing Directorate. pp. IV-13–IV-16. 2470: 2410: 2010: 1197: 994: 865: 403: 3346: 3351: 3330: 2441:

deserted. There were rough estimates to the number of individuals that deserted during the time of the

2285: 2230: 1474: 31: 5397:. IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE BOARD OF CANADA (Refugee Protection Division). 16 March 2005. Archived from 5111: 4147: 4024: 2893:"306 British and Commonwealth soldiers were executed for...desertion during World War I," records the 5810: 5355: 4493:"History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences: Arboreus - artery" 3233: 2623: 2438: 2238: 2206: 1584: 1092: 436: 310: 144: 42: 4916:

Otten, James T. (1974). "Disloyalty in the Upper Districts of South Carolina during the Civil War".

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Welch, Steven R. (2012). "Commemorating 'Heroes of a Special Kind': Deserter Monuments in Germany".

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On 28 May 2006, the UK military reported over 1,000 absent without leave since the beginning of the

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Stagg, J. C. A. (1986). "Enlisted Men in the United States Army, 1812-1815: A Preliminary Survey".

4172: 3295: 3050:, both the Union and Confederacy had a desertion problem. From its 2.5 million or so men, the 2992: 2593: 2258: 2202: 2035: 1902: 1449: 1142: 955: 803: 4824: 3058:, which was less than a million men and possibly as little as a third the size of the Union Army. 3041: 3382: 3310: 3222: 3055: 2639: 2544: 2527: 2414: 2194: 1988: 1970: 1726: 1285: 1207: 1152: 1032: 745: 408: 287: 5739: 5018: 5003: 3959: 3305: 3176: 3020:

U.S. forces. About fifty of the San Patricios were tried and hanged following their capture at

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A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War

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A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War

5342:"Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See introductory paragraph" 5306:

Army Regulation 635–200 Personnel Separations Active Duty Enlisted Administrative Separations

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According to the Department of Defense, 503,926 United States servicemen deserted during the

3012: 2894: 2755: 2434: 2378: 2292:(UCMJ). The offense is similar to absence without leave but may draw more severe punishment. 2242: 2226: 2137: 1444: 1377: 1330: 979: 942: 905: 823: 775: 659: 469: 262: 166: 38: 5356:"Conscientious objection to military service, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77" 4109: 3960:"The 'desertions crisis' in the Irish defence forces during the Second World War, 1939–1945" 5541:

Marrs, Aaron W. (2004). "Desertion and Loyalty in the South Carolina Infantry, 1861–1865".

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if that intent is determined to be to avoid hazardous duty or shirk contractual obligation;

2198: 1835: 1737: 1594: 1589: 1407: 1372: 1107: 922: 780: 716: 570: 540: 117: 3491: 8: 5764: 5564:"Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency" 3666:"Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency" 2772: 2382: 1686: 1671: 1547: 1434: 1412: 1387: 1347: 1257: 1067: 967: 917: 684: 674: 639: 431: 421: 171: 95: 3805: 3605: 5795: 5463: 4960: 4925: 4898: 4871: 4816: 4653: 4538: 4286: 4006: 3979: 3886: 3878: 3521: 3047: 2475: 2234: 2190: 2084: 2020: 1875: 1795: 1716: 1661: 1636: 1557: 1503: 1469: 1400: 1317: 1227: 1132: 1077: 962: 927: 880: 755: 726: 679: 617: 592: 426: 220: 139: 5358:. United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1998. 2381:. The inscription on top of the three step sculpture features a poem by Scottish poet 5805: 5622: 5612: 5595: 5529: 5519: 5499: 5480: 5149: 4983: 4964: 4542: 4278: 4241: 3983: 3890: 3870: 3738: 3697: 3502: 3016: 2824: 2056: 1965: 1912: 1815: 1805: 1800: 1770: 1753: 1748: 1721: 1666: 1367: 1357: 1352: 1342: 1262: 1252: 1247: 1222: 1192: 1082: 1052: 1047: 1037: 1027: 1017: 932: 885: 855: 694: 487: 464: 398: 2443: 2025: 5755: 5643: 5585: 5575: 5550: 5455: 4952: 4863: 4808: 4645: 4530: 4270: 3971: 3862: 3831: 3728: 3687: 3677: 3635: 3609: 3575: 3340: 3181: 2717: 2512: 2250: 2158: 2030: 1995: 1927: 1820: 1758: 1651: 1579: 1572: 1429: 1362: 1312: 1302: 1177: 1097: 1057: 1042: 1004: 989: 860: 845: 798: 706: 664: 607: 602: 560: 383: 360: 252: 176: 105: 88: 2681:, dated 28 July 1942, directed that each Army must create "blocking detachments" ( 2241:

generally refer to this as unauthorized absence. Personnel are dropped from their

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I Ain’t Marching Anymore: Dissenters, Deserters, and Objectors to America’s Wars

5313: 2217:, military personnel will become AWOL if absent from their post without a valid 5590: 3733: 3716: 3692: 3392: 3279: 3107: 3103: 2682: 2015: 1763: 1187: 1147: 1125: 1112: 1102: 1072: 984: 937: 740: 731: 622: 575: 555: 545: 515: 482: 370: 327: 292: 267: 134: 67: 5075: 4044:"Column: Time to ask questions about Irish army deserters during World War II" 3568:"Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Australia)" 2425: 5789: 5672: 5599: 4282: 4274: 3975: 3874: 3866: 3742: 3701: 3506: 3320: 3270:

resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons performing military service may

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Conversely, France considered as highly praiseworthy the act of citizens of

4263:"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920" 3613: 3467: 3445: 3420: 3361: 3325: 3211: 3194: 3120: 2778:

The personal histories of Central Asian ethnic groups – especially between

2659: 2631: 2581: 2555: 2374: 2049: 1975: 1955: 1950: 1845: 1790: 1424: 1419: 1242: 1157: 900: 634: 535: 332: 216: 5697: 5647: 5554: 4956: 4755: 3579: 3278:

The principle was tested unsuccessfully in the case of U.S. Army deserter

3197:, more than 5,500 military personnel deserted in 2003–2004, following the 5580: 4730: 4534: 3682: 3164: 3156: 2979: 2818: 2635: 2322: 2222: 2133: 1960: 1711: 1676: 1515: 1202: 1167: 875: 818: 721: 505: 206: 201: 4929: 4010: 3882: 5479:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. 5467: 5376:. New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. Archived from 4902: 4875: 4820: 4657: 4304: 4237:

Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine

3998: 3941:"Podcast: Irish Army Deserters in the Second World War with Cían Harte" 3051: 3008: 2786: 2627: 2406: 2140:) and is done with the intention of not returning. This contrasts with 2099: 1917: 1887: 1609: 973: 5368: 4518: 4290: 4262: 3286:

rejecting refugee status to a deserter invoking Nuremberg Article IV.

5750: 5115: 4779:

Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources

4674:

The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784–1898

4199:"They Refused to Fight for Russia. The Law Did Not Treat Them Kindly" 4142: 4140: 3315: 2508: 2409:

were highly affected by desertion during the armed conflict with the

2354: 1907: 1731: 1681: 1621: 1616: 1481: 1272: 1267: 1232: 669: 355: 322: 191: 5459: 4867: 4812: 4649: 3137: 2253:, desertion is not measured by time away from the unit, but rather: 5326:

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (22 April 1998).

4480:

Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982

4467:

Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982

2917: 2897:. Of these, 25 were Canadian, 22 Irishmen and five New Zealanders. 2785:

Upon entering Afghanistan, many Central Asians were exposed to the

2398: 1922: 1897: 1530: 1162: 1137: 750: 305: 247: 159: 5609:

A Higher Duty: Desertion among Georgia Troops during the Civil War

4842:

A higher duty: desertion among Georgia troops during the Civil War

4137: 3245: 5756:

Memorial to German World War II deserters in Ulm, Germany at the

2793:

As Afghan soldiers continued to desert the Soviet army, a united

2663: 2589: 2562: 2366: 2299: 2277: 2110: 1932: 1892: 1656: 1490: 1486: 828: 813: 689: 350: 345: 315: 234: 196: 3081:

The execution of a U.S. deserter in the Federal Camp, Alexandria

2377:

and is located opposite the President's office and the Austrian

5295:. United States Department of Homeland Security. November 2016. 4584:"Into the Lives of Three Deserters Who Did Not Have a Good War" 4025:"Deserters should pay the price for leaving down their country" 3335: 2801: 2585: 2571: 2500: 2473:. After the war it was decided to award all such deserters the 2350: 1439: 835: 652: 388: 4330:. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2006, page 132 4402:, (New York: Russ Intellectual Properties, 2009), pp. 97–106. 3717:"Las guerrillas marxistas y la pena de muerte a combatientes" 3267: 910: 446: 441: 5691:

GIs Speak Out Against the War: The Case of the Ft. Jackson 8

5004:"U.S. Navy 'jack-the-lad' deserter turned WW1 military hero" 4794:"Draft evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863–1865" 4519:"Desertion from the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars" 3007:

and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money,

2333:, the Australian Government refused to allow members of the 3499:

The Army Lawyer (Department of the Army Pamphlet 27-50-198)

3074:

through their home counties triggered the most desertions.

2164: 186: 181: 5698:

Desertion from the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars

4626:

Sub Chapter 10, Punitive Articles, Section 885, Article 85

3221:

A U.S. service member who is AWOL/UA may be punished with

2790:

ethnic clashes and cultural factors influenced desertion.

2170: 5042:

Kimmelman, Benedict B., "The Example of Private Slovik",

3639: 2889:

British Army during the First World War § Discipline

2762: 2516: 2466: 2184: 59: 37:"AWOL" and "Deserter" redirect here. For other uses, see 5667:

Soldiers in Revolt: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War

5369:

D. Christopher Decker, and Lucia Fresa (29 March 2001).

3054:

saw about 200,000 desertions. Over 100,000 deserted the

2630:

of Russia adopted amendments to include the concepts of

2606:

List of New Zealand soldiers executed during World War I

5765:

Memorial to all deserters in Stuttgart, Germany at the

5677:

Deserter: The Last Untold Story of the Second World War

3159:

between 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1973. Some of these

2823:

The structure of the Soviet army, in comparison to the

4700:(University of North Carolina Press. 2002) p 25, 103–7 4362:, (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990), pp. 175–8. 4217:"Russian officer sentenced to 6.5 years for deserting" 2819:

Problems in Soviet army structure and living standards

4436:, (Durnham: Duke University Press, 1983), pp. 206–14. 3721:

Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura

3549:"Senior leaders announce results of Fort Hood review" 2846: 2167: 5330:. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 4328:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

3763:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32–70. 3468:

Joint Service Committee on Military Justice (2012).

3446:

Joint Service Committee on Military Justice (2012).

3421:

Joint Service Committee on Military Justice (2012).

2298:

An additional duty status code — absent-unknown, or

2173: 5142:

US Army AWOL Defense: A Practice Guide and Formbook

2161: 4482:, (Berkeley: University of California, 1997), 175. 4469:, (Berkeley: University of California, 1997), 136. 4434:Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, New and Expanded 3905:"Time to pardon soldiers who left to fight Hitler" 3775:"France may pardon executed World War I 'cowards'" 2937:A United States wartime poster deprecating absence 2795:Islamic Alliance for the Liberation of Afghanistan 27:Abandonment of military duty without authorization 5704:, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Summer 2016), pp. 808–828. 3572:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 2771:, the majority of Soviet forces were soldiers of 2359:Memorial for the Victims of Nazi Military Justice 5787: 4428: 3754: 3752: 3636:"Vienna to honour Austria's Nazi army deserters" 3396:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 2978:The desertion rate for American soldiers in the 5344:. UN Commission on Human Rights. 22 April 1998. 5105: 5103: 5036: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4110:"Apology and amnesty for World War II soldiers" 3923:"IRISH ARMY DESERTERS FROM CO. KILDARE IN WWII" 3800: 3798: 3796: 3246:Legal status of desertion in cases of war crime 2288:, this is a violation of the Article 87 of the 5561: 5433:(2012 ed.). US Government Printing Office 5192:(2012 ed.). US Government Printing Office 4977: 4891:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 4454:Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond 4378:Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond 4354: 4352: 4322: 4320: 3829: 3663: 3606:"Vienna to honor deserters from Hitler's army" 3598: 3145:, four U.S. Navy seamen who deserted from the 3123:, was executed for desertion in World War II. 2526:Deserters from the Portuguese Army during the 5272:Marine Corps Separation and Retirement Manual 5134: 5132: 4980:Desertion and the American Soldier: 1776-2006 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4240:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109. 3749: 3659: 3657: 2866:, or "For arresting one who received money". 2726:that contextualizes different points of view. 2712:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 2433:Many individuals who were conscripted by the 2113:soldiers in 1919, with deserters as prisoners 2057: 5100: 4405: 4173:"Camp or Starvation? (NZ Truth, 1918-09-28)" 4062:"WWII Irish 'deserters' finally get pardons" 3793: 3708: 3042:Union Army § Desertions and draft riots 2802:Soviet disillusionment upon entering the war 2373:. The monument was created by German artist 5064: 4664: 4349: 4317: 3996: 3483: 2592:to all World War II-era deserters from the 2276:. On rare occasions, they may be tried for 2245:rolls after thirty days and then listed as 5722:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001. 5129: 5055: 4594: 4549: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4383: 4372: 4370: 4368: 3823: 3654: 3628: 3163:. Among those who deserted to Canada were 2064: 2050: 5589: 5579: 5148:. Oklahoma City, OK: Military Law Press. 4942: 4629: 4297: 3732: 3691: 3681: 3387:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 2742:Learn how and when to remove this message 2181:), which are temporary forms of absence. 5562:Nussio, Enzo; Ugarriza, Juan E. (2021). 5387: 5348: 5334: 5319: 5109: 4750: 4748: 4721: 4719: 4703: 4690: 4472: 4459: 3714: 3664:Nussio, Enzo; Ugarriza, Juan E. (2021). 3489: 3441: 3439: 3416: 3414: 3136: 3076: 3038:Confederate States Army § Desertion 2932: 2612:Pardon for Soldiers of the Great War Act 2521: 2494: 2424: 2316: 2105: 2090: 2075: 1023:List of military strategies and concepts 5713:Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, 5493: 5445: 5427:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 5362: 5289:Military Separations: COMDTINST M1000.4 5186:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 5082: 4982:. Algora Publishing. pp. 111–112. 4853: 4776: 4670: 4439: 4365: 4041: 3758: 3592: 3565: 3477:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 3455:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 3430:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 2986: 2950:(a) Any member of the armed forces who– 14: 5788: 5395:"Hinzman Decision, Full Text Decision" 5177: 5138: 5019:"On Military Desertion and Executions" 4918:The South Carolina Historical Magazine 4888: 4791: 4681: 4581: 3232:The 2012 edition of the United States 3151:in protest against the war in Vietnam. 2763:Inter-ethnic explanation for desertion 2403:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 2185:Desertion versus absence without leave 5633: 5606: 5540: 5072:"Vietnam War Resisters, Then and Now" 5046:, September—October 1987, pp. 97—104. 5016: 4915: 4745: 4716: 4635: 4516: 4260: 4233: 3957: 3852: 3546: 3461: 3436: 3411: 3113: 3031: 2863:arrestando ipsum qui pecuniam recepit 2754:Many Soviet soldier deserters of the 5513: 5498:. Burleigh, Qld: Zeus Publications. 5474: 5281: 5264: 5204: 4557:"UK | Tribute to WWI 'cowards'" 4456:, (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2008), 186–7. 4380:, (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2008), 157–8. 4148:"First New Zealand Soldier Executed" 4112:. 7 May 2013 – via www.rte.ie. 4042:Kennedy, Dr Michael (17 June 2012). 3093: 2692: 2688: 2650: 2541:Irish neutrality during World War II 5693:. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. 5298: 5234: 4727:"Desertion In The Civil War Armies" 4602:"At least 1,000 UK soldiers desert" 3830:Mark R. Hatlie (19 November 2005). 3086:and, therefore, deserted the army. 2928: 2903: 2458:recommended that they be pardoned. 24: 5669:. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. 5656: 4729:. Civilwarhome.com. Archived from 4340:Patriots ignore greatest brutality 4234:Reese, Roger R. (3 October 2023). 3958:Quinn, Joseph (26 November 2020). 3540: 3423:"Article 86—Absence without leave" 2882: 2869: 2847:Soviet deserters to the mujahideen 2456:French Ministry of Veteran Affairs 25: 5822: 5733: 5720:Desertion: In the Time of Vietnam 4179:. National Library of New Zealand 3566:Stanley, Peter (25 August 2017). 3169:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2855: 2579:Minister for Justice and Equality 2385:(1924–2006) with just two words: 2357:deserters. On 24 October 2014, a 5729:. New York: The New Press, 2020. 5715:no. 62 (2016), pp. 203–221. 5611:. University of Nebraska Press. 5518:. University of Nebraska Press. 5090:"Deserters: We Won't Go To Iraq" 3547:Suits, Devon (8 December 2020). 2943:Uniform Code of Military Justice 2923: 2697: 2290:Uniform Code of Military Justice 2157: 77: 5494:Lambley, Desmond Bruce (2012). 5110:Nicholas, Bill (6 March 2006). 5049: 5010: 4996: 4978:Robert Fantina (2 April 2006). 4971: 4936: 4909: 4882: 4847: 4834: 4785: 4770: 4620: 4575: 4517:Linch, Kevin (11 August 2016). 4510: 4485: 4333: 4254: 4227: 4209: 4191: 4165: 4102: 4072: 4054: 4035: 4017: 3990: 3951: 3933: 3915: 3897: 3855:Journal of Contemporary History 3846: 3767: 3497:. In Winter, Matthew E. (ed.). 3374: 3282:, which resulted in a Canadian 3133:Vietnam War resisters in Canada 2941:According to the United States 2669: 2645: 2335:First Australian Imperial Force 2249:; however, as a matter of U.S. 5686:, 24/1 (2012), pp. 35–55. 5516:Desertion during the Civil War 5417: 5112:"8,000 desert during Iraq war" 4638:The William and Mary Quarterly 4582:Garner, Dwight (9 June 2013). 3832:"Memorial to Deserters in Ulm" 3586: 3559: 3126: 2973: 2599: 2272:may nevertheless be tried for 13: 1: 5312:. 6 June 2006. Archived from 5017:Wills, Matthew (1 May 2015). 3810:The Heritage of the Great War 3470:"Article 87—Missing Movement" 3404: 3301:Canada and Iraq War resisters 3188: 3100:American Expeditionary Forces 2307: 2280:if enough evidence is found. 4844:(U of Nebraska Press, 2005). 3555:(Press release). Washington. 3204: 3199:Iraq invasion and occupation 2780:Pashtuns, Uzbeks, and Tajiks 2361:was inaugurated on Vienna's 2312: 7: 5496:March in the Guilty Bastard 4801:Journal of American History 4671:Coffman, Edward M. (1988). 3289: 3179:, sports columnist for the 2911: 2561:Once the war was over, the 2411:Military Forces of Colombia 2392: 2353:decided to honour Austrian 2339:British Expeditionary Force 1521:Military–industrial complex 995:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 5827: 5276:United States Marine Corps 4711:The Mexican War, 1846–1848 4344:The Sydney Morning Herald. 4152:New Zealand History Online 3734:10.15446/achsc.v41n1.44855 3642:News Europe. 23 April 2011 3352:Resistance Inside the Army 3331:List of Iraq War resisters 3130: 3035: 2945:, desertion is defined as: 2886: 2603: 2538: 2534: 2530:in Africa, Amsterdam, 1969 2490: 2344: 2286:United States Armed Forces 2231:United States Marine Corps 36: 32:Desertion (disambiguation) 29: 5702:Journal of Social History 5293:United States Coast Guard 5139:Branum, James M. (2012). 4713:(Routledge, 2003), p. 67. 4545:– via Project MUSE. 4523:Journal of Social History 4497:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4177:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 3284:federal immigration board 3241:court-martial may direct. 3234:Manual for Courts-Martial 3064:"professional" bounty men 3001:Saint Patrick's Battalion 2624:2022 Russian mobilization 2617: 2499:German street posters in 2439:French Revolutionary Wars 2420: 2239:United States Coast Guard 2207:New Zealand Defence Force 1585:Loss-of-strength gradient 437:Combat information center 43:Deserter (disambiguation) 5745:31 December 2015 at the 3976:10.1177/0968344520932960 3867:10.1177/0022009411431721 3761:Conscripts and Deserters 3715:Aguilera, Mario (2014). 3490:Anderson, Wayne (1989). 3367: 3343:, in civilian employment 3296:Barratry (admiralty law) 2767:In the beginning of the 2449:Minister of War (Carnot) 2203:Australian Defence Force 2120:is the abandonment of a 1903:Military science fiction 1388:Technology and equipment 804:List of military tactics 5607:Weitz, Mark A. (2000). 4756:"Confederate Desertion" 4261:Figes, Orlando (1990). 3492:"Unauthorized Absences" 3383:Conscientious objection 3311:Decimation (Roman army) 3223:non-judicial punishment 2773:Central Asian republics 2626:, the Putin-controlled 2545:The Emergency (Ireland) 2528:Portuguese Colonial War 2415:Colombian peace process 2195:United States Air Force 1971:Wartime sexual violence 1727:Full-spectrum dominance 1538:Supply-chain management 5568:International Security 5310:Department of the Army 4792:Levine, Peter (1981). 4275:10.1093/past/129.1.168 4125:Cite journal requires 3759:Forrest, Alan (1989). 3670:International Security 3595:, especially pp. 6-60. 3448:"Article 85—Desertion" 3347:Nuremberg Principle IV 3306:Conscientious objector 3260: 3243: 3152: 3082: 2971: 2938: 2531: 2504: 2484: 2430: 2326: 2211:Singapore Armed Forces 2128:without permission (a 2114: 2103: 2088: 1883:Awards and decorations 1856:Peace through strength 1831:Low-intensity conflict 1465:Conscientious objector 1338:Area of responsibility 5707:Peter Rohrbacher. " 5679:. Harperpress, 2013. 5648:10.1353/cwh.1999.0082 5555:10.1353/cwh.2004.0019 4957:10.1353/cwh.2011.0068 4452:Abdulkader H. Sinno, 4376:Abdulkader H. Sinno, 4305:Text of Order No. 270 3580:10.15463/ie1418.11149 3385:to military service: 3256: 3238: 3140: 3080: 3013:officers' commissions 2948: 2936: 2895:Shot at Dawn Memorial 2720:by rewriting it in a 2570:Ireland's ports (see 2525: 2498: 2435:French First Republic 2428: 2320: 2215:Canadian Armed Forces 2150:absence without leave 2109: 2094: 2079: 470:Torpedo data computer 460:Ship gun fire-control 39:AWOL (disambiguation) 18:Absence without leave 5779:6 April 2015 at the 5684:Gender & History 5581:10.1162/isec_a_00406 5514:Lonn, Ella (1998) . 5383:on 22 November 2011. 4310:17 June 2008 at the 4090:on 28 September 2012 3997:Canny, Liam (1998). 3683:10.1162/isec_a_00406 3357:Running the gauntlet 3252:Nuremberg Principles 2997:California Gold Rush 2993:Mexican–American War 2987:Mexican–American War 2594:Irish Defence Forces 2199:British Armed Forces 2142:unauthorized absence 2001:Military occupations 1836:Military engineering 1738:Unrestricted Warfare 1595:Force multiplication 488:Military manoeuvrers 30:For other uses, see 5591:20.500.11850/480000 5475:Foos, Paul (2002). 5246:girightshotline.org 5216:girightshotline.org 5078:on 9 November 2014. 4432:Henry S. Bradsher, 4326:Roberts, Geoffrey. 3693:20.500.11850/480000 3389:resolution 1998/77" 2638:and wartime in the 2554:, most joining the 2485:Médaille des Évadés 2383:Ian Hamilton Finlay 1687:Penal military unit 1672:Rules of engagement 1348:Command and control 968:Operations research 432:Director (military) 422:Fire-control system 172:Command and control 53:Part of a series on 5096:. 6 December 2004. 5058:The New York Times 4588:The New York Times 4535:10.1093/jsh/shw007 4267:Past & Present 4203:The New York Times 3216:September 11, 2001 3161:migrated to Canada 3153: 3083: 3048:American Civil War 3032:American Civil War 2939: 2657:People's Commissar 2532: 2505: 2469:deserted from the 2431: 2327: 2321:A 1918 cartoon by 2235:United States Navy 2191:United States Army 2115: 2104: 2089: 1796:Counter-insurgency 1717:Command of the sea 1662:Jewish laws on war 1637:Geneva Conventions 1173:Divide and conquer 963:Military operation 928:Tactical objective 427:Fire-control radar 404:Electronic-warfare 5636:Civil War History 5543:Civil War History 5505:978-1-921-91953-4 5044:American Heritage 4945:Civil War History 4687:Foos (2002) p 25. 4247:978-0-8061-9356-4 3947:. 2 October 2021. 3834:. Sites of Memory 3193:According to the 2756:Soviet–Afghan War 2752: 2751: 2744: 2706:This article may 2689:Soviet–Afghan War 2651:Russian Civil War 2074: 2073: 1966:Horses in warfare 1913:Anti-war movement 1816:Gunboat diplomacy 1806:Disaster response 1754:Philosophy of war 1749:Principles of war 1722:Deterrence theory 1667:Right of conquest 1590:Lanchester's laws 1358:Principles of war 1048:Counter-offensive 1028:Military campaign 933:Target saturation 856:Counterinsurgency 465:Gun data computer 399:Close air support 361:Aircraft carriers 16:(Redirected from 5818: 5811:Political crimes 5774:AWOL Information 5740:Missing movement 5725:Chris Lombardi. 5651: 5630: 5603: 5593: 5583: 5558: 5537: 5509: 5490: 5471: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5375: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5317: 5316:on 3 March 2016. 5302: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5248:. Archived from 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5218:. Archived from 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5164: 5158:. Archived from 5147: 5136: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5074:. Archived from 5068: 5062: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5006:. 15 April 2017. 5000: 4994: 4993: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4851: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4830:on 4 March 2016. 4829: 4823:. Archived from 4798: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4758:. Etymonline.com 4752: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4733:on 23 April 2021 4723: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4489: 4483: 4478:Hasan M. Kakar, 4476: 4470: 4465:Hasan M. Kakar, 4463: 4457: 4450: 4437: 4430: 4403: 4400:The Great Gamble 4398:Gregory Feifer, 4396: 4381: 4374: 4363: 4358:Artyom Borovik, 4356: 4347: 4346:August 13, 2007. 4337: 4331: 4324: 4315: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4269:(129): 168–211. 4258: 4252: 4251: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4223:. 24 March 2023. 4213: 4207: 4206: 4205:. 30 April 2023. 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4086:. Archived from 4076: 4070: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4003:Studia Hibernica 3994: 3988: 3987: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3802: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3781:. 1 October 2013 3771: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3736: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3685: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3610:Associated Press 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3496: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3418: 3398: 3378: 3341:No call, no show 3182:Montreal Gazette 3114:Second World War 3056:Confederate army 3024:in August 1847. 2929:Legal definition 2904:Second World War 2747: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2723:balanced fashion 2701: 2700: 2693: 2513:Second World War 2405:(Spanish: FARC) 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2066: 2059: 2052: 1821:Humanitarian aid 1759:Security dilemma 1580:Power projection 1363:Economy of force 1343:Chain of command 1058:Defence in depth 1043:Commerce raiding 861:Defeat in detail 177:Defense ministry 81: 72: 71: 62: 50: 49: 21: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5786: 5785: 5781:Wayback Machine 5767:Sites of Memory 5758:Sites of Memory 5747:Wayback Machine 5736: 5689:Fred Halstead. 5663:David Cortright 5659: 5657:Further reading 5654: 5619: 5526: 5506: 5487: 5460:10.2307/2580242 5436: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5401:on 28 July 2012 5393: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5324: 5320: 5303: 5299: 5286: 5282: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5252:on 1 March 2022 5240: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5222:on 1 March 2022 5210: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5145: 5137: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5108: 5101: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5054: 5050: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5015: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4976: 4972: 4941: 4937: 4914: 4910: 4887: 4883: 4868:10.2307/2580242 4852: 4848: 4840:Mark A. Weitz, 4839: 4835: 4827: 4813:10.2307/1888051 4796: 4790: 4786: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4669: 4665: 4650:10.2307/1923685 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4440: 4431: 4406: 4397: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4318: 4312:Wayback Machine 4302: 4298: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4040: 4036: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4005:(30): 231–249. 3995: 3991: 3956: 3952: 3945:The Irish Story 3939: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3909:The Irish Times 3903: 3902: 3898: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3757: 3750: 3713: 3709: 3662: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3616:. 20 April 2011 3604: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3564: 3560: 3545: 3541: 3529: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3292: 3254:, which states: 3248: 3207: 3191: 3135: 3129: 3116: 3096: 3094:First World War 3072:Sherman's march 3044: 3036:Main articles: 3034: 2989: 2976: 2966: 2951: 2946: 2931: 2926: 2914: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2883:First World War 2876:Napoleonic Wars 2872: 2870:Napoleonic Wars 2858: 2849: 2821: 2804: 2769:Soviet invasion 2765: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2718:help improve it 2715: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2672: 2653: 2648: 2620: 2608: 2602: 2547: 2537: 2493: 2476:Escapees' Medal 2463:Alsace-Lorraine 2423: 2395: 2347: 2331:First World War 2315: 2310: 2187: 2160: 2156: 2098:(Дезертир), by 2070: 2041: 2040: 1991: 1981: 1980: 1946: 1938: 1937: 1878: 1868: 1867: 1841:Multilateralism 1826:Law enforcement 1786: 1776: 1775: 1744:Just war theory 1702: 1692: 1691: 1642:Geneva Protocol 1612: 1602: 1601: 1575: 1565: 1564: 1506: 1496: 1495: 1403: 1393: 1392: 1333: 1323: 1322: 1288: 1278: 1277: 1208:Network-centric 1128: 1118: 1117: 1020: 1010: 1009: 958: 948: 947: 896:Rapid dominance 801: 791: 790: 746:Electromagnetic 655: 645: 644: 631: 584: 532: 508: 498: 497: 493:Combat training 474: 451: 417:Combat systems: 413: 375: 371:Auxiliary ships 337: 297: 239: 162: 152: 151: 91: 65: 64: 63: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5824: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5784: 5783: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5735: 5734:External links 5732: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5705: 5696:Kevin Linch. " 5694: 5687: 5680: 5670: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5631: 5617: 5604: 5574:(4): 167–203. 5559: 5538: 5524: 5511: 5504: 5491: 5486:978-0807827314 5485: 5472: 5443: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5386: 5361: 5347: 5333: 5318: 5297: 5280: 5278:. 6 June 2007. 5263: 5233: 5203: 5176: 5165:on 20 May 2013 5154: 5128: 5099: 5081: 5063: 5048: 5035: 5009: 4995: 4988: 4970: 4951:(4): 349–379. 4935: 4908: 4897:(4): 393–434. 4881: 4862:(2): 321–342. 4846: 4833: 4807:(4): 816–834. 4784: 4769: 4744: 4715: 4709:Douglas Meed, 4702: 4689: 4680: 4677:. p. 193. 4663: 4644:(4): 615–645. 4628: 4619: 4593: 4574: 4563:. 21 June 2001 4548: 4529:(4): 808–828. 4509: 4484: 4471: 4458: 4438: 4404: 4382: 4364: 4360:The Hidden War 4348: 4332: 4316: 4296: 4253: 4246: 4226: 4208: 4190: 4164: 4136: 4127:|journal= 4101: 4071: 4053: 4034: 4031:. 5 July 2011. 4029:Irish Examiner 4016: 3989: 3970:(4): 825–847. 3964:War in History 3950: 3932: 3927:www.kildare.ie 3914: 3896: 3861:(2): 370–401. 3845: 3822: 3806:"Shot at Dawn" 3792: 3766: 3748: 3727:(1): 201–236. 3707: 3676:(4): 167–203. 3653: 3627: 3597: 3585: 3558: 3539: 3530:|journal= 3482: 3460: 3435: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3393:United Nations 3372: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3280:Jeremy Hinzman 3247: 3244: 3206: 3203: 3190: 3187: 3128: 3125: 3115: 3112: 3108:Military Medal 3104:Woodrow Wilson 3095: 3092: 3033: 3030: 2988: 2985: 2975: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2887:Main article: 2884: 2881: 2871: 2868: 2857: 2856:United Kingdom 2854: 2848: 2845: 2820: 2817: 2803: 2800: 2764: 2761: 2750: 2749: 2705: 2703: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2683:barrier troops 2671: 2668: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2619: 2616: 2601: 2598: 2536: 2533: 2492: 2489: 2444:Levée en masse 2422: 2419: 2394: 2391: 2346: 2343: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261:to not return; 2186: 2183: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2006:Military terms 2003: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1764:Tripwire force 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1286:Administrative 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213:New generation 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188:Fleet in being 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1126:Grand strategy 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1113:Scorched earth 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 985:Deep operation 982: 977: 970: 965: 959: 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 914: 913: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 832: 831: 826: 821: 811: 802: 797: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 786:Unconventional 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 734: 732:Disinformation 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 703: 702: 697: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 656: 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 630: 629: 628: 627: 626: 625: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 583: 582: 581: 580: 579: 578: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 531: 530: 529: 528: 523: 518: 509: 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 490: 485: 483:Basic training 480: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 412: 411: 409:Reconnaissance 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 374: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 336: 335: 330: 328:Special forces 325: 320: 319: 318: 308: 303: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 238: 237: 228: 223: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 132: 131: 130: 125: 115: 114: 113: 106:Post-classical 103: 98: 92: 87: 86: 83: 82: 74: 73: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5823: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5673:Charles Glass 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5649: 5645: 5642:(2): 99–125. 5641: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5618:9780803247918 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5525:9780803279759 5521: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448:Social Forces 5444: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5188: 5187: 5180: 5161: 5157: 5155:9781300302841 5151: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4989:0-8758-6452-X 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4924:(2): 95–110. 4923: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856:Social Forces 4850: 4843: 4837: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4773: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4608:. 28 May 2006 4607: 4603: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080:"Latest News" 4075: 4068:. 6 May 2013. 4067: 4063: 4057: 4049: 4048:TheJournal.ie 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3826: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3523: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321:Draft evasion 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227:court martial 3224: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3173:Metro Morning 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3143:Intrepid Four 3139: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2981: 2970: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2935: 2924:United States 2921: 2919: 2909: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2880: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2853: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2757: 2746: 2743: 2735: 2732:December 2021 2725: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2679:Order No. 227 2676: 2675:Order No. 270 2667: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2643: 2641: 2640:Criminal Code 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577:In 2012, the 2575: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:Heinz Fischer 2369:'s President 2368: 2364: 2363:Ballhausplatz 2360: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2178: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:military duty 2119: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2085:Octav Băncilă 2082: 2078: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1942: 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