67:
2554:. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet
44:
The Earth's crust is one "reservoir" for measurements of abundance. A reservoir is any large body to be studied as unit, like the ocean, atmosphere, mantle or crust. Different reservoirs may have different relative amounts of each element due to different chemical or mechanical processes involved in
53:
Estimates of elemental abundance are difficult because (a) the composition of the upper and lower crust are quite different, and (b) the composition of the continental crust can vary drastically by locality. The composition of the Earth changed after its formation due to loss of volatile compounds,
2472:
Surendra P. Verma , E. Santoyo & Fernando
Velasco-Tapia (2002) "Statistical Evaluation of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Rare-Earth Elements in Geological Materials and Implications for Detection Limits", International Geology Review, 44:4, 287–335,
114:
This table gives the estimated abundance in parts per million by mass of elements in the continental crust; values of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.
2598:
98:
is higher. Tellurium and selenium are concentrated as sulfides in the core and have also been depleted by preaccretional sorting in the nebula that caused them to form volatile
3020:
Examines the abundance and distribution of the chemical elements in the earth's crust, as well as the figures and methods that have contributed to this knowledge.
3043:
70:
Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; siderophiles shown in yellow
2875:
2555:
3114:
2557:
2334:
2405:
2574:
3119:
2667:
2424:. 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, March 17–21, 1997, Houston, TX, p. 763. Vol. 28. 1997.
3109:
2715:
2523:
54:
melting and recrystalization, selective loss of some elements to the deep interior, and erosion by water. The
2387:
2814:
94:
of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth's core; their abundance in
91:
3124:
2351:
2422:"Composition of Earth's continental crust as inferred from the compositions of impact melt sheets"
3050:
75:
3065:"EarthRef.org Digital Archive (ERDA) -- Major Element Composition of the Core vs the Bulk Earth"
2622:
2339:
83:
2647:
2764:
87:
8:
2342: – Branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the atmosphere is studied
2421:
2851:
2691:
2365:
103:
29:
3011:
2869:
2551:
2519:
2455:
2401:
1627:
99:
2962:
2889:
2492:"Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology: USGS Fact Sheet 087-02"
2435:
74:
Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to
3003:
2826:
2474:
2447:
2393:
25:
21:
2830:
82:. The alternation of abundance between even and odd atomic number is known as the
2991:
2561:
2397:
2356:
2478:
2992:"The abundance and distribution of the chemical elements in the earth's crust"
2938:
3103:
3015:
2459:
2451:
2345:
123:
86:. The rarest elements in the crust are not the heaviest, but are rather the
2890:"Praseodymium (Pr) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects"
2359: – Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
2065:
993:
79:
3082:
2491:
3033:
55:
2813:
Phoung, Sinoun; Williams, Eric; Gaustad, Gabrielle; Gupta, Ajay (2023).
2230:
2210:
1404:
1059:
1037:
377:
66:
3007:
2963:"Erbium (Er) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects"
2310:
2290:
1910:
1884:
1705:
1339:
1186:
1123:
751:
729:
531:
465:
399:
311:
289:
201:
95:
2692:"Barium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
2270:
2250:
2152:
2123:
1807:
1679:
1575:
1473:
1447:
1361:
1296:
1274:
1015:
883:
817:
619:
597:
575:
553:
421:
355:
333:
3064:
2368: – Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
2011:
1985:
1960:
1935:
1731:
1601:
1498:
1426:
1383:
1317:
1230:
1208:
1165:
1144:
971:
905:
861:
839:
773:
245:
179:
2914:
2789:
2740:
2481:(note geochemists refer to lanthanides as rare earth per ref.).
2094:
1859:
1757:
1653:
1549:
1523:
1080:
795:
707:
685:
641:
509:
487:
443:
267:
157:
146:
2815:"Exploring global supply and demand of scandium oxide in 2030"
118:
Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's (continental) crust
2181:
2036:
1102:
949:
2849:
2537:
ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST AND IN THE SEA,
1833:
1782:
927:
663:
223:
33:
2812:
1252:
2514:
Anderson, Don L.; "Chemical
Composition of the Mantle",
2361:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
61:
3058:The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance
3083:"GERM Reservoir Database -- Reservoir Data Model"
3101:
58:are especially difficult to measure accurately.
109:
2668:"Phosphate rock production capacity worldwide"
2434:Suess, Hans E.; Urey, Harold C. (1956-01-01).
48:
20:is shown in tabulated form with the estimated
2874:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2392:(2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2989:
2575:"Oxygen Supply Chain – Executive Summary"
2541:97th edition (2016–2017), sec. 14, pg. 17
2433:
3049:HyperPhysics, Georgia State University,
2597:Canada, Natural Resources (2018-01-23).
2385:
65:
2850:Emsley2010-09-01T00:00:00+01:00, John.
2379:
2133:
189:
167:
3102:
3051:Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust
2596:
2539:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
2348: – Relative abundance of elements
2335:Abundances of the elements (data page)
2075:
2021:
1995:
1869:
1741:
321:
299:
277:
255:
233:
211:
18:abundance of elements in Earth's crust
2990:Fleischer, Michael (September 1954).
2533:
2531:
2191:
2162:
1970:
1945:
1920:
1894:
1843:
1817:
1792:
1767:
1715:
1663:
1637:
387:
365:
343:
143:
140:
2716:"Chlorine global market volume 2030"
2552:Commodity Statistics and Information
2104:
2046:
1689:
1611:
1559:
1533:
1508:
1457:
1371:
1025:
739:
695:
62:Graphs of abundance vs atomic number
1585:
1483:
1436:
1414:
1393:
1349:
1327:
1306:
1284:
1262:
1240:
1218:
1196:
1175:
1154:
1133:
1112:
1090:
1069:
1047:
1003:
981:
607:
585:
563:
541:
519:
497:
475:
453:
431:
409:
13:
2983:
2528:
959:
937:
915:
893:
871:
849:
827:
805:
783:
761:
717:
673:
651:
629:
14:
3136:
3026:
2320:
2300:
2280:
2260:
2240:
2220:
2912:
2787:
2738:
2386:Albarède, Francis (2009-06-25).
3115:Properties of chemical elements
3060:, Oxford University Press, 2007
2955:
2931:
2906:
2882:
2843:
2806:
2781:
2765:"Neodymium - Elements Database"
2757:
2732:
2708:
2684:
2660:
2640:
2615:
2590:
45:the creation of the reservoir.
2567:
2544:
2508:
2484:
2466:
2427:
2414:
1:
2996:Journal of Chemical Education
2831:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136673
2819:Journal of Cleaner Production
2389:Geochemistry: An Introduction
2372:
39:
2436:"Abundances of the Elements"
2398:10.1017/cbo9780511807435.005
110:List of abundance by element
7:
2603:natural-resources.canada.ca
2328:
49:Difficulties in measurement
10:
3141:
3120:Lists of chemical elements
2479:10.2747/0020-6814.44.4.287
92:Goldschmidt classification
2440:Reviews of Modern Physics
2352:List of chemical elements
2769:www.elementsdatabase.com
2452:10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53
36:(10,000 ppm = 1%).
3040:World Book Encyclopedia
76:stellar nucleosynthesis
3110:Structure of the Earth
71:
2648:"Hydrogen Production"
2340:Atmospheric chemistry
90:(iron-loving) in the
69:
2550:2016 extraction per
88:siderophile elements
2516:Theory of the Earth
119:
28:shown as mg/kg, or
24:abundance for each
2560:2017-10-01 at the
2366:Primordial nuclide
117:
104:hydrogen telluride
72:
3008:10.1021/ed031p446
2939:"Gadolinium (Gd)"
2407:978-0-521-88079-4
2326:
2325:
1372:1.25 (0.000125%)
1026:7.05 (0.000705%)
100:hydrogen selenide
84:Oddo–Harkins rule
30:parts per million
3132:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3022:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2967:www.lenntech.com
2959:
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2935:
2929:
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2894:www.lenntech.com
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2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2431:
2425:
2420:Kring, David A.
2418:
2412:
2411:
2383:
2362:
2199:
2195:
2170:
2166:
2141:
2137:
2112:
2108:
2083:
2079:
2054:
2050:
2025:
1999:
1974:
1949:
1924:
1898:
1873:
1847:
1821:
1796:
1771:
1745:
1719:
1693:
1667:
1641:
1615:
1589:
1563:
1537:
1512:
1487:
1461:
740:41.5 (0.00415%)
696:66.5 (0.00665%)
190:282,000 (28.2%)
168:461,000 (46.1%)
141:Abundance (ppm)
120:
116:
26:chemical element
3140:
3139:
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3131:
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3100:
3099:
3091:
3089:
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3073:
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3044:Exploring Earth
3029:
2986:
2984:Further reading
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2562:Wayback Machine
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2471:
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2432:
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2380:
2375:
2360:
2357:Oklo phenomenon
2331:
2197:
2193:
2168:
2164:
2139:
2135:
2110:
2106:
2081:
2077:
2052:
2048:
2023:
1997:
1972:
1947:
1922:
1896:
1871:
1845:
1819:
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1743:
1717:
1691:
1665:
1639:
1613:
1587:
1561:
1535:
1510:
1485:
1459:
1437:1.2 (0.00012%)
1415:1.2 (0.00012%)
1394:1.3 (0.00013%)
1350:1.5 (0.00015%)
1328:1.8 (0.00018%)
1263:2.3 (0.00023%)
1241:2.4 (0.00024%)
1219:2.7 (0.00027%)
1197:2.8 (0.00028%)
1134:3.2 (0.00032%)
1113:3.5 (0.00035%)
1091:3.5 (0.00035%)
1070:5.2 (0.00052%)
1048:6.2 (0.00062%)
1004:9.2 (0.00092%)
982:9.6 (0.00096%)
388:1,050 (0.105%)
344:5,650 (0.565%)
322:20,900 (2.09%)
300:23,300 (2.33%)
278:23,600 (2.36%)
256:41,500 (4.15%)
234:56,300 (5.63%)
212:82,300 (8.23%)
145:
138:classification
137:
112:
64:
51:
42:
12:
11:
5:
3138:
3128:
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3098:
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3037:
3034:Periodic Table
3028:
3027:External links
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2599:"Potash facts"
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2527:
2518:, pp. 147–175
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612:
609:
608:102 (0.0102%)
606:
603:
600:
595:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:145 (0.0145%)
562:
559:
556:
551:
547:
546:
543:
542:165 (0.0165%)
540:
537:
534:
529:
525:
524:
523:9,700,000,000
521:
518:
515:
512:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
463:
459:
458:
455:
454:425 (0.0425%)
452:
449:
446:
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:585 (0.0585%)
430:
427:
424:
419:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
397:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
375:
371:
370:
367:
366:1,400 (0.14%)
364:
361:
358:
353:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
331:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
309:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
287:
283:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
265:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
243:
239:
238:
237:1,150,000,000
235:
232:
229:
226:
221:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
199:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
177:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
155:
151:
150:
142:
139:
134:
131:
128:
111:
108:
63:
60:
50:
47:
41:
38:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3137:
3126:
3125:Earth's crust
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:Eric Scerri,
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2857:
2856:RSC Education
2853:
2846:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2649:
2643:
2628:
2627:www.irena.org
2624:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2497:
2496:pubs.usgs.gov
2493:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:Clarke number
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
956:
953:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:14 (0.0014%)
934:
931:
929:
926:
923:
922:
918:
916:19 (0.0019%)
912:
909:
907:
904:
901:
900:
896:
894:19 (0.0019%)
890:
887:
885:
882:
879:
878:
874:
868:
865:
863:
860:
857:
856:
852:
846:
843:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:22 (0.0022%)
824:
821:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:25 (0.0025%)
802:
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:33 (0.0033%)
780:
777:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
762:39 (0.0039%)
758:
755:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
736:
733:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
714:
711:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
692:
689:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
670:
667:
665:
662:
659:
658:
654:
652:84 (0.0084%)
648:
645:
643:
640:
637:
636:
632:
626:
623:
621:
618:
615:
614:
610:
604:
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:120 (0.012%)
582:
579:
577:
574:
571:
570:
566:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
548:
544:
538:
535:
533:
530:
527:
526:
522:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
504:
500:
498:350 (0.035%)
494:
491:
489:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:370 (0.037%)
472:
469:
467:
464:
461:
460:
456:
450:
447:
445:
442:
439:
438:
434:
428:
425:
423:
420:
417:
416:
412:
410:950 (0.095%)
406:
403:
401:
398:
395:
394:
390:
384:
381:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
362:
359:
357:
354:
351:
350:
346:
340:
337:
335:
332:
329:
328:
324:
318:
315:
313:
310:
307:
306:
302:
296:
293:
291:
288:
285:
284:
280:
274:
271:
269:
266:
263:
262:
258:
252:
249:
247:
244:
241:
240:
236:
230:
227:
225:
222:
219:
218:
214:
208:
205:
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
186:
183:
181:
178:
175:
174:
170:
164:
161:
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
135:
132:
129:
127:
126:
122:
121:
115:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
59:
57:
46:
37:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3090:. Retrieved
3087:earthref.org
3086:
3072:. Retrieved
3069:earthref.org
3068:
3057:
3039:
3019:
2999:
2995:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:
2957:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:
2933:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:
2908:
2897:. Retrieved
2893:
2884:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2822:
2818:
2808:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:
2686:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:
2662:
2651:. Retrieved
2642:
2631:. Retrieved
2629:. 2024-05-29
2626:
2617:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2569:
2546:
2538:
2515:
2510:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2468:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2416:
2388:
2381:
2066:protactinium
1993:Siderophile
1968:Siderophile
1943:Siderophile
1918:Siderophile
1892:Chalcophile
1867:Siderophile
1841:Siderophile
1815:Siderophile
1739:Chalcophile
1713:Siderophile
1687:Chalcophile
1661:Chalcophile
1635:Chalcophile
1609:Chalcophile
1583:Chalcophile
1557:Chalcophile
1455:Chalcophile
1412:Siderophile
1369:Siderophile
1347:Chalcophile
1325:Chalcophile
1260:Chalcophile
994:praseodymium
960:10 (0.001%)
935:Chalcophile
913:Chalcophile
897:140,000,000
872:20 (0.002%)
850:20 (0.002%)
803:Siderophile
718:60 (0.006%)
715:Chalcophile
674:70 (0.007%)
671:Chalcophile
649:Siderophile
630:90 (0.009%)
520:200 (0.02%)
495:Chalcophile
391:226,000,000
281:255,000,000
231:Siderophile
124:
113:
80:geochemistry
73:
52:
43:
17:
15:
2790:"Lanthanum"
2696:www.rsc.org
1870:0.0015 (1.5
1742:0.0085 (8.5
1531:Lithophile
1506:Lithophile
1481:Lithophile
1434:Lithophile
1391:Lithophile
1304:Lithophile
1282:Lithophile
1238:Lithophile
1216:Lithophile
1194:Lithophile
1173:Lithophile
1152:Lithophile
1131:Lithophile
1088:Lithophile
1067:Lithophile
1045:Lithophile
1023:Lithophile
1001:Lithophile
979:Lithophile
957:Lithophile
869:Lithophile
847:Lithophile
825:Lithophile
781:Lithophile
759:Lithophile
737:Lithophile
721:19,400,000
693:Lithophile
677:11,900,000
627:Lithophile
611:26,000,000
605:Lithophile
583:Lithophile
567:71,250,000
561:Lithophile
539:Lithophile
501:69,300,000
473:Lithophile
451:Lithophile
429:Lithophile
413:16,000,000
407:Lithophile
385:Lithophile
369:75,000,000
341:Lithophile
325:53,200,000
319:Lithophile
303:27,700,000
297:Lithophile
275:Lithophile
253:Lithophile
215:57,600,000
209:Lithophile
187:Lithophile
171:10,335,000
165:Lithophile
136:Goldschmidt
56:lanthanides
3104:Categories
3092:2024-03-22
3074:2024-03-22
3032:BookRags,
3002:(9): 446.
2972:2024-05-23
2948:2024-05-23
2924:2024-05-23
2915:"Samarium"
2899:2024-05-23
2861:2024-05-23
2836:2024-05-23
2799:2024-05-23
2774:2024-05-23
2750:2024-05-23
2725:2024-05-23
2701:2024-05-23
2677:2024-05-23
2653:2024-05-23
2633:2024-05-23
2623:"Hydrogen"
2608:2024-05-23
2583:2024-05-23
2524:0865421234
2501:2024-03-23
2373:References
2231:promethium
2211:technetium
2044:Atmophile
2019:Atmophile
1790:Atmophile
1765:Atmophile
1716:0.015 (1.5
1664:0.075 (7.5
1638:0.085 (8.5
1405:molybdenum
1110:Atmophile
1060:dysprosium
1038:gadolinium
963:9,400,000
941:4,820,000
891:Atmophile
655:2,250,000
545:1,460,000
517:Atmophile
457:6,000,000
378:phosphorus
363:Atmophile
347:6,600,000
193:7,200,000
144:Production
96:meteoroids
40:Reservoirs
3016:0021-9584
2852:"Thorium"
2460:0034-6861
2446:: 53–74.
2311:plutonium
2291:neptunium
2022:0.0001 (1
1996:0.0007 (7
1911:ruthenium
1885:tellurium
1706:palladium
1612:0.15 (1.5
1560:0.25 (2.5
1534:0.45 (4.5
1509:0.52 (5.2
1458:0.85 (8.5
1340:germanium
1187:beryllium
1124:ytterbium
752:lanthanum
730:neodymium
532:zirconium
466:strontium
400:manganese
312:potassium
290:magnesium
202:aluminium
32:(ppm) by
2870:cite web
2741:"Cerium"
2720:Statista
2672:Statista
2558:Archived
2329:See also
2271:francium
2251:astatine
2153:polonium
2124:actinium
1971:0.001 (1
1946:0.001 (1
1921:0.001 (1
1895:0.001 (1
1844:0.004 (4
1818:0.005 (5
1808:platinum
1793:0.005 (5
1768:0.008 (8
1680:selenium
1593:130,000
1576:antimony
1474:lutetium
1448:thallium
1418:227,000
1362:tungsten
1297:europium
1275:tantalum
1266:280,000
1244:391,000
1016:samarium
884:nitrogen
818:scandium
809:123,000
620:rubidium
598:chromium
576:vanadium
554:chlorine
479:350,000
422:fluorine
356:hydrogen
334:titanium
130:Element
2080:10 (1.4
2012:krypton
1986:rhenium
1961:rhodium
1936:iridium
1749:10,200
1732:bismuth
1690:0.05 (5
1671:27,000
1628:mercury
1619:23,000
1602:cadmium
1541:31,600
1499:thulium
1427:terbium
1384:holmium
1375:86,400
1331:36,500
1318:arsenic
1231:bromine
1222:74,119
1209:uranium
1166:caesium
1145:hafnium
972:thorium
906:gallium
875:64,000
862:niobium
853:35,000
840:lithium
774:yttrium
765:12,500
699:24,000
589:76,000
435:17,000
259:18,000
246:calcium
180:silicon
133:Symbol
22:crustal
3014:
2913:MMTA.
2788:MMTA.
2739:MMTA.
2564:. WNA.
2522:
2458:
2404:
2318:trace
2298:trace
2278:trace
2258:trace
2238:trace
2218:trace
2189:trace
2160:trace
2131:trace
2102:trace
2095:radium
2073:trace
1902:2,200
1860:osmium
1851:3,100
1758:helium
1697:2,200
1654:silver
1645:4,500
1586:0.2 (2
1550:indium
1524:iodine
1484:0.8 (8
1288:1,100
1081:erbium
1007:2,500
985:5,000
796:cobalt
787:6,000
743:7,000
708:copper
686:cerium
642:nickel
510:carbon
488:sulfur
444:barium
268:sodium
158:oxygen
149:/year
147:tonnes
2578:(PDF)
2200:10%)
2196:10 (4
2182:radon
2171:10%)
2167:10 (2
2142:10%)
2138:10 (6
2113:10%)
2109:10 (9
2084:10%)
2055:10%)
2051:10 (3
2037:xenon
2026:10%)
2003:47.2
2000:10%)
1975:10%)
1950:10%)
1925:10%)
1899:10%)
1874:10%)
1848:10%)
1822:10%)
1797:10%)
1772:10%)
1746:10%)
1720:10%)
1694:10%)
1668:10%)
1642:10%)
1616:10%)
1590:10%)
1564:10%)
1538:10%)
1513:10%)
1488:10%)
1462:10%)
1103:argon
950:boron
3012:ISSN
2943:RWMM
2919:MMTA
2876:link
2794:MMTA
2745:MMTA
2520:ISBN
2456:ISSN
2402:ISBN
1834:gold
1825:172
1783:neon
1723:208
1567:655
1353:155
1200:220
1094:500
1051:400
1029:700
928:lead
919:315
664:zinc
224:iron
102:and
78:and
34:mass
16:The
3004:doi
2827:doi
2823:401
2475:doi
2448:doi
2394:doi
2315:Pu
2307:94
2295:Np
2287:93
2275:Fr
2267:87
2255:At
2247:85
2235:Pm
2227:61
2215:Tc
2207:43
2186:Rn
2178:86
2157:Po
2149:84
2134:5.5
2128:Ac
2120:89
2099:Ra
2091:88
2076:1.4
2070:Pa
2062:91
2041:Xe
2033:54
2016:Kr
2008:36
1990:Re
1982:75
1965:Rh
1957:45
1940:Ir
1932:77
1915:Ru
1907:44
1889:Te
1881:52
1864:Os
1856:76
1838:Au
1830:79
1812:Pt
1804:78
1787:Ne
1779:10
1762:He
1736:Bi
1728:83
1710:Pd
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1684:Se
1676:34
1658:Ag
1650:47
1632:Hg
1624:80
1606:Cd
1598:48
1580:Sb
1572:51
1554:In
1546:49
1520:53
1503:Tm
1495:69
1478:Lu
1470:71
1465:10
1452:Tl
1444:81
1431:Tb
1423:65
1409:Mo
1401:42
1388:Ho
1380:67
1358:74
1344:Ge
1336:32
1322:As
1314:33
1301:Eu
1293:63
1279:Ta
1271:73
1257:Sn
1253:tin
1249:50
1235:Br
1227:35
1205:92
1191:Be
1170:Cs
1162:55
1149:Hf
1141:72
1128:Yb
1120:70
1107:Ar
1099:18
1085:Er
1077:68
1064:Dy
1056:66
1042:Gd
1034:64
1020:Sm
1012:62
998:Pr
990:59
976:Th
968:90
932:Pb
924:82
910:Ga
902:31
866:Nb
858:41
844:Li
831:14
822:Sc
814:21
800:Co
792:27
770:39
756:La
748:57
734:Nd
726:60
712:Cu
704:29
690:Ce
682:58
668:Zn
660:30
646:Ni
638:28
624:Rb
616:37
602:Cr
594:24
572:23
558:Cl
550:17
536:Zr
528:40
484:16
470:Sr
462:38
448:Ba
440:56
404:Mn
396:25
374:15
338:Ti
330:22
308:19
294:Mg
286:12
272:Na
264:11
250:Ca
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