Abundance of the chemical elements

1258: 645:), a plot of the proton versus neutron numbers of all matter both ordinary and exotic, containing hundreds of stable isotopes and thousands more that are unstable. The Segrè plot is initially linear because (aside from hydrogen) the vast majority of ordinary matter (99.4% in the Solar System) contains an equal number of protons and neutrons (Z=N). To be sure, 74% ordinary matter exists as mononucleonic protons (hydrogen). But when nucleons combine to form stable nuclides, they combine in a ratio of one part proton to one part neutron in 99.4% of ordinary matter. The structural basis of the equality of nucleon numbers in baryonic matter is one of the simplest and most profound unsolved mysteries of the atomic nucleus. 7438: 6182: 3365: 1353: 744: 590: 784: 7450: 7411: 7498: 2805: 6164: 1297: 84:

methane). The crust, mantle, and core of the Earth show evidence of chemical segregation plus some sequestration by density. Lighter silicates of aluminium are found in the crust, with more magnesium silicate in the mantle, while metallic iron and nickel compose the core. The abundance of elements in specialized environments, such as atmospheres, oceans, or the human body, are primarily a product of chemical interactions with the medium in which they reside.

7375: 5897: 3020:. However, in contrast to the ordinary base and precious metals, rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. Furthermore, the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other, and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements. 6173: 5909: 7474: 7399: 7387: 4015:, the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to their extreme similarity. The stable early lanthanides La–Nd are known to stimulate the growth of various lanthanide-using organisms, and Sm–Gd show lesser effects for some such organisms. The later elements in the lanthanide series do not appear to have such effects.) 7486: 2874:(a metalloid) – in the yellow field. These are rare in the crust from being soluble in iron and thus concentrated in Earth's core. Tellurium is the single most depleted element in the silicate Earth relative to cosmic abundance, because in addition to being concentrated as dense chalcogenides in the core it was severely depleted by preaccretional sorting in the nebula as volatile 7462: 2890:(number 61) would be. These elements are surrounded by stable elements, yet their most stable isotopes have relatively short half lives (~4 million years and ~18 years respectively). These are thus extremely rare, since any primordial amounts of these elements have long since decayed. These two elements are now only produced naturally through 1302:

A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the estimated abundances of the chemical elements in which the relative abundance of even atomic numbers is roughly 2 orders of magnitude greater than the relative abundance

709:

The table shows the ten most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass. Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being

83:

The abundance of elements in the Sun and outer planets is similar to that in the universe. Due to solar heating, the elements of Earth and the inner rocky planets of the Solar System have undergone an additional depletion of volatile hydrogen, helium, neon, nitrogen, and carbon (which volatilizes as

1341:

are reported as logarithms of the ratio with hydrogen. Hydrogen is set to an abundance of 12 on this scale. The Sun's photosphere consists mostly of hydrogen and helium; the helium abundance varies between about 10.3 and 10.5 depending on the phase of the solar cycle; carbon is 8.47, neon is 8.29,

3144:

According to the abundance curve graph, argon, a significant if not major component of the atmosphere, does not appear in the crust at all. This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust, so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass fraction there, while at the

1425:

The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental-mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile

5052: 710:

viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are apparently uniform throughout the universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements.

1315:

than the binding energy for boron (an odd atomic number), as illustrated in the nuclear binding energy curve. Additionally, the alternation in the nuclear binding energy between even and odd atomic numbers resolves above oxygen as the graph increases steadily up to its peak at iron. The

667:

Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74% and 24% of all baryonic matter in the universe respectively. Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe, the remaining "heavy elements" can greatly influence astronomical phenomena. Only about 2% (by mass) of the

329:

mole fraction (fraction of total gas molecules), as well as the fraction of atmosphere by volume, of hydrogen to about 86%, and of helium to 13%. Below Jupiter's outer atmosphere, volume fractions are significantly different from mole fractions due to high temperatures (ionization and

3040:

Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. In most rare earth ore deposits, the first four rare earth elements –

2825:

The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is roughly: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminium 8.3%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a full list, see

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The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84%), hydrogen (10.82%), chlorine (1.94%), sodium (1.08%), magnesium (0.13%), sulfur (0.09%), calcium (0.04%), potassium (0.04%), bromine (0.007%), carbon (0.003%), and boron (0.0004%).

766:(helium nuclei), contributing to an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). The effect of odd-numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in the universe was empirically noticed in 1914, and is known as the 3141:(0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components. Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions. 1336:

Modern astronomy relies on understanding the abundance of elements in the Sun as part of cosmological models. Abundance values are difficult to obtain: even photospheric or observational abundances depend upon models of solar atmospherics and radiation coupling. These

2808:

Abundance (atom fraction) of the elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are rare due to multiple factors: all but one are the densest siderophiles (iron-loving) elements in the

1257: 3379:

O), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements:

1273:). Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides in withstanding the extremely energetic conditions of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the 3023:

Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in the upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects, one nuclear and one geochemical. First, the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers

729:) are rare, despite their low atomic number. They had little time to form in the Big Bang. They are produced in small quantities by nuclear fusion in dying stars or by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, caused by 4862:

Ultratrace minerals. Authors: Nielsen, Forrest H. USDA, ARS Source: Modern nutrition in health and disease / editors, Maurice E. Shils ... et al. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, c1999., p. 283-303. Issue Date: 1999 URI:

706:, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number. 679:, a "metal" is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This distinction is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang. Thus, the 702:, is particularly common, since it is the most stable nuclide (in that it has the highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon) and can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive 53:. Volume fraction is a common abundance measure in mixed gases such as planetary atmospheres, and is similar in value to molecular mole fraction for gas mixtures at relatively low densities and pressures, and 3007:

are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, or lead. The two least abundant stable rare earth elements

196: 2970:

are the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form

633:

There are 80 known stable elements, and the lightest 16 comprise 99.9% of the ordinary matter of the universe. These same 16 elements, hydrogen through sulfur, fall on the initial linear portion of the

3071:

The mass-abundance of the seven most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle is approximately: oxygen 44.3%, magnesium 22.3%, silicon 21.3%, iron 6.32%, calcium 2.48%, aluminium 2.29%, nickel 0.19%.

1311:

in the neighborhood of carbon and oxygen, but here the loose correlation between relative abundance and binding energy ends. The binding energy for beryllium (an even atomic number), for example, is

2833:

The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust—the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.

548:, despite their low atomic number, are rare because, although they are produced by nuclear fusion, they are destroyed by other reactions in the stars. Their natural occurrence is the result of 556:. Elements of higher atomic numbers than iron (element 26) become progressively rarer in the universe, because they increasingly absorb stellar energy in their production. Also, elements with 3436:

are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.

552:

of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in a type of nuclear fission reaction. The elements from carbon to iron are relatively more abundant in the universe because of the ease of making them in

2956:) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from 3464: 5024:

Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview".

629:(large blue circle) comprises 74% of the ordinary matter of the universe. Color=nucleosynthetic process: Blue=Big Bang, Green=dying low-mass stars, Yellow=exploding massive stars. 249: 3424:(Mg). Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more 4778: 1429:

The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space.

717:, the abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang. The next three elements in the periodic table ( 626: 117: 4455: 6724: 6494: 6454: 5946: 783: 6655: 6630: 6620: 3089:, the core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. 925: 2914:. Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars, where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes. 5130: 216: 7026: 6354: 6295: 6203: 3457: 7115: 6931: 6866: 6806: 6734: 6640: 6534: 6404: 6359: 6030: 7195: 4529:

Pietrow, A. G. M.; Hoppe, R.; Bergemann, M.; Calvo, F. (2023). "Solar oxygen abundance using SST/CRISP center-to-limb observations of the O I 7772 Å line".

6660: 6504: 6474: 5702: 1261:

Binding energy per nucleon for a selection of nuclides. The nuclide with the highest value, Ni, does not appear. The horizontal lines are at 8 and 8.5 MeV.

743: 6590: 6570: 6243: 5712: 6615: 5762: 4476:

Alterman, Benjamin L.; Kasper, Justin C.; Leamon, Robert J.; McIntosh, Scott W. (April 2021). "Solar wind helium abundance heralds solar cycle onset".

122: 5859: 5737: 3450: 6253: 5955: 6610: 5939: 5742: 5717: 5163: 6280: 5697: 5413: 1432:

The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic fraction), mainly from this element being retained in

3003:"Rare" earth elements is a historical misnomer. The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity. The more abundant 6826: 6223: 5826: 4062: 6374: 5836: 5831: 3155: 524:

The abundance of chemical elements in the universe is dominated by the large amounts of hydrogen and helium which were produced during the

60:

The abundance of chemical elements in the universe is dominated by the large amounts of hydrogen and helium which were produced during the

6285: 5772: 5732: 5727: 5687: 3098: 1376: 5932: 5747: 5682: 5468: 4669: 7153: 6469: 5841: 5821: 5608: 4034: 2827: 2799: 578:

is second. All others are orders of magnitude less common. After this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the

7523: 5677: 5641: 4768: 750: 4830:

Nielsen, Forrest H. (1998). "Ultratrace minerals.". In Maurice E. Shils; James A. Olsen; Moshe Shine; A. Catharine Ross (eds.).

6685: 6444: 6364: 5722: 5672: 4443: 4029: 3086: 5767: 5692: 5603: 4814: 4423: 4230:

Trimble, Virginia (1996). "The Origin and Evolution of the Chemical Elements". In Malkan, Matthew A.; Zuckerman, Ben (eds.).

596:

Isotopes with equal numbers of protons and neutrons are unusually abundant. Relative abundance is proportional to the area.

568:), and among the lightest nuclides helium through sulfur the most abundant isotopes of equal number of protons and neutrons. 7066: 5106: 1308: 1266: 4206: 2813:, meaning they mix well with metallic iron, depleting them by relocating them deeper into Earth's core. Their abundance in 5201: 5156: 2921:

would be, since they are not chemically bound in the Earth's crust, and so their crustal abundance is not well-defined.

92:

Abundance of each element is expressed as a relative number. Astronomy uses a logarithmic abundance scale for abundance

7318: 5636: 4847: 4214: 3032:

Nd, ...) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers (

4924:

Enderle J, Klink U, di Giuseppe R, Koch M, Seidel U, Weber K, Birringer M, Ratjen I, Rimbach G, Lieb W (August 2020).

7218: 5809: 5135: 4277: 4243: 4184: 4178: 1375:

formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the

4977:"Bromine is an essential trace element for assembly of collagen IV scaffolds in tissue development and architecture" 790: 24: 7343: 5757: 5631: 5912: 5794: 5149: 4926:"Plasma Lithium Levels in a General Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Metabolic and Dietary Correlates" 4695: 1440:

Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth. The right two columns give the fraction of the mass in

5368: 2817:

is higher. Tellurium has also been depleted by preaccretional sorting in the nebula via formation of volatile

7268: 5786: 5707: 5597: 4235: 3174: 4877:"Is Lithium a Micronutrient? From Biological Activity and Epidemiological Observation to Food Fortification" 7303: 4091: 6499: 5816: 1317: 221: 5378: 5373: 4582: 7428: 5651: 4269: 4045: 2810: 557: 69: 4708: 31:

relative to all other elements in a given environment. Abundance is measured in one of three ways: by

7258: 7253: 6434: 5584: 3120: 1265:

Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the

553: 252: 32: 317:

for hydrogen is 92%, and for helium is 8%, in these environments. Changing the given environment to

7298: 5186: 657: 95: 5804: 600: 7518: 7378: 5900: 5869: 5363: 5320: 5191: 3125:

The order of elements by volume fraction (which is approximately molecular mole fraction) in the

5138:

Lists of elemental abundances for the Universe, Sun, meteorites, Earth, ocean, streamwater, etc.

2836:

Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories:

7233: 6198: 6108: 5985: 5980: 5390: 5217: 2840:

rock-forming elements (major elements in green field, and minor elements in light green field);

1328:, gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy. 1289: 5623: 3057:– constitute 80% to 99% of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore. 2995:

that easily boil away into space from the heat of planetary formation and/or the Sun's light.

7442: 7288: 7263: 6901: 6519: 6066: 5864: 5445: 4451: 3126: 1304: 767: 730: 565: 549: 318: 77: 4552: 3080: 7349: 7333: 6958: 6329: 6300: 6181: 6005: 5546: 5230: 4620: 4548: 4495: 4388: 4345: 4310: 4057: 47:(fraction of atoms by numerical count, or sometimes fraction of molecules in gases), or by 8: 7293: 7273: 7086: 6776: 6264: 6128: 6103: 6071: 5990: 5463: 3364: 3145:

same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant.

2891: 652:, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the 270:

is about 89%, because that is the fraction of water's mass which is oxygen. However, the

4624: 4499: 4392: 4349: 4314: 3105: 528:. Remaining elements, making up only about 2% of the universe, were largely produced by 64:. Remaining elements, making up only about 2% of the universe, were largely produced by 7391: 7313: 7283: 7228: 7105: 7081: 6580: 6514: 6379: 6339: 6190: 6153: 6113: 6092: 6035: 6010: 5551: 5511: 5001: 4976: 4952: 4925: 4901: 4876: 4773: 4746: 4564: 4538: 4511: 4485: 4361: 4103: 4051: 3004: 2875: 2843: 2818: 1441: 1359:

cube of relative abundance by mass of elements of the entire Earth down to around 1 ppm

201: 4643: 4608: 3371:

cube of relative abundance by mass of elements in an average adult human down to 1 ppm

1307:). A similar alternation between even and odd atomic numbers can be observed in the 7338: 6921: 6821: 6791: 6709: 6449: 6334: 6290: 6238: 6045: 6040: 5972: 5646: 5516: 5095:"Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology | USGS Fact Sheet 087-02" 5006: 4957: 4906: 4843: 4810: 4750: 4738: 4691: 4648: 4568: 4515: 4419: 4414:

Bell, Jerry A.; GenChem Editorial/Writing Team (2005). "Chapter 3: Origin of Atoms".

4400: 4365: 4283: 4273: 4239: 4210: 4174: 4121: 4039: 3368: 3066: 2957: 1433: 1356: 793:

Estimated abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System (logarithmic scale)

635: 5924: 5110: 5037: 4009: No evidence for biological action in mammals, but essential in some organisms. 1352: 7478: 7466: 7454: 7415: 7403: 7323: 7223: 7128: 7076: 6509: 6384: 6349: 6270: 6258: 6218: 6123: 6056: 5881: 5799: 5575: 5440: 5398: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5094: 5060: 5033: 4996: 4988: 4947: 4937: 4896: 4888: 4835: 4728: 4720: 4638: 4628: 4556: 4503: 4396: 4353: 4318: 4113: 2972: 1380: 737:

stars, they are produced by nuclear fusion, but then destroyed by other reactions.

669: 649: 360: 28: 4975:

McCall AS, Cummings CF, Bhave G, Vanacore R, Page-McCaw A, Hudson BG (June 2014).

4560: 4117: 2910:

that exist in uranium ores), or by the interaction of certain other elements with

1366: 589: 7011: 6986: 6524: 6464: 6248: 6148: 6133: 6118: 6025: 6015: 5752: 5613: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 4724: 3995: 1281: 345: 49: 7502: 7248: 7213: 6996: 6886: 6851: 6836: 6771: 6766: 6665: 6565: 6484: 6459: 6424: 6369: 6344: 6213: 6061: 5561: 5556: 5526: 5521: 5506: 5172: 4992: 4507: 4140: 2859: 2852: 1422:(1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. 1285: 763: 714: 561: 353: 349: 73: 5124: 4892: 4203:

Galaxy Evolution: Connecting the Distant Universe with the Local Fossil Record

2849:

major industrial metals (global production >~3×10 kg/year; labeled in red);

1383:

caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements.

7512: 7278: 7133: 7016: 6991: 6972: 6916: 6796: 6754: 6749: 6489: 6479: 6439: 6314: 6208: 6163: 6138: 6020: 6000: 4742: 4709:"The elemental abundances (with uncertainties) of the most Earth-like planet" 4322: 4125: 3425: 579: 368: 331: 57:

mixtures. Most abundance values in this article are given as mass fractions.

43: 4633: 4336:

Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). "Abundances of the elements in the solar system".

4287: 7490: 7354: 7208: 7061: 7001: 6981: 6953: 6881: 6761: 6744: 6699: 6650: 6555: 6275: 6228: 6076: 5876: 5541: 5536: 5290: 5225: 5064: 5053:"Essential and Ubiquitous: The Emergence of Lanthanide Metallobiochemistry" 5010: 4961: 4910: 4707:

Wang, Haiyang S.; Lineweaver, Charles H.; Ireland, Trevor R. (2018-01-01).

4652: 4379:

Anders, E.; Ebihara, M. (1982). "Solar-system abundances of the elements".

3050: 2945: 1107: 1091: 1059: 963: 802: 774: 16:

Measure of the relative occurrences of chemical elements in a given context

7328: 7238: 7203: 7170: 7096: 7071: 6911: 6816: 6786: 6670: 6585: 6575: 6305: 6233: 5656: 5531: 5285: 4806: 4764: 2895: 891: 814: 687:

or other object is an indication of stellar activity after the Big Bang.

680: 272: 1296: 773:

The following graph (note log scale) shows abundance of elements in the

7243: 7185: 7148: 7123: 7021: 6831: 6694: 5430: 4942: 4839: 4733: 4357: 4012: 3401: 3243: 2911: 2887: 2883: 2804: 1219: 1187: 1139: 1027: 947: 827: 294: 7497: 4201:

Vangioni-Flam, Elisabeth; Cassé, Michel (2012). Spite, Monique (ed.).

4168: 2924:

The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements (

1444:(ppm) and the fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion (ppb). 7175: 7040: 6876: 6680: 6560: 6414: 6389: 5486: 5455: 5310: 5300: 5295: 4583:"Abundance Ratios and Galactic Chemical Evolution - Andrew McWilliam" 3421: 3405: 3293: 3253: 3163: 3154:

For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see

3054: 3042: 2953: 2949: 2918: 2907: 2871: 2814: 1419: 1403: 1203: 1155: 1075: 995: 875: 859: 734: 722: 703: 695: 676: 541: 533: 529: 490: 298: 65: 54: 4864: 7143: 7055: 6856: 6719: 6704: 6675: 6544: 6319: 6143: 6087: 6081: 6050: 5995: 5963: 5478: 5435: 4543: 4490: 4108: 3413: 3389: 3381: 3353: 3273: 3223: 3213: 3130: 3013: 2984: 2976: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2925: 1274: 1123: 1011: 843: 653: 571: 525: 464: 386: 322: 306: 290: 61: 4834:. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 283–303. 4672:. quake.mit.edu, archived by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. 4413: 7308: 7138: 7091: 7050: 7006: 6948: 6943: 6906: 6896: 6891: 6846: 6841: 6781: 6714: 6605: 6600: 6550: 6429: 6419: 6172: 5305: 5141: 4054: – Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth) 3433: 3397: 3233: 3009: 2992: 2988: 2967: 2903: 2899: 2867: 1415: 1399: 1235: 1171: 1043: 979: 907: 809: 762:, have been produced in dying or supernova stars by buildup from 718: 699: 698:, or by smaller stars in the process of dying. One type of Iron, 537: 477: 302: 4301:

Suess, Hans; Urey, Harold (1956). "Abundances of the Elements".

4139:

Chemistry (IUPAC), The International Union of Pure and Applied.

648:

The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the

191:{\displaystyle \log \epsilon _{X}\equiv \log(N_{X}/N_{H})+12.00} 7359: 7180: 7162: 6625: 6595: 6097: 3417: 3409: 3393: 3385: 3343: 3323: 3313: 3283: 3263: 3203: 3193: 3134: 3046: 2980: 2963: 2937: 1411: 1407: 1395: 759: 684: 583: 575: 503: 425: 412: 399: 310: 259: 1292:, etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. 753:

Periodic table showing the cosmological origin of each element

660:. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside of 6394: 6324: 5422: 3439:

Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements.

3429: 3138: 1436:

which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure.

1372: 726: 545: 263: 4475: 675:

These other elements are generated by stellar processes. In

5125:

List of elements in order of abundance in the Earth's crust

5023: 4974: 4923: 3980: 3404:(P) . The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: 3333: 3303: 3017: 2917:

There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six

2863: 1391: 691: 661: 451: 438: 278: 7485: 4686:

Anderson, Don L.; ‘Chemical Composition of the Mantle’ in

4528: 4430:

Correlations between abundance and nuclear binding energy

1277:, and during the development of the universe thereafter. 924: 76:, due to favorable energetics of formation, known as the 4606: 4090:

Asplund, M.; Amarsi, A. M.; Grevesse, N. (2021-09-01).

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Abundances of the elements (data page) § Sea water

1390:

10 kg. In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of

560:

are generally more common than their neighbors in the

72:

are generally more common than their neighbors in the

7426: 5954: 4706: 4416:

Chemistry: a project of the American Chemical Society

4089: 1252: 603: 224: 204: 125: 98: 5131:

Cosmic abundance of the elements and nucleosynthesis

4769:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted" 4609:"Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury" 4085: 4083: 694:are made by large stars in the process of becoming 5127:(only correct for the twenty most common elements) 4200: 4003: Essentiality or function in mammals debated 3156:Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils 2846:(lanthanides (La–Lu), Sc, and Y; labeled in blue); 620: 243: 210: 190: 111: 2882:There are two breaks where the unstable elements 285:O, is oxygen. As another example, looking at the 7510: 4874: 4092:"The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision" 4080: 564:, due to favorable energetics of formation (see 5017: 4613:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3375:By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (H 330:disproportionation) and high density where the 4600: 1342:oxygen is 7.69 and iron is estimated at 7.62. 574:is the most abundant element in the Universe; 119:of element X relative to Hydrogen, defined by 5940: 5157: 4868: 4378: 4196: 4194: 4138: 4063:List of data references for chemical elements 3458: 3428:may play some role in the health of mammals. 289:abundance of hydrogen and helium in both the 4757: 586:has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. 4917: 4682: 4680: 4678: 2975:. Other cosmically common elements such as 1386:The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.97 1377:formation and evolution of the Solar System 5947: 5933: 5164: 5150: 4191: 4162: 4160: 3465: 3451: 1295: 5000: 4951: 4941: 4900: 4732: 4642: 4632: 4542: 4489: 4300: 4268:(First ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: 4107: 4675: 4418:. New York : Freeman. pp. 191–193. 4259: 4257: 4255: 4232:The origin and evolution of the universe 4166: 3363: 3016:) are nearly 200 times more common than 2803: 1351: 588: 5057:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 5050: 4968: 4829: 4664: 4662: 4335: 4229: 4157: 672:'s disk is composed of heavy elements. 7511: 4832:Modern nutrition in health and disease 4763: 4435: 4407: 4263: 4223: 4035:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust 4030:Abundances of the elements (data page) 3180:Elemental abundance in the human body 3121:Atmosphere of Earth § Composition 2998: 2828:abundance of elements in Earth's crust 2800:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust 5928: 5145: 4800: 4444:"Semi-empirical Nuclear Mass Formula" 4252: 4207:Springer Science & Business Media 1338: 37:(in commercial contexts often called 4659: 4448:PHY357: Strings & Binding Energy 3864: 3106:Seawater § Chemical composition 5908: 4875:Szklarska D, Rzymski P (May 2019). 4781:from the original on 3 October 2013 2858:the nine rarest "metals" – the six 822:Atom fraction in parts per million 819:Mass fraction in parts per million 255:or, equivalently, percent by mass. 244:{\displaystyle \epsilon _{H}=12.00} 87: 13: 7319:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 5171: 5107:"Imagine the Universe! Dictionary" 5051:Daumann, Lena J. (25 April 2019). 4607:Morgan, J. W.; Anders, E. (1980). 4441: 4048: – Geochemical classification 3674: 3551: 1284:for an explanation of how certain 1256: 1253:Relation to nuclear binding energy 21:abundance of the chemical elements 14: 7535: 7219:Atomic and molecular astrophysics 5956:Molecules detected in outer space 5118: 5109:. 3 December 2003. Archived from 5026:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 3869: 3854: 3658: 3599: 3571: 3535: 1367:Earth § Chemical composition 758:Heavier elements, beginning with 325:while helium is not, changes the 266:can be measured in two ways: the 7496: 7484: 7472: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7374: 7373: 6180: 6171: 6162: 5907: 5896: 5895: 4187:from the original on 2011-05-13. 4141:"IUPAC - mass fraction (M03722)" 3741: 3640: 3594: 3589: 3561: 3520: 3510: 3476: 2987:form volatile compounds such as 923: 782: 742: 359:Ten most common elements in the 251:on this scale. Another scale is 7524:Properties of chemical elements 7344:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 5044: 5038:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013 4856: 4823: 4793: 4700: 4575: 4522: 4469: 4458:from the original on 2011-07-24 4381:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 4167:Croswell, Ken (February 1996). 3694: 3645: 3635: 3576: 3546: 3489: 5226:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals) 4372: 4329: 4294: 4266:Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis 4132: 3859: 3713: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3556: 3530: 3515: 3505: 3148: 3081:Structure of Earth § Core 258:For example, the abundance of 179: 151: 1: 7269:Extraterrestrial liquid water 5768:Thermal expansion coefficient 5464:Lists of metalloids by source 4236:Jones and Bartlett Publishers 4068: 3500: 3175:Composition of the human body 3168: 3114: 1339:astronomical abundance values 1326:Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula 621:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{1}H}}} 112:{\displaystyle \epsilon _{X}} 5087: 4725:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.024 4670:The composition of the Earth 4531:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4401:10.1016/0016-7037(82)90208-3 4096:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4073: 3624: 3604: 1381:natural history of the Earth 1309:nuclear binding energy curve 1288:processes in stars (such as 1267:nuclear binding energy curve 594:The most abundant isotopes - 363:estimated spectroscopically 277:is about 33% because only 1 7: 6500:Protonated hydrogen cyanide 5507:Platinum-group metals (PGM) 5210:By periodic table structure 4561:10.1051/0004-6361/202346387 4118:10.1051/0004-6361/202140445 4023: 3981:four basic organic elements 3702: 3445: 1318:semi-empirical mass formula 690:In general, elements up to 650:standard cosmological model 337: 10: 7540: 5652:Goldschmidt classification 4993:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009 4508:10.1007/s11207-021-01801-9 4270:Princeton University Press 4046:Goldschmidt classification 3842: 3539: 3496: 3480: 3172: 3161: 3118: 3103: 3096: 3078: 3064: 2906:, or the trace amounts of 2811:Goldschmidt classification 2797: 1364: 1271:binding energy per nucleon 343: 319:Jupiter's outer atmosphere 7368: 7259:Earliest known life forms 7254:Diffuse interstellar band 7194: 7114: 7039: 6930: 6865: 6805: 6733: 6725:Protonated cyanoacetylene 6639: 6533: 6495:Protonated carbon dioxide 6455:Hydromagnesium isocyanide 6403: 6189: 6160: 5971: 5962: 5890: 5852: 5785: 5665: 5622: 5583: 5574: 5499: 5477: 5454: 5421: 5411: 5389: 5319: 5231:2 (Alkaline earth metals) 5216: 5209: 5200: 5179: 4893:10.1007/s12011-018-1455-2 4303:Reviews of Modern Physics 3909: 3847: 3097:For a complete list, see 3060: 931: 922: 616: 554:supernova nucleosynthesis 7304:Iron–sulfur world theory 7299:Photodissociation region 7002:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene 5082: 4323:10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53 3988: Quantity elements 3092: 2960:of uranium and thorium. 2793: 1345: 658:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 656:, in a process known as 611: 605: 7379:Category:Astrochemistry 6969:, fullerene, buckyball) 6656:Cyanobutadiynyl radical 6631:Silicon-carbide cluster 6621:Protonated formaldehyde 5870:systematic element name 5842:in East Asian languages 5192:Extended periodic table 4801:Chang, Raymond (2007). 4634:10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973 4553:2023A&A...672L...6P 3074: 2886:(atomic number 43) and 1303:of odd atomic numbers ( 821: 818: 7392:Outer space portal 7234:Circumstellar envelope 6199:Aluminium(I) hydroxide 6109:Phosphorus mononitride 5986:Aluminium monofluoride 5981:Aluminium monochloride 5713:Electron configuration 5703:Electrical resistivity 5642:Electron configuration 5446:Post-transition metals 5065:10.1002/anie.201904090 4264:Arnett, David (1996). 4170:Alchemy of the Heavens 3372: 2822: 1461:Atomic fraction (ppb) 1360: 1331: 1280:See the article about 1262: 799:Most abundant nuclides 630: 622: 315:(atomic) mole fraction 293:as a whole and in the 245: 212: 192: 113: 7289:Interplanetary medium 7264:Extraterrestrial life 6902:Octatetraynyl radical 6520:Tricarbon monosulfide 6067:Magnesium monohydride 5547:Transuranium elements 4452:University of Toronto 4338:Space Science Reviews 3367: 3188:Proportion (by mass) 3164:Soil § Chemistry 2807: 1355: 1260: 731:cosmic ray spallation 623: 592: 550:cosmic ray spallation 246: 213: 193: 114: 7416:Chemistry portal 7404:Astronomy portal 7350:RNA world hypothesis 7334:PAH world hypothesis 7027:Heptatrienyl radical 6959:Buckminsterfullerene 6847:Methylcyanoacetylene 6355:Silicon carbonitride 6330:Methylidynephosphane 6296:Magnesium isocyanide 6204:Aluminium isocyanide 6006:Carbon monophosphide 5763:Thermal conductivity 5738:Heat of vaporization 5180:Periodic table forms 4668:William F McDonough 4587:ned.ipac.caltech.edu 4058:Radiative levitation 4042:– isotopic abundance 4011:(In the case of the 2855:(labeled in purple); 1458:Mass fraction (ppm) 1322:Weizsäcker's formula 1320:(SEMF), also called 601: 321:, where hydrogen is 222: 202: 123: 96: 23:is a measure of the 7294:Interstellar medium 7274:Forbidden mechanism 7087:Hydrogen isocyanide 6777:Hexatriynyl radical 6360:c-Silicon dicarbide 6265:Hydrogen isocyanide 6129:Silicon monosulfide 6104:Phosphorus monoxide 6072:Methylidyne radical 6031:Fluoromethylidynium 5991:Aluminium(II) oxide 5795:Element discoveries 5552:Superheavy elements 5512:Rare-earth elements 5113:on 3 December 2003. 5099:geopubs.wr.usgs.gov 4881:Biol Trace Elem Res 4688:Theory of the Earth 4625:1980PNAS...77.6973M 4500:2021SoPh..296...67A 4393:1982GeCoA..46.2363A 4350:1973SSRv...15..121C 4315:1956RvMP...28...53S 3446:Essential elements 3181: 3005:rare earth elements 2999:Rare-earth elements 2892:spontaneous fission 2844:rare earth elements 1445: 805: 558:even atomic numbers 364: 198:for number density 70:even atomic numbers 7314:Molecules in stars 7284:Intergalactic dust 7229:Circumstellar dust 7171:Naphthalene cation 7106:Trihydrogen cation 7082:Hydrogen deuteride 7007:Methyltriacetylene 6842:Hexapentaenylidene 6661:E-Cyanomethanimine 6581:Cyclopropenylidene 6515:Tricarbon monoxide 6505:Silicon tricarbide 6475:Methylene amidogen 6465:Isothiocyanic acid 6380:Thioxoethenylidene 6340:Trihydrogen cation 6154:Titanium(II) oxide 6114:Potassium chloride 6093:Sulfur mononitride 6036:Helium hydride ion 6011:Carbon monosulfide 4943:10.3390/nu12082489 4805:(Ninth ed.). 4774:The New York Times 4767:(3 October 2013). 4358:10.1007/BF00172440 4234:. Sudbury, Mass.: 4209:. pp. 77–86. 4145:goldbook.iupac.org 4052:Primordial nuclide 3373: 3179: 2898:elements (such as 2876:hydrogen telluride 2823: 2819:hydrogen telluride 1439: 1361: 1263: 798: 631: 618: 358: 241: 208: 188: 109: 7424: 7423: 7339:Pseudo-panspermia 7035: 7034: 6982:Cyanodecapentayne 6922:N-Methylformamide 6897:Methyldiacetylene 6822:Aminoacetonitrile 6792:Methyl isocyanate 6710:Methyl isocyanide 6591:Isocyanoacetylene 6571:Cyanoformaldehyde 6450:Hydrogen peroxide 6335:Potassium cyanide 6291:Magnesium cyanide 6244:Disilicon carbide 6239:Dicarbon monoxide 6046:Hydrogen fluoride 6041:Hydrogen chloride 5922: 5921: 5781: 5780: 5743:Ionization energy 5718:Electronegativity 5708:Electron affinity 5647:Electronegativity 5637:Crystal structure 5632:Aqueous chemistry 5609:Nuclear stability 5604:Atomic properties 5570: 5569: 5517:Refractory metals 5495: 5494: 5441:Transition metals 5407: 5406: 4816:978-0-07-110595-8 4619:(12): 6973–6977. 4425:978-0-7167-3126-9 4040:Natural abundance 4020: 4019: 3965: 3964: 3369:Parts-per-million 3362: 3361: 2973:silicate minerals 2958:radioactive decay 2791: 2790: 1442:parts per million 1434:silicate minerals 1357:Parts-per-million 1305:Oddo–Harkins rule 1269:(also called the 1250: 1249: 768:Oddo–Harkins rule 636:Table of Nuclides 612: 610: 609: 608: 566:Oddo–Harkins rule 522: 521: 334:is inapplicable. 299:gas-giant planets 211:{\displaystyle N} 78:Oddo–Harkins rule 29:chemical elements 7531: 7501: 7500: 7489: 7488: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7432: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7377: 7376: 7324:Organic compound 7224:Chemical formula 7129:Dihydroxyacetone 7077:Hydrogen cyanide 6762:Cyanodiacetylene 6616:Propadienylidene 6510:Thioformaldehyde 6385:Titanium dioxide 6350:Sodium hydroxide 6271:Hydrogen sulfide 6259:Hydrogen cyanide 6219:Carbonyl sulfide 6184: 6175: 6166: 6124:Silicon monoxide 6057:Hydroxyl radical 5969: 5968: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5911: 5910: 5899: 5898: 5882:Dmitri Mendeleev 5810:1869 predictions 5800:Dmitri Mendeleev 5581: 5580: 5419: 5418: 5399:Aufbau principle 5311:18 (Noble gases) 5214: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5202:Sets of elements 5166: 5159: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5114: 5102: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5004: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4945: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4904: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4799:Table data from 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4736: 4704: 4698: 4684: 4673: 4666: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4636: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4546: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4493: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4261: 4250: 4249: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4111: 4087: 4008: 4002: 3994: Essential 3993: 3987: 3978: 3967: 3966: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3743: 3715: 3704: 3696: 3676: 3660: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3578: 3573: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3537: 3532: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3491: 3478: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3443: 3442: 3182: 3178: 3087:mass segregation 1446: 1438: 1389: 1299: 927: 806: 797: 786: 746: 713:As shown in the 670:Milky Way galaxy 627: 625: 624: 619: 617: 606: 365: 361:Milky Way Galaxy 357: 305:, it is 74% for 281:of 3 in water, H 250: 248: 247: 242: 234: 233: 217: 215: 214: 209: 197: 195: 194: 189: 178: 177: 168: 163: 162: 141: 140: 118: 116: 115: 110: 108: 107: 88:Abundance values 68:. Elements with 7539: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7495: 7483: 7473: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7449: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7427: 7425: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7364: 7190: 7166: 7157: 7110: 7100: 7043: 7031: 7012:Propionaldehyde 6987:Ethylene glycol 6976: 6968: 6964: 6935: 6933: 6926: 6882:Cyanohexatriyne 6868: 6861: 6808: 6801: 6736: 6729: 6689: 6642: 6635: 6606:Methoxy radical 6536: 6529: 6525:Thiocyanic acid 6406: 6399: 6309: 6249:Ethynyl radical 6185: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6158: 6149:Sulfur monoxide 6134:Sodium chloride 6119:Silicon carbide 6026:Diatomic carbon 6016:Carbon monoxide 5958: 5953: 5923: 5918: 5886: 5848: 5777: 5753:Oxidation state 5661: 5618: 5566: 5562:Minor actinides 5557:Major actinides 5522:Precious metals 5491: 5473: 5450: 5403: 5385: 5315: 5301:16 (Chalcogens) 5296:15 (Pnictogens) 5196: 5175: 5170: 5136:WebElements.com 5121: 5105: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5049: 5045: 5022: 5018: 4973: 4969: 4922: 4918: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4762: 4758: 4705: 4701: 4685: 4676: 4667: 4660: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4527: 4523: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4459: 4442:Bailey, David. 4440: 4436: 4426: 4412: 4408: 4377: 4373: 4334: 4330: 4299: 4295: 4280: 4262: 4253: 4246: 4238:. p. 101. 4228: 4224: 4217: 4199: 4192: 4181: 4165: 4158: 4149: 4147: 4137: 4133: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3471: 3378: 3177: 3171: 3166: 3151: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3102: 3095: 3083: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3001: 2853:precious metals 2802: 2796: 1387: 1379:. In turn, the 1369: 1363: 1362: 1348: 1334: 1282:nucleosynthesis 1255: 934:Other nuclides: 800: 796: 795: 794: 792: 787: 764:alpha particles 756: 755: 754: 752: 747: 604: 602: 599: 598: 534:red giant stars 377: 356: 346:Nucleosynthesis 340: 309:and 23–25% for 284: 229: 225: 223: 220: 219: 203: 200: 199: 173: 169: 164: 158: 154: 136: 132: 124: 121: 120: 103: 99: 97: 94: 93: 90: 50:volume fraction 39:weight fraction 17: 12: 11: 5: 7537: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7519:Astrochemistry 7506: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7445: 7443:Earth sciences 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7406: 7394: 7382: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7249:Cosmochemistry 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7214:Astrochemistry 7211: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7067:Formyl radical 7064: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6997:Methyl acetate 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6887:Dimethyl ether 6884: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6852:Methyl formate 6849: 6844: 6839: 6837:Glycolaldehyde 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6772:Glycolonitrile 6769: 6767:Ethylene oxide 6764: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6741: 6739: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6666:Cyclopropenone 6663: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6566:Cyanoacetylene 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6485:Methyl radical 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460:Isocyanic acid 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6425:Isocyanic acid 6422: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6370:Sulfur dioxide 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6345:Sodium cyanide 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6254:Formyl radical 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6214:Carbon dioxide 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6062:Iron(II) oxide 6059: 6054: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5904: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5791: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5773:Vapor pressure 5770: 5765: 5760: 5758:Speed of sound 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5733:Heat of fusion 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5688:Critical point 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5589: 5587: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5527:Coinage metals 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5416: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5173:Periodic table 5169: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5128: 5120: 5119:External links 5117: 5116: 5115: 5103: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5043: 5016: 4987:(6): 1380–92. 4967: 4916: 4867: 4855: 4849:978-0683307696 4848: 4822: 4815: 4809:. p. 52. 4792: 4756: 4699: 4690:, pp. 147–175 4674: 4658: 4599: 4574: 4521: 4468: 4434: 4424: 4406: 4371: 4328: 4293: 4278: 4272:. p. 11. 4251: 4244: 4222: 4216:978-9401142137 4215: 4190: 4179: 4156: 4131: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4005: 3999: 3996:trace elements 3990: 3984: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3441: 3426:trace elements 3376: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3173:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3150: 3147: 3116: 3113: 3094: 3091: 3076: 3073: 3067:Earth's mantle 3065:Main article: 3062: 3059: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3000: 2997: 2894:of very heavy 2880: 2879: 2862:elements plus 2860:platinum group 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2798:Main article: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449:Atomic number 1426:hydrocarbons. 1350: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1333: 1330: 1290:carbon burning 1286:nuclear fusion 1254: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 988: 985: 982: 976: 975: 972: 969: 966: 960: 959: 956: 953: 950: 944: 943: 940: 937: 929: 928: 920: 919: 916: 913: 910: 904: 903: 900: 897: 894: 888: 887: 884: 881: 878: 872: 871: 868: 865: 862: 856: 855: 852: 849: 846: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 824: 823: 820: 817: 812: 789: 788: 781: 780: 779: 749: 748: 741: 740: 739: 715:periodic table 615: 562:periodic table 520: 519: 516: 513: 510: 509: 506: 501: 497: 496: 493: 488: 484: 483: 480: 475: 471: 470: 467: 462: 458: 457: 454: 449: 445: 444: 441: 436: 432: 431: 428: 423: 419: 418: 415: 410: 406: 405: 402: 397: 393: 392: 389: 384: 380: 379: 374: 371: 354:Astrochemistry 350:Cosmochemistry 339: 336: 282: 240: 237: 232: 228: 207: 187: 184: 181: 176: 172: 167: 161: 157: 153: 150: 147: 144: 139: 135: 131: 128: 106: 102: 89: 86: 74:periodic table 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7536: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7279:Homochirality 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134:Methoxyethane 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:Butyronitrile 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6992:Ethyl formate 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6971: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6929: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917:Propionitrile 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6797:Vinyl alcohol 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6755:Vinyl cyanide 6753: 6752: 6751: 6750:Acrylonitrile 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6715:Pentynylidyne 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:Methylenimine 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490:Propynylidyne 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6480:Methyl cation 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Fulminic acid 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315:Nitrous oxide 6313: 6311: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209:Amino radical 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139:Sodium iodide 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Cyano radical 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:Carbon cation 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5915: 5914: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:controversies 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748:Melting point 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5728:Heat capacity 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5683:Boiling point 5681: 5679: 5678:Atomic radius 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Native metals 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5469:Dividing line 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5410: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5306:17 (Halogens) 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4478:Solar Physics 4472: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4279:0-691-01147-8 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4247: 4245:0-7637-0030-4 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4180:0-385-47214-5 4176: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4161: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4014: 3997: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3072: 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fraction 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 362: 355: 351: 347: 342: 335: 333: 332:Ideal Gas Law 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287:mass fraction 280: 276: 274: 269: 268:mass fraction 265: 261: 256: 254: 253:mass fraction 238: 235: 230: 226: 205: 185: 182: 174: 170: 165: 159: 155: 148: 145: 142: 137: 133: 129: 126: 104: 100: 85: 81: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 56: 52: 51: 46: 45: 44:mole fraction 40: 36: 35: 34:mass fraction 30: 26: 22: 7372: 7355:Spectroscopy 7209:Astrobiology 7062:Formaldehyde 6954:Benzonitrile 6745:Acetaldehyde 6700:Methanethiol 6651:Acetonitrile 6556:Carbodiimide 6435:Formaldehyde 6430:Cyanoethynyl 6281:Iron cyanide 6276:Hydroperoxyl 6077:Nitric oxide 5906: 5894: 5877:Trivial name 5865:nomenclature 5593: 5537:Heavy metals 5532:Noble metals 5291:14 (Tetrels) 5187:Alternatives 5111:the original 5098: 5068:. 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Retrieved 4144: 4134: 4099: 4095: 3971: 3438: 3374: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3124: 3109: 3084: 3070: 3051:praseodymium 3022: 3002: 2962: 2946:protactinium 2923: 2916: 2881: 2835: 2832: 2824: 2404:praseodymium 1529:148,000,000 1512:150,000,000 1495:164,000,000 1478:482,000,000 1431: 1428: 1424: 1418:(1.5%), and 1385: 1370: 1335: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1301: 1294: 1279: 1270: 1264: 1108:Aluminium-27 1092:Magnesium-25 1060:Magnesium-26 964:Magnesium-24 933: 932: 803:Solar System 775:Solar System 772: 757: 712: 708: 689: 674: 666: 647: 642: 639: 632: 597: 593: 570: 532:and certain 523: 341: 326: 314: 313:; while the 286: 271: 267: 257: 91: 82: 59: 48: 42: 38: 33: 20: 18: 7329:Outer space 7239:Cosmic dust 7204:Abiogenesis 7116:Unconfirmed 7072:Heavy water 6912:Ethanethiol 6827:Cyanoallene 6817:Acetic acid 6787:Methylamine 6671:Diacetylene 6586:Formic acid 6576:Cyanomethyl 6234:Diazenylium 6224:CCP radical 6100:(molecular) 6084:(molecular) 6053:(molecular) 5913:WikiProject 5657:Term symbol 5487:Noble gases 5431:Lanthanides 5414:metallicity 5286:13 (Triels) 5032:: 120–129. 4936:(8): 2489. 4840:10113/46493 4807:McGraw-Hill 4734:1885/139094 4719:: 460–474. 4013:lanthanides 3149:Urban soils 2919:noble gases 2912:cosmic rays 2896:radioactive 1563:11,100,000 1546:15,300,000 892:Nitrogen-14 681:metallicity 295:atmospheres 7513:Categories 7244:Cosmic ray 7186:Silylidyne 7149:Hemolithin 7124:Anthracene 7041:Deuterated 7022:Pyrimidine 6832:Ethanimine 6695:Ketenimine 6551:Butadiynyl 6375:Thioformyl 6229:Chloronium 5837:for people 5832:for places 5805:1871 table 5698:Elasticity 5666:Data pages 5624:Properties 5500:Other sets 5456:Metalloids 4696:0865421234 4544:2304.01048 4491:2006.04669 4462:2011-03-31 4344:(1): 121. 4173:. Anchor. 4150:2024-05-29 4109:2105.01661 4069:References 3979: The 3420:(Na), and 3402:phosphorus 3400:(Ca), and 3358:< 0.01 3348:< 0.05 3338:< 0.05 3328:< 0.05 3318:< 0.05 3308:< 0.05 3244:Phosphorus 3169:Human body 3162:See also: 3127:atmosphere 3119:See also: 3115:Atmosphere 3104:See also: 3079:See also: 2888:promethium 2884:technetium 2815:meteoroids 2285:gadolinium 2268:dysprosium 2047:molybdenum 1682:1,020,000 1673:phosphorus 1665:1,600,000 1648:2,000,000 1631:2,300,000 1614:5,150,000 1597:6,700,000 1580:8,010,000 1365:See also: 1220:Silicon-30 1188:Silicon-29 1140:Calcium-40 1028:Hydrogen-2 948:Silicon-28 828:Hydrogen-1 696:supernovae 643:Segrè plot 530:supernovae 344:See also: 66:supernovae 25:occurrence 7479:Astronomy 7467:Geography 7455:Chemistry 7176:Phosphine 7044:molecules 6977:fullerene 6877:Acetamide 6681:Formamide 6561:Cyanamide 6415:Acetylene 6390:Tricarbon 6301:Methylene 6286:Isoformyl 6191:Triatomic 5964:Molecules 5822:etymology 5673:Abundance 5598:in humans 5594:Abundance 5479:Nonmetals 5436:Actinides 5088:Notations 4930:Nutrients 4803:Chemistry 4785:3 October 4751:119434532 4743:0019-1035 4569:257912497 4537:(4): L6. 4516:233738140 4484:(4): 67. 4366:120201972 4309:(1): 53. 4126:0004-6361 4074:Footnotes 3422:magnesium 3406:potassium 3294:Magnesium 3254:Potassium 3137:(20.9%), 3133:(78.1%), 3055:neodymium 3043:lanthanum 2954:plutonium 2950:neptunium 2908:plutonium 2387:ytterbium 2302:tellurium 2251:lanthanum 2149:beryllium 2132:neodymium 2098:palladium 2064:ruthenium 1928:zirconium 1911:germanium 1894:strontium 1741:potassium 1690:manganese 1537:aluminium 1486:magnesium 1420:aluminium 1406:(13.9%), 1404:magnesium 1402:(15.1%), 1398:(30.1%), 1394:(32.1%), 1204:Nickel-58 1156:Sodium-23 1076:Carbon-13 996:Sulfur-32 876:Carbon-12 860:Oxygen-16 735:supernova 723:beryllium 704:nickel-56 677:astronomy 542:beryllium 491:Magnesium 327:molecular 227:ϵ 149:⁡ 143:≡ 134:ϵ 130:⁡ 101:ϵ 55:ideal gas 7163:Linear C 7144:Graphene 7056:Ammonium 6857:Acrolein 6720:Propynal 6705:Methanol 6676:Ethylene 6545:Ammonium 6320:Nitroxyl 6144:Sulfanyl 6088:Imidogen 6082:Nitrogen 6051:Hydrogen 5996:Argonium 5973:Diatomic 5901:Category 5853:See also 5723:Hardness 5576:Elements 5011:24906154 4962:32824874 4911:30066063 4779:Archived 4653:16592930 4456:Archived 4288:33162440 4185:Archived 4102:: A141. 4024:See also 3414:chlorine 3390:nitrogen 3382:hydrogen 3354:Selenium 3274:Chlorine 3224:Nitrogen 3214:Hydrogen 3131:nitrogen 3014:lutetium 2985:nitrogen 2977:hydrogen 2942:actinium 2934:francium 2930:astatine 2926:polonium 2761:thallium 2693:tantalum 2659:lutetium 2574:antimony 2506:europium 2455:tungsten 2353:samarium 2217:rubidium 2081:platinum 1962:selenium 1860:scandium 1843:fluorine 1792:nitrogen 1775:vanadium 1758:chlorine 1750:110,000 1733:390,000 1716:440,000 1707:titanium 1699:800,000 1622:chromium 1588:hydrogen 1414:(1.8%), 1410:(2.9%), 1275:Big Bang 1124:Argon-36 1012:Helium-3 844:Helium-4 838:909,964 654:Big Bang 572:Hydrogen 526:Big Bang 518:999,060 465:Nitrogen 404:240,000 391:739,000 387:Hydrogen 338:Universe 323:diatomic 307:hydrogen 301:such as 291:universe 275:fraction 262:in pure 62:Big Bang 7503:Science 7429:Portals 7309:Kerogen 7196:Related 7139:Glycine 7092:Propyne 7051:Ammonia 6949:Benzene 6944:Acetone 6936:or more 6907:Propene 6892:Ethanol 6782:Propyne 6601:Methane 6470:Ketenyl 6420:Ammonia 5787:History 5693:Density 5321:Periods 5070:15 June 5002:4144415 4953:7468710 4902:6443601 4621:Bibcode 4549:Bibcode 4496:Bibcode 4389:Bibcode 4346:Bibcode 4311:Bibcode 3972:Legend: 3910: 3848: 3843: 3540: 3497: 3481: 3434:silicon 3398:calcium 3234:Calcium 3185:Element 3085:Due to 3010:thulium 2993:methane 2989:ammonia 2968:silicon 2904:thorium 2900:uranium 2778:bismuth 2727:uranium 2710:mercury 2676:thorium 2642:caesium 2625:thulium 2591:rhenium 2557:terbium 2523:holmium 2489:cadmium 2438:hafnium 2319:rhodium 2234:bromine 2200:iridium 2166:niobium 2013:arsenic 1996:yttrium 1945:gallium 1877:lithium 1852:14,000 1835:16,000 1818:25,000 1801:46,000 1784:53,600 1767:56,000 1554:calcium 1526:319,000 1509:161,000 1503:silicon 1492:154,000 1475:297,000 1455:Symbol 1416:calcium 1400:silicon 1324:or the 1236:Iron-57 1172:Iron-54 1044:Neon-22 980:Iron-56 908:Neon-20 854:88,714 851:275,200 835:705,700 810:Nuclide 801:in the 719:lithium 700:Iron-56 538:Lithium 478:Silicon 417:10,400 373:Element 303:Jupiter 27:of the 7360:Tholin 7181:Pyrene 6626:Silane 6596:Ketene 6098:Oxygen 5817:Naming 5614:Symbol 5423:Metals 5391:Blocks 5379:Pyykkö 5374:Fricke 5369:Aufbau 5218:Groups 5009: 4999: 4960: 4950: 4909: 4899: 4846: 4813: 4749: 4741: 4713:Icarus 4694: 4651: 4644:350422 4641: 4592:24 May 4567: 4514: 4422: 4364: 4286: 4276: 4242: 4213: 4177: 4124: 4007: 4001: 3992: 3986: 3977: 3418:sodium 3416:(Cl), 3410:sulfur 3394:oxygen 3386:carbon 3344:Iodine 3324:Copper 3314:Cobalt 3284:Sodium 3264:Sulfur 3204:Carbon 3194:Oxygen 3135:oxygen 3061:Mantle 3053:, and 3047:cerium 2981:carbon 2964:Oxygen 2952:, and 2938:radium 2870:, and 2744:indium 2608:iodine 2540:silver 2370:erbium 2183:osmium 2115:cerium 1979:barium 1954:1,000 1937:2,000 1920:2,500 1903:3,900 1886:4,100 1869:6,300 1809:copper 1724:cobalt 1656:carbon 1639:sodium 1605:sulfur 1577:18,220 1571:nickel 1560:17,100 1543:15,900 1469:oxygen 1412:nickel 1408:sulfur 1396:oxygen 760:carbon 725:, and 685:galaxy 584:Oxygen 576:helium 544:, and 504:Sulfur 456:1,090 443:1,340 430:4,600 426:Carbon 413:Oxygen 400:Helium 378:(ppm) 352:, and 311:helium 260:oxygen 41:), by 7491:Stars 7346:(PAH) 6934:atoms 6869:atoms 6809:atoms 6807:Eight 6737:atoms 6735:Seven 6643:atoms 6537:atoms 6407:atoms 6395:Water 6325:Ozone 6267:(HNC) 6261:(HCN) 5860:IUPAC 5585:Lists 5083:Notes 4747:S2CID 4565:S2CID 4539:arXiv 4512:S2CID 4486:arXiv 4362:S2CID 4104:arXiv 3430:Boron 3412:(S), 3408:(K), 3396:(O), 3392:(N), 3388:(C), 3384:(H), 3298:0.05 3139:argon 3093:Ocean 2794:Crust 2030:boron 1696:1,700 1679:1,210 1645:1,800 1628:4,700 1611:6,350 1452:Name 1373:Earth 1346:Earth 987:1,169 939:3,616 915:1,548 899:1,105 883:3,032 867:9,592 733:. In 727:boron 683:of a 662:stars 546:boron 515:Total 264:water 239:12.00 186:12.00 6867:Nine 6535:Five 6445:HCCN 6405:Four 6365:SiNC 5592:By: 5072:2019 5007:PMID 4981:Cell 4958:PMID 4907:PMID 4844:ISBN 4811:ISBN 4787:2013 4739:ISSN 4692:ISBN 4649:PMID 4594:2024 4420:ISBN 4284:OCLC 4274:ISBN 4240:ISBN 4211:ISBN 4175:ISBN 4122:ISSN 3432:and 3334:Zinc 3304:Iron 3288:0.1 3278:0.2 3268:0.2 3258:0.2 3248:1.2 3238:1.5 3075:Core 3036:La, 3028:Ce, 3018:gold 3012:and 2991:and 2983:and 2966:and 2784:0.01 2767:0.01 2750:0.01 2733:0.02 2716:0.02 2699:0.03 2682:0.06 2665:0.05 2648:0.04 2631:0.05 2614:0.05 2597:0.08 2580:0.05 2563:0.07 2546:0.05 2529:0.10 2512:0.10 2495:0.08 2478:0.16 2472:gold 2461:0.17 2444:0.19 2427:0.23 2421:lead 2410:0.17 2393:0.30 2376:0.30 2359:0.27 2342:0.25 2325:0.24 2308:0.30 2291:0.37 2274:0.46 2257:0.44 2240:0.30 2226:120 2223:0.40 2209:120 2206:0.90 2192:120 2189:0.90 2175:120 2172:0.44 2158:140 2155:0.05 2141:150 2138:0.84 2124:210 2121:1.13 2107:240 2104:1.00 2090:250 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Knowledge

Abundance of the chemical elements

Index